1、Digital Twins in Smart CityDigital Twins in Smart City 智慧城市中的数字孪生智慧城市中的数字孪生 A bridge between the physical and virtual world 现实世界与虚拟世界之间的桥梁 数字孪生奠定了发展智数字孪生奠定了发展智 能服务为现实世界服务能服务为现实世界服务 的基础。的基础。 Digital twins set the foundation on which smart services could be developed to serve the physical world. Being
2、 one of the top 10 strategic technology trends as rated by Gartner, digital twins are recognised by public organisations as an effective tool to city planning and management. This paper presents our views on the benefits of digital twins, a model for assessing the approach for development of a fit-f
3、or-purpose digital twin, a development framework outlining key elements of a digital twin ecosystem and examples of how digital twins have been used in other cities. The paper also discussed common challenges encountered when implementing digital twins as well as the way forward and opportunities fo
4、r digital twin development in the Greater Bay Area (GBA). 数字孪生是Gartner评选的十大战略技术趋势之 一，被公共機構公认为是城市规划和管理的有 效工具。本文介绍了普華永道对数字孪生的好 处的看法，展示用於構建切合需要的数字孪生 的評估模型，概述数字孪生生态系统关键要素 的發展框架，以及其他城市如何应用数字孪生 的案例。本文还探讨了在实施数字孪生时常见 的挑战，以及大湾区进行数字孪生发展的前景 和机遇。 Digital Twins in SmartCity1智慧城市中的数字孪生 What is a digitaltwin A dig
5、ital twin is a digital model or replica of a physical asset, be it a product, an organisation, a public infrastructure or even an entire city. It has a wide range of applications from conducting diagnostics on organisational health, augmenting service designs to enabling more effective city manageme
6、nt. In the context of a smart city, a digital twin of the city continuously collects information from the built environment (via technologies such as sensors, drones, or mobile devices). It is made possible with the use of remote communication technologies such as WiFi and Bluetooth as well as throu
7、gh Internet of Things (IoT) sensors that gather data from the physical world to reconstruct an identical digital copy of the city. Apart from IoT, the use of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), cloud computing, machine learning and advanced analytics also enhance the accuracy and dynamism of thi
8、s replica, allowing static, historical and real- time data to be processed and synthesised almost immediately to provide valuable insights about the performance of the city. Therefore, a digital twin can be considered as a “strategy accelerator” that facilitates public sector organisations to identi
9、fy insights and connections more effectively, and to drive to better solutions with more confidence. 数字孪生是产品，機構，公共基础设施甚至整 个城市的数字模型或实物资产的副本。它具有 广泛的应用 从对機構进行监测，增强服务 设计到实现更有效的城市管理。在智慧城市的 背景下，城市的数字孪生不断（通过传感器， 无人机或流動裝置等的技术）从建筑环境中收 集信息。通过使用远程通信技术（例如WiFi和 蓝牙），物聯網（IoT）传感器以及从現實世界 收集数据，能實現構建與城市相同的数字副本。 除物联网外，
10、運用大数据，人工智能（AI）， 云计算，机器学习和分析的功能，亦可提高數 字副本的准确性和动态性，令數字副本可即時 处理和綜合静态，历史和实时数据，提供有关 城市表现的见解。因此，数字孪生可被视为 “战略加速器”，促进公共部門機構更有效地 洞察數據與城市管理的關聯，并為公共機構推 动更佳的解决方案注入信心。 什么是数字孪生 Digital Twins in SmartCity2智慧城市中的数字孪生 Harnessing the power of data and real-time simulation to build insight-driven public sector organis
11、ations In the face of intensifying global competition and growing complexity in urban challenges, cities are encountering increasing pressure for more efficient resource allocation and proper city management. In fact, there is growing recognition amongst public sector organisations from around the w
12、orld on the value of leveraging real time digital data for monitoring performance of existing public services, improving city planning and optimising decision making of policy makers. By feeding different sources of dynamic data to a digital twin, there is potential for this replica to testbed ideas
13、 or simulate what-if scenarios for the facilities, processes and city landscape which one wished to change before actually putting actual resources behind real-world implementation. Such an exercise allows for identification of potential issues in any proposed plans or initiatives before they actual
14、ly happen, thus allowing organisations to further tailor their actions and mitigate the risks early on. From a city management perspective, a digital twin of a building or even an entire city can greatly assist in urban planning as well as the operation and maintenance (O Data transmission through c
15、onnectivity networks; Data storing, processing and Data usage through applications that are able to translate data inputs into valuable insights and provide real-time diagnostic of situation. 支持数字孪生的構建和采用所需的基础建設 包括: 数据收集和生产：数据收集和生产：通过传感器（由设备管理 平台管理），流动装置和智能追踪设备，进 行数据收集和生产； 數據傳輸：數據傳輸：通过连接网络進行数据传输；数据传
16、输； 數據存儲數據存儲、處理和交換：處理和交換：通过平台匯整来自 各个数据点和系统的数据，进行数据存储数据存储， 处理和交换处理和交换 数据使用：数据使用：通过应用程式进行数据使用数据使用，这 些应用程序可以将数据整合并输入转换为有 价值的见解以及提供实时狀況诊断。 Protecting privacy and security are key to establish trust in a digital world. 保护隐私和安全是在 数字世界中建立信任 的关键。 Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生7 The concept of digital t
17、wins has immense potential to be applied across different industries, sectors and cities in order to optimise productivity and performance. The diagram below shows the potential use cases of digital twins in both public and private sectors, and how individuals interact with it: 数字孪生的概念具有巨大的潜力，可以在不 同
18、的行业，部门和城市中应用，以优化生产 力和性能。下图显示了公營和私营部门中数 字孪生的潜在使用案例，以及个人與數字孿 生的互动： 为什么选择数字孪生 来自世界各地的例子 Why digital twins examples from around the world Potential use cases 数字孪生的潜在使用案例 City management Urban planning and designing Public safety Virtual test-bedding to validate provision of services, e.g. 3D modelling o
19、f the new Sport Hub with semantic information to simulate crowd dispersion to establish evacuation procedures during an emergency; Planning and decision making, Virtual Singapore is a holistic and integrated platform to develop analytical applications, e.g. apps to analyse transport flows and pedest
20、rian movement patterns; and R 以虚拟测试进行服务验证，例如Sport Hub的3D建模，可模拟人群分散情况， 並建立在紧急情况下疏散程序; 规划和决策；Virtual Singapore是分析应 用程序的平台，例如分析交通流量和行人 运动方式的应用程序；和 研发，将数据提供给研究团体，以革新建 立新技術的能力。 Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生9 New South Wales Government of Australia has launched a virtual 4D model of Western Sydney
21、areas built and natural environment, with data such as buildings, strata plans, terrain, property boundaries, and utilities (e.g. power, water and sewer pipes). The 4D model is a 3D depiction with the addition of time so that users can create models based on historical or future scenarios. The model
22、 has brought great benefits as it enables: 澳大利亚新南威尔士州政府已启动了悉尼西 部地区建筑和自然环境的虚拟4D模型，其中 包含建筑物，地层平面图，地形，物业边界 和公用事业（例如电力，自来水和下水道） 等数 据。4D模型是带有时间的3D描绘，因此 用户可以根据历史或未来场景创建模型。该 模型具有以下重大优点： Urban planners, developers and policymakers to make more informed decisions and to enable integrated city planning; Data
23、from public agencies and private sector to be brought together, hence enabling the government to better communicate plans for infrastructure development; and Better prediction and management of traffic congestion, monitoring of land cover and structural changes, bushfire prediction. 城市规划师，地產商和政策制定者做
24、出更 明智的决策，并实现整合的城市规划； 将公營机构和私营部门的数据匯整，使 政府能够更好地傳達基础建設的发展计 划；和 更好地预测和管理交通拥堵，监测土地覆 盖和结构变化，以及預測山火。 10Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生 Amaravati, India is the first greenfield city borne out of digital twin. It enables planners, architects, engineers, and policy makers to work in unison towards achie
25、ving collective design, policy, social, and financial goals. Scenarios are developed in advance to optimize outcomes, also adjusted on the fly to keep pace with change. New digital services and functions planned to be included as part of the digital twin include: Real-time construction progress moni
26、toring, environmental and wellness monitoring, et al. via ubiquitous, multi-nodal IoT sensors; Advanced mobility and traffic monitoring and simulations; Advanced microclimate and climate change monitoring and simulations; Digital “drag and drop” building permit submissions; Digital zoning, setback,
27、environmental, traffic, and other statutory compliance-related preliminary analysis; and Digital twin user ID scheme for every Amaravati citizen that will serve as a single citizen portal for all government information, notifications, forms, and applications. 印度阿马拉瓦蒂（Amaravati）是第一个由数 字孪生衍生的發展中城市。它使规
28、划人员， 建筑师，工程师和政策制定者能够齐心协力 实现集体设计，政策，社会和财务目标。预 先建立场景以优化结果，并配合變化進行实 时的调整。计划納入数字孪生的新数字化服 务和功能包括： 实时施工进度监控，环境和健康监控等。 通过无处不在的多节点物联网传感器; 流動性和交通监控及模拟; 先进的微气候和气候变化监测与模拟; 数字“拖放”建筑许可证提交; 数字分区，危機，环境，交通和其他遵規相 关的初步分析；和 Amaravati公民的数字孪生用户ID方案，将 成爲單一便民窗口，用作處理所有政府信 息，通知，表格和应用程序。 11Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪
29、生 While the application of digital twins is promising, it comes with a whole set of challenges that both public and private organisations may encounter when developing and executing the strategy. Some common challenges include: Vision Establishing a clear vision and KPIs Implementation of digital tw
30、ins can be a resource-intensive exercise involving a wide range of stakeholders. Establishing common understanding of the vision of such implementation and developing a set of performance indicators are key to a successful digital twin implementation. Implementation coordination Vision is just the s
31、tart, delivery is the hard part. At present, Governments are facing challenges like too much choice and too many cooks. Cities need to have an effective mechanism to coordinate and govern the approach to and contents of digital twin implementation. 尽管数字孪生的应用前景广阔，但是公共和私 人機構在制定和执行该策略时亦可能遇到一系 列挑战。一些常见的
32、挑战包括： 愿景愿景 建立清晰的愿景和关键绩效指标建立清晰的愿景和关键绩效指标 数字孪 生的实施可能會動用大量資源，並牽涉不同 領域的持份者。建立对此类实施愿景的共 识，并制定一套绩效指标，对于成功实施数 字 孪生至关重要。 实施协调实施协调 愿景只是起點，而交付才是困 难的部分。目前，各国政府面临的挑战包括 過多的选择和過多的聲音。因此，城市需要 有一个有效的机制来协调和管理数字孪生实 施的方法和内容。 数字孪生是智慧城市 发展的基础，但亦不可避免地 Digital twins underpin Smart City development, but inevitably come with
33、 challenges 面临挑战 12Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生 Data Quality and sufficiency of data Historic data may be duplicative or lack the level of detail and accuracy needed for use with the desired Digital Twin Model and technological solutions such as AI. Willingness to share data Stakeholders may
34、 be reluctant to share data with other parties, especially sensitive or personal data. A robust accountability framework (discussed below) would be required to encourage sharing of data while offering a sufficient degree of protection to those parties sharing data. Data standards Lack of consistent
35、data standards and rules for collecting data, creating difficulty for different units to share data, create synergies through collaboration and maximise the value of data. Updated information The need for systematic updating mechanism to constantly update static object and scanning of new objects to
36、 ensure accuracy of digital twins in real world representations for accurate decision making. Talent Competition for talent While technology such as AI can do more with less manpower, mores specialised professional such as data scientists/ engineers and architects will be needed to make sense of the
37、 abundance of information. 数据数据 数据的质量和充分性数据的质量和充分性 历史数据可能有所重 复，或缺少与数字孪生模型和AI之类的技术 解决方案匹配的的细节和准确程度。 共享数据的意愿共享数据的意愿 持份者未必愿意与其他各 方共享数据，尤其是較爲敏感的數據或个人 数据。因此，需要有一个强而有力的问责框 架（如下所述）来鼓励数据共享，同时为共 享数据的各方提供足够程度的保护。 数据标准数据标准 缺乏一致的数据标准和规则来收 集数据，導致不同部门难以共享数据，无法 通过协作创造协同效益，及最大化数据 价值。 更新信息更新信息 需要一套系统更新机制来不断更 新静态物件并扫
38、描新出現的物件，以确保与 现实世界对应的数字孪生的准确性，從而做 出准确的决策。 人才人才 人才竞争 尽管AI等技术可以用更少的人力 資源来做更多的事情，事實上仍需要大量的 专业人员（例如数据科学家/工程师和建筑 师）来梳理海量的信息。 13Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生 Accountable, Security and Privacy Information security and privacy From capture, enrichment, maintenance, usage, archiving and purging, the en
39、tire data lifecycle must be secured against malicious actors and violation of privacy rights. Accountability Lack of an accountability framework such as open data licence of data issue, evolving regulations pertaining to privacy and cybersecurity, conditions of use and liability of parties as well a
40、s IP rights will have implications on the design and execution of digital twin applications. Technology Technology platforms Different units may adopt a diversity of legacy systems or software with limited functionality for exchanging and/or sharing data, resulting in challenges in rapidly identifyi
41、ng useful information from the data, integration of different data sets such as geo-information system and building information management. Sensor deployment Brown field deployment by retrofitting on existing infrastructure and network might present more challenges than green field deployment of sen
42、sors, to ensure integration of sensor devices and network. Device Management With the number of internet-connected devices reaching 30 billion by 2020 (source: IDC), challenges lie in the provisioning and authentication, configuration and control, constant monitoring and diagnostics, and timely soft
43、ware updates and maintenance. 问责，安全问责，安全和私和私隐隐 信息安全和私隱信息安全和私隱 从獲取，充实，维护，使 用，归档和清除，整个数据生命周期必须确 保免受恶意行为者和侵犯私隱权的侵害。 问责问责制制 缺乏问责制框架，例如数据发布 的开放数据许可证；与私隱和网络安全有关 而不断更新的法规；各方的使用条件和责 任；以及知识产权，将对数字孪生应用程序 的设计和执行产生影响。 技术技术 技术平台技术平台 不同的部门可能会采用功能有 限的旧版系统或软件作交换和/或共享数据， 導致無法快速识别数据或數據集（例如地理 信 息 系 统 和 建 筑 信 息 ） 內 的 有
44、 用 信息。 传感器传感器部署部署 通过对现有基础建設和网络 进行改造来进行棕地部署，可能比新發展區 土地部署感應器面临更多挑战，以确保感應 器设备和网 络的整合。 设备管理设备管理 到2020年，与互联网相连的设 备数量将达到300亿（来源：IDC），其挑战 在于身份验证，配置和控制，持续的監測和 诊断以及及时的软件更新和维护。 14Digital Twins in SmartCity智慧城市中的数字孪生 While digital twins promise vast benefits to both public and private sectors, it also poses im
45、plementation challenges which requires prudent planning and considerations before the benefits could be realised. When considering digital twins for smart city implementation, four key implementation considerations are outlined below: 1. Clear vision and KPIs Stakeholders have to establish common un
46、derstanding of the expected outcomes associated with the implementation of digital twins (having due regard to resource constraints) and develop an appropriate set of KPIs reflecting the benefits to be delivered by digital twins. 2. Stock-take on existing digital twins and data Being able to synchro
47、nise and integrate existing data, which may be presented in different formats and housed in different systems with different levels of granularity, is key to building a successful model that accurately reflect historical and current information for future scenario planning. A stock-taking exercise o
48、f digital twins and data would be beneficial in understanding the current landscape of adoption and data available to support future implementation. 3. Data governance stocktaking data that are of the required quality to support the application of digital twins; determining the Digital Twin Model th
49、at should be adopted; and ensuring an appropriate governance structure for the digital twins of the GBA is in place. 粤港澳大湾区发展纲要是一项国家战略，旨 在促进大湾区9+2城市之间的紧密合作与协调， 最大程度地提高大湾区的经济实力和区域竞争 力。技术和数据的運用显然是增强大湾区连通性 的关键推动力。跨境合作对于增强大湾区的资本 流动，促进创新，信息和资本交换尤其重要，其 中，信息流动的速度，多样性和安全性在迅速变 化的经济中至关重要。 The transformation towards a Smart Region where the 9+2 cities are interconnected by digital twins and data would unlikely be an easy undertaking. Howeve
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