1、Review of latest developments in quantum standards landscapeEmerging Quantum StandardsDr Richard Pitwon,CEO,Resolute PhotonicsEmerging Quantum StandardsSpecial Focus:QuantumOPTICSMosca Equation How long is your information required to be secure(x years)?How long to retool existing infrastructure wit

2、h quantum safe or resistant solutions(y years)How long until a large scale quantum computer is built(z years)?Moscas TheoremIf x+y z Then worryy yx xz zMoving hyperscale into the quantum realmSuperposition Superposition 5Quantum ComputersHigh performance computers increasingly complemented with Quan

3、tum Computer podsSecurityUnhackable databases and smart contracting using Blockchain servers.Required for Medical,Financial,CryptocurrenciesQuantum CommunicationQuantum Key Distribution uses the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement to determine if data has been transferred securelyAd

4、vanced computingArtificial IntelligenceNeural networks(neuromorphic)World-scale simulationFuture hyperscale data centres and exascale computers may increasingly incorporate quantum computer and communication nodes to complement their capabilities including for example the provision of“Quantum As A S

5、ervice”.These quantum nodes will be interconnected by special quantum networks6Quantum ComputersHigh performance computers increasingly complemented with Quantum Computer podsQuantum CommunicationQuantum Key Distribution uses the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement to determine if d

6、ata has been transferred securelyQuantum Key Distribution uses quantum effectsCharles H.Bennett and Gilles Brassard invented the first quantum cryptography protocol in 1984.BB84 ProtocolBB84 BB84 uses the polarization states of photons to transmit information.The sender(traditionally referred to as

7、Alice)and the receiver(Bob)are connected by a quantum communication channel which allows quantum states to be transmitted.In the case of photons this channel is generally either an optical fiber or simply free space.In addition they communicate via a public classical channel,for example using broadc

8、ast radio or the internet.BB84 uses the polarization states of single photons to transmit informationCharles H.Bennett and Gilles Brassard invented the first quantum cryptography protocol in 1984.BB84 ProtocolRectilinear Basis+Bit01Diagonal Basis x01SymbolAngle09045135Encoding qubits into four polar

9、isations on two orthonormal basesEach pair of orthogonal polarization states is called a Basis.BB84 uses two bases,with each pair“conjugate”to the other pair.That means you cannot distinguish between all four states in one measurement.Alices random bit0Alices random sending basis+Photon polarization

10、 Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob0Step 1Alice chooses a random bit(0)and a random sending basis(+).Bob chooses a random measuring basis(+).Alice sends this photon to Bob.BB84 ProtocolRectilinear Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)PD1R

11、eceives 100%of the horizontally 90 polarised photonsverticalAliceBob0+Alices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation 100%of the time and thus the same corresponding bit that Alice chose.Bit 0 is recordedPD2Receives 100%of the vertically 0 pola

12、rised photonsAlices random bit01Alices random sending basis+Photon polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xPhoton polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob00Step 2Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 1 and rectilinear basis+,corresponding to a polarisation of 90.

13、Bob receives it with a randomly chosen diagonal measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolDiagonal Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)PD1horizontalAliceBob1+Alices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis do not match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation only 50%of the timeBit 0 is recordedPD2Receives 50%

14、of the vertically 0 and 50%of the horizontally 90 polarised photonsReceives 50%of the horizontally 90 and 50%of the vertically 0 and polarised photonsAlices random bit011Alices random sending basis+xPhoton polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxPhoton polarization Bob measuresCorrespo

15、nding bit received by Bob001Bit 1 is recordedStep 3Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 1 and diagonal basis x,corresponding to a polarisation of 135.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen diagonal measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolDiagonal Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)Anti-diagonalAliceBob1xPD1Al

16、ices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation 100%of the time and thus the same corresponding bit that Alice chose.Receives 100%of the anti-diagonal 135 polarised photonsStep 4Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 0 and rectilinear basis+

17、,corresponding to a polarisation of 0.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen diagonal measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolDiagonal Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)AliceBobAlices random bit0110Alices random sending basis+x+Photon polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxxPhoton polarization Bob me

18、asuresCorresponding bit received by Bob0010vertical0+PD1Bit 0 is recordedReceives 50%of the vertically 0 and 50%of the horizontally 90 polarised photonsPD2Receives 50%of the horizontally 90 and 50%of the vertically 0 and polarised photonsAlices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis do not match,the

19、refore Bob will measure the correct polarisation only 50%of the timeAlices random bit01101Alices random sending basis+x+xPhoton polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxx+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob00101Bit 1 is recordedStep 5Alice prepares the next

20、 photon based on bit 1 and diagonal basis x,corresponding to a polarisation of 135.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen rectilinear measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolRectilinear Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)anti-diagonalAliceBob1xPD1Alices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis do not match,therefore B

21、ob will measure the correct polarisation only 50%of the timeReceives 50%of the diagonally 45 and 50%of the anti-diagonally 135 polarised photonsBit 0 is recordedAlices random bit011010Alices random sending basis+x+xxPhoton polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxx+xPhoton polarization

22、Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob001010Step 6Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 0 and diagonal basis+,corresponding to a polarisation of 0.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen diagonal measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolDiagonal Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)AliceBobdiagonal0 xPD1Rec

23、eives 50%of the vertically 0 and 50%of the horizontally 90 polarised photonsPD2Receives 50%of the horizontally 90 and 50%of the vertically 0 and polarised photonsAlices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation 100%of the time and thus the same

24、corresponding bit that Alice chose.Alices random bit0110100Alices random sending basis+x+xxxPhoton polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxx+x+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob0010101Bit 1 is recordedStep 7Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 0 an

25、d diagonal basis+,corresponding to a polarisation of 0.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen diagonal measuring basis.BB84 ProtocolDiagonal Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)AliceBobdiagonal0 xPD2Receives 50%of the diagonally 45 and 50%of the anti-diagonally 135 polarised photonsPD1Receives 50%of the di

26、agonally 45 and 50%of the anti-diagonally 135 polarised photonsAlices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis do not match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation only 50%of the timeBit 1 is recordedAlices random bit01101001Alices random sending basis+x+xxx+Photon polarization Alice sends

27、Bobs random measuring basis+xxx+x+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob00101011Step 8Alice prepares the next photon based on bit 1 and rectilinear basis+,corresponding to a polarisation of 90.Bob receives it with a randomly chosen rectilinear measuring basis.BB84 Protocol

28、Rectilinear Polarizing Beam Splitter(PBS)horizontalAliceBob1+Alices sending basis and Bobs measuring basis match,therefore Bob will measure the correct polarisation 100%of the time and thus the same corresponding bit that Alice chose.PD1Receives 100%of the horizontal 90 polarised photonsExchange the

29、 bases used for each bitAlices random bit01101001Alices random sending basis+x+xxx+Photon polarization Alice sendsBobs random measuring basis+xxx+x+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob00101011Shared secret of“sifted”key0101Step 9Alice broadcasts the basis each photon was

30、 sent in,and Bob the basis each was measured in over the Classical Channel(which does not need to be secure).They both discard photon measurements(bits)where Bob used a different basis,which is half on average,leaving half the bits as a shared key.BB84 ProtocolClassical ChannelAliceQKD ModuleTransmi

31、tterQKD ModuleReceiverBobQuantum ChannelSingle photonsAlice and Bob can use the“sifted”bits to form a shared secret key.This key can now be used to encrypt or decrypt messages.KeyKeyPlain textPlain textCypher textEncryptDecryptShared secret key used to encrypt and decrypt messages along an applicati

32、on linkClassical ChannelAliceQKD ModuleTransmitterQKD ModuleReceiverBobQuantum ChannelStep 10Alice and Bob used the shared key to encrypt and decrypt messages along a standard application link.BB84 ProtocolApplication linkNow lets repeat these steps with an eavesdropper(Eve)on the Quantum ChannelBB8

33、4 ProtocolEve has tapped into the Quantum Channel and randomly chooses a measuring basis.Eve captures the photon from Alice and records the polarization.Eve then sends another single photon with the polarisation she measured to Bob.Quantum indeterminacy means that Eve cannot distinguish between all

34、four possible polarisations a single photon has,and therefore cannot clone it completely.This is called the“No Cloning Theorem”.AliceBobEve+x+x+x+xTherefore if Alice and Bob have the same basis,but Eve has a different basis,there is now only a 50%chance that the photon will be correctly recorded by

35、Bob.Alices random bit01101001Alices random sending basis+x+xxx+Photon polarization Alice sendsEves random measuring basis+x+x+x+Photon polarization Eve measures and retransmits to BobBobs random measuring basis+xxx+x+Photon polarization Bob measuresCorresponding bit received by Bob00001101BB84 Proto

36、colStep 9 with EavesdropperTo test for eavesdropping,Alice sends a sacrificial bit stream to Bob.Alice and Bob then exchange and compare the bases and bits.For bit 0 and 7,Alices and Bobs bases and bits match as would be expected on a clean link.This indicates an eavesdropper has intercepted the tra

37、nsmissionHowever for bit 2 and 5,Alices and Bobs bases match,but their bits do not.International Standardisation of Quantum InterconnectQuantum standards landscape until 2023 scatteredISO/IEC JTC1SC7 formed SG1 to investigate quantum standardsSC27 focusses on security and privacy in ICT systemsWG14

38、Quantum ComputingIEC SEG 14 Quantum TechnologiesIEC SMB/SWG 10WP on Quantum Information TechnologiesITU-TSG 17 Quantum securitySG 13 QKDETSIISG QKD Quantum key distributionTC Cyber WG QSC Quantum Safe CryptographyIEEEP7130 Standards for QC DefinitionsP1913 for Software Quantum CommunicationsP7131 fo

39、r QC performance metrics&Performance BenchmarkingCEN/CENELECFGQT Focus Group on Quantum TechnologiesISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 3Quantum TechnologiesGeneva,11 January 2024 The International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC)and the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)today announc

40、ed the establishment of a joint technical committee on quantum technologies,ISO/IEC JTC 3,Quantum technologies.ScopeStandardization in the field of quantum technologies.The scope includes standardization in the field of quantum technologies,including quantum information technologies(quantum computin

41、g and quantum simulation),quantum metrology,quantum sources,quantum detectors,quantum communications,and fundamental quantum technologies.The JTC will coordinate the results of these efforts with relevant committees and subcommittees that have within their scopes the development of specific sector-b

42、ased applications of quantum technologies.Excluded:Specific sector-based applications and standardization in the fields of information technology(JTC 1 and its subcommittees),nanotechnology(IEC TC 113 and ISO TC 229),fibre optics(IEC TC 86),cryogenic vessels(ISO TC 220),and semiconductors(IEC TC 47)

43、.SC86AFibres and cablesOptical fibres and optical cables embracing all types of communications applications.Established and next generationSC86BFibre optic interconnecting devices and passive componentsFibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components,embracing all types of communications a

44、pplications.SC86CFibre optic systems and active devicesStandards for fibre optic systems and active devices embracing all types of communications and sensor applications including Photonic Integrated CircuitsTechnical Committee 86 Fibre OpticsSNFibre optic standardsCross-SDO symposia on quantum stan

45、dardsDuring 2021 and 2022,a series of symposia were organised,which were jointly hosted by the major international standards bodies.ITU/IEC/ISO/IEEE Joint Symposium on Standards for Quantum Technologies on 23rd March 2021ITU/IEC/ISO/IEEE Joint Symposium on Quantum Transport on 28th April 2021ITU/IEC

46、/ISO/IEEE/ETSI Joint Symposium on Harmonisation of Terminology in Standards for Quantum Technology on 23rd June 2021ITU/IEC/IEEE Joint Symposium on Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits on 5th November 2021IEC/ISO/CEN/CENELEC/BSI/IEEE Joint Symposium on Quantum Interconnect and Metrology on 24th Marc

47、h 2022IEC/BSI/ISO/IEEE/CEN/CENELEC Joint Symposium on Quantum Technologies at NPL on 13th and 14th September 2022SDO experts were brought together to discuss where standardisation would be most useful for quantum technologies.Key findings of cross-SDO symposiaThis means ultra low loss:Optical connec

48、tors Fibres and WDM componentsQuantum grade optical interconnectIn the short term the most useful standards would be standards for low loss optical interconnect to better allow delicate quantum states,qubits,in the form of single or entangled photons,to be conveyed over longer distances with a lower

49、 chance of decoherence and disruption.Collaboration withKey findings of cross-SDO symposiaQuantum grade optical interconnectExtremely low loss and extremely low reflectanceKey findings of cross-SDO symposiaQuantum grade optical interconnectUltra-low loss and non-linear effect fibresUltra low-loss op

50、tical connectorsQuantum network infrastructureKey findings of cross-SDO symposiaQuantum grade optical interconnectIn the short term the most useful standards would be standards for low loss optical interconnect to better allow delicate quantum states,qubits,in the form of single or entangled photons

51、,to be conveyed over longer distances with a lower chance of decoherence and disruption.SPIE 11881-9:The evolution of optical interconnect technology:from long-haul telecommunication to quantum networks Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits(QPICs)Photonic Integrated Circuits(PICs)are a key enabling t

52、echnology for quantum devices.Useful standards for QPICs include:Performance benchmarks specifying very low loss coupling between fibre and QPICs e.g.5 yearsQuantum grade optical connectorsOptical connectors with lower insertion loss and higher return lossHigh isolation optical fibresOptical fibre j

53、ackets with high isolation sleaves to block ambient lightLow-loss,high isolation passive optical routersPassive wavelength splitting components critical for combining classical and quantum optical transport along existing fibre network infrastructureQuantum grade optical fibresOptical fibres with lo

54、wer attenuationQuantum Photonic Integrated Circuit(QPIC)couplingLower insertion loss grades for fibre-to-QPIC coupling(vertical and edge)Optical interconnect in cryogenic environmentsPerformance benchmarks and test methodologiesQuantum interconnect terminologyPart of wider quantum terminology harmon

55、isation activities in ISO/IEC JTC-QTopicQuantum sources and detectorsPerformance benchmarks,in particular fidelity of single photon or entangled photon generation(determinism)Photonic quantum computing and communicationPerformance benchmarks and test methodologiesQuantum interconnect standards roadm

56、ap373737Horizon Europe and UKCollaborative Research and Development ProjectsHorizon Europe project DYNAMOS Full project title:Dynamic and reconfigurable data centre networks with modular optical subsystems Project duration:4 years Start date:1st August 2022 End Date:30th July 2026 Total cost:EUR 8.2

57、 million EU funding:5.9 millionDYNAMOS objectivesDYNAMOS will demonstrate novel WDM data centre networks with highly deterministic sub-microsecond latency to enable maximum congestion reduction,full bisection bandwidthDYNAMOS develops a variety of advanced PICs:fast(1 ns)and widely tunable(110 nm)la

58、sersenergy-efficient(fJ/bit),broadband(100 GHz)electro-optic modulatorshigh-speed(1 ns)broadcast-and-select packet switchesThese PICs will be integrated by Resolute Photonics into modular and scalable subsystems and rack-scale data centre testbedHorizon Europe project ADOPTION Full project title:Adv

59、ance co-packaged optics enabling high-efficiency cloud computing Project duration:3 years Start date:expected January 2023 End Date:expected December 2026 Total cost:EUR 6.8 million EU funding:5.9 millionHorizon Europe project ADOPTIONMicro MT ferrule-based connectors usedDynamos architecture incorp

60、orates SN-MT connector to achieve optical connectivity between different demo cardsMicro MT ferrule-based connectors usedDIPSPlugDynamic inline Photonic Subsystem(DIPS)DIPSSocket44Quantum projectsSuperposition Superposition InnovateUK QPICPAC projectInnovate UK Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuit PA

61、Ckaging(QPICPAC)Developing packaging templates to simplify and standardize QPIC packages to lower development costs and accelerate technologyWave Photonics template and P-Cell to package Cornerstone chips with MPCs at ALTER will be available soon.InnovateUK QPICPAC projectEarly Findings8 fibre250 mD

62、esign 1(reimaging core onto grating coupler)GC per Cornerstone PDKActive alignmentWave Photonics template and P-Cell to package Cornerstone chips with MPCs at ALTER will be available soon.Innovate UK Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuit PACkaging(QPICPAC)Developing packaging templates to simplify and

63、 standardize QPIC packages to lower development costs and accelerate technologyInnovateUK QPICPAC projectMPCs in packaging templates for QPICsInnovateUK QPICPAC projectMetallic micro-mirror array coupling unit to quantum PIC4949Innovate UK Quantum project:EQUINOXDr Richard Pitwon Introduction to Pho

64、tonic Integrated Circuits 2023 Resolute Photonics.All rights reservedProject titleEcosystem for distributed Quantum Interconnect in scalable Networks using physical layer building blocks(EQUINOX)Timeline Project duration:18 months Project start:1st April 2024 Project end:1st October 2025PartnersConc

65、lusion Quantum Technologies are becoming a mainstream technology driven by the global need for:Information security(Quantum communication and cryptography,QKD,PQC)Advanced computation(Quantum computation)Advanced hyper-sensitive sensing for defence,security,geography,IoT)ISO/IEC Joint Technical Comm

66、ittee 3-Quantum Technologies largest holistic standards group for quantum technologies,but excludes fibre optics Roadmap for quantum optical interconnect includes:Quantum networks require low-loss interconnect Quantum interconnect and associated standards will be crucial to accelerating adoption of quantum technologiesConclusionThank you!Open Discussion