1、 K. Ashford 2020 Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutans Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah Stephanie Mansourian, Maria Christina Fung, Fredinand P. Lobinsiu, Daniel Vallauri Acknowledgements: We would like to thank Donna Simon, Elyrice Alim, Hao Ji
2、n Tan and Elaine Clara Mah for their feedback on earlier draft. Published in 2020 by WWF-France. Text 2020 WWF All rights reserved Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the abovementioned publisher as the copyright owner. Layout by Sambou-Dubois WWF is one of the worl
3、ds largest and most experienced independent conservation organizations, with over 5 million supporters and a global Network active in more than 100 countries. WWFs mission is to stop the degradation of the planets natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature,
4、 by: conserving the worlds biological diversity, ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable, and promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption. 1 Preface PREFACE We are lucky enough to call Borneo home: a unique island with an amazing array of species: from b
5、utterflies as large as your fist to exquisitely colourful birds. Weird and wonderful creatures found only here include the endangered proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), the endangered Borneo Bay cat (Catopuma badia) and the critically endangered painted terrapin (Batagur born- eoensis). One of our
6、 closest relatives is also present here: the critically endangered orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), or person of the forest in local Malay. Its fate is closely intertwined with that of the forest on which it depends for food, habitat and movement. In the last forty years, the threats to Borneos forests,
7、and particularly to Sabahs for- ests, have led to significant changes to the delicate natural balance that has characterised this island for millennia. Forest loss and degradation, including conversion to agricul- tural plantations, have taken their toll on the forest ecosystems and the unique speci
8、es they harbour. Without large trees, animals are unable to hide from predators - including humans - and their movements are constrained. Without trees, they have nowhere to nest or feed. Without trees, wildlife populations become isolated and risk inbreeding. At WWF we have been seeking to demonstr
9、ate that restoration is an effective tool to return trees to the landscape for the purposes of recreating forest habitat and connec- tivity for populations of the critically endangered orangutan and associated species. This work has shown that while protection is our primary tool, sustainable forest
10、 management can maintain orangutan numbers and restoration can help to recover areas for the spe- cies to move, hide, feed and reproduce. Although the focus is on the orangutan, there is a cascading effect on all other species that share their home with the person of the forest. We have come a long
11、way in the 12 years since we started on the Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) work. Within this period, over 2,000 hectares have been restored, and the return of the orangutans to the newly restored forest is a significant reward for our hard labour. However, as always, much more needs to be done.
12、This work needs to be scaled up and improved as we learn from our mistakes and share these lessons with oth- ers. Through this new report in the Experiences in Forest Landscape Restoration series, we hope to bring our experience to the world stage and contribute to the sharing of knowl- edge, experi
13、ences and lessons which are critical to truly scaling up FLR around the globe. The successful outcome of this project would not have been possible without the lead- ership and guidance provided by our Strategic Operations Director, Ms Maria Christina Fung, who took on the role to lead the reforestat
14、ion team midway through the project. We extend our heartfelt appreciation to Maria for her contributions and wish her all the very best in her retirement life. We have no doubt that Maria will always remember the beauty of Bukit Piton Forest with pride and the inspiration it provides to us all. Soph
15、ia Lim CEO WWF-Malaysia THIS EFFORT TO RESTORE ORANGUTANS HABITAT NEEDS TO BE SCALED UP AS WE LEARN AND SHARE LESSONS. Rahana Husin TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface 1 Executive Summary 3 INTRODUCTION 7 PRESENTATION OF THE LANDSCAPE 10 PROJECT PHASES 14 IMPLEMENTATION: ACTIVITIES AND RESULTS 16 PARTNERS AND
16、 MAIN ACTORS 22 GOVERNANCE 24 COMMUNICATION 27 SUSTAINABILITY 28 OVERARCHING LESSONS LEARNT 30 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 33 References 34 Mazidi Abd Ghani 3 Executive summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutans Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the
17、Malaysian State of Sabah Situated in the Malaysian State of Sabah on the island of Borneo, the Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape stretches approximately over a 240,000 ha area close to the Danum Valley Conservation Area and the Deramakot forest reserve. This lowland rainforest sustains one of the lar
18、gest orangutan populations in Sabah with about 3,400 individuals. To the north of the landscape there lies a 12,000 ha area known as Bukit Piton Forest Reserve which has been prioritised as an area of high conserva- tion value because of its importance as habitat for the orangutan population. Becaus
19、e of its degraded state and its isolation from the larger USM landscape, Bukit Piton was identified as needing restoration and since 2007, WWF, together with the Sabah Foundation, Sime Darby Foundation and Sabah Forestry Department, has been carrying out forest restoration here. Three broad phases c
20、an be identified for WWFs restoration work in USM: 1. a two-year pilot phase beginning in 2007; 2. an implementation phase from 2008, and 3. a consol- idation phase starting in 2011. Many different donors funded the restoration effort led by WWF, including private donors and companies via different
21、WWF offices. The objective driving the restoration work has been the immediate needs of the criti- cally endangered Bornean orangutan, both in terms of the areas to be restored and the tree species to plant. The aim of WWFs FLR programme has been to re-establish the structure, productivity and speci
22、es diversity of the forest. The main activities imple- mented include active restoration, maintenance and monitoring of both the restoration work and surveys of orangutans in the project area. As of 2013, orangutans were seen using restored areas which was a positive sign as to the effectiveness of
23、the restoration. By 2019, a total of 2,218 ha had been planted with approximately 346,000 trees. Survival rates after two years were high (close to 90%). However, after seven years they had dropped to between 10% (in open areas) and 38% (in shaded areas) due to a lack of maintenance (for example, re
24、moving creepers and replanting saplings that had been eaten by wildlife). This result highlights the impor- tance of long-term maintenance and post-planting management. In 2011, the Sabah Forestry Department (SFD) embarked on certification of the USM under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) standa
25、rds even though it was already a protected area. The certification is not for timber extraction but rather to ensure that USM complies with a high standard of forest management. The FSC process has sup- ported the allocation of adequate resources for managing this vast area, capacity build- ing and
26、stakeholder engagement. Through the FSC process, high conservation value areas were identified and enhanced. This process contributes to the continuous resto- ration effort, as has been the case in Bukit Piton. South China Sea Borneo Island Java Island Sumatra Island Celebes Sea VIETNAM MALAYSIA IND
27、ONESIA Sabah PHILIPPINES CAMBODGE THAILAND BUKIT PITON FOREST RESERVE 4 Executive summary Restoration was divided into three zones within Bukit Piton and was led by three differ- ent agencies, namely Yayasan Sabah (Sabah Foundation), Sime Darby as well as WWF- Malaysia in collaboration with the Saba
28、h Forestry Department (SFD). Activities have been designed according to a restoration protocol established by WWF-Malaysia in collaboration with the SFD. Sabahs 2018 forest policy supports WWFs FLR work by aiming to improve connectiv- ity, to restore degraded forest while promoting the participation
29、 of local communities and civil society in forest management. Communications efforts have focused on the orangutan with restoration being a means to increase and improve habitat for this endangered species. Funding for restoration has all been external - largely by private companies and facil- itate
30、d via different WWF offices. Approximate total funds for the overall programme over the 12-year period amounted to over EUR 5 million. The net planting costs (excluding operational costs) amounted to EUR 980 per ha. Operational costs (staff, travel, office costs) raised this figure to EUR 1,450/ha.
31、The management of Bukit Piton will revert to the SFD once the restoration work is completed as per the agreement between WWF-Malaysia and the SFD. Mazidi Abd Ghani FUNDING HAS COME FROM PRIVATE COMPANIES AND FACILITATED VIA WWF OFFICES. 5 Key lessons learnt over the course of this project are: 1 Pre
32、ssures surrounding the landscape need to be monitored closely - While the focus for restoration may be the landscape, proximate pressures - notably from agriculture - can shift priorities and require a change in interventions within the landscape. 2 Protection and restoration complement each other a
33、nd can produce quick results for endangered species - Reducing threats by protecting land and improving habitat quality can provide a viable habitat for endangered species. 3 Restoringhabitatforaspecificspeciescanhelptofocustheinterventions Rather than exclusively restoring forest cover, focusing on
34、 the habitat and food of an endangered species helps to define the selec- tion of tree species to use in restoration. 4 Unexpected challenges raise the cost of restoration and increase timeframes - While a schedule may be in place (including the months in which to carry out planting) unexpected circ
35、umstances (such as extreme weather events due to climate change) may cause delays which may lead to missed windows of opportunity. 5 Choosing both fast and slow growing tree species can be an effective means of reaching different objectives - The combination of pioneer species and slower growing spe
36、cies contributes to the creation of a diverse and functional forest as well as filling different ecological niches. 6 Laws of supply and demand affect seedling availability for some native species - A large-scale resto- ration initiative may lead to significant demand for seeds and seedlings, with a
37、 subsequent impact on cost and supply. 7 Maintenance after planting is crucial - A significant challenge with active restoration is to ensure long- term maintenance and management of the newly planted trees. 8 Restoration contributes to the enhancement of high conservation values - Restoration compl
38、ements the effort to comply with FSC certification. 9 Payments by companies can support long term restoration - These payments for ecosystem services may not be termed as such, but ultimately represent funding for the service of restoring a corridor or habitat. Executive summary 6 Mazidi Abd Ghani 7
39、 Introduction INTRODUCTION Borneo - the worlds third largest island - is shared by Indonesia, Brunei and Malaysia. Seven ecoregions make up the island (WWF website). Lush forests - from lowland tropical rainforest to mangrove, montane forest and peat swamps - once covered most of the island, harbour
40、ing numerous species of birds, mammals and other fauna, making Borneo one of the worlds biodiversity hotspots. Today, what remains of the Borneo lowland rainforest ecoregion is under severe pres- sure. Industrial forest exploitation followed by the oil palm boom have significantly transformed large
41、swathes of the island. Fragmentation and subsequent loss of large- scale continuous areas of unspoilt habitat threaten the islands diverse and unique fauna. Borneo is home to the critically endangered Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), whose population has been estimated to have dropped from about
42、288,500 individuals in 1973 to 104,700 individuals in 2012 and is expected to further decline to 47,000 indi- viduals by 2025 (IUCN Redlist of Species). It is also here that the worlds smallest squir- rel can be found, the least pygmy squirrel (Exilisciurus exilis), as well as more than 380 birds an
43、d an estimated 10,000 plant species (WWF website). Borneo is also home to the endangered Bornean Elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) and the vulnerable Sunda Clouded Leopard (Neofelis diardi). The Malaysian State of Sabah The Malaysian state of Sabah is situated in the north of Borneo. Remaining f
44、orests in the state have been estimated to cover 3.7 million ha (Asner et al., 2018). However, they continue to face threats, with the main one being conversion to plantation development (Gaveau et al., 2014). Sabahs rate of deforestation was estimated at 39.5% between 1973 and 2010, leaving an esti
45、mated 19.1% of intact forest (Gaveau et al., 2014). Other esti- mates suggest that remaining natural forests cover about 59% of Sabah, although most of it is heavily logged (Asner et al., 2018). To face this dramatic loss of natural capital, the government of Sabah has committed to increase protecte
46、d forests to 30% of the state by 2025 (Asner et al., 2018). Overall, the state of Sabahs protected areas are governed by three different enactments: 1) State Parks (under the Sabah Parks Enactment 1984), administered by Sabah Parks; 2) Forest Reserves (Class I Protection Forest, Class VI Virgin Jung
47、le Reserve and Class VII Wildlife Reserve; under the Forestry Enactment 1968), administered by the Sabah Forestry Department, and 3) Wildlife Conservation Areas and Wildlife Sanctuaries (under the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997), administered by the Sabah Wildlife Department. To date six state
48、 parks have been gazetted, three of which are terrestrial: Kinabalu (75,370 ha), Crocker Range (139,919 ha) and Tawau Hills (27,927 ha) (Sabah Parks website). A World Heritage site, the Kinabalu Park alone contains an estimated 5,000-6,000 vascular plant species including representatives from more t
49、han half the families of all flowering plants (WHC website). Forest restoration: a new stake for Sabah Deforested, fragmented and over-logged, many parts of Sabahs forest landscapes may be considered degraded. Forest restoration is thus a priority in Sabah (as well as across the island). SABAH HAS COMMITTED TO INCREASE PROTECTED FORESTS TO 30% OF THE STATE BY 2025. 8 Introduction Early in the 2000s the WWF Network began to engage in different restoration projects in Sabah, including some initial work along the Kinabatangan
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