1、The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 Insight Report Insight Report The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 E-mail: contactweforum.org www.weforum.org Copyright 2018 by the World E
2、conomic Forum All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-00-1 The Rep
3、ort and an interactive data platform are available at wef.ch/gggr18. TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER The analysis presented in the Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (herein: “Report”) is based on a methodology integrating the latest statistics from international organizations and a survey of executives. The
4、 findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Economic Forum. The Report presents information and data that were compiled and/ or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”). Data in
5、this Report is subject to change without notice. The terms country and nation as used in this Report do not in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may
6、not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Although the World Economic Forum takes every reasonable step to ensure that the Data thus compiled and/or collected is accurately reflected in this Report, the World Economic Forum, its agents, officers
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9、nterests in some of the Data contained in this Report. The World Economic Forum in no way represents or warrants that it owns or controls all rights in all Data, and the World Economic Forum will not be liable to users for any claims brought against users by third parties in connection with their us
10、e of any Data. The World Economic Forum, its agents, officers and employees do not endorse or in any respect warrant any third-party products or services by virtue of any Data, material or content referred to or included in this Report. Users shall not infringe upon the integrity of the Data and in
11、particular shall refrain from any act of alteration of the Data that intentionally affects its nature or accuracy. If the Data is materially transformed by the user, this must be stated explicitly along with the required source citation. For Data compiled by parties other than the World Economic For
12、um, users must refer to these parties terms of use, in particular concerning the attribution, distribution, and reproduction of the Data. When Data for which the World Economic Forum is the source (herein “World Economic Forum”), is distributed or reproduced, it must appear accurately and be attribu
13、ted to the World Economic Forum. This source attribution requirement is attached to any use of Data, whether obtained directly from the World Economic Forum or from a user. Users who make World Economic Forum Data available to other users through any type of distribution or download environment agre
14、e to make reasonable efforts to communicate and promote compliance by their end users with these terms. Users who intend to sell World Economic Forum Data as part of a database or as a stand-alone product must first obtain the permission from the World Economic Forum (CNESweforum.org). Contents v Pr
15、eface vii Key Findings 1 PART 1: MEASURING THE GLOBAL GENDER GAP 3 The Global Gender Gap Index 2018 3 Measuring the Global Gender Gap 7 Results and Analysis 15 Progress over Time 17 Performance by Region and Country 29 Assessing Gender Gaps in Artificial Intelligence 32 Conclusion 37 Appendix A: Reg
16、ional and Income Group Classifications 39 PART 2: COUNTRY PROFILES 41 Users Guide: Exploring the Global Gender Gap Index Data 53 List of Countries 54 Country Profiles 353 Acknowledgements 355 System Initiative Partners iiiThe Global Gender Gap Report 2018 The age of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
17、(4IR) brings about unprecedented opportunities as well as new challenges. To take full advantage of new technologies, we need to place emphasis on what makes us human: the capacity to learn new skills as well as our creativity, empathy and ingenuity. By developing our unique traits and talents, huma
18、nity can cope with increasingly fast technological change and ensure broad-based progress for all. The equal contribution of women and men in this process of deep economic and societal transformation is critical. More than ever, societies cannot afford to lose out on the skills, ideas and perspectiv
19、es of half of humanity to realize the promise of a more prosperous and human- centric future that well-governed innovation and technology can bring. This report finds that, globally, although many countries have achieved important milestones towards gender parity across education, health, economic a
20、nd political systems, there remains much to be done. On the one hand, countries where the next generation of women are becoming leaders in their domains are poised for further success. On the other hand, this years analysis also warns about the possible emergence of new gender gaps in advanced techn
21、ologies, such as the risks associated with emerging gender gaps in Artificial Intelligence-related skills. In an era when human skills are increasingly important and complementary to technology, the world cannot afford to deprive itself of womens talent in sectors in which talent is already scarce.
22、Since 2006 the Global Gender Gap Index presented in this report seeks to measure the relative gaps between women and men across four key areas: health, education, economy and politics. It does not seek to set priorities for countries but, rather, to provide a comprehensive set of data and a clear me
23、thod for tracking gaps on critical indicators so that countries may set priorities within their own economic, political and cultural contexts. The Index also points to potential role models by revealing those countries thatwithin their region or income groupare leaders in distributing resources more
24、 equitably between women and men, regardless of the overall level of available resources. The report is a product of the Forums Centre for the New Economy and Society, which aims to build dynamic and inclusive economies and societies that provide a future of opportunities for all. A core part of the
25、 Centres work focuses on shaping frameworks for closing economic gender gaps, fostering diversity and promoting inclusive growth. In particular, the Centre serves as an accelerator for a global network of national Gender Gap Task Forces, which aim to increase womens participation in the workforce; c
26、lose the pay gap between men and women; help more women advance into leadership; and hardwire gender parity in the future of work. Additionally, the Centre supports and amplifies the efforts of leading global companies through commitments for accelerating gender parity. On behalf of the Forum, I wou
27、ld like to express my appreciation to Thierry Geiger, Roberto Crotti and Saadia Zahidi for their leadership of this project. I would also like to thank the entire Centre for the New Economy and Society team for their support in shaping this project. We greatly appreciate, too, the innovative data co
28、llaboration with LinkedIn. Finally, we continue to be inspired by the great commitment and leadership of the Stewards and Partners of the System Initiative on Shaping the Future of Education, Gender and Work and the broader core community of the Centre for the New Economy and Society. Through this r
29、eport we aim to inspire ongoing efforts and further action to accelerate the achievement of full gender equality via collaboration, partnerships and innovative solutions that will improve the lives of millions of women and men in the near future. We call upon every reader of this report to join thes
30、e efforts. Preface KLAUS SCHWAB Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum vThe Global Gender Gap Report 2018 The Global Gender Gap Index was first introduced by the World Economic Forum in 2006 as a framework for capturing the magnitude of gender-based disparities and tracking their progr
31、ess over time. This years edition of the report benchmarks 149 countries on their progress towards gender parity on a scale from 0 (disparity) to 1 (parity) across four thematic dimensionsthe subindexes Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival, and Politica
32、l Empowermentand provides country rankings that allow for effective comparisons across and within regions and income groups. The rankings are designed to create global awareness of the challenges posed by gender gaps, and the opportunities created by reducing them. The methodology and quantitative a
33、nalysis behind the rankings are intended to serve as a basis for designing effective measures for reducing gender gaps. The methodology of the Index has remained stable since its original conception in 2006, providing a basis for robust cross-country and time-series analysis. The 2018 reports key fi
34、ndings include: Globally, the average (population-weighted) distance completed to parity is at 68.0%, which is a marginal improvement over last year. In other words, to date there is still a 32.0% average gender gap that remains to be closed. The directionally positive average trend registered this
35、year is supported by improvements in 89 of the 144 countries covered both this year and last year. Across the four subindexes, on average, the largest gender disparity is on Political Empowerment, which today maintains a gap of 77.1%. The Economic Participation and Opportunity gap is the second-larg
36、est at 41.9%, while the Educational Attainment and Health and Survival gaps are significantly lower at 4.4% and 4.6%, respectively. Among them, on average, only the Economic Participation and Opportunity gap has slightly reduced since last year. When it comes to political and economic leadership, th
37、e world still has a long way to go. Across the 149 countries assessed, there are just 17 that currently have women as heads of state, while, on average, just 18% of ministers and 24% of parliamentarians globally are women. Similarly, women hold just 34% of managerial positions across the countries w
38、here data is available, and less than 7% in the four worst-performing countries (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Pakistan). However, there are bright spots, where significant progress has been achieved. Full parity on this indicator is already a reality in five countries (Bahamas, Colombia, Jamaica,
39、Lao PDR and Philippines); and in another 19 countries there are at least 40% of women in managerial positions. In terms of broader economic power, gaps in control of financial assets and in time spent on unpaid tasks continue to preserve economic disparities between men and women. Women have as much
40、 access to financial services as men in just 60% of the countries and to land ownership in just 42% of the countries assessed. Also, among the 29 countries for which data are available, women spend, on average, twice as much time on housework and other unpaid activities than men. Although average pr
41、ogress on gender parity in education is relatively more advanced than in other aspects, there are still 44 countries where over 20% of women are illiterate. Similarly, near-parity in higher education enrolment rates often mask low participation of both men and women. On average, 65% of girls and 66%
42、 of boys have enrolled in secondary education globally, and just 39% of women and 34% of men are in college or university today. This fact calls for more ambitious goals to better develop human capitalfor both women and men. Key Findings viiThe Global Gender Gap Report 2018 With the rapid changes un
43、derway in todays labour markets, our analysis this year also took a look at gender gaps in Artificial Intelligence (AI), a critical in-demand skillset of the future. Based on collaboration with LinkedIn, we find that only 22% of AI professionals globally are female, compared to 78% who are male. Thi
44、s accounts for a gender gap of 72%, which has remained constant over the last years and does not at present indicate a positive future trend. The implications of this finding are wide-ranging and require urgent action. First, AI skills gender gaps may exacerbate gender gaps in economic participation
45、 and opportunity in the future as AI encompasses an increasingly in-demand skillset. Second, the AI skills gender gap implies that the use of this general-purpose technology across many fields is being developed without diverse talent, limiting its innovative and inclusive capacity. Third, low integ
46、ration of women into AI talent poolseven in industries and geographies where the base of IT talent has a relatively high composition of womenindicates a significant missed opportunity in a professional domain where there is already insufficient supply of adequately qualified labour. Projecting curre
47、nt trends into the future, the overall global gender gap will close in 108 years across the 106 countries covered since the first edition of the report. The most challenging gender gaps to close are the economic and political empowerment dimensions, which will take 202 and 107 years to close respect
48、ively. Although the economic opportunity gap has slightly reduced this year, the progress has been slow, especially in terms of participation of women in labour force, where the gender gap slightly reversed. In terms of political empowerment, the progress achieved over the past decade has started to
49、 reverse. Remarkably, gender parity in Western countries has slightly reduced, while the progress is ongoing, on average, elsewhere. The educationspecific gender gap is on track to be reduced to parity within the next 14 years, slightly faster than last years estimation. The health gender gapalthough slightly larger than it stood in 2006is nearly closed globally, and fully closed in a third of the countries assessed. The most gender-equal country to date is Iceland. It has closed over 85% of its overall gender gap. Iceland is followed by Norway (83.5
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