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1、HANDBOOK SYSTEM FOR THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OFEbA2The designation of geographical entities in this book,and the presentation of the material,do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country,territory,or area,or of its authorit

2、ies,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN.This publication was supported by funding from the International Climate Initiative(IKI)and the Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation

3、and Nuclear Safety(BMU)supports this initiative based on a decision adopted by the German Bundestag.Published by:IUCN,Gland,Switzerland Copyright:2022 IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Re-sources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commer-cial

4、purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Citation:International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)(2022).Handbook System for the Design and Implementation of Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Moun-tains.Gland,Switzerl

5、and:IUCN.Cover photo:Scaling up Mountain EbA 2020-2022/Bhutan Wendy AtienoAcknowledgements:Drafting team:Kat Blackwood and Erin Gleeson,as well as Jaymee Silva for updating these materials for publication.Country experts who provided review and input:Anu Adhikari(Nepal),Katie Bimson(Bhutan),Raphael

6、Glemet(Bhutan),Harriet Drani(Uganda),Cotilda Nakyeyune(Uganda),John Owino(Kenya),Sophie Kutegeka(Uganda),James Omoding(Uganda),Karen Podvin(Colombia),Florencia Zapata(Peru)and Mirella Gallardo(Peru).Publication coordinator:Adriana Vidal.Designed by:Gabriel Hidalgo/https:/ 99 527 1430 Available from:

7、IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature Climate Change TeamRue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel+41 22 999 0000 Fax+41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/resources/publications3ContentsIntroduction.4Stage 0:Exploring EbA Viability.5Stage 1:Understanding the Context and EbA Goals.6Stage 2:Ass

8、essing Climate Risks.7Stage 3:Rapid ecosystem services appraisal.8Stage 4:EbA Strategy and Designing EbA Measures.9Stage 5:Monitoring&Evaluation.10Stage 6:Implementing the EbA strategy and measures.11Stage 7:Mainstreaming EbA in policy and promoting synergies.12Handbook system for the design and imp

9、lementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION4This handbook system was created to guide the process of designing,setting up,imple-menting,monitoring,and up-scaling EbA interventions under the global Programme“Scaling Up Mountain Ecosystem-Based Adaptation:building evidence,replicating success,and inform

10、ing pol-icy”,supported by the Federal Ministry for the En-vironment,Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety(BMU),Germany,and jointly implemented by IUCN from 2021 to 2022 and The Mountain Institute from 2017 to 2019.This handbook is based on the earli-er publications Ecosystem-based Adaptation Hand-b

11、ook(Hernndez,2016),Making Ecosystem-based Adaptation Effective:A Framework for Defining Qualification Criteria and Quality Standards(FEBA,2017)and Guidebook for Monitoring and Evaluat-ing Ecosystem-based Adaptation Interventions(GIZ,UNEP-WCMC&FEBA,2020).The contents of this handbook were applied by

12、country teams of the Pro-gramme to take stock,generate learnings and repli-cate and consolidate what was implemented in the previous Flagship Programme(from 2012 to 2016),demonstrating its use is highly valuable at the out-set of projects.The utilization of the handbook sys-tem for implementation ha

13、s been adapted into this publication with the aim to share these materials and methodology with the larger EbA community.This document takes the EbA practitioner through the 7 stages of the EbA cycle,from selecting suitable sites for EbA interventions to supporting the process of mainstreaming EbA.E

14、ach stage is summarized and supported by resources and forms.The Forms help with recording information in a systematic man-ner,helping with decision making processes and en-suring consistency and comparability for particular aspects of EbA across interventions in different proj-ect sites.These Forms

15、 are best used at the starting point of any EbA project;however,they can be com-pleted as the project advances.The following Box shows all stages and their corresponding forms with links for quick access.IntroductionStage 0:Exploring EbA viability Form 0-Site Selection Criteria Form 0-Measure Status

16、 Report Stage 1Understanding the context and defining EbA goals:Form 1 Understanding the Context and EbA goalsStage 2Assessing climate risks Form 2 Assessing Climate RisksStage 3 Rapid ecosystem services appraisal Form 3 Rapid Ecosystem Services AppraisalStage 4Developing an EbA strategy and designi

17、ng adaptation measures Form 4 EbA StrategyStage 5Monitoring and evaluation for learning Form 5 Monitoring&EvaluationStage 6Implementing the EbA strategy and measures Form 6 Field ReportStage 7 Mainstreaming EbA and promoting synergies Form 7 Mainstreaming EbABOX 1 Quick view of the handbook system a

18、nd formsHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION5Stage 0:Exploring EbA Viability Outcome:Go or no-go decisionBefore commencing any EbA project it is funda-mental to determine if the site under consider-ation is viable for EbA interventions.The goal of Stage 0 i

19、s to verify if EbA is a suitable option.A rapid scoping to assess whether the target site,its people,and existing institutions and policies allow for the im-plementation of EbA can support the go or no-go decision.Because EbA works to help communities build climate resilience through the delivery of

20、 ecosystem services,the focus is on securing ecosystem services that ben-efit communities to increase their adaptive capacity and reduce climatic risks.Examples of ecosystem services that support climate resilience in mountains include freshwater supply,ero-sion and flood control,and protection agai

21、nst land-slides.These services are at the core of any EbA in-tervention and should be maintained through a solid adaptation strategy that involves sound environmental governance,sustainable land use practices,and eco-system restoration and conservation.As previously mentioned,the outcome of this sta

22、ge is a go or no-go decision regarding the viability of the site for EbA interventions.To determine this,complete Form 0-Site Selection Criteria for each site under consid-eration.If all criteria in Section I are met(responses to all questions are”yes”then it is a go decision and the practitioner ca

23、n continue on to Section II.In case there were EbA measures already implemented at the site from a previous project or programme and they wished to be continued or expanded,use the Form 0-Mea-sures Status Report to record important information about the decision-making process done so far to help id

24、entify whether adjustments need to be made in order to continue the implementation throughout the entire EbA cycle.If EbA is a viable option for the sites under consideration,then multi-stakeholder engagement should be planned at the onset of the project.Ensure equitable multi-stakeholder engagement

25、 at all stages through EbA workshops programmed in a timely manner during each step of the process.Convene stakeholders from the EbA target site and its catchment area,as well as national and local experts of relevance.Activities to include during the stakeholder engagement process are ecosystem ser

26、vices and climate risks mapping and institutional and policy screening among other topics responding to the local needs.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 0-Site Selection Criteria Form 0-Measures Status Report Ecosystem-based Adaptation Handbook(Hernndez,2016)DOWNLOADDOWNLOADHandbook system for the desi

27、gn and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION6Stage 1:Understanding the Context and EbA Goals Outcome:EbA GoalsSimilar to other types of social or environmental in-tervention,the first step is to understand the local context.This is one of the objectives of Stage 1 as it involves exploring dif

28、ferent elements of the context at the site under consideration.After retrieving all the in-formation required,it is possible to define the EbA goals.For this stage it is key to conduct secondary research and interviews as well as participatory research involving community members and other relevant

29、stakeholders.Use Form 1 Understanding the Context and EbA Goals to complete the information on the following:A.SPATIAL AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE LANDSCAPE AND ITS LAND USE,INCLUDING KEY ECOSYSTEMS This is required to understand the development pro-cesses and consider key ecosystems in the area

30、.Through basic spatial and qualitative analyses of the landscape and its land uses it is possible to visualize the ecosystem services available.B.OVERVIEW OF THE STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED To design and implement EbA appropriately,the par-ticipation of all relevant stakeholders at the target site(e.g.far

31、mers,women,indigenous people)and in the wider region(e.g.Ministry of Agriculture)is required.Their timely and continuous engagement is essential for the success of EbA,as they are the ones who have the knowledge,experience,capacities,and re-sources.It is important to acknowledge that the local stake

32、holders can contribute to the long-term impact of the EbA measures implemented after the conclu-sion of any project,hence it is essential to work with them from the start.C.INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY ANALYSIS Environmental governance is central to any EbA in-tervention.It is important to define which

33、local stake-holders have power in decisions on development planning,land use,and access to resources.At this stage,it is also fundamental to understand the scope of key development policies that influence the landscape,for instance,policies dealing with ag-riculture,biodiversity conservation,water r

34、esources management,health,food security,disaster risk re-duction,and urban zoning.D.PRELIMINARY THEORY OF CHANGE By the end of Stage 1,you will have the basic el-ements to start designing a preliminary Theory of Change(ToC)for the projects EbA intervention.Hav-ing a clear view regarding the land us

35、e changes and trends,the stakeholders roles,and the institutional and policy environment,will contribute to this pro-cess.Once this is all determined,the EbA goals of the project and the intervention plan will emerge.In Stage 4,the ToC will be finalized based on additional information regarding the

36、climate risks and ecosys-tem services assessment,which will be obtained af-ter stage 2 and 3.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 1 Understanding the Context and EbA goals ALivE(Adaptation,Livelihoods and Ecosystems)Planning Tool Jimenez Hernandez,A.(2016).Ecosys-tem-based Adaptation Handbook.IUCN NL,Amste

37、rdam.Man harvesting plantainDOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION7Stage 2:Assessing Climate Risks Outcome:Climate risk assessment According to the IPCC AR6,climate-related risks result from the interaction of hazards,vulnerabil-ity,and exposure.There

38、fore,a climate risk as-sessment is essential to determine future climate hazards and their potential impacts on a particular socio-ecolog-ical system.It also helps identify climate vulnerabilities through two main elements,sensitivity to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.Finally,it allows

39、to identify the degree of exposure of the system,which can be ex-pressed by absolute numbers,densities or proportions of the elements at risk(e.g.population density in an area af-fected by flood).Understanding all of these components is fundamental to prioritize climate action and investment in adap

40、tation,and in this particular case,to identify the best EbA options to reduce risks and contribute to the climate-resilient development of the proposed site.Some examples of climate-related risks in mountain communi-ties include:Damages to life and infrastructure due to floods and landslides Losses

41、in crop production,due to compound heat and dry conditions,and extreme weather Risk to food and water security due to increased temperature extremes,rainfall variability and drought To justify implementing EbA and to design an appropri-ate EbA strategy it is fundamental to understand the cli-mate ri

42、sks in each of the sites proposed for interventions.To support this process,complete Form 2 Assessing Climate Risks for every site.Use this form to collect the information needed to assess the climate risk in each lo-cation and to prepare an impact chain if decided to do so(see resources for more in

43、formation).Climate change im-pact chains are conceptual models that describe climate impacts as cause-effect relationships within a socio-eco-logical system.An impact chain is a tool to understand,order,analyse and prioritize the factors that cause risk in a proposed intervention or project.REFERENC

44、ES AND RESOURCES:Form 2 Assessing Climate Risks GIZ,EURAC&UNU-EHS.(2018)Climate Risk Assessment for Ecosystem-based Adaptation A guidebook for planners and practitioners,Bonn,Germany.Munroe,R.,Hicks,C.,Doswald,N.,Bubb,P.,Epple,C.,Woroniecki,S.,Bodin,B.,Osti,M.(2015)Guidance on Integrating Ecosystem

45、Considerations into Climate Change Vulner-ability and Impact Assessments to Inform Ecosystem-based Adaptation,UNEP-WCMC,Cambridge,UK.Wicander,S.,Helfgott,A.,Bailey,M.,Munroe,R.,Ampomah,G.,Diouf,A.,Devisscher,T.and Corrigan,C.(2016)Resilience and adaptation planning for communities in protected areas

46、.A step-by-step guide,UNEP-WCMC,Cambridge,UK.ALivE(Adaptation,Livelihoods and Ecosystems)Planning Tool IPCC.(2022)Summary for Policymakers H.-O.Portner,D.C.Roberts,E.S.Poloczanska,K.Mintenbeck,M.Tignor,A.Alegria,M.Craig,S.Langsdorf,S.Loschke,V.Moller,A.Okem(eds.).In:Climate Change 2022:Impacts,Adapt

47、ation and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Re-port of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press,Cam-bridge,UK and New York,NY,USA,pp.333.Zebisch,M.,Schneiderbauer,S.,Fritzsche,K.,Bubeck,P.,Kienberger,S.,Kahlenborn,W.,Schwan,S.and B

48、elow,T.(2021)The vulnera-bility sourcebook and climate impact chainsa standardised framework for a climate vulnerabil-ity and risk assessment.International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management.DOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION8Stag

49、e 3:Rapid ecosystem services appraisal Outcome:Map of adaptation services,main drivers and actors of land use changeThe objective of Stage 3 is to identify the local ecosystem services,how these services con-tribute to building climate resilience,and how the provisioning of these services is impacte

50、d by specific drivers.Adaptation services are defined as the benefits to peo-ple from increased social ability to respond to change,provided by the capability of ecosystems to moderate and adapt to climate change and variability(Lavorel et al.,2015).In other words,adaptation services are eco-system

51、services that are useful in terms of climate resil-ience,for instance freshwater supply,flood control and protection against storm surge.Complete Form 3 Rapid Ecosystem Services Appraisal for each site.Consider the EbA target sites as well as their surrounding catchment or buffer areas.This form wil

52、l help guide the practitioner in collecting standard in-formation needed to strategize and justify implement-ing the proposed EbA measures.After completing this REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 3 Rapid Ecosystem Services Appraisal Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based As-sessment(TESSA)Peh,K.S.H.,Ba

53、lmford,A.,Bradbury,R.B.,Brown,C.,Butchart,S.H.,Hughes,F.M.,Stat-tersfield,A.,Thomas,D.H.,Walpole,M.,Bayliss,J.and Gowing,D.(2013)TESSA:A toolkit for rapid assessment of ecosystem services at sites of biodiversity conservation importance.Eco-system Services,5,pp.51-57.ALivE(Adaptation,Livelihoods and

54、 Ecosystems)Planning Tool Lavorel,S.,Colloff,M.J.,Mcintyre,S.,Doherty,M.D.,Murphy,H.T.,Metcalfe,D.J.,Dunlop,M.,Williams,R.J.,Wise,R.M.and Williams,K.J.,(2015)Ecological mechanisms underpinning climate adaptation services.Global change biology,21(1),pp.12-31.Jimenez Hernndez,A.(2016).Ecosys-tem-based

55、 Adaptation Handbook.IUCN NL,Amsterdam.step,the practitioner will have identified and mapped the relevant adaptation services at the selected target site along with the main drivers and actors of land use change.This will support the development of an EbA strategy.Picture of farmer harvesting potato

56、es in Kwoti Sub CountyDOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION9Stage 4:EbA Strategy and Designing EbA Measures Outcome:EbA strategy and measuresStage 4 focuses on building the EbA strategy,de-fining adaptation priorities,and designing EbA measures.Under

57、standing the local climate-re-lated risks(Stage 2)and key ecosystem services avail-able(Stage 3)is essential for designing appropriate EbA measures to build resilience for both communities and ecosystems facing the impacts of climate change.An EbA measure refers to a single intervention or a suite o

58、f integrated interventions that contribute to an overall strategy to build resilience and adapt to climate change.Some examples of EbA measures are:reforestation or afforestation;grassland seeding,water channelling;livestock management;wetland,grassland,or forest restoration;biodiversity and soil co

59、nservation;water storage,aquifer or spring recovery;flood and landslide risk abatement;agroforestry;climate-smart agricul-ture;or sustainable livestock production.Complete Form 4 EbA Strategy and EbA Measures for each site.Section I guides the development of an EbA ready-to-use strategy that conside

60、rs possible syner-gies,cost-efficiency,and trade-offs for the target site,including the selection of EbA measures and their cor-responding rationales.Sections II and III are specific to each of these measures.While Section II helps plan the measures in more detail,Section III serves to re-view the s

61、elected measures against the five EbA Qual-ification Criteria and discuss how these will meet each criterion.Section IV offers a scoring sheet against the criteria and its standards as a second layer of review to ensure that the measures are well designed.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 4 EbA Strategy

62、 and EbA Measures Bertram,M.,Barrow,E.,Blackwood,K.,Rizvi,A.R.,Reid,H.,and von Scheliha-Dawid,S.(2017)Making Ecosystem-based Adaptation Effective:A Framework for Defining Qualification Criteria and Quality Standards,FEBA(Friends of Ecosystem-based Adaptation)technical pa-per developed for UNFCCC-SBS

63、TA 46 by GIZ,Bonn,Germany,IIED,London,UK,and IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.Farmers showcasing passion fruits due for harvestDOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION10Stage 5:Monitoring&Evaluation Outcome:Indicators for EbA measuresThe goal of this step is to p

64、ropose a monitoring and evaluation(M&E)framework for monitoring the effectiveness of EbA measures.Setting up a M&E system is fundamental to ensure effective adap-tation by supporting the long-term process of learning about“what works”and providing a tool for practitioners to manage their work in the

65、 context of the uncertainty surrounding climate change impacts.This stage focuses on developing indicators for the EbA measures selected through the completion of Form 5 Monitoring and Evaluation These should address as many of the five EbA Qualification Criteria as possible(refer to these in Form 4

66、,Section III).When designing indicators for measuring EbA effectiveness,it is import-ant to consider the following:Because there is much uncertainty when it comes to adaptation,there is no single set of universal or standard adaptation indicators(unlike,for exam-ple,the use of carbon dioxide emissio

67、n reduction as the indicator for mitigation).There are two types of indicators:process-based and results-based:Process-based indicators provide information on the design and implementation of an inter-vention by focusing on input and output.On the other hand,results indicators measure the effectiven

68、ess of an intervention by focusing on outcome and impact.When completing Form 5 try to define at least one in-dicator that addresses each of the five EbA Qualification Criteria.A good starting point is the creation of an initial list of possible indicators and working towards narrow-ing them down.Co

69、nsider the following items when re-fining this list:Identify process and results indicators,making sure that the final set includes an adequate number of ro-bust immediate and long-term outcome indicators.Consider which of the outcome or impact indicators can be disaggregated by different population

70、s of in-terest(e.g.marginalized groups,women,children).Take into account the feasibility of measuring the indicators.Consider time,technical capacity,and available financial resources.Revise the selected indicators using tools such as the SMART criteria(Specific,Measurable,Attain-able,Relevant and T

71、ime-bound)and the ADAPT principles(Adaptive,Dynamic,Active,Participato-ry,Thorough).Consult existing lists of indicators that have been used by other sectors(e.g.in wider climate change adapta-tion,development and biodiversity)to help in identifying initial indicators.See the resources below.It is i

72、mportant to engage in team discussions about the selected indi-cators to determine whether they would be suitable in the context of the specific intervention.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 5 Monitoring and Evaluation GIZ,UNEP-WCMC and FEBA.(2020)Guide-book for Monitoring and Evaluating Ecosys-tem-bas

73、ed Adaptation Interventions,Bonn,Germany.ALivE(Adaptation,Livelihoods and Ecosystems)Planning Tool Reid,H.,Seddon,N.,Barrow,E.,Hicks,C.,Hou-Jones,X.,Kapos,V.,Rizvi,A R.,Roe,D.,and Wicander,S.(2017)Ecosystem-based ad-aptation:question-based guidance for assess-ing effectiveness,IIED,London.Bertram,M.

74、,Barrow,E.,Blackwood,K.,Rizvi,A.R.,Reid,H.,and von Scheliha-Dawid,S.(2017)Making Ecosystem-based Adaptation Effective:A Framework for Defining Qualification Criteria and Quality Standards,FEBA(Friends of Ecosystem-based Adaptation)technical pa-per developed for UNFCCC-SBSTA 46 by GIZ,Bonn,Germany,II

75、ED,London,UK,and IUCN,Gland,Switzerland.DOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONStage 6:Implementing the EbA strategy and measuresTo prepare implementation of the identified EbA measures,a planning and allocation of roles must be made.EbA measures must

76、strengthen climate resilience on site as well as at broader levels according to previously defined goals:Define clear roles and responsibilities for imple-menting EbA measures(e.g.institutional and com-munity roles)and allocate corresponding budgets to those involved.Define who does what,when,using

77、which re-sources.Set up a team for monitoring and evaluating EbA progress at a broader watershed level(if possible).There is no standardized program form for planning and allocating the work related directly to EbA measure im-plementation.You may document these agreements and plans in the way that w

78、orks best for the implementation team and site context.However,you can use Form 6 Field Re-port Form to record any field trip relevant to Ecosys-tem-based Adaptation activities.Keeping track of the achievements during field work is important to contrib-ute to year-end reporting.In addition,this form

79、 presents a great opportunity to capture stories for program com-munications,whether in photo,video,blog,audio,or other storytelling formats.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 6 Field Report Form11DOWNLOADHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION12Stage 7:Mainstreami

80、ng EbA in policy and promoting synergies Outcome:Action plan to mainstream EbA into climate-sensitive sectors and policies,plans and strategiesMainstreaming EbA involves the integration of adaptation objectives,strategies,policies,and measures so that they become part of the na-tional and regional d

81、evelopment policies,processes,and budgets at all levels and stages.This mainstreaming can contribute to sustainable development initiatives while reducing climate risks by enhancing the effectiveness,efficiency,and longevity of EbA interventions.It also facil-itates informing policies,supporting new

82、 EbA initiatives,and promoting the approach at a larger scale.In Stage 7,the objective is to identify what is needed in order to mainstream EbA into local,municipal and nation-al policies relevant for increasing the resilience of people and ecosystems to changing climatic conditions.Form 7 Mainstrea

83、ming EbA will assist you to do so.Section I is a policy influencing SWOT analysis to be completed through collaborative brainstorming within the team and appropriate stakeholders.Section II will help in identify-ing Policy opportunities and plans to mainstream EbA.In addition,it is suggested to keep

84、 a meeting log of all meetings with political actors and other relevant stake-holders to contribute with year-end reporting.To have an enabling environment for mainstreaming EbA,look for entry points and make the case to:Increase awareness and knowledge of climate vari-ability and risks through capa

85、city building.Enhance stakeholders capacities to formulate and implement in conjunction policies that take climate change adaptation into consideration.Find synergies between EbA interventions and oth-er development initiatives to complement the ap-proach.To integrate EbA into relevant policies,stra

86、tegies and plans to manage climate risks:Consider broader development frameworks and sectoral strategies.Engage with high level decision makers,strong in-stitutions,and EbA champions to lobby and advo-cate.Use positive results from EbA interventions as ev-idence.REFERENCES AND RESOURCES:Form 7 Mains

87、treaming EbA Terton,A.and Greenwalt,J.(2021)Building Resilience With Nature:Maximizing ecosys-tem-based adaptation through National Adapta-tion Plan processes,NAP Global Network and FEBA.Constructing Theories of Change for ecosys-tem-based adaptation projectsDOWNLOADINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVAT

88、ION OF NATUREWORLD HEADQUARTERSRue Mauverney 281196 Gland,SwitzerlandTel+41 22 999 0000Fax+41 22 999 0002www.iucn.org www.iucn.org/resources/publicationsHandbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 0 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA This scoping exercise presents crite

89、ria and considerations to assess whether the target site,its people,and supporting institutions and policies are suitable for the implementation of EbA interventions.The outcome of Stage 0 is a go or no-go decision regarding the suitability of the site for EbA.To determine this,complete a separate f

90、orm for each site under consideration and if all criteria in Section I are met(answered“yes”to all questions),then it is a go decision and continue on to Section II to provide details on additional considerations for the sites selection.Form completed by:Date form completed:SITE DETAILS SITE NAME:GP

91、S LOCATION:DISTRICT/PROVINCE/REGION:COUNTRY:1.Are the landscape and its uses capable of delivering sufficient adaptation services as will be detailed in Step 3 in the Scaling Up Mountain EbA Programme Handbook)?YES NO IF yes,which adaptation services?Adaptation services are defined as ecosystem serv

92、ices that are useful in terms of climate resilience,for instance freshwater supply,flood control and protection against storm surge.2.Are stakeholders aware of the adaptation services delivered by ecosystems and do they value these?Are they concerned about the state of their environment?YES NO If YE

93、S,provide further information(which adaptation services do they value?How are they concerned?)3.Are there any social and institutional frameworks that can be strengthened and given responsibility in relation to EbA?Examples are institutions in charge of development planning,Disaster Risk Reduction(D

94、RR)or water resources and ecosystem management.YES NO If YES,which social groups,institutions or policies and how can they be strengthened?Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 4.Within this framework(refer back to question 3),is there any experience and wil

95、lingness to generate policies and actions to keep the aforementioned ecosystems in good health and able to supply key adaptation services?Experience YES NO Willingness YES NO If any YES,provide further evidence:If answered YES to all four of the questions above,then it is a go decision and continue

96、to Part II for further considerations.SECTION II:Additional information for assessing site suitability for EbA interventions 1.Are ecosystem services provided by the site vulnerable to climate change?YES NO If YES,how?2.Are ecosystem services provided by the site vulnerable to other threats(e.g.extr

97、active activities,demographic changes)?YES NO If YES,how?3.Is human wellbeing in the area highly dependent on ecosystem services and goods?YES NO If YES,how?4.Was EbA ever implemented at this site?YES NO If YES,who was involved in that previous implementation?Handbook system for the design and imple

98、mentation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 5.Are there any social,environmental,and economic baseline data available?(e.g.vulnerability assessments or relevant technical studies)YES NO If YES,provide details on the existing data or data that is currently being collected.6.Are there any relevant stakeho

99、lders in this site to work with?Provide details on partners,such as line agencies,NGOs,etc.7.Are local organization and governance conditions good enough to support EbA interventions?YES NO Provide details.Are local conflict levels low enough to allow EbA interventions?YES NO Provide details.8.With

100、respect to human and financial resources of the project,what operational,logistical,travel,and budget considerations apply?9.Is the site within or nearby a protected area?YES(within)YES(nearby)NO If YES,provide further information(name of area,location and key ecosystems or cultural assets protected

101、).Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 10.For sites within protected areas,is there a good working relationship between the local population and the protected area authority?YES NO Not applicable Provide details 11.What additional aspects specific to this a

102、rea should be considered to implement EbA?Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONFORM 0 MEASURE STATUS REPORT Use this form to report on the status of any existing EbA measure that wish to be expanded or continued.In Section I,provide a description and other s

103、ummary information about the measure.In Section II,discuss implementation challenges and suggestions for strengthening the measure.Create a separate report for each measure.To reassess whether the measure meets the EbA Qualification Criteria,refer to Form 4 Sections III and IV.Form completed by:Clic

104、k here to enter text.Date form completed:Click or tap to enter a date.SECTION I Measure Summary Provide the information below for each EbA measure.#1 Name of the measure Click here to enter text.#2 Measure Location(s)(site name(s)/GPS coordinates)Click here to enter text.#3 Institutional lead(s)Clic

105、k here to enter text.#4 Implementing partner(s)Click here to enter text.#5 Relevant local government partners(whether directly or indirectly involved)and description of involvement Click here to enter text.#6 Additional partners(community,non-government organizations,other government partners,etc.)C

106、lick here to enter text.#7 Type of measure:on the ground capacity-building policy awareness raising/outreach other,specify:Click here to enter text.#8 Brief description of the measure:Click here to enter text.#9 When was the measure first implemented?Displayed as MM/YY.#10 Is the measure still activ

107、e/on-going?If no,when did it end?Yes No End date:Displayed as MM/YY.#11 How many people have benefitted from the measures implementation?If the information is available,disaggregate by men and women and cultural groups.#OF PEOPLE DIRECTLY BENEFITING Enter a number.people total Enter a number.women E

108、nter a number.men Enter a number.cultural group A,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.cultural group B,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.additional groups,specify:Enter text.#OF PEOPLE INDIRECTLY BENEFITING Enter a number.people total Enter a number.women Handbook system for the design and implementat

109、ion of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONEnter a number.men Enter a number.cultural A,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.cultural B,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.additional groups,specify:Enter text.#12 If the measure involved an on-the-ground intervention and applicable,how many hectares were targeted f

110、or improvement?How many hectares have been improved?Enter a number.hectares targeted Enter a number.hectares improved N/A#13 Has any new donor,public or private,followed the measures implementation?Yes No If yes,which one(s):Click here to enter text.#14 Has the measure been replicated elsewhere?Clic

111、k here to enter text.Provide details Click here to enter text.#15 Will the measure be continued through a project extension or a new project?Yes No Why or why not?Click here to enter text.#16 What is the estimated budget(USD)for continuing this measure?$Enter dollar amount.SECTION II Challenges and

112、suggestions for strengthening the measure Provide short answers for the following questions.#1 What were some of the challenges with implementing this measure?Have they been resolved?Click here to enter text.#2 Were there any negative externalities(of the measure)identified?Did the measure negativel

113、y affected communities or ecosystems outside of the target area?Click here to enter text.#3 Has anything changed since first implementing the measure that would affect future implementation?Click here to enter text.#4 What are your suggestions for strengthening the measure?Click here to enter text.H

114、andbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 1 UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXT&EbA GOALS Use this form to collect the information needed to understand the site context and define the EbA goals.This form helps gather information needed to justify implementing the EbA

115、measure proposed.Site name:Form completed by:Date form completed:SECTION A:Spatial and qualitative analysis of the landscape and its land use including key ecosystems The main question to be answered here is whether the ecosystem can and will continue to provide current adaptation services if the cu

116、rrent rate of change in land uses is maintained or increases.Through the analysis of both official and community maps(e.g.resource maps)and information that can be provided by key stakeholders,it is possible to obtain a spatial overview and understanding of the landscapes at the target site.Key ques

117、tions Information collected Are major land uses that are potentially providing key adaptation services mapped?(include both natural and agricultural systems)Are there noticeable changes affecting these major land uses?Which land uses are receding and which ones are becoming predominant?Will ecosyste

118、ms be able to continue providing adaptation services in the future if these trends persist?Please provide photos or other renderings of the mapping completed.Paste image or URL here.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION SECTION B:An overview of the stakehold

119、ers involved Fill in the following table considering the two types of stakeholders that are essential to any EbA intervention.Type I.Stakeholders who have an influence on land use changes and risk factors at different levels,from the community to the national level Type II.Vulnerable stakeholders wh

120、o are exposed to hazards and only have limited resources and capacities Key questions Information collected Key questions Information collected Which stakeholders from community to national level are changing land uses in a way that promotes the delivery of adaptation services?e.g.they are improving

121、 the environment through sustainable land use and/or ecosystem restoration.Which(groups of)vulnerable stakeholders would benefit from EbA?e.g.those exposed to drought,storms,landslides and floods;those with unstable livelihoods,or who depend on threatened ecosystems for their livelihoods.Which stake

122、holders from community to national level are causing ecosystem degradation and,as a result,undermining the delivery of adaptation services?How are these vulnerable actors currently coping with climate variability?How are they organized and politically positioned?How do institutions,policies,and fund

123、ing assist them?For each type of stakeholder,determine their roles and the organization,sector or community they represent or belong to.For each type of stakeholder,determine their roles and the organization,sector or community they represent or belong to.Handbook system for the design and implement

124、ation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION SECTION C:Institutional and policy analysis Be as specific to the site as possible.All these policies,initiatives and projects should be linked to the EbA targets in order to begin identifying either potential conflicts or likely synergies.Key questions Informatio

125、n collected Identify institutional actors at different levels Which are the relevant institutional actors,their main field of work and their levels and scopes of action(community,municipal or national)?Which role do local organizations(e.g.cooperatives,organized women groups and risk management comm

126、ittees)play in the regulation of resource use,land tenure,etc.?Identify policies,initiatives and development projects Which are the relevant policies at different levels that influence the landscape and society under consideration?Which are the major private sector initiatives having an impact(negat

127、ive or positive)on the target site?e.g.agriculture,irrigation,energy,mining,tourism,etc.SECTION D:Drafting a preliminary Theory of Change(ToC).Start filling in the following table as this stage,however,there are items to discuss and address along the next stages and forms of the handbook.Come back t

128、o this table to complete it as the work progresses towards developing a ToC.Questions to answer when formulating a Theory of Change(ToC)Key questions Proposed answers Meaning for the EbA Strategy What are the issues to be addressed?Natural and socio-economic context,sectors/actors,resources at risk(

129、Stages 1&2)and adaptation goals.What are the foreseeable changes in climatic and socio-economic conditions?Current trends and future scenarios for land uses,socioeconomic and climate risk projections(Stages 1,2&3).Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION How wi

130、ll the projected changes impact the area under consideration?Land use trends,risk profile and vulnerability assessment(Stages 1,2&3).What will this mean for the delivery of ecosystem services within the context?Assess what would happen with and without EbA measures in a changing climate.Questions to

131、 answer when defining adaptation goals as part of the ToC Key questions Proposed answers Your EbA Strategy will include activities to What is the problem:what should adapt to and how?Address detrimental land use change;reduce current and future climate risk(Stages 1&2).What would the preferred futur

132、e look like?Envision achievable climate resilience through adaptation including EbA.How would one get there?Formulate EbA measures,a M&E framework and an action plan for mainstreaming EbA(Stages 3 to 7).Adapted from UNEP,2012.Ecosystem-based Adaptation Guidance:Moving from Principles to Practice.Wor

133、king document.UNEP Division of Environment Policy Implementation.University of Sunshine Coast,Australia.SECTION E:Defining the EbA Goals After discussing the different elements of the local context,use this section to define the EbA Goals of the project or intervention.Handbook system for the design

134、 and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 2 ASSESSING CLIMATE RISKS Use this form to collect the information needed to assess the climate risk at each site and to prepare an impact chain(if you choose to do so).This form is to collect standard information needed to strategize and justif

135、y implementing the EbA measures proposed.Site name:Form completed by:Date form completed:SECTION I:Description of the sites local climate and climate hazards To fill in the following section use secondary and participatory research(community observations).If available include historical timelines an

136、d hazard maps.Key questions Information collected Describe the seasons in the study area,including high and low temperatures and average precipitation.Describe the projected trends in rainfall,temperature and climate hazards.What do the most recent IPCC Assessment Reports state on predicted climate

137、change in the region of the target site?Which extreme weather events have occurred in the past 25 years?Are there maps identifying climate-related hazard zones?Is there data on the frequency and intensity of hazards and their impacts?Are there local climate change models available?Are there any basi

138、c risk profiles of vulnerable actors,assets and land uses of interest for the EbA intervention?SECTION II:Climate risk assessment Key questions Information collected Identify climate impacts and risks The first and most crucial step in developing an impact chain is identifying major climate impacts

139、and risks(e.g.water scarcity or risk of water scarcity for smallholder farmers)to your socio-ecological system.If your risk assessment covers more than one topic(addressing the sectors agriculture and health,for instance)you will need to develop discrete impact chains for each topic,which can later

140、be combined and interlinked.Identifying major climate impacts and risks starts with a broad view,including a review and brainstorming process of climate impacts and risks.Subsequently you can cluster them and narrow your choice down to one or more risks according to the focus of your assessment.Hand

141、book system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Which major climate impacts and risks affect the system of concern?How have climate variability and extreme climate events impacted the system of concern in the past?What are the socio-economic implications of the climate im

142、pacts(e.g.loss in yields,increase in disease,etc.)?DETERMINE HAZARDS AND INTERMEDIATE IMPACTS Hazard refers to the potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend or physical impact that may cause loss of life,injury,or other health impacts,as well as damage and loss to pr

143、operty,infrastructure,livelihoods,service provision,ecosystems,and environmental resources.In the IPCC report,the term hazard usually refers to climate-related physical events or trends or their physical impacts.A hazard may be an event(e.g.a heavy rain event),but it can also be a direct physical im

144、pact.A hazard is not necessarily an extreme weather event(e.g.tropical storm,flooding),but can also be a slow onset trend(e.g.less water from snow melt,increase in average temperature,sea-level rise,salinity intrusion,etc.).If possible,the probability of a specific hazardous event or trend should be

145、 estimated.This can be done by defining hazards as critical events or critical physical impacts(e.g.heavy rain events instead of rain or heat days instead of temperature).In the context of a climate risk assessment,it is assumed that a hazard represents an external climate signal,which does not depe

146、nd on exposure or vulnerability and can per se not be influenced by adaptation or other measures seeking to deal with climate-related loss and damage.Which climate-related hazards pose a risk to the socio-ecological system of concern?Which intermediate impacts link the hazard and the risk?DETERMINE

147、VULNERABILITY Vulnerability refers to the propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected.Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.Vulnerability has two relevant elements:1.Sensitivity is

148、 determined by those factors that directly affect the consequences of a hazard.Sensitivity may include physical attributes of a system(e.g.building material of houses,type of soil on agriculture fields),social,economic and cultural attributes(e.g.age structure,income structure).Thus,the understandin

149、g of sensitivity largely remains unchanged from the AR4 concept.2.Capacity in the context of climate risk assessments refers to the ability of societies and communities to prepare for and respond to current and future climate impacts.It comprises:a.Coping capacity:The ability of people,institutions,

150、organizations,and systems,using available skills,values,beliefs,resources,and opportunities,to address,manage,and overcome adverse conditions in the short to medium term(e.g.early warning systems in place).b.Adaptive capacity:The ability of systems,institutions,humans and other organisms to adjust t

151、o potential damage,to take advantage of opportunities,or to respond to consequences(e.g.knowledge to introduce new farming methods).This type of capacity has already been applied in the AR4 concept and is thus described in the Vulnerability Sourcebook.Handbook system for the design and implementatio

152、n of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Vulnerability:What are the main societal and ecological drivers of vulnerability of the system?Sensitivity:Which attributes make the system vulnerable to potential negative impacts of the hazard(s)under consideration?Capacity:Which abilities of the societal system are

153、 in place or missing to reduce the risk of concern now and in the future?Consider among others:Is there knowledge or expertise available or missing which might aid adaptation?Are there technical options available or missing which could enhance capacity?How does the institutional environment contribu

154、te to capacity?Which economic and financial resources are available or missing for enhancing capacity or implementing adaptation measures?DETERMINE EXPOSURE Exposure is the presence of people,livelihoods,species or ecosystems,environmental functions,services,and resources,infrastructure,or economic,

155、social,or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected.Exposure is related to specific exposed elements(or elements at risk),e.g.people,infrastructure,ecosystems.The degree of exposure can be expressed by absolute numbers,densities or proportions of the elements at risk(e.

156、g.population density in an area affected by drought).A change in exposure over time(e.g.change of number of people living in drought-prone areas)can significantly increase or decrease risk.Which factors determine exposure?Include any photos or other visual renderings of the climate risk assessment w

157、hich have been produced.Insert photo or URL here.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION SECTION III:Impacts of climate change and other stressors on ecosystems and implications for livelihoods To fill in the following section use secondary research and partic

158、ipatory research.Key questions Information Collected What are the non-climatic stressors that affect ecosystems?And how can they affect livelihoods?How climate-related hazards may affect resource availability,sectors and livelihoods?Which social groups are particularly vulnerable to the impacts?Why?

159、Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONFORM 3 RAPID ECOSYSTEM SERVICES APPRAISAL Use this form to collect the information needed to perform a rapid ecosystem services appraisal at the site.This form will help collecting standard information needed to strategiz

160、e and justify implementing the EbA measures proposed.Site name:Form completed by:Date form completed:SECTION I:Map of adaptation services,main drivers and actors of land use change.The aim is to have a spatial understanding of the relationships between land uses,people,assets at risk and ecosystems

161、delivering services,making use of all information and maps available in the previous stages,particularly in Stage 1(the landscape analysis).The suggested methodology to collect information appears in italics.Key questions Information collected Livelihood strategies and associated activities Particip

162、atory research(seasonal calendar,well-being and livelihoods discussion)What are the key livelihood strategies?What are the activities associated with these strategies?Natural resources needed for livelihood activities Participatory research(household system diagram)What are the natural resources tha

163、t are needed for the different livelihood activities?Major ecosystems in the study area Secondary and participatory research(community resource mapping)What are the major ecosystems in the study area?Describe them:approximate size,important wildlife and plants,location in relation to communities,etc

164、.Why is the ecosystem important?Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Who are the main users?List all adaptation services provided by the key ecosystems,e.g.freshwater supply,flood control,erosion control,etc.Which ecosystems provide services that are vital

165、for coping with extreme climate events and variability,and for recovering after a potential disaster?Why?Trends in ecosystem functionality Secondary and participatory research(ecosystem service trend analysis)Are the trends in functionality for each of the major ecosystems improving,stable or declin

166、ing?(include timeframe e.g.what is expected in two,five,ten years)What are the main drivers of these trends affecting adaptation services?What are the main drivers and actors of land use change?Which ecosystems are the most important when considering the current and future dependence of livelihoods

167、and sectors on their services?Consider food security,disaster risk reduction,adaptation capacity and cultural reasons.Locate key ecosystems,adaptation services and main drivers and actors of land use change on a map of the area.Insert photo,image or URL here.Handbook system for the design and implem

168、entation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION NEXT STEPS:Task Description,including anticipated start/finish dates Task Leader 1.2.3.4.(Add more rows,if needed.)TESTIMONIES/STORIES FROM THE FIELD(To assist with project communications)ANNEXES Save any related documentation or photos together with this form

169、or indicate where the annexes can be found.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 4 EbA STRATEGY AND DESIGNING EbA MEASURES Use this form to collect the information needed to develop an EbA strategy and design adaptation measures for the site(complete a

170、form for each site).Complete Section I to develop the EbA strategy and design the EbA measures for this site.Complete Sections II,III and IV for the EbA measure selected for this site.In case there is more than one EbA measure for this site,copy the template for these three sections to continue addi

171、ng information within the same form.Suggested methodologies to collect information appear in italics.Site name:Form completed by:Date form completed:SECTION I EbA Strategy(Taking into account possible synergies,cost-efficiency and trade-offs)Key questions Proposed answers/Information collected Toget

172、her with stakeholders,define the adaptation priorities for your site considering the analysis of the context,climate risk assessment,and ecosystem services appraisal from the previous stages.Which landscape and ecosystem components are at the base of key livelihoods and sectors,and are essential to

173、increasing their adaptive capacity in the face of change(e.g.forest,wetland,grazing lands,and assets such as water supply facility,health center,road,etc.)?Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Which ones are the most vulnerable to current and future climate

174、 impacts?Which ones would clearly benefit from enhanced ecosystem services?List and map ecosystems that would deliver these enhanced services.Using the climate and socio-economic context and the future scenarios at hand(from Stages 1&2),revise the main trends potentially increasing climate risk and

175、propose EbA measures:Determine which ecosystems(and services)are to be managed in order to(i)reduce current climate risks and(ii)increase future adaptive capacity according to trends under different scenarios.Based on these,propose a feasible set of EbA measures in line with the EbA goals defined wh

176、en formulating your Theory of Change(Stage 1).Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION If necessary,perform a cost-benefit analysis aimed at selecting those EbA measures that are affordable and which best fit the socio-economic context.Adaptation priorities ide

177、ntified in existing plans/policies Secondary research What plans or policies have already been developed for adaptation?Consider local adaptation plans,as well as any sectoral or national-level plans or policies that identify priorities that are relevant for the study area.Adaptation options identif

178、ied by communities Participatory research(discussion on adaptation options)What adaptation options were identified by communities through the participatory research?List the EbA measures proposed to implement at this site.Include the rationale for every EbA measure proposed.Handbook system for the d

179、esign and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONDoes the EbA strategy have any cross-sectoral trade-offs at the watershed scale?How will the EbA strategy avoid maladaptation and negative externalities,especially at neighboring sites and within the same catchment?Summarize the EbA strategy for

180、this site in under 200 words.(Individual EbA strategies could address more than one sector,allowing for greater synergy and cost-efficiency;these synergies should be the main target of EbA measures.)Note:Complete the following SECTIONS II,III and IV for each measure(copy and add the sections as requ

181、ired).SECTION II Measure summary Provide the information below for the measure that will be implemented.#1 Name of the measure Click here to enter text.#2 Proposed measure Location(s)(site name(s)/GPS coordinates)Click here to enter text.#3 Institutional lead(s)Click here to enter text.#4 Implementi

182、ng partner(s)Click here to enter text.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Relevant local government partners(whether directly or indirectly involved)and description of involvement Click here to enter text.#5 Additional partners(community,non-government org

183、anizations,other government partners,etc.)Click here to enter text.#6 Brief description of the measure,including how it fits into the EbA strategy for the site:Click here to enter text.#7 What other projects are ongoing in the area that will complement the replicated measure?(include implementing or

184、ganizations)Click here to enter text.#8 Describe any baselines,vulnerability assessments,or technical studies that are already available?Click here to enter text.#9 When will the implementation be started?Displayed as MM/YY.Type of measure:on the ground capacity-building policy awareness raising/out

185、reach other,specify:Click here to enter text.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION#10 How many total(and new)people will benefit from the measures implementation?(Disaggregate by 1)men and women and 2)by cultural group.)#OF PEOPLE DIRECTLY BENEFITING Enter a

186、 number.people total Enter a number.women Enter a number.men Enter a number.cultural group A,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.cultural group B,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.Additional groups,specify:Enter text.#OF PEOPLE INDIRECTLY BENEFITING Enter a number.People total Enter a number.women Ent

187、er a number.men Enter a number.cultural group A,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.cultural group B,specify:Enter text.Enter a number.additional groups,specify:Enter text.#11 If the measure involved will have an on-the-ground intervention and applicable,how many hectares are targeted for improvement?

188、Enter a number.hectares targeted N/A What is the estimated budget(USD)for implementing this measure?$Enter dollar amount.#12 What is the likelihood that measure will be continued/sustained beyond the project cycle?Not likely Somewhat likely Very likely Not sure#13 Briefly explain how the measure wou

189、ld be sustained into the future?Click here to enter text.SECTION III EbA Qualification Criteria Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION To determine if the measure is EbA,review the five EbA qualification criteria below and for each provide a short answer for

190、how well the measure will meet that criterion.ELEMENT A EBA HELPS PEOPLE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE Criterion 1.Reduces social and environmental vulnerabilities.EbA must explicitly address current and future climate change and climate variability.It is based on assessments of climatic vulnerability,haz

191、ards and risks to people,as well as the adaptation benefits derived from ecosystem services.A combination of climate information(based on the best available scientific data and models and local knowledge)and vulnerability assessments should form the basis for implementation.EbA measures need to redu

192、ce climate vulnerability for people at an appropriate scale(e.g.at least local scale but ideally ecosystem or landscape/seascape scale).#14 How will the measure reduce social and environmental vulnerabilities?Click here to enter text.Criterion 2.Generates societal benefits in the context of climate

193、change adaptation.EbA reduces vulnerabilities of people through the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services and by producing societal benefits in a fair and equitable manner.It addresses the needs of people,especially those who directly depend on or use natural resources and who are particularly

194、vulnerable to climate change impacts.EbA delivers direct or indirect benefits that increase peoples resilience to climate change,including enhanced food security,shelter,risk reduction,provision of fresh water and medicine,and local climate regulation.It also often generates additional benefits esse

195、ntial for sustainable development including carbon sequestration,habitat provision or medicinal resource provision.In order for EbA to support adaptive capacities it needs to distribute short-,medium-and long-term benefits.Comparative analyses on the extent and scale of adaptive capacity and resilie

196、nce benefits should clarify whether EbA measures are economically feasible and can complement or substitute other adaptation options.Benefits should be distributed fairly among a representative percentage of the target group.#15 How will the measure generate societal benefits in the context of clima

197、te change adaptation?Click here to enter text.ELEMENT B EBA MAKES ACTIVE USE OF BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Criterion 3.Restores,maintains or improves ecosystem health.EbA restores,maintains and improves ecosyste

198、ms,land-and seascapes,and is in line with the Ecosystem Approach.It is applied at a scale that addresses the challenge of,and integrates the trade-offs resulting from climate change,meaning it supports the stability,resilience,connectivity,and multiple roles of ecosystems as part of larger land-and

199、seascapes.EbA encompasses measures such as ecosystem management,reinforcement and restoration of natural infrastructure,as well as the management of threats associated with the effects of climate change or anthropogenic activities.Because climate change can force changes in ecosystem composition and

200、 structure,it is important that the health and stability of ecosystem services are maintained,improved,and monitored.EbA fosters appropriate land and water management practices that support climate change adaptation,prioritize the management of key ecosystem services,and foster the sustainable use o

201、f land and coastal and marine resources(e.g.by conservation and climate-smart agriculture,soil conservation,use of water retention areas,low impact fishing).It supports the diversification of land and marine use and livelihood options such as multi-cropping,agroforestry,and the use of appropriate sp

202、ecies and varieties.For example,this can include the introduction of species that are better adapted to climate change,as long as they do not endanger the existence of native species or become invasive.Co-management approaches that involve stakeholders from communities,government and private sector

203、should be supported.#16 How will the measure restore,maintain,or improve ecosystem health?Click here to enter text.#17 What species of local or global conservation importance will benefit from the measure?Click here to enter text.ELEMENT C EBA IS PART OF AN OVERALL ADAPTATION STRATEGY Criterion 4.Is

204、 supported by policies at multiple levels.As part of a larger adaptation strategy,EbA operates at one or more levels(e.g.local,national,regional,landscape,and sectoral levels),and can involve supporting sectoral adaptation and multi-sectoral approaches at multiple geographic scales.It is,or becomes,

205、an integral part of key policies and implementation frameworks targeted towards sustainable development,agriculture,land use,poverty reduction,natural resource management,climate change adaptation,and disaster risk reduction.EbA should be integrated into existing policy frameworks so that interventi

206、ons can be sustainable and scalable,rather than short-term and stand-alone.#18 How will the measure support policies at multiple levels?Click here to enter text.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION Criterion 5.Supports equitable governance and enhances capa

207、cities.EbA enhances governance of natural resources with respect to the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services,by following a community-centered,participatory and gender-sensitive approach;it embraces transparency,empowerment,accountability,non-discrimination and active,meaningful and free parti

208、cipation at the local level.It should support fair and equitable sharing of user access,rights and responsibilities.The ability to adapt to climate change hinges on the ability of local people(comprising different groups,genders,customary bodies,etc.)to take on their rights and responsibilities and

209、to be represented by officials who are accountable to them.Ownership by the people responsible for ecosystem management and by people who are using and benefiting from biodiversity can ensure that benefits emerge and are sustainable.Strong local governance needs to be embedded in higher level govern

210、ance structures,which can facilitate and stimulate local action through the right policies and enabling environment.#19 How will the measure support equitable governance and enhance capacities?Click here to enter text.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONSEC

211、TION IV Assessing EbA using quality standards Review the quality standards for each of the qualification criteria and check the box along the continuum that best characterizes how the measure will meet these standards.Qualification Criteria Quality Standards Continuum of EbA quality Example indicato

212、rs VERY STRONG STRONG WEAK VERY WEAK#1.Reduces social and environmental vulnerabilities 1.1 Use of climate information Yes,short-,medium-,and long-term Very limited or not at all Extent of information about future climate change used Quality of climate data sources 1.2 Use of local and traditional k

213、nowledge Yes Very limited or not at all Extent and relevance of local resources consulted(individuals,communities,NGOs)Participation of affected natural resource users during planning process Quality of consultation process 1.3 Taking into account findings of vulnerability assessment Yes,clearly int

214、egrating findings of climate change vulnerability assessments Yes,but only marginally Extent to which information from VA is being considered Consideration of climate risk reduction potential Extent to which ecosystem services are assessed by the VA 1.4 Vulnerability reduction at the appropriate sca

215、le Land/seascape scale or larger Local scale n or%of population with reduced vulnerability Effects from different scales of ecosystems are considered Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION#2.Generates societal benefits in the context of climate change adaptat

216、ion 2.1 Quantity&quality of societal benefits compared to other adaptation options Very high Comparable Quantity of monetary&non-monetary benefits provided(e.g.income,resource access,reduced risks)Quantity&quality of provisioning ecosystem services(e.g.water,food,fiber),regulating ES(e.g.erosion pre

217、vention,extreme event buffering,climate regulation)as well as supporting and cultural ES Extent of physical asset damage or destruction avoided(e.g.Saved Wealth index)Extent of avoided deaths and injuries(e.g.Saved Health index)2.2 Timescale of societal benefits demonstrated Short-,medium,and long-t

218、erm Short-and/or medium-term Sustainability of provided benefits Estimated or projected benefits 2.3 Economic feasibility&advantages compared to other adaptation options Very high Low Positive economic&non-economic assessments(taking into account a quantification of ecosystem services benefits)2.4 N

219、umber of beneficiaries High Low n or%of benefitting people 2.5 Distribution of benefits Fair and transparent Distribution questionable Distribution of benefits within and between different groups Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONQualification Criteria Qu

220、ality Standards Continuum of EbA quality Example indicators Very strong Strong Weak Very weak#3.Restores,maintains or improves ecosystem health 3.1 Appropriate scale of management Land/seascape scale or larger Small scale Size of the area(e.g.in ha)under management 3.2 Prioritization of key ecosyste

221、m services within management Yes,clear Very low n of indicator species(e.g.IUCN Red list)showing the quality of ecosystem and its services Valuation of n ecosystem services(esp.supporting,regulating&cultural)over time 3.3 Monitoring of ecosystem services health&stability Yes No Results of IUCN Red L

222、ist of Ecosystems categories and criteria Results of ecosystem risk assessments 3.4 Protecion and management area coverage/diversification of land use High coverage Very little coverage Size or%of protected area Size or%of restored area Size or%of sustainably management area Size or%of different lan

223、d use systems 3.5 Level of co-management(government,communities,private sector)Very high Limited n of(community)management plans n of stakeholders engaged in management Level of cooperation between government,local stakeholders and private sector Handbook system for the design and implementation of

224、ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATIONQualification Criteria Quality Standards Continuum of EbA quality Example indicators Very strong Strong Weak Very weak#4.Is supported by policies at multiple levels 4.1 Compatibility with policy and legal frameworks&policy support Very high Limited n of direct links between

225、 EbA measure with policies and legal frameworks Quality and type of policies that support the implementation of the EbA measure as well as its replication and upscaling n of political decision makers engaged in the process 4.2 Multi-actor&multi-sector engagement(communities,civil society,private sec

226、tor)Very high,with different actors/sectors Limited Level or%of civil society engagement in policy discussions Level or%of private sector engagement in policy discussions n of sectors involved n or%of people participating in activities#5.Supports equitable governance and enhances capacities 5.1 Acco

227、untability&group representation Clearly demonstrated(up and down)at the relevant scale Very little demonstrated,with decisions made externally Level of accountability&transparency Level or%of civil society engagement in governance Level or%of private sector engagement in governance n or%of people pa

228、rticipating in awareness raising or training sessions 5.2 Consideration of gender balance and empowerment Explicit part of the proposal None Gender balance within each benefiting group 5.3 Status of indigenous and local knowledge and institutions Respected and incorporated Not respected or incorpora

229、ted n or%of indigenous or local people represented in the governance structure 5.4 Long-term capacity to ensure sustainable governance Very strong Little or none n or%of individuals in a group of beneficiaries directly involved in governance framework Handbook system for the design and implementatio

230、n of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION(M&E)Use this form to propose a M&E framework for the EbA measures.In Sections I and II,propose indicators for measuring the quality of the applied measure,detail a plan for establishing baselines and evaluating measure effectiveness,an

231、d record the values of baseline and subsequent assessments.Create a separate form for each measure.Form completed by:Click here to enter text.Date form completed:Click or tap to enter a date.SECTION I:Defining indicators for EbA measures Propose an M&E framework for monitoring the effectiveness of t

232、he EbA measure.If feasible,try to define at least one indicator that addresses each of the five EbA Qualification Criteria.For every indicator proposed below,provide:1.Indicator name 2.Indicator units 3.Plan for determining the baseline value,including timeline and resources required 4.Plan for eval

233、uating the indicator(e.g.how often?)EbA Qualification Criteria Proposed M&E framework Example indicators CRITERION 1.Reduces social and environmental vulnerabilities.1.1 Use of climate information Click here to enter text.Extent of information about future climate change used Quality of climate data

234、 sources 1.2 Use of local and traditional knowledge Click here to enter text.Extent and relevance of local resources consulted(individuals,communities,NGOs)Participation of affected natural resource users during planning process Quality of consultation process Handbook system for the design and impl

235、ementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 1.3 Taking into account findings of vulnerability assessment Click here to enter text.Extent to which information from VA is being considered Consideration of climate risk reduction potential Extent to which ecosystem services are assessed by the VA 1.4 Vulne

236、rability reduction at the appropriate scale Click here to enter text.n or%of population with reduced vulnerability Effects from different scales of ecosystems are considered CRITERION 2.Generates societal benefits in the context of climate change adaptation.2.1 Quantity and quality of societal benef

237、its compared to other adaptation options Click here to enter text.Quantity of monetary&non-monetary benefits provided(e.g.income,resource access,reduced risks)Quantity&quality of provisioning ecosystem services(e.g.water,food,fiber),regulating ES(e.g.erosion prevention,extreme event buffering,climat

238、e regulation)as well as supporting and cultural ES Extent of physical assessment damage or destruction avoided(e.g.Saved Wealth index)Extent of avoided deaths and injuries(e.g.Saved Health index)2.2 Timescale of societal benefits demonstrated Click here to enter text.Sustainability of provided benef

239、its Estimated or projected benefits 2.3 Economic feasibility and advantages compared to other adaptation options Click here to enter text.Positive economic&non-economic assessments(taking into account a quantification of ecosystem services benefits)2.4 Number of beneficiaries Click here to enter tex

240、t.n or%of benefitting people 2.5 Distribution of benefits Click here to enter text.Distribution of benefits within and between different groups CRITERION 3.Restores,maintains or improves ecosystem health.3.1 Appropriate scale of management Click here to enter text.Size of the area(e.g.in ha)under ma

241、nagement 3.2 Prioritization of key ecosystem services within management Click here to enter text.n of indicator species(e.g.IUCN Red list)showing the quality of ecosystem and its services Valuation of n ecosystem services(esp.supporting,regulating&cultural)over time Handbook system for the design an

242、d implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 3.3 Monitoring of ecosystem services,health,and stability Click here to enter text.Results of IUCN Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria Results of ecosystem risk assessments 3.4 Protection and management area coverage/diversification of land u

243、se Click here to enter text.Size or%of protected area Size or%of restored area Size or%of sustainably managed area Size or%of different land use systems 3.5 Level of co-management(government,communities,private sector)Click here to enter text.n of(community)management plans n of stakeholders engaged

244、 in management Level of cooperation between government,local stakeholders and private sector CRITERION 4.Is supported by policies at multiple levels.4.1 Compatibility with policy and legal frameworks&policy support Click here to enter text.n of direct links between EbA measure with policies and lega

245、l frameworks Quality and type of policies that support the implementation of the EbA measure as well as its replication and upscaling n of political decision makers engaged in the process 4.2 Multi-actor and multi-sector engagement(communities,civil society,private sector)Click here to enter text.Le

246、vel or%of civil society engagement in policy discussions Level or%of private sector engagement in policy discussions n of sectors involved n or%of people participating in activities CRITERION 5.Supports equitable governance and enhances capacities.5.1 Accountability&group representation Click here t

247、o enter text.Level of accountability&transparency Level or%of civil society engagement in governance Level or%of private sector engagement in governance n or%of people participating in awareness raising or training sessions 5.2 Consideration of gender balance&empowerment Click here to enter text.Gen

248、der balance within each benefiting group Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION 5.3 Status of indigenous and local knowledge and institutions Click here to enter text.n or%of indigenous or local people represented in the governance structure 5.4 Long-term cap

249、acity to ensure sustainable governance Click here to enter text.n or%of individuals in a group of beneficiaries directly involved in governance framework SECTION II MONITORING DATASHEET Use this sheet to input baseline data and subsequent data collected on indicators.Relevant EbA Qualification Crite

250、rion(from Section I)Indicator name Indicator units Baseline value Date of baseline assessment Value at first assessment Date of first assessment Value at second assessment Date of second assessment Planned Actual Planned Actual Planned Actual Ex.3.3 Monitoring of ecosystem services,health,and stabil

251、ity Area of pasture with high moisture content#ha 25 ha 25 May 2018 30 May 2018 30 April 2019 30 April 2020 1 2 3 4 Add new rows if needed.NOTES:Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 6 FIELD REPORT FORM Complete the following report form after any trip

252、related or relevant to ecosystem-based adaptation activities.TRIP DETAILS COMPLETED BY:DESTINATION(S):TRIP DATES:OBJECTIVES:TEAM MEMBERS PRESENT:Name Institutional Affiliation Role in relation to the Project 1.2.3.4.(Add more rows,if needed.)OTHER PARTICIPANTS:Save a copy of the attendance sheet tog

253、ether with this form.Attendance sheets should include name,institution,and gender to contribute to end-of-year reporting.MAIN ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENTS(e.g.meters of fencing installed,number of seedlings planted,etc.):NOTABLE OBSERVATIONS(about weather/climate,natural resources,stakeholder comment

254、s,political/social areas of interest,etc.):POTENTIAL OR ACTUAL CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES:Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION NEXT STEPS:Task Description,including anticipated start/finish dates Task Leader 1.2.3.4.(Add more rows,if needed.)TESTIMONIES/S

255、TORIES FROM THE FIELD(To assist with project communications)ANNEXES Save any related documentation or photos together with this form or indicate where the annexes can be found.Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION FORM 7 MAINSTREAMING EbA Use this form to id

256、entify what is needed in order to mainstream EbA into local,municipal and national policies relevant for increasing the resilience of people and ecosystems to changing climatic conditions.Only complete this form once per country(in case working in more than one)and update as new opportunities are id

257、entified throughout the life of the project.Form completed by:Click here to enter text.Date form completed:Click or tap to enter a date.SECTION I Policy influencing SWOT analysis Complete this section brainstorming with the team and appropriate stakeholders if available.Strengths Weaknesses Opportun

258、ities Threats Handbook system for the design and implementation of ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION SECTION II Policy opportunities and plans Policy opportunity Responsible department Responsible person What to do?How?By when?Team member in lead Ex.NDC Revisions l i.Part of NDC Roundtable/Committee on ada

259、ptation ii.Influencing TORs for NDC revision should have EbA component i.Network with MoEF focal person on NDC ii.Policy Brief on NDC and EbA iii.Organize Stakeholders Consultation on NDC revision iv.Engage with the consultant for NDC revision i.June 20 xx ii.Sept 20 xx iii.Jan 20 xx iv.As and when required A.Perez 1 2 3 4 5 Add new rows as needed.