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1、 THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S.GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary Report Voluntary-Public Distribution Date:January 11,2022 Report Number:CH2022-0005 Report Name:Planting Seed 2021 Annual Country:China-People
2、s Republic of Post:Beijing Report Category:Planting Seeds,Agricultural Situation,Agriculture in the News,Biotechnology-Plants and Animals,MISC-Commodity Prepared By:Chase McGrath Approved By:Adam Branson Report Highlights:The planting seed sector remains a priority for the Peoples Republic of China(
3、PRC).The PRC government released new measures and policies to support and improve the operating environment for the domestic seed industry throughout 2021.Most notably the Seed Law was amended and includes the establishment of an essentially derived variety(EDV)program along with additional intellec
4、tual property rights(IPR)measures.In addition,China announced policies that will pave the way for domestic development and production of genetically engineered(GE)crops.The United States remained the largest seed supplier to China,providing 53 percent of all imported seed.THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESS
5、MENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S.GOVERNMENT POLICY I.GENERAL SITUATION China is the second largest seed market in the world,behind the United States and annually plants 12 million metric tons(MMT)of seed,with a market value of$19 b
6、illion1.The seed usage of seven key crops(corn,rice,wheat,soybean,cotton,potato,and rapeseed)is approximately 10 MMT,with a market value of$13 billion.Commercially marketed seed accounts for an average of 70 percent of Chinas planted seed for the above-mentioned crops with the remainder being farm-s
7、aved seed collected from the previous harvest.The market share of commercially marketed seed varies by commodity with a high of 88 percent for cotton seed to a low of 40 percent for seed potatoes.According to official PRC reports,the country is self-sufficient in rice and wheat seed and nearly self-
8、sufficient in corn and soybean seed.While domestic vegetable varieties continue to improve,they still do not meet the diversified needs of the market and China imports 15 percent of all its vegetable seed.II.POLICY Seed Law Amended On December 24,the final amendment to the Seed Law was published by
9、the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress and will go into effect on March 1,2022.The draft amendment was released for public comment on August 20,2021.The amendment expands intellectual property rights for new plant varieties,extends and improves the level of protection,increases enfo
10、rcement and compensation for infringement,and attempts to stimulate domestic innovation.Most importantly,the amendment establishes an EDV system within China,a change which the industry has sought for many years and was taken out of the previous amendment.Please refer to GAIN CH2021-0185 for more de
11、tailed information.Seed Industry Revitalization Action Plan to be Issued The PRC attributes growing importance to the revitalization of the domestic seed industry.President Xi Jinping presided over the twentieth meeting of the Central Committee for Comprehensive Deepening Reform on July 9,2021,at wh
12、ich it reviewed and approved the Seed Industry Revitalization Action Plan(hereinafter referred to as the Action Plan).The Action Plan is considered a major milestone in the history of the development of Chinas seed industry.Allegedly,the Action Plan clarifies the overall goal of achieving self-relia
13、nce of the seed industry and independent and controllable seed sources and puts forward a package arrangement of the guiding ideology,basic principles,key tasks,and safeguard measures for the revitalization of the seed industry.As of December 31,2021,the Action Plan has not been made publicly availa
14、ble.1 The exchange rate used in this report is RMB 6.39=$1.According to China Seed Industry Development Report by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Chinas seed market value is around RMB 120 billion.Biotechnology and Planting Seeds On December 3,2021,China notified the Decision of the Mi
15、nistry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA)to Revise the Administrative Measures for the Safety Assessment of Agricultural GMOs(SPS N CHN 1241)to the WTO SPS committee.The notification follows a November 12 publication of the same measures for domestic comment.The revisions change the nature of bi
16、osafety assessment from being on a“crop variety and event”basis to solely on an“event”basis.The change facilitates variety registration of genetically engineered(GE)crop varieties for domestic cultivation and provides for the biosafety assessment of GE events containing“stacked”traits.Please refer t
17、o GAIN CH0165 for more details of the document.Simultaneously,MARA published its Decision on Amending Some Seed Industry Regulations(Draft for Comments)which includes three seed regulations.These are the 1)Administrative Measures for Major Crops Variety Registration;2)Administrative Measures for Cro
18、p Seed Production and Operation License;and 3)Regulations on Nomenclature of Agricultural Plants Varieties.The Decision facilitates the ability of developers of GE crop varieties to apply for seed variety registration as well as for a Production and Operation License.These publications are expected
19、to facilitate the commercialization of domestic GE seeds and traits in China.Please refer to GAIN CH2021-0141 for more details of the document.Please refer to CH2021-0128 Agricultural Biotechnology Annual for detailed information on Chinas biotechnology sector developments.Hainan Provincial Governme
20、nt Import and Export Developments On November 22,2021,the Hainan provincial government released the Administrative Measures for Seed Import and Export Production and Operation Licensing of Hainan Free Trade Port.”These measures apply to the application,issuance,supervision and management of seed pro
21、duction and operation licenses for enterprises registered in the Hainan Free Trade Port engaged in seed import and export business.According to Article 13 of the national Administrative Measures for Crop Seed Production and Operation License,the seed production and operation license for seed import
22、and export business shall be issued by MARA.These Measures represent the PRCs willingness to promote the development of Hainans seed industry and to surrender central control of the issue to the Hainan Free Trade Port.According to the Measures,producers and operators engaged in the import and export
23、 of crop seeds must submit samples to the designated provincial seed bank to be kept on file.This must be done within five days before the exported seed leaves the country or five days after the imported seed arrives in the country.The import and export of GE seeds shall abide by the Administrative
24、Measures for the Safety Assessment of Agricultural GMOs and the Administrative Measures for the Approval of the Development of Forestry GE Projects.The import and export of illegal GE seeds is prohibited.Full text of the document is available here.China Releases Intellectual Property Rights Plan On
25、October 28,2021,Chinas State Council released the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Protection and Application of Intellectual Property Rights.According to the plan,the country expects to see significant improvements in its IPR management capability by 2025.The Plan calls for improving plant variety prote
26、ction(PVP)mechanisms through various efforts,such as establishing the EDV system,exploring the possibility to join UPOV-1991,and effectively encouraging independent innovation in the seed industry.Full text of the document in Chinese is available here.Chinas PVP Applications Maintain Rapid Growth Ch
27、inas annual PVP application numbers have been the highest among UPOV members since 2017.In total China has received 41,716 PVP applications and granted 16,508 approvals as of January 7,2021.In 2020,the PVP Office received 7,913 applications and granted 2,549 approvals.Data for 2021 will likely be av
28、ailable by the middle of 2022.The upward trend of PVP applications is an apparent proxy for the breeding industrys growth and increasing awareness of the importance of plant variety protection.While fees for PVP applications were waived in 2017,and applications spiked,they have continued to rise at
29、much higher rates than before year after year.(Source:MARA)Foreign Investment Negative List The 2021 Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment was released on December 27,2021.In the past several years,the negative list has relaxed some restrictions on the seed industry,however
30、 no changes for agricultural products were included in the 2021 release.For example,international seed companies remain prohibited from developing GE seeds for cultivation in China and 004000500060007000800090002000200042005200620072008200920000
31、192020Chart 1.China:PVP Application and Approval(2000-2020)ApplicationApproval international seed companies are prohibited from working in select crop species and have restricted levels of ownership/investment in other crops.Please refer to GAINCH2021-0064(Chinas Seed Annual 2020)for more informatio
32、n on the changes to the 2020 negative list for seed industry.For more information on foreign investment opportunities of Chinas seed industry,please refer to China Seed Associations report via link below.III.SEED MARKET Note:The marketing year for all seeds of all crops runs October-September.Corn C
33、hinas hybrid corn seed production is estimated at 993,000 metric tons(MT)in MY2021/22(October-September),an eight percent increase from MY2020/21 as a result of expanded corn seed planting area.MARA statistics show hybrid corn seed area increased 17 percent to 181,000 ha in MY2021/22.This is conside
34、red a rebound back to normal levels in corn production area rather than an absolute increase because the area in MY2020/21 was significantly reduced(see figure 1 below).Industry believes that while areas is the highest level in four years,it still is relatively low compared to the height in planting
35、 that took place from 2011 to 2017.Among the 181,000 ha of corn seed area,161,000 ha is for feed,17,000 ha for silage corn,and 3,000 ha for food use(sweet waxy).The corn seed yield decreased 10-15 percent due to unfavorable weather conditions in major corn seed producing provinces of Gansu and Xinji
36、ang,which together account for approximately 78 percent of Chinas total corn seed area.Chinas total corn seed supply in MY2021/22 is estimated at 1.47 MMT,including 477,000 MT of carry-in stocks.MARA estimates MY2020/21 hybrid corn seed usage at 1.15 MMT,causing stocks to decrease to 320,000 MT,down
37、 80,000 MT from the previous year,and down 630,000 MT from the height in MY2016/17.The high stock of corn seed in previous years is one of the industrys top concerns which has driven down prices for the last five years and contributed to the continuous decline corn seed planting area.That said,now t
38、hat stocks have declined,corn seed production is expected to grow in the next few years.(Source:National Agriculture Technology Extension Service Center,MARA)0500300Figure 1.China:Hybrid Corn Seed Planting Area(1,000 ha)Rice Hybrid rice seed production is estimated at 267,000 MT in MY2021
39、/22,a 60 percent increase from MY2020/21(see figure 2 below)due to larger planting area and higher yield.MARA statistics show hybrid rice seed area increased 30 percent to 105,333 ha in MY2021/22.Among the 105,333 ha,17,333 ha is early rice,64,667 ha is middle rice,and 23,333 ha is late rice.Accordi
40、ng to MARA statistics,Chinas hybrid rice seed area decreased to 80,667 ha in MY2020/21 from the 112,667 ha in MY2018/19 due to high stocks and low prices.With the governments call to convert single-crop to double-crop rice in order to increase grain production,use of hybrid rice seed has increased.T
41、his has also contributed to this years area expansion.The average yield of hybrid rice seed in MY2020/21 is 2,550 kg/ha,about a 22 percent increase from the previous year.However,the MY2020/21 yield is 20 percent lower than the average due to poor weather conditions.Total hybrid rice seed supply in
42、MY2021/22 is estimated at 351,000 MT,including 84,000 MT of carry-in stocks.MARA estimates MY2021/22 hybrid rice seed demand(domestic use and exports)at 235,000 MT,pushing stocks up to 115,000 MT,an increase of 31,000 MT from the previous year.Conventional rice seed production is estimated at 1 MMT
43、in MY2021/22,a 14 percent increase from MY2021/22.MARA estimates MY2021/22 conventional rice seed demand at 634,000 MT,a 15 percent decrease from MY2020/21 as the result of larger hybrid rice planting.Heilongjiang and Jiangsu are major conventional rice seed production provinces in China,together ac
44、counting for over 60 percent of total area.Wheat Winter wheat seed production is estimated at 4.5 MMT in MY2021/22,an eight percent decrease from MY2020/21 due to unfavorable weather conditions in major production areas,such as Hebei,Shandong,and Hubei.Winter wheat seed demand is estimated at 3.5 MM
45、T.Spring wheat seed production is estimated at 170,000 MT in MY2021/22.Soybean Soybean seed production is estimated at 730,000 MT in MY2021/22,with planting area at 300,667 ha,a five percent increase from MY2020/21.Soybean seed demand is estimated at 500,000 MT with stable and sufficient supplies.Co
46、tton Cotton seed production is estimated at 154,000 MT in MY2021/22,similar to the previous year.Among the 154,000 MT,hybrid cotton seed production is estimated at 3,000 MT and conventional seed production is estimated at 151,000 MT.Cotton seed demand is estimated at 123,000 MT.IV.TRADE Imports Sour
47、ce:China Customs Chinas seed imports are forecast at 97,000 MT in MY2021/22,a five percent decrease from MY2020/21 due to smaller grass seed import forecast(see grass seed import section below).Chinas seed imports will likely continue to remain high to meet the diversified market demands.Chinas majo
48、r grain seed imports(corn,wheat,rice and soybean)are small(see table 1 below),which has led the Chinese government to state publicly China does not have a seed security issue.Vegetable and grass seed are the top two imported seeds,accounting for 74 percent of both volume and value in Chinas MY2020/2
49、1 total seed imports.The United States continues to be the largest seed supplier to China,accounting for 27 percent by value and 53 percent by volume of Chinas MY2020/21 planting seeds imports.Source:China Customs 0200004000060000800000Figure 2.China:Planting Seeds Imports(Tons)0100,00020
50、0,000300,000400,000500,000600,000Figure 3.China:Seed Imports from Major Countries(US$1,000)United StatesJapanChileDenmarkThailandCanadaItalyOthers Table 1.China:Planting Seeds Imports from the World HS Code Description Value($1,000s)Volume(MT)10/18-09/19 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/18-09/19 10/19-09/
51、20 10/20-09/21 Planting Seeds 455,975 447,365 512,288 74,470 82,497 102,168 100210 Rye Seed 1 0 0 0 0 0 100410 Oat Seed 3,088 4,909 7,572 5,221 8,170 12,753 100510 Corn Seed 4,851 4,949 3,260 494 391 261 100710 Sorghum Seed 3 2 0 0 2 0 12060010 Sunflower seeds 2,630 3,233 9,637 12 26 29 120770 Melon
52、 Seeds 11,403 9,342 6,714 32 34 18 120910 Sugar Beet Seeds 29,106 21,480 23,445 1,119 744 639 120921 Alfalfa Seeds 7,194 9,691 16,628 2,613 3,479 4,511 120922 Clover Seeds 8,152 8,412 13,255 2,196 2,457 3,350 120923 Fescue Seeds 24,833 22,095 38,478 10,567 11,512 19,585 120924 Kentucky Blue Grass Se
53、eds 26,367 10,785 20,921 5,963 2,964 6,566 120925 Rye Grass Seeds 48,599 46,483 44,641 32,015 37,083 30,727 120929 Forage Seeds 85 360 115 3 13 5 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 35,957 37,207 35,241 28 323 55 120991 Vegetable Seeds 228,273 240,444 244,154 9,542 9,020 10,581 120999 Fruit and Spores Seeds 25,
54、433 27,973 48,225 4,665 6,279 13,087 Source:China Customs China imposed additional retaliatory tariffs on planting seeds on September 1,2019.However,the tariff does not apply to grass(rye,Kentucky,fescue,and clover)or vegetable seed,which combined account for 66 percent of Chinas total seed imports
55、from the United States in MY2020/21.Please see Annex I for the tariff schedule on U.S.planting seeds.Vegetable Seed Imports Chinas MY2021/22 vegetable seed imports are forecast at 10,000 MT,a five percent decrease from MY2020/21.The decrease can be attributed to an unusually high increase in MY2019/
56、20 when shipments from the previous year due to COVID-19 arrived.According to industry sources,an increasing trend is for Chinese vegetable seed companies to produce seeds overseas,particularly in Chile,and then re-export the seed to China.Industry cites Chiles reverse southern hemisphere seasons an
57、d climatic advantages complimentary to Chinas conditions.Chinas main imported vegetable seeds are tomato,broccoli,carrot,onion,and spinach.Italy,Thailand,Indonesia,and Denmark supplied 86 percent of Chinas vegetable seed imports in MY2020/21 by volume.Though Japan supplied less than two percent of t
58、he volume,it accounted for 21 percent of Chinas total vegetable seed imports by value due to the high unit price.According to China Customs data,the unit price of imported vegetable seed from Japan in MY2020/21 was$246,804 per ton,while the average price from the world was$23,075 per ton.Table 2.Chi
59、na:Planting Seeds Imports from the United States HS Code Description Value($1,000s)Volume(MT)10/18-09/19 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/18-09/19 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 BICO-Planting Seeds 137,743 112,045 137,819 40,328 45,156 54,519 120925 Rye Grass Seeds 31,116 28,775 20,752 20,985 26,550 17,857 12092
60、3 Fescue Seeds 21,603 18,033 34,592 9,139 9,265 17,557 120999 Fruit and Spores seeds 17,734 18,119 35,201 2,034 3,297 8,166 120924 Kentucky Blue Grass Seeds 23,955 9,590 18,306 5,344 2,598 5,556 100410 Oats Seed 920 1,469 2,124 1,579 2,470 3,736 120922 Clover Seeds 1,951 920 4,459 639 384 1,151 1209
61、91 Vegetable Seeds 20,935 17,314 13,392 541 485 429 120921 Alfalfa Seeds 293 479 303 55 89 48 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 18,911 17,147 8,356 10 12 16 12060010 Sunflower seeds 234 147 282 1 2 1 100510 Corn Seed 10 10 0 2 3 0 Source:China Customs Grass Seed Imports Post forecasts MY2021/22 grass seed(alf
62、alfa,rye,fescue,clover,and Kentucky)imports at 55,000 MT,a 15 percent decrease from MY2020/21 due to lower supply from the United States.According to industry sources,U.S.grass seed production in 2021 declined significantly due to high temperatures and severe drought conditions in major production a
63、reas.Meanwhile,sources also indicate demand for grass seed within the United States remains strong,and this resulted in a substantial reduction in grass seed available for export and significant price increases.According to industry sources,the quotes for fescue seeds in December 2021 more than doub
64、led from the same period last year and a similar situation exists for rye grass seeds.Generally,Chinas domestic demand for grass seed is expected to remain stable.According to local media reports,the State Forestry and Grass Administration is expected to release the National Grass Seed Industry Medi
65、um and Long-term Development Plan(2021-2035),and MARA will formulate and implement the National Modern Forage Industry Development Plan(2021-2030).The two documents are expected to regulate and promote Chinas domestic grass seed production and market.Neither document has been released as of the end
66、of 2021.The United States continues to be the largest seed exporter to China,accounting for 65 percent of Chinas total grass seed imports in MY2020/21,followed by Demark,Canada and New Zealand,with market share at 10,9 and 6 percent respectively.Exports Chinas seed exports are forecast at 30,000 MT
67、in MY2021/22,stable from MY2020/21.Rice seed accounted for 73 percent of Chinas total seed exports in MY2020/21 by volume,although it only accounted for 32 percent by value.Meanwhile,vegetable seed accounted for 14 percent of total seed exports by volume in MY2020/21,while it accounted for 49 percen
68、t by value.Chinas hybrid rice seed exports are forecast at 22,000 MT,stable from MY2020/21.Hybrid rice seed exports have basically stabilized at 21,000-22,000 MT in the past three years.Pakistan,the Philippines,and Vietnam are the largest buyers of Chinese rice seed,which combined account for 95 per
69、cent of Chinas total rice seed exports in MY2020/21.Chinas MY 2020/21 vegetable seed exports are forecast at 4,000 MT,five percent decrease from the previous year.According to industry sources,a large amount of exported vegetable seeds is customized(Chinese producers produce vegetable seeds accordin
70、g to the requirements of foreign customers and then export).Major exported vegetable seeds include tomato,lettuce,vegetable beans and cabbage.Vietnam,South Korea,Netherlands,Japan,and the United States are the largest buyers of Chinas exported vegetable seeds,accounting for about 60 percent of China
71、s vegetable seed exports in MY2020/21.Table 4.China:Seed Exports to the World HS Code Description Value(US$1,000s)Volume(ton)10/18-09/19 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/18-09/19 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 Planting Seeds 239,910 240,599 253,220 27,903 29,130 29,796 100191 Wheat Seed,16 0 0 45 0 0 100510 Corn
72、(Maize)Seed 2,697 3,224 3,864 725 806 1,001 10061021 Long rice seeds 63,596 73,034 74,462 18,142 20,524 20,151 10061029 Other rice seeds 9,974 5,512 6,306 3,054 1,695 1,941 100710 Grain Sorghum Seed 121 0 0 28 0 0 120110 Soybean Seed 465 296 372 125 79 101 120230 Peanut Seed 1 39 29 0 19 9 120721 Co
73、tton Seeds 1 79 159 0 5 79 12077010 Melon Seeds 20,180 15,346 16,684 202 146 161 120910 Sugar Beet Seeds 0 1 0 0 0 0 120921 Alfalfa Seeds 270 221 196 93 82 52 120925 Rye Grass Seeds 9 0 0 3 0 0 120929 Forage Seeds 1,120 1,130 1,025 367 437 333 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 17,321 18,377 22,256 782 859 952
74、 120991 Vegetable Seeds 120,189 119,380 122,884 3,803 3,803 4,252 120999 Fruit Seeds 3,951 3,958 4,983 534 625 764 Source:China Customs ANNEX I.Table 5.China:Schedule of Tariffs on U.S.Planting Seeds HS Code Product Description MFN*Rate Section 232 Retaliatory Section 301 Retaliatory*Total Applied T
75、ariff Implementation Date Jan 1,2020 Apr 2,2018 Feb.14,2020 Feb.14,2020 10021000 Rye Seed 0%0%5%5%10031000 Barley Seed 0%0%5%5%10041000 Oats Seed 0%0%5%5%10071000 Grain Sorghum Seed 0%0%5%5%10089010 Other Cereals Seed 0%0%5%5%12011000 Soya Beans for Cultivation 0%0%5%5%12023000 Ground nuts,for culti
76、vation 0%0%5%5%12077092 Red melon seeds 20%0%5%25%12077099 Other melon seeds 30%0%5%35%12072100 Cotton seeds,for cultivation 0%0%5%5%12091000 Sugar beet seed 0%0%5%5%12092990 Other forage seeds 0%0%5%5%Source:China Customs*Eligible for exclusion by Chinese importers who complete the process Attachments:No Attachments.