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1、 THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S.GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary Report Voluntary-Public Distribution Date:June 23,2023 Report Number:CH2023-0099 Report Name:Planting Seed 2023 Annual Country:China-Peoples R

2、epublic of Post:Beijing Report Category:Agricultural Situation,Planting Seeds,Sanitary/Phytosanitary/Food Safety,Vegetables,Grain and Feed Prepared By:FAS China Staff,Chase McGrath Approved By:Adam Branson Report Highlights:The Peoples Republic of China(PRC)is the second largest seed market in the w

3、orld,behind the United States and annually plants 12 million metric tons(MMT)of seed,with a market value of U.S.$19 billion.The United States continues to be the largest international seed supplier to the PRC accounting for 28 percent by value of Chinas MY2020/21 planting seeds imports.This report p

4、rovides updated information on the regulatory landscape for planting seeds,including developments related to agricultural biotechnology in 2022 and the first half of 2023.In addition,the report includes information on the supply,trade,and utilization for a range of planting seeds,including row crops

5、,vegetables,and grass.I.GENERAL SITUATION The PRC is the second largest seed market in the world,behind the United States and annually plants 12 million metric tons(MMT)of seed,with a market value of U.S.$19 billion.The seed usage of seven key crops(corn,rice,wheat,soybean,cotton,potato,and rapeseed

6、)is approximately 10 MMT,with a market value of U.S.$13.5 billion.Commercial seed accounts for an average of 70 percent of Chinas seed for major crops above with the remainder farm-saved seed from the previous harvest.The market share of commercial seed varies by commodity with a high of 88 percent

7、for cotton to a low of 40 percent for seed potatoes.According to official PRC reports,the country is self-sufficient in rice and wheat seed and nearly self-sufficient in corn and soybean seed.While domestic vegetable varieties continue to improve,they still do not meet the diversified needs of the m

8、arket and China imports 15 percent of all vegetable seed.According to the 2022 Crop Seed Industry Development Report in China(hereafter referred as 2022 Seed Report)by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(MARA),different trends in seed usage have emerged.Seed corn usage slowed down,from 28.

9、65 kilograms per hectare(kg/ha)in 2017 to 26.5 kg/ha in 2021,mainly due to the increased popularity of precision planting technology;while hybrid rice seed increased from the 16.8 kg/ha in 2017 to 18.2 kg/ha in 2021,mainly due to increased use of mechanized rice planting area.Wheat seed increased fr

10、om 187.4 kg/ha in 2017 to 214 kg/ha in 2021,mainly due to increased seeding density.In recent years,MARA has adopted measures to improve variety registration management and strengthen intellectual property protection as a push to diversify the varieties registered as many current registrations are f

11、or similar varieties of the same crop.In 2022,the number of nationally registered varieties decreased after years of an upward trend(see figure 1 below).MARA reported that only 26 percent of rice varieties submitted for registration were approved while approval of corn varieties were only 23 percent

12、,a drop of 15 and 38 percentage points respectively from the previous year.According to the MARAs 2022 Seed Report,by the end of 2021,there were 7,668 seed companies holding valid business licenses.Among them,the number of companies with corn seed business was 1,920;rice seed 1,182;wheat seed 1356;s

13、oybean seed 506;cotton seed 202;rapeseed 519;seed potato 430;peanut seed 312;melon seed 2,638.(Note:The total number exceeds 7,668 because some companies produce multiple seeds at the same time,such as both corn seeds and soybean seeds).Figure 1.China:National Variety Registration Data(2019-2022)Sou

14、rce:MARA II.POLICY Seed Regulations Amended to Facilitate Commercial Cultivation of Genetically Engineered(GE)Crops On January 21,2022,MARA published Decree No.2 of 2022,which amended Administrative Measures for Major Crops Variety Registration.The amended Measures add application procedures and req

15、uirements for GE variety registration.They also amend the Administrative Measures for Crop Seed Production and Operation License with additional requirements for GE seed production and operation.These amendments provide a pathway for commercial cultivation of GE food crops in China for the first tim

16、e.Please refer to GAIN Report CH2022-0013 Final Seed Regulations Published for more information of the regulation amendments.Following the updates to GE variety registrations,on June 8,2022,the PRCs National Crop Variety Registration Committee(NCVRC)published the National Registration Standards for

17、Genetically Engineered Soybean Varieties(Trial)and National Registration Standards for Genetically Engineered Corn Varieties(Trial)(link in Chinese)with immediate effect.The publication of these standards established a clear set of requirements for local developers applying for variety registration

18、of GE corn and soybeans;a further indication of the PRCs intent to move toward commercial cultivation of GE food crops in the near future.Please refer to GAIN Report CH2002-0070 GE Soybean and Corn Variety Registration Standards Issued for unofficial translations of the two standards.Biotechnology a

19、nd Planting Seeds The PRC continues to advance its agricultural biotechnology development and regulatory framework in preparation for commercial cultivation of domestically developed GE crops.MARA released the revised Administrative Measures for the Safety Assessment of Agricultural GMOs and the fir

20、st ever regulations on gene-edited plants“Guidelines for Safety Evaluation of Gene-Edited Plants for Agricultural Use(Trial)”in late January.However,with the exception of 02004006008000020022ricecornwheatsoybeancotton GE cotton and papaya,the PRC has not yet approved

21、 any GE food or feed products for domestic commercial cultivation.The PRC continues to prohibit foreign agricultural biotechnology developers foreign direct investment in the biotech sector and prohibits the cultivation of foreign-developed biotech products in China.Please refer to GAIN CH2022-0112

22、Agricultural Biotechnology Annual for detailed information on Chinas biotechnology sector developments.The Supreme Peoples Court Issues a“Guiding Opinions”to Strengthen Intellectual Property Protection in Seed Industry On March 2,2022,the Supreme Peoples Court of China issued an opinion clarifying t

23、he requirements for criminal trials related to seeds.Entitled Guiding Opinions on Further Strengthening the Criminal Trial Work Involving Seeds,the opinion covers the application of law to seed-related crimes,and strengthens enforcement mechanisms.This opinion is the latest in a trend of messaging a

24、nd polices by the PRC to strengthen variety protection and encourage a market environment for the seed industry with intellectual property protections for the seed industry.Please refer to GAIN Report CH2022-0031 Supreme Peoples Court Strengthens Seed Variety Protections for more information on the

25、Guiding Opinions.Chinas PVP Applications Maintain Rapid Growth In China,plant variety protection(PVP)approval must meet the following three conditions:1.The plant shall belong to the genus or species of plants listed in the National Catalogue of Protected Plant Varieties;2.The variety has novelty,di

26、stinctness,uniformity,and stability;and,3.The variety has an appropriate name and can be distinguished from the name of a known variety of the same or similar plant genus or species.Chinas annual PVP application numbers have been the highest among International Union for the Protection of New Plant

27、Varieties(UPOV)members since 2017.In total China has received over 62,000 PVP applications and granted over 23,100 approvals as of the end of 2022.In 2022,the PVP Office received 11,999 applications and granted 3,375 approvals.The upward trend of PVP applications indicates the growth of the breeding

28、 industry and increased awareness of the importance of plant variety protections.The strengthening of protections and enforcement has also contributed to more interest in parties submitting application.On April 10,2023,the Development Center of Science and Technology of MARA published Questions and

29、Answers on EDVs(link in Chinese)on its website to promote public awareness of the EDV system.The Peoples Republic of China(PRC)amended Seed Law(see GAIN Report CH2021-0185 Final Seed Law Published),effective on March 1,2022,established the EDV system and encourages the breeding of initial varieties.

30、Subsequently,on November 21,2022,MARA released the revised draft for comments of the PRC Plant Variety Protection(PVP)Regulations(see GAIN Report CH2022-0127 China Releases Plant Variety Protection Regulations for Comments).One of the major revisions of the PVP regulations is to incorporate the impl

31、ementation steps and methods of the EDV system.The final version of the PVP Regulation has not been published.Please refer to GAIN CH2023-0065 MARA Publishes Information to Improve Public Awareness of Essentially Derived Varieties for more information of the Q&A on EDVs.Figure 2.China:PVP Applicatio

32、n and Approval(2000-2022)Source:MARA On April 10,MARAs Plant Variety Protection Office published a notice on Further Clarifying the Submission Requirements for Sexual Propagation Materials(link in Chinese).According to the Notice,nearly one-fifth of the sexual propagation materials submitted each ye

33、ar are not qualified and this has slowed progress for variety authorizations.The Notice enumerates the requirements for sexual propagating material application submissions for plant variety rights.Please refer to GAIN CH2023-0064 Plant Variety Protection Office Clarifies Sexual Propagation Material

34、Submission Requirements for more information on the requirements.Foreign Investment Negative List The 2021 Special Administrative Measures on Access to Foreign Investment was released on December 27,2021.However,the 2022 Negative List has not been released as of mid-June 2023.Please see 2021 Plant S

35、eeds Annual Report for the PRCs foreign investment policies covering the seed industry.III.SEED MARKET Note:The marketing year for all seeds of all crops runs October-September.In March 2023,the National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center of MARA released major crop seed supply and demand data i

36、n 2023 at the19th National Seed Information Exchange and Commodity Trading Fair.Major information as below:0200040006000800040002000200042005200620072008200920000022ApplicationApproval Corn Chinas hybrid corn seed production is estima

37、ted at 1,360,000 metric tons(MT)in MY2022/23(October-September),31 percent increase from MY2021/22 because of expanded corn seed planting area.MARA statistics show hybrid corn seed area increased 35 percent to 244,000 ha in MY2022/23,record high in last six years.The significant increase is mainly b

38、ecause of the low corn seed stocks.Please see 2021 Plant Seeds Annual Report for more analysis on increased corn seed area.Due to weather-related reductions in major producing areas in Northwest and Southwest China,the national average yield of hybrid corn seed is 5,580 kg/ha in 2022,which is at the

39、 median level in the past five years.Gansu province continues to be largest corn seed producers in China,accounting for about 48 percent of total corn seed area in MY2022/23.Chinas total corn seed supply in MY2022/23 is estimated at 1.65 MMT,including 290,000 MT of carry-in stocks.MARA estimates MY2

40、022/23 hybrid corn seed usage at 1.15 MMT,causing stocks to increase to 500,000 MT.In terms of price,the national average sales price of see corn is expected to be RMB35.4/kg(US$2.35/lb.)1,an increase of 14 percent over the same period last year.However,industry sources estimate prices will increase

41、 much higher,mainly because of a 20 percent rise in production costs from the previous year.Rice Hybrid rice seed production is estimated at 280,000 MT in MY2022/23,a five percent increase from MY2021/22 due to larger planting area.MARA statistics show hybrid rice seed area increased 25 percent to 1

42、31,000 ha in MY2022/23.Among the 131,000 ha,16,100 ha is early rice,84,000 ha is middle rice,and 31,000 ha is late rice.The average yield of hybrid rice seed in MY2022/23 is 2,160 kg/ha,about a 22 percent decrease from the previous year due to poor weather conditions.Total hybrid rice seed supply in

43、 MY2022/23 is estimated at 330,000 MT,and total hybrid rice seed demand(domestic use and exports)in MY2022/23 is estimated at 270,000 MT,a 15 percent increase from MY2021/22 due to higher average seed usage and bigger hybrid rice area.In terms of price,the national average sales price of hybrid rice

44、 seeds is estimated at RMB 78.44/kg($5.20/lb.),an increase of four percent over the same period last year.Conventional rice seed production is estimated at 1.18 MMT in MY2022/23,a 24 percent increase from MY2021/22.MARA estimates MY2021/22 conventional rice seed demand at 602,000 MT,a five percent d

45、ecrease from MY2021/22 as the result of larger hybrid rice planting.In terms of price,the national average sales price of conventional rice seeds is expected at RMB 10.62/kg($0.70/lb.),an increase of four percent over the same period last year.Soybean Soybean seed production is estimated at 880,000

46、MT in MY2022/23,a 17 percent increase from My2021/22.Chinas soybean seed supply is sufficient to meet domestic needs.1 The exchange rate is 1 US dollar=6.85 RMB IV.TRADE Imports Chinas seed imports are forecast 25 percent lower in MY2022/23 from MY2021/22 due to lower grass seed imports which accoun

47、t for nearly 80 percent of Chinas total seed imports in volume(see grass seed import section below).China imports relatively little seeds for major grain crops such as corn,wheat,rice,and soybean due to market access limitations for these key crops and owing,in part,to the PRCs self-sufficiency goal

48、s in grains.Vegetable and grass seed are the top two imported seeds,accounting for 78 percent and 80 percent of volume and value respectively in Chinas MY2021/22 total seed imports.The United States continues to be the largest seed supplier to China,accounting for 28 percent by value of Chinas MY202

49、0/21 planting seeds imports,followed by Chile(11 percent),Denmark(10 percent),Thailand(six percent),and Japan(five percent).See figure 3 below.Figure 3.China:Seed Imports from Major Suppliers Source:Trade Data Monitor LLC.0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000MY2017/18 MY2018/19 MY2019/20 MY202

50、0/21 MY2021/22US$1,000United StatesChileDenmarkThailandJapanOthers Table 1.China:Planting Seed Imports from the World HS Code Description Value(U.S.$1,000s)Volume(MT)10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 Planting Seeds 447,353 512,200 597,476 82,498 102,159 94,819 1

51、00410 Oat Seed 4,909 7,572 8,696 8,170 12,753 10,496 100510 Corn Seed 4,949 3,260 4,499 391 261 355 100710 Sorghum Seed 2 0 7 2 0 19 12060010 Sunflower seeds 3,233 9,670 5,527 26 29 19 120770 Melon Seeds 9,342 6,714 10,356 34 18 31 120910 Sugar Beet Seeds 21,480 23,441 14,610 744 639 407 120921 Alfa

52、lfa Seeds 9,691 16,628 10,935 3,479 4,511 2,283 120922 Clover Seeds 8,592 13,255 13,307 2,507 3,350 2,602 120923 Fescue Seeds 22,095 38,484 54,277 11,512 19,585 12,937 120924 Kentucky Grass Seeds 10,785 20,921 31,693 2,964 6,566 5,334 120925 Rye Grass Seeds 46,483 44,641 92,064 37,083 30,727 39,922

53、120929 Forage Seeds 360 2,442 1,288 13 2,091 990 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 37,209 35,192 33,378 323 55 64 120991 Vegetable Seeds 240,429 244,076 276,155 9,020 10,572 10,347 120999 Fruit and Spores Seeds 27,793 45,903 40,685 6,229 11,001 9,013 Source:Trade Data Monitor LLC.China imposed additional reta

54、liatory tariffs on planting seeds on September 1,2019.However,the tariff does not apply to grass(rye,Kentucky,fescue,oat,and clover)or vegetable seed,which combined account for 85 percent of Chinas total seed imports from the United States in value in MY2021/22.Please see Annex I for tariff schedule

55、 on U.S.planting seeds.Table 2.China:Planting Seed Imports from the United States HS Code Description Value(U.S.$1,000s)Volume(MT)10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 Planting Seeds 112,045 137,819 167,992 45,156 54,519 35,641 100410 Oat Seed 1,469 2,124 2,053 2,47

56、0 3,736 2,964 100510 Corn Seed 10 0 0 3 0 0 100710 Sorghum Seed 0 0 5 0 0 19 12060010 Sunflower seeds 147 282 157 2 1 1 120770 Melon Seeds 43 51 109 0 0 1 120921 Alfalfa Seeds 479 303 1,138 89 48 187 120922 Clover Seeds 920 4,459 579 384 1,151 160 120923 Fescue Seeds 18,033 34,592 43,158 9,265 17,55

57、7 9,876 120924 Kentucky Grass Seeds 9,590 18,306 24,260 2,598 5,556 4,027 120925 Rye Grass Seeds 28,775 20,752 26,921 26,550 17,857 12,859 120929 Forage Seeds 0 1,926 709 0 1,590 480 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 17,147 8,356 5,443 12 16 7 120991 Vegetable Seeds 17,314 13,392 33,355 485 429 192 120999 Fru

58、it and Spores Seeds 18,119 33,275 30,102 3,297 6,575 4,869 Source:Trade Data Monitor LLC.Vegetable Seed Imports Chinas MY2022/23 vegetable seed imports are forecast at 11,500 MT,about 10 percent increase from MY2021/22 driven by increased demand for high-end and specialty vegetable seeds in China.In

59、 addition,according to industry statistics,Chinas vegetable area has maintained a growth rate of 1.5-2 percent the last three years,and the trend is expected to continue to meet Chinas increasing demand for vegetables.MARA data estimates Chinas annual vegetable seed usage in China at 100,000 tons wi

60、th imports varying from 9,000-10,500 tons over the last five years,accounting for about 10 percent of the total vegetable seed usage.Chinese vegetable seed companies are increasingly producing seed overseas,particularly in South America to take advantage of the similar climate and reverse seasons,an

61、d then re-export the seed to China.Chinas primary imported vegetable seeds are tomato,broccoli,carrot,onion,and spinach.Italy,Thailand,Indonesia,and Denmark supplied 90 percent of Chinas vegetable seed imports in MY2021/22 by volume.Though the United States accounted for less than 1 percent of China

62、s vegetable seed import volume it accounted for 12 percent by value due to the high unit price,falling behind Chile which accounted for two percent by volume as well but 23 percent of the value.The price of imported vegetable seed in MY2021/22 from the United States was US$173,984 per ton compared t

63、o US$314,022 from Chile while the average price from all importers to China was US$26,690 per ton according to China Customs data.Grass Seed Imports Post forecasts MY2022/23 grass seed(alfalfa,rye,fescue,clover,oat and Kentucky)imports down 35 percent from MY2021/22 due to weak domestic demand and h

64、igh stocks.Despite soaring prices,Chinas 2021/22 grass seed imports did not drop as expected mainly due to high imports of rye grass seeds,which accounted for 63 percent of Chinas total grass seed imports.Rye grass seed imports increased 30 percent though the average import price increased 59 percen

65、t in MY2021/22 from previous year.Particularly,the price of rye grass seeds imported from the United States increased 80 percent due to decreased production(Please refer to Planting Seed 2021 Annual CH2022-0005 for more information).Fears of supply shortages and anticipation of strong sales in MY20/

66、21 drove importers to stock up despite high prices.Chinese importers have increased purchases from Argentina,Denmark and New Zealand while importing less from the United States.As a result,Chinas MY2021/22 rye grass seed imports from the United States declined 28 percent,while imports from Argentina

67、,Denmark and New Zealand increased 538 percent,62 percent,and 60 percent respectively.However,the demand for grass seeds(both forage seeds and lawn seeds)in MY2021/22 is weak due to the impact of the epidemic and the economic turndown.High imports have turned into inventory,which will further reduce

68、 imports in MY2022/23.According to ChinaCustoms data,Chinas grass seed imports declined 65 percent in the first five months of MY2022/23 from the same period of MY2021/22.Industry contacts voiced the inventory is decreasing with the significant decline in imports,and the imports is expected to rebou

69、nd in the second half of the marketing year.In February 2022,MARA released 14th Five-Year Plan for National Forage Industry Development Plan(link in Chinese).According to the“Plan”,in 2020,Chinas forage planting area is around 5.3 million hectares,among which,2.5 million hectares are silage corn,670

70、,000 hectares are oat grass and rye grass,and 430,000 hectares are alfalfa.Chinas forage production will increase to 98 million tons by 2025 from the 71.6 million tons in 2020.Although the“Plan”targets to increase the overall self-sufficiency rate of forage seeds(including silage corn seeds)to 70 pe

71、rcent by 20252,industry doubts considering Chinas low breeding capacity of forage seeds,high production costs and limited arable land.2 The“Plan”does not provide the current self-sufficiency rate of forage seeds.Post estimates at 50-55 percent based on various sources.Figure 3.China:Grass Seed Impor

72、ts in MY2020/21 and MY2021/22 Exports Chinas MY2022/23 seed exports are forecast at 30,000 MT,about 10 percent decline from MY2021/22 due to lower rice seed exports,which accounts for over 70 percent of Chinas total seed exports in volume.Rice seed accounted for 76 percent of Chinas total seed expor

73、ts in MY2021/22 by volume,but only 34 percent by value.Meanwhile,vegetable seed accounted for 12 percent of total seed exports by volume in MY2021/22,while it accounted for 46 percent by value.Chinas MY2022/23 hybrid rice seed exports are forecast at 22,000 MT,about 12 percent decrease from MY2021/2

74、2.According to industry sources,traditional rice seed importing countries may reduce their imports with increasing locally produced rice seed supply because of Chinese rice seed companies and multinational seed companies investment in their countries.Pakistan,the Philippines,and Vietnam are the larg

75、est buyers of Chinese rice seed,which combined account for 97 percent of Chinas total rice seed exports in MY2021/22.Chinas MY 2022/23 vegetable seed exports are forecast at 3,900 MT,stable from the previous year.According to industry sources,most of the exported vegetable seeds are contracted by fo

76、reign enterprises(foreign companies entrust Chinese producers to produce designated seeds and then export to them),these mainly include tomato,lettuce,beans,and cabbage seeds.Major exported vegetable seeds include tomato,lettuce,beans,and cabbage.Vietnam,Netherlands,Italy,South Korea,and the United

77、States are the largest buyers of Chinas exported vegetable seeds,accounting for about 55 percent of Chinas vegetable seed exports in MY2021/22.010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000MY2020/21MY2021/22Metric TonsAlfalfa SeedsClover SeedsFescue SeedsKentucky Grass SeedsRye Grass Seeds Table 4.Chin

78、a:Seed Exports to the World HS Code Description Value(US$1,000s)Volume(ton)10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 10/19-09/20 10/20-09/21 10/21-09/22 Planting Seeds 240,599 253,220 287,487 29,081 29,798 33,511 100510 Corn(Maize)Seed 3,224 3,864 5,464 806 1,001 1,386 10061021 Long rice seeds 73,034 74,4

79、62 93,973 20,524 20,151 23,917 10061029 Other rice seeds 5,512 6,306 4,813 1,695 1,941 1,424 100710 Grain Sorghum Seed 0 0 27 0 0 20 120110 Soybean Seed 296 372 323 79 101 76 120230 Peanut Seed 39 29 5 19 9 1 120721 Cotton Seeds 79 159 582 5 79 426 12077010 Melon Seeds 15,346 16,684 19,303 146 161 1

80、59 120910 Sugar Beet Seeds 1 0 0 0 0 0 120921 Alfalfa Seeds 221 196 32 82 52 8 120929 Forage Seeds 1,130 1,025 1,331 437 333 227 120930 Herbaceous Seeds 18,377 22,256 24,488 859 952 1,045 120991 Vegetable Seeds 119,380 122,884 131,664 3,803 4,252 4,067 120999 Fruit Seeds 3,958 4,983 5,482 625 764 75

81、5 Source:China Customs Table 5.China:Schedule of Tariffs on U.S.Planting Seeds HS Code Product Description MFN*Rate Section 232 Retaliatory Section 301 Retaliatory*Total Applied Tariff Implementation Date Jan 1,2022 Apr 2,2018 Feb.14,2020 Feb.14,2020 10021000 Rye Seed 0%0%5%5%10031000 Barley Seed 0%

82、0%5%5%10041000 Oats Seed 0%0%5%5%10071000 Grain Sorghum Seed 0%0%5%5%10089010 Other Cereals Seed 0%0%5%5%12011000 Soya Beans for Cultivation 0%0%5%5%12023000 Ground nuts,for cultivation 0%0%5%5%12072100 Cotton seeds,for cultivation 0%0%5%5%12091000 Sugar beet seed 0%0%5%5%12092990 Other forage seeds 0%0%5%5%Source:China Customs*Eligible for exclusion by Chinese importers who complete the process Attachments:No Attachments.