Insights on Youth Vehicle Market(2024)Yiche Research InstituteThree Keys to Winning the Post-00s Buy. 

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Insights on Female Car Market(2024)Yiche Research InstituteBYDs Rise to the Top：The“She”FactorAuthorsDirector/Chief AIndustry AIndustry ALijun ZhouYing GaoBenya ShiYiche Research Institute is the first in the world to come up with the so-called Chinese female buyer opportunity in the car market.The Insights on Female Car Market(2024)is aimed at helping Yiche customers including OEMs and dealers capture new Chinese female buyer opportunity;Over the past decade(2014-203)or so,female buyers have contributed a great deal to Chinas PV market:sales from female buyers rose from less than 5 million units to 8.23 million units as share of sales rose from less than 30%to 38.08%.The Chinese female car market alone would rank No.3 globally in 2023,only behind the U.S.and ahead of India,and more than sales in Japan and Germany combined;Germany and Japan are not only big auto markets,but also auto manufacturing powerhouses,having cultivated global renowned brands including VW,Audi,Mercedes,BMW,Porsche,Toyota,Honda,Nissan and Lexus.How many global brands will the Chinese female market of over 8 million units cultivate?In 2023,female buyers bought 8.23 million PVs in China,up 10.62%year-on-year,more than Japan and Germany combined,as share of sales rose to 38.08%Source:YRIChina PV End-User Sales from Female Buyers 2014-2023(10,000 units)200020202120222023-10%-5%0%5 %00200300400500600700800900End-User SalesYoY GrowthShare of China PV Sales from Female Buyers 2014-2023Source:YRITop 10 Auto Markets in the World 2023(10,000 units)0%5 %05 002020209 1560 823 508 478 284 231 190 177 175 166 ChinaUSAChina Female(PV)IndiaJapanGermanyBrazailUKFranceKoreaCanadaChinese female buyers in 2023 had the following profile:half of them were in the 30-39 year-old age group,of which nearly 20%were the post-85s(35-39)and more than 30%were the post-90s(30-34).In addi-tion,more than 20%were post-95s(25-29)and that share has been increasing.Chinese female buyers are clearly becoming younger,which is going to become a challenge for many carmakers that still have a go-young strategy in place focused on male buyers;over the past 20 years or so,the majority of Chinese females born in the 1980s and 1990s received good education.From 2020 to 2023,the share of female car buyers receiving junior college degrees or above rose steadily,surpassing 80%in 2023.That is conducive to improving vehicle aesthetics standards from female buyers and results in independent and unique consumption awareness;a good education background also results in many female buyers staying in big cities to work after graduation,which indirectly increases the share of female buyers from large cities.From 2020 to 2023,female buyers living in large cities like independently planned cities,capital cities and sub-provincial cities contributed to about 60%of the female car market.Because large cities are more modern,that will further elevate the stylish,high-tech and avant-garde nature of the female car market;large cities also mean higher income:from 2020 to 2023,the share of middle-class among female car buyers who primarily lived in big cities rose steadily,topping 50%in 2023 while share of wealthy topped 6%,driving the consumption upgrade of the female car market;Comprehensively,its pretty clear that female car buyers are pre-dominantly high intellectuals:in addition to being highly educated,they are more avant-garde conscious,more open and like to consume new things.These characteristics will drive the female car market in becoming more distinct and high-end,and challenge the sports car market dominated by sports,performance and off-road as well as high-end market dominated by businesses,executives and large families.Chinese female car buyers are“high intellectuals”who are highly educated,mostly middle-aged to young,middle-class and living in large cities,they are also becoming younger and more single which help drive car brands to be more distinct and high-endFemale Car Buyers by Age Group 2020-2023Female Car Buyers by Education Level 2020-2023Female Car Buyers by City Tier 2020-2023Source:YRI0 0 20 2021 2022 202355&Above50-5445-4940-4435-3930-3425-2924&Below0 0 20 2021 2022 2023GraduateUndergraduateJunior CollegeHigh School/PoytechniclMiddle School&Below0 0 20 2021 2022 2023Tier 1New Tier 1Tier 2Tier 3Tier 4Tier 5Source:YRIFemale Car Buyers by Marital Status 2020-2023Female Car Buyers by Social Status 2020-20230 0Pp0 20202120222023SingleMarried0 0Pp0 20202120222023WealthyMiddle ClassBlue CollarFrom the end of 2022 to early 2023,China went through a“light switch”transition from a society with strict pandemic control to one that completely opened up.This resulted in a huge swing in purchase reasons for female buyers:the share of work commute dropped from 60.11%in 2022 to 46.82%in 2023,while that of road trip rose significantly to 43.64%,nearly as much as work commute.Road trip is a usage scenario that is relatively unique and distinct which results in more“never settle”buying habits;As the country fully opened and the car market rebounded in 2023,female car buyers sought more purchases interests such as service and styling.This creates challenges for traditional service systems dominated by 4S dealerships and traditional design philosophy in China dominated by bland design thinking.After all pandemic restrictions were lifted in China,road trip as a buying factor for female car buyers rose significantly,and they became more sensitive to service and styling,strengthening their propensity to“never settle”Primary Purchase Reasons for Female Car Buyers 2022-2023Primary Purchase Interests for Female Car Buyers 2022-2023Source:YRI20232022202320220 %Work CommuteRoad TripMobility EnablingPick up/Drop off KidsNormal Upgrade0 %PriceBrandSafetyQualityServiceStylingReputationEnergy ConsumptionComfortSpaceFrom a vehicle type perspective,female car buyers love cars,which accounted for 61.8%,or more than 5 million units of all vehicles purchased by female buyers in 2023.More than 3 million units,or 36.98%were SUVs,while MPVs accounted for less than 1%,significantly lower than the industry average of 5%.From a female buyer penetration by vehicle type perspective,nearly 68%of sports car sales went to female buyers,while nearly half of car sales went to female buyers.Because sports cars and cars are more stylish,elegant and streamlined,they attracted more female buyers.Over the past decade or so,the car market has been significantly eroded by the SUV market,going from a dominant position to taking less than half of PV sales.The rejuvenation of the car market will have to be hinged on better catering to female buyer needs;From a vehicle size perspective,female buyers love compact models,which accounted for over 40%of all vehicles sold to female buyers.Currently female buyers are reshaping the compact vehicle segment:traditional models that do not cater to female needs such as Lavida,Sylphy and Haval H6 are facing signifi-cant headwinds while new generation of models that better cater to female buyer needs such as the Yuan PLUS and Dolphin are gaining traction.The share of female buyers buying midsize and large vehicles is also quite significant,reminding us that its not all about small cars when it comes to female buyers.From a penetration by vehicle size perspective,female buyers do love micro and small vehicles with share of female buyers in both categories topping 70%.Clearly when you get the small car right you attract female buyers.Small car strategies from brands like Toyota and Honda should cater more to female buyer needs;From an energy type perspective,female buyers love ICEVs and BEVs,as both categories accounted for over 40%of overall female buyer sales;From an energy type penetration perspective,two-thirds of all BEV sales in 2023 went to female buyers,which means any EV strategy that lacks female thinking is just empty talk.Female buyers love EVs,but that doesnt mean they are only interested in EVs.Some of the smaller off-road products that cater specifically to female buyer needs should not ignore energy sustainability.Cars and compact vehicles must cater to female buyer needs,while sports cars,micro cars and BEVs should prioritize female buyer needsFemale Buyers by Vehicle Type 2023Female Buyer Penetration by Mainstream Vehicle Type 2023Source:YRI61.806.98%0.97%0.25%SedanSUVMPVSports Car0 %Sports CarCarSUVMPVSource:YRIFemale Buyers by Vehicle Size 2023Female Buyer Penetration by Mainstream Vehicle Size 2023Female Buyers by Energy Type 2023Female Buyer Penetration by Mainstream Energy Type 20236.40.28.43.31.91%0.67%MicroSmallCompactMidsizeMid to LargeLarge0 %MicroSmallCompactMidsizeMid to LargeLargeICEVHEVPHEVEREVBEV42.84%7.27%7.62%1.99.27%0 %ICEVHEVPHEVEREVBEVSource:YRIVehicle Sales to Female Buyers by Brand Origin 2023Female Buyer Penetration by Brand Origin 2023Vehicle Sales to Female Buyers by Brand Positioning 2023Female Buyer Penetration by Brand Positioning 2023In 2023,Chinese female buyers liked Chinese brands the most,with share of sales topping 45%,followed by German brands with a share of over 29%.From a penetration perspective,female buyers accounted for more than 50%of German brand sales in 2023.A key reason is Chinese female buyers love high-end brands,which had female buyer penetration of more than 54%in 2023.And it so happens that German brands like Audi,Mercedes,BMW and Porsche account for the bulk of Chinas high-end car market,so German brands naturally attract Chinese female buyers;The German brands have benefited tremendously from the Chinese female buyers,but strategically they still lack female thinking and awareness.Their all-important NEV strategy is still centered on BEVs replac-ing ICEVs and not conducive to attracting female buyers who are increasingly flocking to non-mainstream segments.Audi,Mercedes and BMW have all announced the so-called“in China for China”strategies focused on electrification and smartification,and clearly Chinese female buyers are key to executing that strategy.Since China opened up completely in 2023 and is offering visa-free policy for Germany,designers from BBA should take advantage of this policy,visit China more often,and learn about Chinese female buyer needs.Chinese female buyers are key to executing the“in China for China”strategy of German high-end brands like Audi,Mercedes and BMWChina45.63%Germany29.45%Japan13.70%USA7.73%Other3.49%0 %GermanyUSAChinaJapanBrand High-EndMass Brand48.10%Entry Brand20.071.83%0 %High-EndBrandMassBrandEntryBrandThe smart#1 and#3,with their elegance and streamlined styling,blend in perfectly into the urban setting,thus capturing womens hearts.They naturally love beauty,like genies in cities.In 2023,smart led all mainstream brands in female buyer penetration with a share of 81.18%.The smart concept was first present-ed at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show and production commenced the following year,catering to families and short-distance use cases and aiming to provide a more convenient urban mobility solution.But sales over the years were affected by high prices.Starting in 2019,more than half of Chinas car sales went to trade-ins or additional purchases as households began buying their second or even third cars.The increase in female buyers provided ample fertile ground for smarts new strategy.In 2019,Mercedes and Geely went with the tide and formed the smart joint venture aimed at building smart into a leading global affordable luxury smart EV tech brand.Chinas EV supply chain is rich and theoretically offers better solutions to bring the cost of smart down.YRI research shows that existing customers of high-end brands like Audi,Mercedes and BMW are budgeting RMB100K-200K for mobility enablers.smart currently is primarily priced above RMB200K,which does not meet the mainstream mobility enabling needs as far as pricing is concerned,resulting in mediocre sales of the#1 and#3.Once Teslas new locally-produced compact model launches in 2025 at below RMB200K,especially if that pricing is close to RMB150K,it could be game over for smart if it continues to sell at the RMB200K and above pricing point;ORA,a brand dedicated to female buyers,was second in mainstream brand female buyer penetration rankings at 79.26%,followed by Baojun,Chery NEV,Changan NEV and Wuling.Every single one of the top 6 brands in the rankings was either exclusively a BEV brand or a brand dominated by BEV sales.And with brands like Tesla,ZEEKR,NETA and Xpeng,EV brands pretty much dominated the top 20 rankings.High-end brands like Porsche,BMW,NIO,Audi,Volvo,Lexus and Lincoln all depend highly on female buyers and therefore ranked among the top 20;In 2023,BYD,a mass market brand that produced and sold PHEVs and BEVs,creeped into the top 20 rankings as more than 40%of sales went to female buyers,who have suddenly become a mysterious power behind BYDs rise to the top in Chinas car market.smart led mainstream brand female buyer penetration rankings in 2023,NEV and high-end brands dominated the rankings,while BYD creeped inSource:YRIMainstream Brand:Those with sales in China 30,000 units in 2023Female Buyer Penetration:sales purchased by female buyers as a percentage of overall sales of brand/modelTop 20 Brands in Female Buyer Penetration 20230 0Pp%smartORABaojunChery NEVChangan NEVWulingPorscheBMWNIOMercedesAudiZEEKRTeslaVolvoNETALexusLincolnCadillacBYDXpengSource:YRIMainstream Model:Those with sales in China 30,000 units in 2023Female Buyer Penetration:sales purchased by female buyers as a percentage of overall sales of brand/modelSAIC-GM-Wuling undoubtedly was the first carmaker to reap the benefits of the new opportunity from female buyers:the cute little Wuling Hongguang MINIEV that launched in the second half of 2020 took the market by storm,selling over 110,000 units that year and nearly 400,000 units the following year,surpassing the Hongguang S as SAIC-GM-Wulings top seller.The Wuling Bingo that launched in the first half of 2023 also became an immediate success,with a 91.78male buyer penetration,leading all models in female buyer penetration.The Wulling Bingo PLUS launching in the first half of 2024 will try to solidify and upgrade SAIC-GM-Wulings position in the female car market.Meanwhile,SAIC-GM-Wul-ing launched a slew of products catered to male buyers such as the Kaijie,Xingchen,Zhengcheng,Xingchi,Xingyun and Jiachen,but their performance paled in comparison to the small EV products catered to female buyers,a bit embarrassing from a strategic point of view;The Dolphin and Seagull followed the Wuling Bingo as the No.2 and 3 in the rankings of mainstream model female penetration,while models like the Panda mini,ID.3 and QQ Ice Cream also ranked high atop the rankings,thanks to the backing of powerhouses like Geely,VW and Chery;the Good Cat ranked outside the top 10,which is a wakeup call to ORAs female strategy;In 2023,high-end BEVs like the ZEEKR 001,NIO ET5 and BMW i3,and high-end entry level ICEVs like the Audi Q3,Mercedes A-Class and BMW X1 all ranked in the top 20.Bingo led mainstream model female penetration rankings in 2023,followed by Dolphin and Seagull;small EVs,high-end EVs and high-end entry ICEVs dominated rankingsTop 20 Models in Female Buyer Penetration 20230 0Pp0%Wuling BingoDolphinSealgullHongguang MINIEVPanda miniVW ID.3QQ Ice CreamModel 3smart#1Mercedes C-ClassPoloBMW i3Audi Q3ZEEKR 001FitORA Good CatChangan LuminMercedes A-ClassBMW X1NIO ET5Source:YRIMarket Share:sales of brand/model as a percentage of overall industry salesIn response to BYDs offensive,Chinese brands like Geely,Changan and Great Wall Motor launched new brands and model series including the Galaxy,Qiyuan and Xiaolong,while leading foreign mass brands like VW,Toyota,Honda and Nissan strengthened promotional activities on ICEV models like the Lavida,Sylphy,Corolla,Accord and Camry.But to no avail.The reason?The“she”factor;From 2021 to 2023,the female buyer penetration of BYD rose from 25.54%to 43.83%,while that for the Japanese trio of Toyota,Honda and Nissan all dropped.Though female buyer penetration for VW rose,it wasnt as significant as that for BYD.The share of BYD in the female car market in 2023 rose to 12.62%,equivalent to more than 1 million units.Yet many of BYDs core competing brands completely missed the rapid rise of the female buyer opportunity,resulting in BYD eventually passing powerhouse brands like VW and Toyota to become Chinas top selling car brand,a legendary achievement thanks to the“she”factor;As of early March 2024,foreign brands like VW,Honda,Toyota and Nissan still didnt have a clear“female strategy”or”female thinking”in place.From 2024 to 2025,BYD could continue to benefit from the female car market with new potential blockbuster products like the Yuan UP and Sea Snail,and further expand its sales leadership from core competing brands.Thanks to the“she”factor,BYD became the top selling car brand in China leapfrogging powerhouse brands like VW and Toyota,it was the biggest beneficiary of the female opportunityTop 20 Mainstream Brands in Female Car Market Share 2023Top 20 Mainstream Models in Female Car Market Share 20230%5%BYDVWBMWMercedesWulingToyotaAudiTeslaGeelyHondaNissanChanganGAC AIONChangan NEVBuickNIOLexusCheryVolvoCadillac0%1%2%3%4%DolphinHongguang MINIEVYuan PLUSModel YSeagullWuling BingoQin PLUS NEVSylphyModel 3Mercedes C-ClassBMW 3 SeriesChangan LuminSagitarLavidaAION YAudi A4LPanda miniAudi A6LBMW 5 SeriesSong PLUS NEVFemale Buyer Penetration of BYD vs.Core Competing Brands 2021-2023End-User Sales of BYD and Core Competing Brands 2019-2023(10,000 units)0%5 %05EP 2120222023BYDVWNissanHondaToyota0500300350200222023BYDBYD FemaleVWToyotaHondaNissanSource:YRIFemale Buyer Penetration:sales purchased by female buyers as a percentage of overall sales of brand/modelSource:YRIAttracting female buyers is not empty talk:product is key.From 2021 to 2023,BYD launched in succes-sion the Dolphin,Yuan PLUS and Seagull small EVs respectively in the entry level compact car,entry level compact SUV and small car segments,and offered great selling points such as design and bang for the buck that were superior to comparable models.The Qin PLUS,Song PLUS,Han and Tang comple-mented those smaller models by attracting female buyers that sought practicality,space and streamlined&sporty styling.In 2023,these products together attracted more than 1 million female buyers,which became a crucial force behind BYD ultimately selling nearly 2.4 million vehicles in China;The reason that BYDs“female product matrix”did so well is because all the products were from the core BYD brand,avoiding resource dispersion,and they were mostly BEVs and compact models or smaller,which female buyers preferred;Though results have been impressive,challenges remain.Efforts still need to be made for the Denza N7,Song L,Sea Lion 07 and Seal EV,models that fall in the streamlined&sporty category,to tap the female buyer potential.The overlap of the Ocean and Dynasty series could present a problem for BYD once market competitive dynamics stabilize and as it tries to reduce internal friction and further tap market potential.The two networks must differentiate themselves and balance out which of the two may be better suited for the battle of the female car market.BYD capitalized on the“she”factor to rise to the top because it developed a“female product matrix”that pooled resources to-gether and product rollout was methodicalBYD Core Model Footprint Early 2024CarSports CarSUVMPVSturdy&BusinessHigh-End BusinessNoble&LuxuryGrand&High-EndMainstream QualityEconomy BlandAvant Garde&UniqueOff-Road&MachoStreamlined&SportyRefined&StylishSmall&CuteClassic&RetroFemale User Preference ZoneSeagullDolphinYuan PLUSYuan UPQin PLUSSong PLUSHanSeal DM-iSong ProDestroyer 05Song LTangFrigate07 Denza N7DenzaN8Bao 5Yang Wang U8Yang Wang U7Yang Wang U9Bao 8Qin L Sea Lion 07Song MAX Seal06Seal EVDenza D9Tang MAXSource:YRIFemale Buyer Characteristics of BYD 20230102030DolphinYuan PLUSSeagullQin PLUS NEVSong PLUS NEVHanSong Pro NEVTang NEVDestroyer 05SealSales Ranking of Core Models(10,000 units)Vehicle Energy Type DistributionVehicle Type DistributionVehicle Size DistributionBEV66.82%PHEV33.18%SUV33.38r66.62%Small44.69%Compact46.15%Midsize4.60%Mid to Large4.56%Geely also has the potential to benefit from the female buyer opportunity,but current product portfolio is dispersed and lack strategic emphasisMaybe because Geely likes to benchmark against VW,and since VWs model lack“she”features,Geely has also not been able to fully capitalize on the female buyer opportunity.As of March 2024,Geely has launched numerous products in the refined&stylish,streamlined&sporty and small&cute sub-segments,but these models are dispersed throughout Geely,LYNK&CO and ZEEKR brands,lacking a cohesive force targeted at female buyers.Models that exude sportiness and distinctiveness such as the LYNK&CO 03,ZEEKR 007 and 001 are actually not that attractive to female buyers;though the Panda mini is truly a car dedicated to female buyers,it is priced to low and therefore is not conducive to improving the strategic weight of female buyers;though sales of the LYNK&CO 05 and 06 mainly come from female buyers,its a bit off from LYNK&COs sporty positioning catered more to male buyers;small SUVs like the Binyue and Geometry Firefly have attracted female buyers,but they lack cohesion while the Geometry series seems to be on death watchBYDs rapid ascent the last couple of years has prompted Geely to introduce the Galaxy series aimed at countering BYDs core models such as the Qin PLUS,Song PLUS and Han,but concrete measures to tackle BYDs“shetrategy”integrating existing resources have yet to be launched;During our national tour and dialogue at the end of 2023,YRI suggested to Geely senior management that they leave their dignity behind a bit and put more efforts on addressing the female buyer opportunity to prevent BYD from further capitalizing on Geelys soft spots.We would like to once again repeat that message:Geely has great potential to tap into the female car market,but its current resources are too dispersed.We suggest Geely elevate the strategic importance of the female buyer opportunity and establish a“female buyer task force,”even appoint a handsome,single man to lead this task force so that new trails can be blazed as Geely eyes global sales of 3.65 million vehicles in 2025.Source:YRIGeely Core Model Footprint Early 2024Female Buyer Characteristics of Geely 2023Sales Rankings of Core Models(10,000 units)Vehicle Energy Type DistributionCarSports CarSUVMPVFemale User Preference ZoneXingyue LEmgrandXingruiBoyue LGalaxyL7BinyuePanda miniGalaxy E8Galaxy L6HaoyueFireflyBinruiiconVision XJiajiLYNK&CO 09LYNK&CO 06LYNK&CO 05LYNK&CO 01LYNK&CO 08LYNK&CO 07LYNK&CO 03ZEEKR 001ZEEKR 007ZEEKR 009ZEEKR XLEVC TXSturdy&BusinessHigh-End BusinessNoble&LuxuryGrand&High-EndMainstream QualityEconomy BlandAvant Garde&UniqueOff-Road&MachoStreamlined&SportyRefined&StylishSmall&CuteClassic&Retro0510Panda miniBinyueEmgrandBoyue LXingruiXingyue LBinruiBoyueICEV62.92%PHEV4.01V33.06%Source:YRIVehicle Type DistributionVehicle Size DistributionSUV37.99r62.01%Micro33.21%Small12.68%Compact50.52%Other3.59%Like Geely,Chery has faced similar predicament when it comes to addressing the female buyer opportunity:its resources are over dispersed as all four of its brands Chery,JETOUR,EXEED and iCAR have products that try to attract female buyers,and its still mainly ICEVs,micro vehicles and economy bland compact vehicles that try to attract female buyers,lacking specificity;There is also great potential for Chery in the battle for female buyers,the iCAR could be breakthrough point if it pivots toward the“she”factor rather than remain as a go young brandWith a huge international market presence outside China,Chery does not lack capital and resources in the domestic market.Rather,it lacks effective tactics.YRI suggests Chery build off of the iCAR series,integrate existing resources and actively address the female car market with a focus on breaking through the refined&stylish sub-segment and promoting the upgrade and transformation of a“she”product matrix centered on micro vehicles like the QQ Ice Cream and Ant.By all means it should transform iCARs“go young”strategy into a”shetrategy,”and clearly differentiate it from the Chery,JETOUR and EXEED brands.The future of Chinas car market is certainly about“go young”but the key to“go young”is really addressing the“she”opportunity;In addition to improving its“shetrategy,”Chery also needs to finetune its male buyer strategy,itself a thorny problem.Chery Core Model Footprint Early 2024CarSUVMPVSports CarFemale User Preference ZoneTravelleriCAR03Arizzo 8Tiggo8Tiggo9Fulwin A8X70PLUSDashengExplore 06Arizzo5Tiggo7Tiggo 3XAntQQ Ice CreamTiggo 5XOmodaShanhai L9ShanhaiL6LanyueLingyunYaoguangSTERRA ESZhuifengSTERRAETFulwin T11FulwinT9Fulwin A9iCAR GTX90PLUSShuxiangjiaSturdy&BusinessHigh-End BusinessNoble&LuxuryGrand&High-EndMainstream QualityEconomy BlandAvant Garde&UniqueOff-Road&MachoStreamlined&SportyRefined&StylishSmall&CuteClassic&RetroSource:YRIFemale Buyer Characteristics of Chery 2023Sales Ranking of Core Models(10,000 units)Vehicle Energy Type Distribution0246QQ Ice CreamArrizo 8Tiggo 8 ProArrizo 5Tiggo 7Tiggo 9BEV46.05%ICEV53.52%PHEV0.43%Vehicle Type DistributionVehicle Size DistributionSUV23.41r76.59%Micro39.50%Small14.61%Compact32.62%Midsize13.27%Source:YRIIt was GWM,not BYD,that first saw the female buyer opportunity.GWMs ORA brand initiated a female buyer-focused strategy in 2020 well before the meteoric rise of BYD,launching models like the White Cat,Black Cat and Good Cat that quickly formed a bridgehead in the battle for female car buyers.But due to cost issues,ORA had to cut the White Cat and Black Cat,while the Good Cat,owing to relatively high pricing,was severely impacted by competitors like the Dolphin and AION Y.The Ballet Cat and Lightning Cat,on the other hand,were dead on arrival because they were overpriced,and their designs imitated two well known iconic models;GWM has a relatively clearer and unique product roadmap compared to Geely and Chery,and previously had a”shetrategy”so it is more likely to challenge BYDs leadership position on female car buyersBYDs rise to the top thanks to the”she”factor proves the power and potential of the female car market.GWM was the first to come up with a“shetrategy,”fully proving its strategic foresight,the rest is all about execution,and how to continuously improve that strategy including pricing mechanism,styling&design and smartification features.At the end of 2023,BYD officially launched the Fang Cheng Bao and Yang Wang brands,two great chess moves over GWM.In 2024,ORA will be a key for GWM to counter BYD;GWM has a relatively clearer and unique product roadmap compared to Geely and Chery.Once ORA can grasp that“she”opportunity it can easily complement Haval,TANK and WEY and form a cohesive force.While ORA improves its“shetrategy,”GWM can consider relevant tactics for Haval,utilizing models like the H1,H2 and H4 to proactively explore distinct and dynamic female car markets,complementing ORAs positioning of targeting stylish and mainstream female buyers,foreshadowing the return of the Haval to the GWM parent brand.GWM Core Model Footprint Early 2024Female User Preference ZoneH6Menglong H5Big DogH9M6Second DogXiaolong MAXShenshouCool DogChituGood CatLightninga Cat Ballet Cat300500400700GaoshanLanshanMochaSturdy&BusinessHigh-End BusinessNoble&LuxuryGrand&High-EndMainstream QualityEconomy BlandAvant Garde&UniqueOff-Road&MachoStreamlined&SportyRefined&StylishSmall&CuteClassic&RetroCarSUVMPVSports CarSource:YRISource:YRIFemale Buyer Characteristics of GWM 2023Sales Ranking of Core Models(10,000 units)Vehicle Energy Type Distribution0246ORA Good CatHaval H6Tank 300Haval Big DogHaval Big Dog Gen IIHaval M6BEV35.63%ICEV57.45%Other6.92%Vehicle Type DistributionVehicle Size DistributionSUV61.72r38.28%Small36.91%Compact55.21%Midsize4.29%3.58%Mid to LargeVW Core Model Footprint Early 2024VW is more likely than Geely,Chery and GWM to becoming a new dark horse in the female car market and take down BYD,but VWs strategic decision making cycle is too longIn 2023,VW had a female buyer penetration rate of 34.06%that was lower than that for BYD but higher than that for Toyota,Honda and Nissan.Models that are relatively distinct like the ID.3,Polo,Golf,CC and Lamando all had relatively high female buyer penetrations.Meanwhile,VW brand had a 9.09%share in the female car market,equivalent to 750,000 units,just behind BYD.Economy and mainstream models like the Sagitar,Lavida and Magotan all had significant share of female buyers;VWs biggest challenge now is its long decision making cycle,unlike domestic carmakers like Geely,Chery and GWM which move much faster.Foreign brands like Toyota,Honda,Nissan and GM all have the same problem.As of early March 2024,VW had a product portfolio in China consisting of a few dozen models that are concise,sharp,mature and highly concentrated in the economy bland,mainstream quality and grand&high-end sub-segments that are dominated by male buyers.Once VW introduces a”shetrategy”and initiates a product portfolio optimization measure,it sure is going to be based on the same mature technique;Female User Preference ZoneLavidaPassat MagotanSagitarTiguanLBoraTharuTeramontTayronCCGolfTavendorID.3POLOTalagonT-RocTACQUAID.4ID.6LamandoViloranT-CrossTouranLID.7Sturdy&BusinessHigh-End BusinessNoble&LuxuryGrand&High-EndMainstream QualityEconomy BlandAvant Garde&UniqueOff-Road&MachoStreamlined&SportyRefined&StylishSmall&CuteClassic&RetroCarSports CarSUVMPVSource:YRIFemale Buyer Characteristics of VW 2023Sales Ranking of Core Models(10,000 units)Vehicle Energy Type DistributionVehicle Type DistributionVehicle Size Distribution051015SagitarLavidaID.3MagotanLamandoBoraPassatGolfTiguan LTharuBEV10.89%ICEV87.74%Other1.37%SUV20.27r79.59%MPV0.14%Compact67.44%Midsize27.05%Mid to Large4.56%Small44.69%Source:YRIWhere as male buyers dominated the first half of Chinas car market,female buyers will dominate the second half:the female car market will grow vigorously in 2024-2030,carmakers should proactively strengthen and improve their“shetrategy”From 2020 to 2023,models such as the Hongguang MINIEV,Dolphin and Seagull that catered to female buyer needs well quickly became popular sellers,proving the strong potential of the female car market.From 2024 to 2030,as the number of female“high intellectuals”that marry and have kids much later in life increases,and as married families tend to buy cars for the wives in the household,Chinas female car market will continue to grow to a potential market share of 45%,almost half of the entire market.If male buyers dominated the first half of Chinas car market,then female buyers will certainly dominate the second half;Over the past couple of years or so,models like the Ballet Cat,Lightning Cat,Yep and Yunduo as well as brands like ORA that catered specifically to female buyers performed below expectations,which shows that the battle for female car buyers requires certain prowess and knowhow.Carmakers like Geely,Chery,GWM,VW,Toyota and Mercedes must proactively strengthen and improve their“shetrategy;”The rapid rise of Chinas private car market has only happened for a little over two decades,and many carmakers have not established a comprehensive product portfolio catered to female buyers,many of whom“settle”for models like the Lavida and Sylphy that lack”she”features.Carmakers that want to fight for female buyers should naturally create good,“never settle”products for them and sell these products to the rest of the world so that female buyers everywhere can experience the joy of Chinese cars.China PV Market Female Buyer Penetration 2014-2030Source:YRI0 0P 02020222024E2026E2028E2030ETop 20 Brands in End-User Sales in 2023 and Penetration of Existing Female Buyers and Intended Female Buyers0 00BYDVWToyotaHondaGeelyBMWChanganMercedesAudiWulingNissanTeslaBuickHavalGAC AIONCheryLi AutoGAC TrumpchiHongqiChangan OshanEnd-User SalesExisting PenetrationIntent PenetrationSource:YRIThis report is produced by Yiche Research Institute.All text,pictures andtables are protected by relevant trademark and copyright laws.Some textand data are collected from public information and are therefore owned bythe original author(s);No organization or individual may reproduce,copy,publish or quote in anyform the content of this report without the prior consent of Yiche ResearchInstitute;For reprint or quotation of content,please contact us in advance and citesource.No quotations of modifications or abridgements of the originalcontent are permitted.Copyright DisclaimerCurrently YRI does not publish reports for commercial purposes,we mainly helpempower customers like OEMs and dealers;YRI prides itself on its rich data and the ability to speak the facts based on these data;Everyone has different views,therefore we welcome comments and feedback onour own views.Lets agree to disagree.YRI positioning:non-commercial digital car market think tankYRI mission:help Yiche customers better understand Chinascar marketCommunications(Media,etc.)Extract（Survey/Consulting/Association/Investment Banking）Target Audience（OEM/Dealer/Investment）Traffic,Leads,Conversion,TransactionAd,Membership,Collection,ActivityReceive Basic InformationGain Core PerspectivesReport,Advisory,Suggestion,Diagnostics,System Info,etc.Service FeeGain Trust&CustomersShare Knowledge&OpportunitiesShareKnowledge&OpportunitiesGain Trust&CustomersGain Trust&CustomersShare Knowledge&OpportunitiesNew Species(non-commercial digital think tank)Pro:WideAudienceCon:Limitedin DepthNature:TrafficConversionEffect:BoostSalesPro:Complementary;Con:Cooperation LimitedNature:Communication of Views;Effect:Elevate InfluenceThe media&thepress arestrengthening dataanalysis andindustry authority,as well as elevatingcooperation withOEMs.Case inpoint:Yicheforming YRI.Entities likeconsulting firmsarestrengtheningdata miningcapabilities andindustryauthority,andimprovingindustrycredibility andcustomerinfluence,likethe McKinseyQuarterlyValue：Guidance for the massmedia:realize long-term interaction;Cooperation forcommercial extraction:facilitate long-termcollaboration;Trust for customers:build long-termcooperationTraits:CommunicationsConsciousness,ExtractionCapability,Audience BaseAuto Industry Dialogue Tour Insights Clear as Blazing FireCore Topic:Analyzing Chinese Car Buyer Characteristics&TrendsTime:May-July 2024Target:primarily Yiche customers including OEMs,one on one discussionSignup at WeChat:yicheresearch please provide name,position,company and cell phone#)-a New Book from Yiche Research Institutes Industry Analysis SeriesDemystifying Chinas Auto Market(2024 Edition,Part I)gives a deeper look at Chinese car buyer characteristics and consumption potential centered on the cus-tomer journey from purchase to use,covering key metrics such as traffic,net pro-moter score,use case,mileage used,family vehicle ownership data and parking to help carmakers refine their strategies timely so that they can better put into practice their”customer is at the center of everything we do”corporate philosophy.How to get your book:OEMs,dealers and Yiche customers should contact their Yiche service personnel:Non-Yiche customers please contact YRI directly(WeChat:yicheresearch)From May to July 2024,YRI will kick off its 8th round of“Insights Clear as Blazing Fire”Auto Industry Trends&Analysis Dialogue Tour,covering the core topic of“analyzing Chinese car buyer characteristics and trends”to help carmakers capitalize new opportuni-ties presented by these new trends.thDemystifying Chinas Auto MarketContact UsFollow UsWeChatJuns Market TalkYing Gao，Industry AnalystMobile：188 0118 7009Mail：WeChat：yicheresearch

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Workshop Report CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course Phase 1&2 March 2024 1 Disclaimer This report is the outcome of the CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course and drafted by Blaise Murphet,Road Safety Specialist Consultant,contributed by Dildar Zakir,Capacity Building Specialist,CAREC Institute and Honey May L.Manzano-Guerzon,Knowledge Management Officer,CWRC,ADB.The views expressed in this paper are the views of authors,contributors and participants of the workshop and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the CAREC Institute,its funding entities,or its Governing Council.The CAREC Institute does not guarantee accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of its use.The terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with the CAREC Institutes official terms.The CAREC Institute accepts no liability or responsibility for any partys use of this paper or for the consequences of any partys reliance on the information or data provided herein.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographical area,or by using country names in the report,the author did not intend to make any judgment as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.Boundaries,colors,denominations,or any other information shown on maps do not imply any judgment on the legal status of any territory,or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries,colors,denominations,or information.This report is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license(CC BY 3.0 IGO)https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.By using the content of this report,you agree to be bound by the terms of this license.This CC license does not apply to other copyright materials in this report.If the material is attributed to another source,please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.The CAREC Institute cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation(CAREC)Institute 21st Floor,Commercial Building Block 8,Vanke Metropolitan,No.66 Longteng Road,Shuimogou District,Urumqi,Xinjiang,the PRC,830028 f: 86- L inkedIn:carec-institute km carecinstitute.o rg ww w.carecinstitute.o rg 2 Acknowledgment The crucial role of representatives from across the various Ministries and Departments and kindred bodies from within Kyrgyz Republic is duly acknowledged and appreciated.The representatives who participated in the workshop are duly acknowledged for sharing their knowledge and expertise with all present.The interpretation and translation support from Tatiana Mashenskaya and Sergei Gavrilin made the interaction possible between the participants and the resource persons.Special thanks to Lyaziza Sabyrova,Director,Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division(CWRC),ADB,Roman Mogilevskii,Senior Economist,CWRC,ADB,David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist(Road Safety),Leader APRSO Secretariat,ADB,Ritu Mishra,Transport Specialist,Transport Sector Office,Sector Group,ADB,Rovshan Mahmudov,Acting Chief of Capacity Building Division,CAREC Institute,Gulshat Raissova,CAREC Institute Coordinator,CWRC,ADB,and Aidana Berdybekova,Regional Cooperation Coordinator,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB and Gary Huang,eLearning Specialist,CAREC Institute.Overall,this course would have not been possible without the financial and technical support from Asian Development Bank,European Bank for Reconstruction and Development,Eastern Alliance for Safe and Sustainable Transport,Global Road Safety Partnership and International Road Assessment Programme.3 Contents I.Summary.5 Program Purpose and Approach.5 Course components.7 Online Capacity Building Modules.7 In-person Course.7 Online Community of Practice(ongoing).7 II.Content and Participant Summary.7 Online Capacity Building Modules.7 In-person Course.9 Online Platform.10 III.Program Assessment.11 IV.Recommendations.13 V.Annexes.14 Annex A Course Agenda.14 Annex B Course Content.19 Annex C Snapshots.19 Annex D List of Participants.20 Annex E Course Evaluation Summary.23 4 Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank APRSO Asia Pacific Road Safety Observatory CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation CI CAREC Institute CWRC Regional Cooperation and Operations Coordination Division EASST Eastern Alliance for Safe and Sustainable Transport EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development GRSP Global Road Safety Partnership iRAP International Road Assessment Programme MoTC Minister of Transport and Communications WHO World Health Organization 5 I.Summary Road crash deaths and serious injures is an ongoing challenge for countries in the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program(CAREC)region.While progress is being made by some countries there is a notable need for increased capacity to implement best practice interventions based on sound local evidence.This is reflected in the CAREC Regional Road Safety Strategy 2017 2030,which states:The local and national efforts being taken in each country can be enhanced by adopting regionwide approaches supported by joint capacity building and knowledge sharing activities1.In recognition of this,the first CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course was launched in November 2023 through a multi-phase initiative directly targeted at governmental stakeholders from the region.The phases included the development of a dedicated online training platform,an in-person workshop held in February 2024,and the establishment of an online community of practice,which is ongoing.For this first iteration of the course,participants were drawn from five CAREC countries2 and across multiple government sectors.Content for the course was provided by a team of international road safety experts and presented in a form accessible to the audience including full translation into Russian.Participant engagement through the first online phase,and the second phase of a week-long residential program was extremely positive and showed a strong intention for the application of knowledge gained in policy and implementation of evidence-based approaches.New multi-nation and multi-sector networks were also established.Course evaluation also strongly indicated an appetite for further capacity development using the approach of the course,and for the opportunity for other stakeholders to benefit.There was also strong interest in ongoing training and mentorship of course alumni.The inaugural course effectively demonstrated that residential best practice training programs with multi-country participation can catalyse the knowledge sharing and supporting networks needed for the CAREC region to step up its implementation of effective responses to road safety,and realize the objectives outlined in the CAREC Regional Road Safety Strategy and the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030.Program Purpose and Approach The CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course is a multi-phased capacity building initiative of which Phases 1 and 2 were conducted from November 2023 March 2024,with the aim of facilitating the sustainable transfer of accumulated practical knowledge in road safety and mobility to Government and non-governmental stakeholders within the CAREC region.A secondary key aim is to increase understanding of the investment needed in road safety and sustainable mobility interventions to assist developing member countries(DMCs)to develop projects and loans to drive action within the region.These aims are also aligned with the intention to support the continued implementation of the CAREC Road Safety Strategy 2030.1 Staying Connected:A Regional Road Safety Strategy for CAREC Countries 2017 2030:https:/www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/228011/carec-road-safety-2017-2013.pdf 2 Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan 6 The course was developed and implemented as a partnership led by the CAREC Institute with support from the Asian Development Bank(ADB),the Asia Pacific Road Safety Observatory(APRSO)and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD).The course objectives are to:a)Facilitate sustainable transfer of best-practice road safety knowledge and practices to CAREC national technical institutions and to form communities of practice among leading CAREC professionals while also promote gender inclusivity in road safety planning,policy development and decision-making processes ensuring participation of women and addressing gender specific challenges;b)Enhance the capacity of CAREC countries in the field of road safety engineering to effectively achieve strategic goals of keeping CAREC transport corridors safe,and the region safely connected;c)Promote evidence-based policy and decision making in the road safety professions in the CAREC region and to continue knowledge support to member countries while integrating digital technologies and data-driven approaches into road safety practices;d)Prototype an annual,immersive road safety professionals training program for the CAREC region in alignment with the CAREC road safety program;and e)Establish the knowledge and skills for development of investment-ready,large scale road safety programs for consideration by governments and sponsors such as ADB.Key proposed outcomes of the program are that:a)CAREC road safety professionals have a development pathway(based on data/evidence)providing the skills,knowledge and insights aligned with the influence their roles have over the safety of the road system;b)A regional forum is available for advancing technical road safety knowledge in the CAREC region,leveraging action through the CAREC road safety program,and to contribute to regional developments through the APRSO;c)The pool of technical professionals(including female and male)in CAREC countries is expanded to ensure the application of Safe System thinking throughout the road system lifecycle and its use and to develop road safety projects that can be supported through ADB financing;d)The long-term vision for what makes a safe road system in the CAREC region is understood and consistently pursued by road system managers,designers,constructors and operators;and CAREC countries ability to optimize and manage external funding are increased for effective road safety interventions.To achieve this,the course included three aligned components,all of which are striving to support engagement and collaboration between participants to identify practical steps toward the adoption of evidence-based interventions.The components were designed to be integrated to immerse participants in a range of activities to ensure a sustained period of engagement,and to avoid a one-off course,which may risk insufficiently engaging stakeholders to take action.7 Course components Online Capacity Building Modules A dedicated online platform was created and launched in November 2023 to provide participants with a series of tailored online modules that were intended to provide critical contextual technical information and resources before commencement of the in-person course.These modules focused on road safety management;safer roads and roadside infrastructure and safer road users.The platform was provided with Russian language translation embedded.In-person Course A one-week,residential training program delivered from Monday 26 February Friday 1 March,2024 in Bishkek,Kyrgyz Republic.The course was targeted to representatives from Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan,and included comprehensive sessions delivered by a team of global experts.Online Community of Practice(ongoing)This component includes two key aspects aimed at encouraging continued engagement among the cohort and building a focal point for evidence-based information.These aspects include the continued updating of information within the online capacity building modules,including the provision of all course materials in Russian language so that participants could conduct their own trainings to counterparts,and the establishment of an online communication group between all participants to encourage continued engagement.II.Content and Participant Summary The content of the CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course focuses on globally recognised,best practice frameworks and topics.The World Health Organization(WHO)Global Plan for the Second Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021 2030(the Global Plan)provided a central guiding framework for the prioritisation of content.In addition,a range of other frameworks were used as reference,including the CAREC Road Safety Strategy 2030 and the WHO Voluntary Global Road Safety Performance Targets.A range of other road safety programs were analysed to identify successful approaches to content collation and dissemination.3 As a result,content of the course focuses on translating the key concepts of the Safe System Approach to road safety to practical application of these concepts in CAREC countries.Content across the core components of the program includes:Online Capacity Building Modules Content within the online capacity building modules included a range of existing training materials,webinars and knowledge products that were collated and specifically tailored to the course 3 MUARC:Road Safety Management Leadership Program,Delft:Annual Delft Road Safety Course,Johns Hopkins:Global Road Safety Leadership Course,Gustav Eiffel:University Diploma Road Safety in Africa.8 participants and provided in English and Russian where available.Content was delivered through three modules:Module 1 Road Safety Management This module included the following sub-topics:Introduction to Road Safety and the Safe System Approach The Role of the Lead Agency Data Systems to Inform Road Safety Management Road Safety Management Case Study from Mongolia Materials included online webinars,presentation materials and reports.Module 2 Safer Road Users This module included the following sub-topics:Understanding Road Traffic for Road Users Designing and Implementing Effective Enforcement Programs Strategic Communications for Road Safety Vulnerable Road Users Case Study from Vietnam Materials included online webinars,presentation materials and reports.Module 3 Safer Road Infrastructure This module included the following sub-topics:Introduction to Road Safety Engineering Speed Management Designing for all Road Users Road Safety Audits Roadside Hazard Management Pedestrian Safety Safer Road Works Introduction to iRAP Planning and Procuring an iRAP Project Establishing and Developing an iRAP Project in your Country or Region Star Rating for Schools Online Course Materials included online webinars,presentation materials,reports and access to third-party training platforms.Each module included a dedicated introduction from David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist(Road Safety)from the ADB Transport Sector Office.Content for these modules was sourced and provided by the following organisations:ADB APRSO CAREC Institute 9 EBRD International Road Assessment Programme(iRAP)Global Road Safety Partnership(GRSP)In-person Course The in-person course was held in Bishkek,Kyrgyz Republic from February 26 March 1,2024.Content within the in-person course was developed through the identification of key topics and related objectives,which were matched the participant profile and regional context.Key topics and objectives included:-Introducing the Safe System Approach and the Global Plan o Setting the scene:Outlining the relevance of the Safe System Approach o Build knowledge of the global plan and CAREC road safety plans-Safer Roads and Roadside Infrastructure o Build understanding of best practice approaches to safer roads and roadside infrastructure o Outline the role of effective community engagement in support of infrastructure improvements-Safer Road Users o Build understanding of evidence-based interventions to protect road users o Identify practical steps to partner collaboration to support implementation of interventions-Data Systems o Explore opportunities to improve data systems to inform road safety implementation-Safer Vehicles o Build knowledge of the role of vehicle safety technologies and the regulatory environment required to implement-Implementation o Discuss the practical applicability of key concepts moving forward o Experience practical implementation of road safety interventions in Bishkek The course agenda is included as Annex A to this report.Course delivery was diverse and included a combination of technical presentations,facilitated discussions and group activities.The course also included a site visit to view road safety interventions within Bishkek.This was developed and coordinated in partnership with the General Directorate of Road Safety of the Kyrgyz Republic.Welcome remarks were also delivered by:Mr.Yrysbek Bariev,Deputy Minister of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic Mr.Tynychbek Saidov,Head of Road Inspection Department/Lieutenant Colonel,General Directorate for Road Traffic Safety,Ministry of the Interior Mr.Zheng Wu,Country Director,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB Mr.Bakhtiyor Faiziev,Associate Director,Senior Banker,EBRD 10 This showed support of key agencies and institutions for the course and how it was supporting greater action on road safety and sustainable mobility through the region.Key experts were identified and engaged to support the development and delivery of this content and were drawn from globally recognized organizations with an emphasis on regional experience and knowledge.The expert team included:Mr.David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist(Road Safety),Leader APRSO Secretariat,ADB Ms.Ritu Mishra,Transport Specialist,Transport Sector Office,Sector Group,ADB Ms.Emma MacLennan,Director General,Eastern Alliance for Safe and Sustainable Transport(EASST)Mr.Phillip Jordan,Principal Consultant,Road Safety International Mr.David Cliff,CEO,Global Road Safety Partnership(GRSP)Mr.Blaise Murphet,Senior Consultant,ADB Ms.Chinara Kasmambetova,Director,Public Association Road Safety Kyrgyzstan Mr.Egidijus Skrodenis,Partner for Road Safety and Innovations,MC Mobility Consultants GmbH Ms.Jessica Truong,Towards Zero Foundation(participate online)Mr.Taalaibek Matkerimov,Director of the Institute of Transport,Kyrgyz State Technical University named after I.Razzakov Mr.Julio Urzua,Global Projects Director,iRAP Mr.Luke Rogers,Global Operations Manager,iRAP These experts worked collaboratively to ensure that content was integrated so that the emphasis on the requirements for system approaches was clear.Course content was delivered through a combination of Russian and English with slides presented in both languages and simultaneous translation available throughout the course.All course presentations are included as Annex B of this report.Course photos and recordings of presentations are included as Annex C of this report.Online Platform Content of the third phase includes the collection of all course content and relevant supporting resources.There are also plans for conducting targeted webinars on key topics.In addition,this phase included establishment of an online professional networking group for participants using WhatsApp.Participants Significant planning and consideration were given to the identification and inclusion of participants for the three components of the course.The program primarily targeted road safety leaders and engineering professionals from the five countries.Specific guidance was provided through ADB Resident Missions to Government counterpart to ensure that there was an opportunity to include a diverse range of participants from national highway authorities,provincial road agencies,national traffic police,other relevant government authorities,technical universities and road and traffic consulting engineers.The importance of forming multi-disciplinary groups was strongly outlined and encouraged.11 It was noted that working through the official ADB nomination selection process takes considerable time and did not allow for the provision of final participant details to organizers sufficiently in advance of the program.The country allocation for the course was as follow:Kazakhstan 5 representatives Kyrgyz Republic 15 representatives(recognizing hosting the course)Tajikistan 5 representatives(1 nominee was unavailable at late notice)Turkmenistan 5 representatives(1 nominee was unavailable at late notice)Uzbekistan 5 representatives These participants were invited to engage through all components of the course,including the in-person course in Bishkek.Pleasingly the engagement and participation from each country was outstanding,with strong utilization of the online platform,and full representation at the in-person course.The cross-disciplinary allocation was also successful,with multiple agencies,ministries and organizations in attendance.In total,the course realized the following levels of engagement:Online platform:more than 3,400 separate interactions with content from across the cohort.In-person course:37 participants drawn from the five target countries including representatives from multiple agencies in each country.Online community of practice:ongoing engagement with online platform and establishment of WhatsApp group for further collaboration.There was a brief issue relating to the travel logistics of representatives from Tajikistan to the in-person course,however this was rectified,and they were fully engaged in the program.Pleasingly,the in-person course also attracted a range of additional stakeholders,including representatives from a range of institutions actively involved in road safety and sustainable mobility throughout the region.These included representatives from:World Health Organization International Road Federation EBRD Eurasia Office A full list of participants is included as Annex D to this report.III.Program Assessment The significance of the course hosted in Bishkek was demonstrated by the presence of local media.Noting ADBs contribution,local journalists published articles and there were two television reports including on the National State Channel.4 4 6:06:(16)|15:00|26.02.2024-YouTube;CARECs week-long road safety program kicked off in Bishkek:(kabar.kg);().12 A course evaluation was disseminated following the completion of phase 2 of this project.This was completed by all course participants.The program received extremely positive feedback,highlighting the success of the program.This is represented in summary table below:Pleasingly the evaluation also outlined a range of ways that participants would directly apply learning in their work,which indicated that participants were able to see direct relevance of learning to their activities.A range of further topics were raised as useful to include in future trainings,including but not limited to:Road safety and wildlife hazards Crash analysis School road safety Further practical activities Further opportunities to showcase approaches in their countries There were some useful suggestions for other stakeholders who could be engaged in future workshops,including representatives from Ministry of Health/emergency services,journalists and municipal governments.The online phase one was well received,however unsurprisingly the in-person workshop was most impactful for participants,and they requested further opportunities in the future.It was made clear through the evaluation that the course was extremely well received and there is strong appetite for future engagements that combine technical knowledge and multi-nation and multi-agency collaborative learning.A summary of the course evaluation is included as Annex E of this report.0 0Pp0%ExcellentGoodAveragePoorVery Poor 13 IV.Recommendations The following recommendations are outlined in consideration of future opportunities to engage stakeholders across the CAREC region on road safety and sustainable mobility:-Based on the positive evaluation and range of countries not eligible for this iteration,the existing course should be made available to other eligible countries in the CAREC region.-The course evaluation clearly shows a desire to build upon the initial engagement with participants of the 2024 course to offer future initiatives that extend collaboration and learning and capitalize upon the initial investment in these participants and agencies.-Offering programs for cross-disciplinary teams from multiple countries has strong outcomes in supporting institutional strengthening and cooperation.-Due consideration should be given to the following issues not covered in the 2024 course:o Post-crash response o Financing and funding models o Climate sustainable transport options o Urban and town planning o Gender and transport planning o School road safety o Crash analysis o Digitalisation o Further opportunities for collaborative activities and country experience sharing-Further consideration should be given to engaging relevant agencies and ministries relating to safer vehicle regulations,emergency care,municipal government and journalists.-Co-creation of capacity development by multiple development partners should be used as a mechanism to coordinate and align essential knowledge and skills building along a consistent pathway.-Sufficient human resourcing should be made available to continue providing relevant materials through the online community of practice.-More time should be allowed for the nomination of participants to allow for organizers to receive relevant participant information prior to the course.-Travel requirements,including visas,should be thoroughly checked through ADB Resident Missions.14 V.Annexes Annex A Course Agenda CAREC Road Safety and Sustainable Mobility Course Park Hotel,Bishkek,Kyrgyz Republic 26 February 1 March 2024 Public Agenda Monday 26 February Objectives -Setting the scene:Outlining the relevance of the Safe System Approach-Build knowledge of the global plan and CAREC road safety plans TIME SESSION FACILITATOR(S)8:00 9:00 Registration and Coffee 9:00 9:15 Welcome and Course Introduction Blaise Murphet Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB Dildar Zakir,CI 9:15 10:00 Opening Remarks Yrysbek Bariev,MoTC Tynychbek Saidov,MIA Zheng Wu,ADB Bakhtiyor Faiziev,EBRD 10:00 10:45 Setting the Scene Safe System Analysis David Shelton,ADB 10:45 11:15 Group photo/Tea/Coffee/Networking 11:15 13:00 Setting the Scene Safe System Analysis -Safe System Approach to Road Safety-Global Plan of Action for Road Safety-CAREC Road Safety Strategy David Shelton,ADB Dave Cliff,GRSP Ritu Mishra,ADB Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 13:00 14:00 Lunch 14:00 15:30 Coordination and Collaboration of Safe System Implementation David Shelton,ADB Egidijus Skrodenis,MC Emma MacLennan,EASST Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 15 15:30 16:00 Tea/Coffee/Networking 17:30 19:30 Opening Reception Tuesday 27 February Objectives -Build understanding of best practice approaches to safer roads and roadside infrastructure-Outline the role of effective community engagement in support of infrastructure improvements TIME SESSION FACILITATOR(S)9:00 9:30 Day 1 Recap Discussion Sessions Blaise Murphet Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB Dildar Zakir,CI 9:30 11:00 Safer Roads and Roadside Infrastructure Phil Jordan,RSI Egidijus Skrodenis,MC Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 11:00 11:30 Tea/Coffee/Networking 11:30 13:00 Safer Roads and Roadside Infrastructure-Practical activity Phil Jordan,RSI Egidijus Skrodenis,MC Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 13:00 14:00 Lunch 14:00 15:30 Community Engagement in Support of Safer Roads and Roadside Infrastructure Emma MacLennan,EASST Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 15:30 16:00 Tea/Coffee/Networking 16:00 17:00 Community Engagement in Support of Safer Roads and Roadside Infrastructure Emma MacLennan,EASST Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 16 Wednesday 28 February Objectives -Build understanding of evidence-based interventions to protect road users-Identify practical steps to partner collaboration to support implementation of interventions TIME SESSION FACILITATOR(S)9:00 9:30 Day 2 Recap Discussion Sessions Blaise Murphet Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB Dildar Zakir,CAREC Institute 9:30 10:30 Safer Road Users Dave Cliff,GRSP Emma MacLennan,EASST David Shelton,ADB Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 10:30 11:00 Tea/Coffee/Networking 11:00 13:00 Safer Road Users Dave Cliff,GRSP Emma MacLennan,EASST David Shelton,ADB Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 13:00 14:00 Lunch 14:00 15:30 Safer Road Users Practical Activity Partner Collaboration Blaise Murphet Dave Cliff,GRSP Emma MacLennan,EASST Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 15:30 16:00 Tea/Coffee/Networking 17 16:00 17:00 Safer Road Users Panel Discussion and Feedback Blaise Murphet Dave Cliff,GRSP Emma MacLennan,EASST Chinara Kasmambetova,PA Road Safety Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI Thursday 29 February Objectives -Build knowledge of the role of vehicle safety technologies and the regulatory environment required to implement-Experience practical implementation of road safety interventions in Bishkek-Explore opportunities to improve data systems to inform road safety implementation TIME SESSION FACILITATOR(S)9:00 9:30 Day 3 Recap Discussion Sessions Blaise Murphet Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB Dildar Zakir,CAREC Institute 9:30 12:00 Site Visit-Road Safety Interventions in Bishkek General Directorate of Road Safety,Kyrgyz Republic Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 12:00 13:00 Lunch 13:00 14:00 Site Visit Recap Phil Jordan,RSI David Shelton,ADB Egidijus Skrodenis,MC Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 14:00 15:00 Safer Vehicles Jess Truong,TZF Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 15:00 15:30 Tea/Coffee/Networking 15:30 17:00 Data Systems to Inform Road Safety Management and Implementation David Shelton,ADB Phil Jordan,RSI 18 Taalaibek Matkerimov,KSTU Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI Friday 1 March Objectives -Explore opportunities to improve data systems to inform road safety implementation-Discuss the practical applicability of key concepts moving forward TIME SESSION FACILITATOR(S)8:30 9:00 Day 4 Recap Blaise Murphet Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB Dildar Zakir,CI 9:00 10:30 Upcoming Initiatives in CAREC Region Julio Urzua&Luke Rogers,iRAP Ritu Mishra,ADB David Shelton,ADB Rapporteur:Honey May M.Guerzon,ADB 10:30 11:00 Tea/Coffee/Networking 11:00 12:00 Data Systems:Practical Implementation Activity David Shelton,ADB 12:00 13:00 Implementation of Key Concepts David Shelton,ADB Phil Jordan,RSI Emma MacLennan,EASST Ritu Mishra,ADB Egidijus Skrodenis,MC Rapporteur:Dildar Zakir,CI 13:00 14:00 Lunch 14:00 14:30 Workshop Evaluation Blaise Murphet Dildar Zakir,CI 14:30 15:30 Closing Ceremony/Tea/Coffee David Shelton,ADB 19 Annex B Course Content The course online platform can be found here:https:/elearning.carecinstitute.org/carec-road-safety-and-sustainable-mobility This includes all presentations delivered during the in-person course.Annex C Snapshots Ms.Emma MacLennan,Director General,EASSTMs.Emma MacLennan,Director General,EASST talking talking about safer roadsabout safer roads Resource Speakers with the country Resource Speakers with the country parparticipants ticipants during during the breakthe break EnsurEnsureded the participation of women to address gender the participation of women to address gender equalityequality Certificates issued to the country participants on completion Certificates issued to the country participants on completion of the workshopof the workshop Mr.David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist Mr.David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist(Road Safety),(Road Safety),Leader APRSO Secretariat,ADBLeader APRSO Secretariat,ADB working on practical activityworking on practical activity Mr.PhillipMr.Phillip Jordan,Principal Consultant,Jordan,Principal Consultant,Road Safety Road Safety InternationalInternational discuss discuss aboutabout road safety auditroad safety audit 20 Annex D List of Participants Kazakhstan 1.Mr.Arman Kushev,Head,Department of Construction and Reconstruction of the Committee of Highways of the Ministry of Transport 2.Mr.Gabid Shymyrbayev,Head,Department of Operation of the Committee of Highways of the Ministry of Transport 3.Mr.Azamat Bazarbekov,Manager of the First Category,Department of Road Maintenance,JSC NC KazAvtoJol 4.Mr.Kanat Sadvakassov,Head,Department of Safety and Organization of Road Construction at Kazakhstan Road Research Institute“KazdorNII”JSC 5.Mr.Arystan Massanov,Director,Kazakh Scientific Research Institute for Road Safety Kyrgyz Republic 6.Mr.Maksat Zhumabaev,Road Traffic Engineer of the ADB Investment Project Implementation Group,of the Ministry of Transport and Communications 7.Mr.Madiiar Madalbekov,Senior Inspector on Chy Oblast,Department of Control and Supervision in Road Transport Safety,Ministry of Transport and Communications Mr.Yrysbek Bariev,Deputy Minister of Transport and Mr.Yrysbek Bariev,Deputy Minister of Transport and CommunicationsCommunications of the Kyrgyz Republicof the Kyrgyz Republic and and Mr.Zheng Wu,Mr.Zheng Wu,Country Director,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADBCountry Director,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB with country participantswith country participants Country participantsCountry participants with the Resource Speakerswith the Resource Speakers D Discussions and recommendationsiscussions and recommendations during sduring site visit with ite visit with G Grouproup 2 2 S Site visit ite visit to to intersections intersections toto observe the features installed observe the features installed at the intersectionsat the intersections with with G Group 1 roup 1 21 8.Mr.Adylbek uulu Abdraman-Temur,Senior Inspector of the Department of Control and Supervision in Road Transport Safety,Ministry of Transport and Communications 9.Ms.Almash Kamchybekova,Senior Inspector of Transport Control Division,Land and Water Transportation Department,Ministry of Transport and Communications 10.Ms.Nargiza Adylbekova,Senior Specialist-Road Engineer,Road Maintenance Division,State Enterprise“Kyrgyzautojol”under the Ministry of Transport and Communications 11.Mr.Altynbek Tengizbaev,Senior Inspector,Office of the Interior Department on Road Traffic Safety of Osh Region,Ministry of the Interior 12.Ms.Cholponai Maraeva,Head of Organizational and Inspection Division of the Patrol Service Division of the Police in Osh city,Ministry of the Interior 13.Mr.Tynychbek Saidov,Head of Road Inspection Department/Lieutenant Colonel,General Directorate for Road Traffic Safety,Ministry of the Interior 14.Mr.Bolot Berdigulov,Senior Inspector-Law Consultant,Road Patrol Service Department,General Directorate for Road Traffic Safety,Ministry of the Interior 15.Mr.Urmat Tilenbaev,Senior Inspector,General Directorate for Road Traffic Safety,Ministry of the Interior 16.Mr.Islam Suyuntbekov,Head of the Department“Operation of Transport and Technological Machines”,Kyrgyz State Technical University named after I.Razzakov 17.Ms.Saltanat Omurkanova,Leading Specialist,School and Pre-School Education Department,Ministry of Education 18.Ms.Gulsun Zhorobekova,Specialist,International Cooperation and Investments Division,Ministry of Education 19.Mr.Kurmanbek Turdumamatov,Senior Specialist,Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Care,Ministry of Health 20.Mr.Kylychbek Dusumaliev,Head of Information Policy Division,Ministry of Transport and Communications 21.Mr.Myktaraliev Narmanbet,Leading Specialist in Road Construction,State Enterprise“Kyrgyzautojol”under the Ministry of Transport and Communications 22.Mr.Boronov Bektur,Head of State Enterprise“Kyrgyzautojol”Osh Filial under the Ministry of Transport and Communications Tajikistan 23.Mr.Begijon Ziyoev,Deputy Head of the Department of Road Construction and Management,Ministry of Transport 24.Mr.Begijon Davlatzoda,Chief Specialist of the Department of Economic Analysis and Prospects,Ministry of Transport 25.Ms.Rukhshona Oymahmadova,Chief Specialist,International Relations Department,Ministry of Transport 26.Mr.Bakhtiyor Ghaforov,Chief Specialist of the Department of Finance and Accounting,Ministry of Transport 27.Mr.Murodjon Jamoliyon,Head of the Traffic Control and Organization Unit of the State Vehicle Inspection Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs(unable to attend)Turkmenistan 28.Mr.Azat Podarov,Head of Roads and Traffic Management Department at the State Agency for Management of Roads Construction 29.Mr.Muhammetbayram Bashgulyyev,Head,Road Traffic Safety and Labour Protection Department,“Turkmenavtoulaglary”Agency 22 30.Mr.Rahat Torayev,Senior Legal Advisor,Legal Division for Special Assignment,Department of Law and International Relations,Ministry of Interior 31.Mr.Dovletyar Myradov,Senior Inspector,Traffic Police Department,Ministry of Interior 32.Mr.Mergen Hojageldiyev,Senior Specialist,Department for Transportation,Technical and Road Traffic Safety on Road Transport,Agency of Transport and Communications under the Cabinet of Ministers(unable to attend)Uzbekistan 33.Mr.Bokhodir Koraboev,Head of Road Facilities Department,Ministry of Transport 34.Ms.Sevara Ashurova,Chief Specialist of Public Transport Department,Ministry of Transport 35.Mr.Shokhzod Abulkosimov,Chief Specialist of the Committee of Roads,Ministry of Transport 36.Mr.Narimonjon Uzakov,Chief Specialist of Public Transport Department,Ministry of Transport 37.Mr.Botir Ergashev,Leading Specialist,Center for the Research of Transport Problems,Ministry of Transport Resource persons 1.Mr.David Shelton,Senior Transport Specialist(Road Safety),Leader APRSO Secretariat,ADB 2.Ms.Ritu Mishra,Transport Specialist,Transport Sector Office,Sector Group,ADB 3.Ms.Emma MacLennan,Director General,Eastern Alliance for Safe and Sustainable Transport(EASST)4.Mr.Phillip Jordan,Principal Consultant,Road Safety International 5.Mr.David Cliff,CEO,Global Road Safety Partnership(GRSP)6.Mr.Blaise Murphet,Senior Consultant,ADB 7.Ms.Chinara Kasmambetova,Director,Public Association Road Safety Kyrgyzstan 8.Mr.Egidijus Skrodenis,Partner for Road Safety and Innovations,MC Mobility Consultants GmbH 9.Ms.Jessica Truong,Towards Zero Foundation(participate online)10.Mr.Taalaibek Matkerimov,Director of the Institute of Transport,Kyrgyz State Technical University named after I.Razzakov Special guests 1.Mr.Yrysbek Bariev,Deputy Minister of Transport and Communications of the Kyrgyz Republic 2.Mr.Zheng Wu,Country Director,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB 3.Mr.Bakhtiyor Faiziev,Associate Director,Senior Banker,EBRD 4.Mr.Meder Turgunbekov,Advisor to CAREC NFP,Kyrgyz Republic 5.Mr.Mirdin Eshenaliev,Senior Project Officer,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB 6.Mr.Dmitry Sambuk,Deputy Director General,EASST 7.Mr.Julio Urzua,Global Projects Director,iRAP 8.Mr.Luke Rogers,Global Operations Manager,iRAP 9.Ms.Julia Funk,Senior Programme Manager&Head of Statistics,IRF 10.Mr.Paul Disney,Lead Expert,UNRSF Safe and Inclusive Road Design in Central Asia Project 11.Ms.Saltanat Salieva,National Programme Officer,Human Resources for Health,WHO Country Office in Kyrgyzstan 12.Mr.Talant Ibraev,Project Coordinator,Public Association Road Safety Kyrgyzstan 13.Ms.Takhmina Egemberdi kyzy,Analyst,Infrastructure Department(Eurasia),EBRD 14.Ms.Zhyldyz Zholdoshbekova,Analyst,Infrastructure Department(Eurasia),EBRD 23 CAREC Secretariat 1.Ms.Honey May L.Manzano-Guerzon,Knowledge Management Officer,CWRC,ADB(participate online)2.Ms.Gulshat Raissova,CAREC Institute Coordinator,CWRC,ADB 3.Ms.Aidana Berdybekova,Regional Cooperation Coordinator,Kyrgyz Republic Resident Mission,ADB 4.Ms.Dildar Zakir,Capacity Building Specialist,CAREC Institute 5.Mr.Gary Huang,E-Learning Specialist,CAREC Institute Interpreters 1.Ms.Tatiana Mashenskaya,Kyrgyz Republic 2.Mr.Sergei Gavrilin,Kyrgyz Republic Annex E Course Evaluation Summary Feedback from participants After the completion of the workshop,attendees were handed feedback forms to gauge their experience.Presented below are visual representations of the survey results,complemented by written comments provided by the participants.The overall consensus from the feedback is overwhelmingly positive,highlighting the success of the workshop.Additionally,insightful suggestions for potential areas of improvement for future workshops were also noted,underscoring the commitment to continual enhancement and refinement.0 0Pp0%ExcellentGoodAveragePoorVery Poor 24 How will you apply knowledge gained in this course to your work(please be specific about your plans)?1.Implementation of Road Safety Measures:Preparation of proposals for management.Application of knowledge in Road Safety Audit and evaluation.Ensuring road safety of motor vehicles.Developing plans of activities.Introducing changes to regulations/legal framework.2.Awareness and Advocacy:Promoting compliance with road safety regulations among peers.Sharing information about road safety courses through various media channels.Presenting ideas and gained knowledge to management and colleagues.Sharing materials and knowledge with friends,colleagues,and students.Cooperation and projects with relevant organizations like CAREC.3.Utilization of Workshop Material:Integration of workshop material into lectures and research.Application of knowledge in road safety prevention activities.Serious application of gained knowledge in work.Analyzing gained knowledge and presenting it to qualified specialists.Continued interaction for improvement of data collection on road accidents.4.Infrastructure and Policy:Development and implementation of regulations and norms for road safety.Road maintenance,repair,and installation of road signs.Organizing seminars and courses on road safety.Reorganizing road traffic,including removal of traffic lights and reorganization of certain locations.Improvement of road infrastructure.5.International Collaboration:Signing contracts with international organizations for road safety audits.Cooperation with CAREC and other international counterparts for road safety initiatives.This summary encapsulates the diverse range of actions and initiatives proposed by participants based on their feedback,highlighting a comprehensive approach towards enhancing road safety.Which agencies or stakeholders in your country could benefit from future deliveries of this course(this can include your own agency)?1.Government Entities:Ministry of Internal Affairs(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).Ministry of Health(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).Ministry of Transport and Communications(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).Ministry of Emergency Situations(Kyrgyz Republic).Ministry of Digital Development(Kyrgyz Republic).Ministry of Economy(Kyrgyz Republic)2.Local Authorities:Local executive governments(Kazakhstan).Local self-governments(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic).3.Road Safety Departments and Committees:Road Traffic Safety Department(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic).25 Committee of administrative safety/security of the Ministry of Internal Affairs(Kazakhstan).Road Safety Service(Uzbekistan).Road Safety Committee(Uzbekistan).4.Educational Institutions:Universities(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).Colleges(Kyrgyz Republic,Uzbekistan).Tashkent Transport University(Uzbekistan).5.Non-Governmental Organizations(NGOs)and Civil Society:Public Unions(Kazakhstan).Mass Media(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).6.Other Relevant Entities:KazDorNII(Kazakhstan).KazAutoZhol(Kazakhstan).National Center for the Quality of Road Assets(Kazakhstan).Driving schools(Kyrgyz Republic).Turkmenawtoulaglary Agency(Turkmenistan).Road construction agencies(Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan).Health Departments(Kyrgyz Republic,Uzbekistan).Traffic Police(Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan).Road design organizations(Uzbekistan).Transport vehicles Control Inspectorate(Uzbekistan).Ministry of Construction and Housing and Communal Services(Uzbekistan).This summary outlines the broad range of stakeholders across governmental,educational,civil society,and other sectors,demonstrating the comprehensive approach needed for effective collaboration in road safety initiatives.Do you have any comments or suggestions on the presentations by Speakers/Presenters?1.Interactive Engagement:Participants suggested incorporating more interactive elements to engage the audience,such as short breaks with exercises for the body and eyes.2.Expansion of Presentations:Some participants recommended expanding presentations with more detailed information for better understanding.3.Respect for Speakers:Many participants expressed respect and appreciation for the speakers,acknowledging their interesting,concise,and precise presentations.4.Interest in Regional Cases:There was a desire among participants to see more cases from Central Asian countries to better understand regional perspectives.5.Practical Work and Enforcement:Suggestions were made for more practical work and inclusion of presenters specializing in enforcement-related topics.6.Clear Answers:26 Participants requested clear answers regarding practices used in the presenters respective countries.7.Multimedia Integration:Some participants suggested including videos in future presentation materials to enhance content delivery.8.Appreciation for Presenters:Overall,participants expressed gratitude and admiration for the informative and high-quality presentations delivered by the speakers.9.Frequency of Events:Many participants emphasized the importance of conducting such events more frequently to facilitate exchange of experience and opinions among countries.10.Overall Satisfaction:Participants generally expressed satisfaction with the presentations and did not have specific suggestions for improvement.These comments reflect the appreciation for the presentations,while also highlighting areas for potential enhancements,such as interactivity,regional case studies,and multimedia integration Do you have any comments or suggestions that would help us improve our future events?(a)Duration of the course(b)Quality of the discussions(c)Participant Mix(d)Facilitation 1.Case Studies and Examples:Include more case studies/examples to illustrate changes due to safety systems.2.Presentation Time:Allocate sufficient time(20-30 minutes)for the presentation of country experiences.3.Discussion Time:Increase time for discussions to foster deeper engagement and understanding.4.Participant Involvement:Expand the participant circle to involve more stakeholders.Ensure a diverse mix of participants including engineers,road police officers,and local self-governments.5.Government and Emergency Situations Representation:Invite representatives from government ministries and emergency services.Include individuals from design institutes for broader perspectives.6.Audience Engagement:27 Incorporate audience questioning during presentations to enhance comprehension.Organize such activities regularly to maintain engagement.7.Participant Diversity:Widening the participant list to include journalists for broader dissemination of information.8.Technical Issues:Address technical issues such as screen discomfort during presentations.9.Q&A and Discussion Time:Increase time allocated for questions,answers,and discussions.10.Facilitation:Ensure effective facilitation to enhance workshop dynamics.11.Workshop Duration:Consider decreasing hours per day and increasing the number of days for better retention and engagement.12.Participant Selection:Select participants more thoroughly based on their competence.13.Legal Support:Emphasize enforcement and legal support aspects in the workshop.14.Workshop Length:Consider shortening the duration to 2-3 days based on feedback.15.Frequency of Discussions:Conduct discussions more frequently to clarify and elaborate on topics,involving a wider group of participants.What capacity development needs/issues/subjects/themes would you like the course organizers to address in its future events?1.Road Design and Construction:Address road design and construction methods for enhanced safety.2.Road Traffic Organization:Discuss methods to organize road traffic for increased safety.3.Wildlife Hazards:Review issues related to animals on the roadside and propose measures to reduce crashes involving domestic and wild animals.4.Speed Management:Introduce average speed measures on country roads for improved safety.5.Crash Analysis:Conduct engineer-technical analysis of road crashes and offer specific proposals for improvement.28 6.Group Activities:Organize more group activities involving participants from different countries for exchange of experience and cooperation.7.Practical Exercises:Include more video materials and practical exercises to reinforce learning.8.Future Seminar Topics:Include topics related to vehicle safety,iRAP,RS Audit,and changes in construction norms.9.Experience Exchange:Facilitate opportunities for education and exchange of practices among countries.10.Pedestrian Safety:Address pedestrian safety issues near schools,hospitals,and kindergartens.11.Data Collection and Analysis:Provide methodology and tools for data collection and analysis in road safety research.12.Case Studies and Site Visits:Incorporate more case studies,practical activities,and site visits for hands-on learning experiences.13.Enforcement and Legal Support:Enforcement and legal support for crash investigations and road safety improvements.14.Highway Safety:Focus on safety measures in highway transportation.15.Data Mining and Analysis:Teach methods for data mining and analysis to inform road safety measures.16.Practical Engagement:Include more practical activities and site visits for a deeper understanding of road safety challenges and solutions.17.Interdepartmental Collaboration:Improve systems for data collection on road crashes through interdepartmental collaboration.Overall,these suggestions aim to enhance the workshops effectiveness by addressing specific topics,providing practical exercises,and facilitating greater collaboration and exchange of knowledge among participants.How did you find the Phase 1 Online Capacity Building part of the course?1.Excellent format:Participants found the course format to be excellent overall.2.Distraction during Working Hours:29 Some participants noted that the online format didnt prevent distraction during working hours,as they had to attend to other duties simultaneously.3.Preference for Face-to-Face Learning:Many participants expressed a preference for face-to-face learning,believing it to be more conducive to better learning and analysis.4.Language Accessibility:Suggestions were made to provide translations of video materials into Russian to improve accessibility for participants.5.Material Preparation:Participants suggested forwarding materials beforehand to allow for adequate preparation,especially in online sessions.6.Mixed Opinions on Online vs.Offline Learning:While some participants felt that online learning was less interesting compared to offline,others preferred offline classes for better engagement.How did you find Phase 2 face to face mode of the course?1.Face-to-Face Sessions Preferred:Participants strongly preferred face-to-face sessions,emphasizing the importance of maintaining consistent participant composition to ensure initiatives are effectively followed through.2.Specialized Courses:Suggestions were made to organize courses specifically focused on the accreditation of engineers in Road Safety in Kazakhstan,indicating a need for specialized training programs.3.Improved Comprehension:Participants noted that face-to-face sessions allowed for better understanding and comprehension of speakers without distractions.4.Timely Material Sharing:Emphasized the importance of timely sharing of course materials for better comprehension and preparation.5.Practical Exercises:Participants expressed a desire for offline courses to include practical exercises,enhancing the learning experience.6.Support for Offline Courses:Strong support was voiced for offline courses due to increased communication and the opportunity for exchange of experiences among participants.7.Positive Experience:Overall,participants had a positive experience with the offline format,particularly appreciating the diverse representation from all CAREC countries.30 These suggestions highlight the importance of face-to-face interaction,specialized training opportunities,and the inclusion of practical exercises to enhance the effectiveness of future courses.Other Comments or Suggestions 1.Visual Presentations:Participants suggested making presentations more attractive and colorful,with less text,and incorporating lively speakers who show emotions and humor.2.Frequency of Events:Many participants expressed a desire for more frequent workshops or seminars on road safety.3.Cooperation Development:Suggestions were made for further development of cooperation among participants from different countries.4.Session Schedule:Some participants proposed extending sessions instead of having a coffee break,to finish earlier.5.Positive Feedback and Encouragement:Overall,participants found the event interesting,informative,and entertaining,expressing gratitude to the organizers and speakers.6.Educational Centers:There were suggestions to establish educational and qualification upgrade centers based on universities for continuous learning opportunities.7.Continuous Exchange of Experience:Participants recommended regular meetings with experts from neighboring countries to exchange experiences and increase capacity.8.Data Mining:Specific interest was expressed in learning about road safety data mining processes and data collection methods.9.Gratitude to Organizers:Many participants expressed gratitude to the organizers and speakers for the well-organized and informative event.10.Call for More Events:Participants emphasized the need for more such meetings and seminars in the future.Overall,the feedback highlights the importance of dynamic presentations,continuous learning opportunities,and collaborative efforts in enhancing road safety initiatives across different countries.

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How AI is reshaping the autoindustry:A look at 15high-momentumtechnologies across theautomotive value chainWe highlight emerging tech markets across automotive R&D,manufacturing,sales,vehicle use,and the aftermarket.Automotive firms are grappling with several disruptive forces.A major one is that the shift toward a fully electric,software-defined vehicle is drivingR&D and production costs higher while demanding more agility and flexibility fromautomakers.The growing adoption of new vehicle form factors will also change howvehicles are sold,used,and maintained,requiring new financing models and repairprocesses.Meanwhile,the proliferation of online car-buying and more sophisticated e-commercetechnology across other retail verticals has pressured automotive dealerships to investin an increasingly digital experience to meet car buyer expectations.In response to these trends,an emerging set of companies is leveraging large languagemodels(LLMs)and AI more broadly to build a new set of tools and capabilities acrossthe automotive value chain,from AI copilots used in manufacturing,sales,and servicing,to microfactories for production and automated vehicle inspection in the aftermarket.These solutions hold substantial potential to help automotive players drive growth,improve visibility,and reduce costs across their lines of business.In this report,we use CB Insights data to identify 15 high-momentum technologymarkets across the automotive value chain.We focus on solutions that are seeingpositive sentiment from investors at earlier deployment stages,but which we expect tohave a notable impact within the next 5-10 years.Our analysis factors in funding,analyst briefings,business relationships,headcount growth,Mosaic scores,and more.This report was created using the help of CBIs Instant Insights tool.Customers cangenerate scouting reports,analyze funding patterns,and dig deeper into businessrelationships for each of the companies mentioned in this report using this tool.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|2ContentsKey takeaways4R&D4Generative design4Quantum computing for chemical&material simulation53D printing6Production&assembly7Discrete manufacturing analytics platforms7Industrial humanoid robots7Manufacturing AI copilots8Microfactories9Sales&distribution9Automotive digital engagement platforms9Electric vehicle financing platforms10Vehicle use10Software-defined vehicle(SDV)platforms11Automotive cybersecurity11Fleet maintenance platforms12Aftermarket12Automotive aftermarket copilots13Automated vehicle inspection13Digital vehicle maintenance&repair13Looking ahead14Tech startups across the auto value chain14How AI is reshaping the auto industry|3Key takeaways1.AI and quantum computing are accelerating vehicle development and reducingR&D costs,allowing OEMs to introduce new designs,prototypes,and materials.2.Automotive production will see gains from more sophisticated robotics andautomation solutions,laying the groundwork for cost-effective,modularproduction of next-generation vehicles.3.AI is enabling a more personalized,efficient automotive sales process,with newfintech solutions and engagement tools speeding up the sales cycle andimproving accessibility for car buyers.4.Connected vehicle technology is enabling real-time visibility into vehicle healthand security,providing OEMs with valuable data to enhance other facets of theauto value chain and the in-vehicle experience.5.Chatbots and computer vision-led inspection solutions are driving efficienciesin vehicle repair,improving service desk productivity and technician accuracy.R&DAI and quantum computing are accelerating vehicle development and reducing R&DcostsThe shift toward a fully electric,autonomous,and connected vehicle is requiringautomakers to invest substantially in R&D.Concurrently,automakers are working to meet aggressive sustainability goals,addingchallenges like reducing emissions and waste during production.In response,many OEMs are experimenting with tech-enabled solutions to speed updevelopment and prototyping,while also lowering costs.Generative designDesign tools are integrating generative AI capabilities to accelerate product validation.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|4Using generative design tools,engineers can set parameters for an end product,such asan automotive component made of certain materials that should also be lightweightand highly efficient.The generative design software will run simulations,generating arange of outputs and then deciding which works best.Monolith,for example,is developing a solution that allows engineers to input theirdesign goals with parameters around component performance,materials,manufacturing methods,and cost constraints.Monoliths solution then explores allpossible combinations of these parameters,ultimately suggesting an optimal design.The company is already working with leading automakers such as BMW,Honda,andMercedes-Benz on applications like improving vehicle acoustics and speeding up EVbattery development.Quantum computing for chemical&material simulationQuantum computers process information in a fundamentally different way thanconventional computers.This opens up new types of algorithms that show promise forapplications like training machine learning models,discovering materials,and solvingcomplex optimization problems involving lots of variables.As the tech matures,quantum computers will allow engineers to run simulations faster and with greateraccuracy.For example,Terra Quantum is developing quantum solutions to support automotiveplayers with discovering new materials and building better batteries.The early-stagestartup has raised$86M in total funding and has grown its headcount 3x over the past 2years.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|5Terra is also working with Volkswagen Groups Data Lab on other applications ofquantum computing in automotive development,such as improving AI training forvehicle image recognition systems.3D printingAdvances in AI are improving 3D printing for automotive R&D.For example,metal additive manufacturing firm 1000 Kelvin,which raised$3M in seedfunding in November 2023,is developing an AI copilot for 3D printing.This tool isintended to predict issues and perform corrections in real time,reducing the number ofprinting attempts needed during development and enabling more complex parts to bemade that would otherwise require time-consuming design iterations.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|6Production&assemblyAutomotive production will see gains from more sophisticated robotics andautomation solutionsThe rise of generative AI has had an impact across the production process,includinghelping humanoid robots learn complex tasks more quickly and poweringmanufacturing copilots.AI is also enhancing existing technologies such asmanufacturing analytics platforms and factory floor automation solutions.Discrete manufacturing analytics platformsIndustrial IoT platforms for discrete manufacturing capture and assess data fromsystems and machines and then use this data to identify ways to make themanufacturing process more efficient.Companies in this space are developing tools to help OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers lowerenergy use,reduce water consumption,improve yield,and predict equipment failures.Platforms like Tulip and Cognite combine LLMs with these datasets to expediteworkflows.Industrial humanoid robotsFactory robots have been central to automating the manufacturing process for a longtime,but in recent months,humanoid robots have captured the attention of investors,automakers,and big tech firms.These robots resemble the human body in form and aretypically designed to handle a broader range of tasks including those still currentlyhandled by humans than traditional robot form factors.Humanoid robots have also been given a boost from the use of LLMs to facilitate moreeffective human-robot interactions.Growth-stage humanoid robotics players have closed large investments in 2024,withFigure raising$675M in Series B funding in February and competitor 1X raising$100Min Series B funding in January.BMW recently announced a collaboration with Figure to begin testing itsgeneral-purpose humanoid robot in auto manufacturing environments.Mercedes-BenzHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|7partnered with Apptronik to deploy its humanoid robot,Apollo,on the assembly line.Meanwhile,Tesla is working on its own humanoid form factor,which it plans to use forvehicle production and assembly in its manufacturing facilities.Dig into how players in the industrial humanoid robots market stack up using the CBInsights ESP ranking tool.Manufacturing AI copilotsGenerative AI has fueled the emergence of manufacturing AI copilots,which workalongside human operators to analyze large datasets and provide real-time suggestionsfor process improvements.For instance,manufacturing optimization platform Retrocausals copilot monitors theworkflow of automotive production workers.The company claims it is capable ofcatching 80%of worker mistakes,cutting down line-stopping events by half andreducing the time needed for onboarding.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|8MicrofactoriesSome automakers are exploring the use of microfactories,which operate as small,modular,and highly automated manufacturing cells that are designed to replace thetraditional assembly line.Microfactories are intended to make production more customizable and adaptablewithout requiring big equipment overhauls potentially offering new models formanufacturing at smaller scales.SAEKI Robotics,which raised$2M in seed funding in August 2023,offers arobotics-as-a-service model for customers to book cells to produce large components,allowing automakers to bypass the cost of retooling their machines.Sales&distributionAI is enabling a more personalized,transparent automotive sales processAutomotive retail has seen several transformational shifts over the last few years.As the pandemic spurred traditional dealers to adopt digital selling and e-commerceenablement tools,digital dealerships such as Vroom and Shift rode the wave to gopublic but have since floundered due to profitability issues.Teslas direct-to-consumer(D2C)sales model has also influenced other automakers toreconsider conventional dealership distribution and adopt a more tech-forwardapproach to vehicle sales,though the transition has been slow.Given the challenges associated with a large-scale shift to online sales or a D2C model,auto dealers have been exploring a number of technologies that are easier to deploy inthe near term.Automotive digital engagement platformsDigital engagement firms such as Orbee and Impel are developing copilots forautomotive sales teams.These solutions aim to accelerate the sales process byleveraging customer data to deliver personalized marketing and customercommunication.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|9Companies in the space are already partnering with automotive retailers.Impel,for one,is working with auto dealership solutions provider CDK Global,which plans to integrateImpels conversational AI platform into its existing customer experience solution.Electric vehicle financing platformsAs automakers increasingly move electric,companies such as EV Life and Tenet aredesigning fintech products for EV financing.These help users access loans that takeinto account EV tax credits,rebates,and home charger installation costs.These solutions streamline the financing process for dealerships and customers,making it easier to assess customer creditworthiness,compare multiple financingoptions,and complete transactions efficiently.EV financing firms are also leveragingsolutions like predictive lending to improve their offerings,as highlighted by digging intoEV financing business relationships using CBIs AI-powered Business RelationshipInsights tool.Vehicle useConnected vehicle technology is enabling real-time visibility into vehicle health andsecurityWith the rise of vehicle connectivity,several tech-enabled solutions are emerging toenhance vehicle functionality and safety on the road.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|10When connected,vehicles on the road are generating datasets that are valuable tostakeholders across the value chain,including OEMs,Tier 1 suppliers,and automotiveretailers.Vehicle diagnostics data,for example,can help inform OEMs and suppliers forproduct development purposes,while also enabling predictive maintenance for autodealerships and service centers allowing for more proactive vehicle repair and bettercustomer service.Software-defined vehicle(SDV)platformsSoftware-defined vehicle platforms allow vehicles to be controlled,managed,andupdated through software rather than just dedicated hardware components.Thisenables OEMs to deliver updates and new features(like upgraded automated drivingfeatures)to cars over-the-air(OTA)meaning wirelessly and often without the useractually needing to initiate the update.This provides OEMs and other stakeholders withmore control during the vehicle use process,while also setting the foundation for otherconnectivity services that help generate valuable data for OEMs.Sonatus,which is backed by Kia and has partnered with Hyundai,recently unveiled itsSoftware-Defined Component product that allows OEMs and suppliers to monitor,test,and optimize various parts of the car as its being used.The company has raised$110Macross multiple Series A rounds.Automotive cybersecurityAutomotive cybersecurity technology is central to securing the emerging class ofsoftware-defined vehicles.Notably,a number of emerging players such as Israel-basedC2A Security are starting to leverage generative AI to automate security controls andprioritize responses to vulnerabilities.C2A is already partnering with Tier 1 suppliers and vendors,deploying tools to secureconnected vehicle software and EV ecosystems including charging stations as can begleaned using the CB Insights Business Relationship Insights tool to analyze itspartnerships.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|11Fleet maintenance platformsFleet maintenance platforms,which help fleet managers track and optimize their fleetsin real time,are also offering solutions for OEMs,as the vehicle diagnostics data theycapture can help OEMs develop more targeted products and services.Companies in the space such as Compredict and CerebrumX are tracking everythingfrom EV battery health to tire and brake wear to engine issues,ultimately generatingvaluable insights for OEMs on vehicle health and performance.Vehicle diagnostics are becoming more relevant for OEMs as they focus on new vehicleprototypes and prioritize sustainability.AftermarketChatbots and computer vision-led inspection solutions are driving efficiencies invehicle repairAuto dealers and repair shops are facing a number of headwinds,from downwardpressure on vehicle prices to a shortage of skilled technicians.In response,startups aredeveloping solutions that automate tasks across the entire auto servicing process,fromautomated vehicle inspection to digital repair to AI chatbots.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|12Automotive aftermarket copilotsOne area that has gained investor interest in recent months is genAI-powered chatbotsand copilots for automotive service desks.Companies in the space raised a collective$118M across 3 deals in 2023,hitting a new high.Companies such as Impel and Numa are designing chatbots specifically for autodealership service centers.These bots will allow dealers to engage with morecustomers and improve the customer experience for vehicle maintenance.Numa claims that integrating its chatbot can expedite customer approvals on repairorders by 5x and boost customer satisfaction scores by 16%,as highlighted by CBIInstant Insights on its partnership with dealership software provider CDK Global.Automated vehicle inspectionAutomated vehicle inspection,which leverages computer vision to detect issues thatmay be missed by the human eye,helps auto repair shops reduce errors while alsomitigating the current labor shortage.The tech has implications not just for autodealerships but also for insurance companies handling claims.Mid-stage startup Ravin AI,for one,is developing mobile apps that can help consumers,auto retailers,and fleet operators more effectively and affordably assess damage.Digital vehicle maintenance&repairAs vehicles grow increasingly connected and autonomous,maintenance and repair willalso need to cover vehicle software and sensors.How AI is reshaping the auto industry|13As a result,a number of companies are leveraging the power of AI,IoT,and robotics tosupport more complex vehicles with solutions such as sensor calibration and digitalprogramming.For example,Kinetic Automation is building technology to automate andsupport advanced driver assistance system(ADAS)calibrations.These technologies will become more important as vehicles with increasingly complexcapabilities need repairs.Looking aheadThough the auto industry and the industrial sector more broadly has historicallybeen slower to adopt new technology,current advances in AI are fueling a new set ofsolutions that are quick to adopt and fast to have an impact.Startups leveraging the power of generative AI will see sustained investor interest andindustry adoption,and automakers should explore ways to automate functions acrossthe value chain with chatbots and AI-led data analytics tools.As AI grows more sophisticated,it will also help to reduce the costs of morecapital-intensive solutions,such as humanoid robots,microfactories,and automatedvehicle inspection systems,suggesting that these technologies will offer stronger returnon investment in the years to come.Tech startups across the auto value chainValue chainMarketCompanyMosaicLatestFundingRoundLatestFundingDateLatestFundingAmountCountryR&D3D printingQuantica650Series AApril 2023$15.3MGermanyR&D3D printing1000 Kelvin500SeedNovember2023$3.0MGermanyR&D3D printingAim3D270Seed VC-IIJuly 2023GermanyHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|14R&D3D printingAMAREATechnology320SeedNovember2023GermanyR&DGenerativedesignMonolith600Incubator/AcceleratorJuly 2022UnitedKingdomR&DGenerativedesignDiabatix460BelgiumR&DQuantumcomputing forchemical&materialsimulationBosonQ Psi510Incubator/Accelerator-IVJune 2023IndiaR&DQuantumcomputing forchemical&materialsimulationQC Ware590Grant-IIIApril 2022$1.5MUnitedStatesR&DQuantumcomputing forchemical&materialsimulationTerraQuantum690Series BFebruary2023SwitzerlandR&DQuantumcomputing forchemical&materialsimulationOTILumionics610Series BOctober2022$55.0MCanadaProduction&assemblyDiscretemanufacturinganalyticsTulip680Series CAugust2021$100.0MUnitedStatesProduction&assemblyDiscretemanufacturinganalyticsCognite730Series BMay 2021$150.0MNorwayProduction&assemblyDiscretemanufacturinganalyticsMakinaRocks640Series BDecember2022$12.7MSouth KoreaHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|15Production&assemblyDiscretemanufacturinganalyticsBraincube730Series BNovember2023$91.2MFranceProduction&assemblyIndustrialhumanoidrobotsFigure900Series BFebruary2024$675.0MUnitedStatesProduction&assemblyIndustrialhumanoidrobots1X880Series BJanuary2024$100.0MNorwayProduction&assemblyIndustrialhumanoidrobotsApptronik700CorporateMinorityFebruary2023UnitedStatesProduction&assemblyIndustrialhumanoidrobotsAgilityRobotics800UnattributedAugust2023$0.6MUnitedStatesProduction&assemblyManufacturingAI copilotsRetrocausal640Seed VC-IINovember2023$5.3MUnitedStatesProduction&assemblyManufacturingAI copilotsInvisible AI470Series ASeptember2022$15.0MUnitedStatesProduction&assemblyManufacturingAI copilotsSpread540Series AMay 2023$16.7MGermanyProduction&assemblyMicrofactoriesSAEKIRobotics570Seed VCAugust2023$2.3MSwitzerlandProduction&assemblyMicrofactoriesMolg530SeedFebruary2022$0.1MUnitedStatesSales&distributionAutomotivedigitalengagementplatformsOrbee710Series ASeptember2023$10.3MUnitedStatesSales&distributionAutomotivedigitalengagementplatformsImpel690Growth EquityJanuary2023$104.0MUnitedStatesHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|16Sales&distributionAutomotivedigitalengagementplatformsFullpath660Series CNovember2022$40.0MUnitedStatesSales&distributionElectric vehiclefinancingplatformsTenet800DebtNovember2023$20.0MUnitedStatesSales&distributionElectric vehiclefinancingplatformsEV Life520Pre-SeedOctober2023UnitedStatesSales&distributionElectric vehiclefinancingplatformsSpring FreeEV640Series A-IIJanuary2024$4.6MUnitedStatesVehicle useAutomotivecybersecurityC2A Security640Series A-IIIJune 2023$1.3MIsraelVehicle useAutomotivecybersecurityUpstream750Incubator/Accelerator-IIMay 2023IsraelVehicle useAutomotivecybersecurityPrivacy4Cars520Series A-IIDecember2022UnitedStatesVehicle useFleetmaintenanceplatformsCerebrumX570CorporateMinority-IIJune 2023UnitedStatesVehicle useFleetmaintenanceplatformsCompredict380Incubator/Accelerator-VJune 2023GermanyVehicle useFleetmaintenanceplatformsViaduct490CorporateMinorityJanuary2024UnitedStatesVehicle useSoftware-defined vehicle(SDV)platformsSonatus710Series A-IIISeptember2023UnitedStatesHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|17Vehicle useSoftware-defined vehicle(SDV)platformssibros680UnattributedVCNovember2022UnitedStatesVehicle useSoftware-defined vehicle(SDV)platformsVeecle540Seed VCNovember2023$2.9MGermanyVehicle useSoftware-defined vehicle(SDV)platformsAurora Labs660Series CJuly 2022$63.0MIsraelAftermarketAutomotiveaftermarketchatbotsOrbee710Series ASeptember2023$10.3MUnitedStatesAftermarketAutomotiveaftermarketchatbotsImpel690Growth EquityJanuary2023$104.0MUnitedStatesAftermarketAutomotiveaftermarketchatbotsNuma310Incubator/AcceleratorJanuary2020UnitedStatesAftermarketAutomotiveaftermarketchatbotsSTELLA640ConvertibleNoteMay 2023$4.0MUnitedStatesAftermarketAutomatedvehicleinspectionClick-Ins620Series AMarch2023$7.5MIsraelAftermarketAutomatedvehicleinspectionLanding AI650CorporateMinority-IINovember2023UnitedStatesAftermarketAutomatedvehicleinspectionRavin AI720Series EJuly 2023$65.0MUnitedKingdomHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|18AftermarketDigital vehiclemaintenance&repairKineticAutomation690Series AOctober2023$10.0MUnitedStatesAftermarketDigital vehiclemaintenance&repairRevv530Seed VC-IIMarch2023$2.1MUnitedStatesHow AI is reshaping the auto industry|19

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张小可FALENDRA KUMARVisiting Fellow ProgramAnalysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation ofCAREC and Eurasian Countries Along theRoutes in Regional Value ChainsFEBRUARY 2024 Visiting Fellow Program Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains by Dr.Falendra Kumar Project Supervisor:Dr.Asif Razzaq February 2024 CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.ii Disclaimer Under the Visiting Fellow Program,the CAREC Institute issued research grants in 2023 to support scholars and researchers to produce targeted knowledge products that would add to the body of knowledge on regional cooperation in the CAREC region.Scholars were encouraged to conduct research on CAREC integration topics and carry out comparative analyses between(sub)regions to obtain insights for promoting and deepening regional integration among CAREC member countries particularly,as anticipated in the CAREC 2030 strategy and stated operational priorities.The paper is written by Dr.Falendra Kumar.Dr.Asif Razzaq,Senior Research Specialist of the CAREC Institute,advised on this research,and Ms.Emma Tong,Research Specialist of the CAREC Institute,provided grant administration support and coordination throughout the process.The CAREC Institutes Publication Board reviewed the paper and provided comments for its further improvement.The research is funded through the technical and financial assistance from the Asian Development Bank(ADB)under TA-6694 REG:Supporting the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Institute-International Expert(CAREC Institute Visiting Fellow-Batch 3).The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the CAREC Institute,its funding entities,or its Governing Council.The CAREC Institute does not guarantee accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of its use.The terminology used may not necessarily be consistent with the CAREC Institutes official terms.The CAREC Institute accepts no liability or responsibility for any partys use of this paper or for the consequences of any partys reliance on the information or data provided herein.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographical area,or by using country names in the paper,the author did not intend to make any judgment as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.Boundaries,colors,denominations,or any other information shown on maps do not imply any judgment on the legal status of any territory,or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries,colors,denominations,or information.This paper is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license(CC BY 3.0 IGO)https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/.By using the content of this paper,you agree to be bound by the terms of this license.This CC license does not apply to other copyright materials in this paper.If the material is attributed to another source,please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.The CAREC Institute cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation(CAREC)Institute 21st Floor,Commercial Building Block 8,Vanke Metropolitan,No.66 Longteng Road,Shuimogou District,Urumqi,Xinjiang,the PRC,830028 f: 86- L inkedIn:carec-institute km carecinstitute.o rg ww w.carecinstitute.o rg CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.iii Abstract This study analyzes the comparative efficiency of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation(CAREC)transport corridors and their impact on the participation of the CAREC and Eurasian countries along routes in regional value chains(RVCs);it explores the barriers and challenges to participation in RVCs in the CAREC region;and draws policy recommendations to enhance the efficiency of CAREC corridors and bolster the participation of countries along routes in RVCs.Data envelopment analysis(DEA)has been applied to analyze the comparative efficiency of the CAREC corridors during 2010 to 2020.A difference-in-differences method has been integrated into propensity score matching to avoid selection bias to analyze the participation of CAREC corridor economies along routes in RVCs.The study reveals that only Corridor 4 demonstrated efficiency over 2010 to 2020,while Corridors 1 and 5 exhibited consistent performance during 2010 to 2015.However,Corridors 3 and 6 were less efficient than the most efficient Corridor 4.Despite this,Corridors 3 and 6 displayed an increasing return to scale over 2010 to 2020,indicating that a proportionate rise in all inputs led to a greater proportionate increase in output.All the corridors can reorient their transit infrastructure through vigorous reforms and can learn significantly from the existing transit facilitation being carried out in Corridor 4.Empirical results underline the constructive impact of CAREC corridors on the participation in RVCs of countries along designated routes and underscore the multifaceted interplay of factors shaping the participation of CAREC corridor countries in RVCs.The CAREC transport corridor organizations must downsize operational costs to enhance the value of facilities provided by the corridors and realize the necessary valuable progress of functioning corridor efficiency by lowering transport costs and travel time.With lower trade transit costs,the CAREC transport corridors can be transformed into economic corridors to tap the novel trade opportunities that have emerged in the Eurasian countries.This requires CAREC economies to renovate manufacturing methods and acquire suitable export and investment opportunities.Keywords:transport corridors efficiency,regional value chains,CAREC,Eurasian countries,policy implications Table of Contents Abstract.iii Abbreviations.3 1.Introduction.4 1.1.Study rationale.4 1.2.Problem statement.5 2.Methodology.5 2.1.Efficiency measurement of CAREC transport corridors.5 2.1.1.Variables.5 2.1.2.Data sources.6 2.1.3.Methodology to estimate efficiency.7 2.2.RVC participation measurement.9 2.2.1.Dependent variable and measurement.9 2.2.2.Explanatory variables.9 2.2.3.Control variables.10 2.2.4.Data sources.10 2.2.5.Methodological approach.10 3.Results and discussion.13 3.1.Efficiency measurement of the CAREC transport corridors.13 3.2.Analysis of CAREC Corridor Performance Measurement and Monitoring database.15 3.3.Measurement of CAREC corridor participation in RVCs.17 3.3.1.Descriptive statistics.17 3.3.2.Common support assessment and ROC analysis.18 3.3.3.Balancing test and matching validity assessment.19 3.3.4.Empirical findings on participation in RVCs.20 3.3.5.Impact of various factors on RVC participation.22 3.3.6.Robustness analysis.23 4.Conclusion.23 5.Policy recommendations.24 5.1.Improving the efficiency of CAREC transport corridors.24 5.2.Bolstering the participation in RVCs.25 6.Limitations and future research direction.26 References.27 CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.2 Figures Figure 1:The kernel density graph of the PSM in the treatment group and control group.19 Tables Table 1:Indicators and their definitions.6 Table 2:CAREC corridors and the regions/countries.7 Table 3:Main variables and indicators.10 Table 4:Estimates of efficiency scores across the CAREC transport corridors.13 Table 5:Estimates of return to scale across the CAREC transport corridors.14 Table 6:Descriptive statistics of variables.18 Table 7:Balancing test for propensity score matching.20 Table 8:Test for how well the model fits.20 Table 9:Effect of corridors on the RVC participation of countries along the routes.21 CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.3 Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of the Southeast Asian Nations BEC broad economic category CAREC Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation COVID COronaVIrus Disease CRS constant return to scale DEA data envelopment analysis DID difference-in-differences DMU decision making unit DRS decreasing return to scale FDI foreign direct investment GDP gross domestic product GFCF gross fixed capital formation GPN global production network GVC global value chain IFS international financial statistics IMAR Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region IMF International Monetary Fund IRS increasing return to scale LR likelihood ratio NTB non-tariff barrier PRC Peoples Republic of China OECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PSM propensity score matching ROC receiver operating characteristic RPN regional production network RVC regional value chain SE scale efficiency TEU 20 ft equivalent unit UN United Nations COMTRADE commodity trade US United States VRS variable return to scale XUAR Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.4 1.Introduction Transport corridor efficiency is essential to guarantee the sustainable transition to market-oriented Central Asia Regional Cooperation(CAREC)economies via better regional connectivity.The analysis of transport corridors helps determine the potential efficiency and enhance system productivity to increase economic growth.Efficiency estimation improves the skills to determine the factors triggering transport corridor inefficiency and ways to enhance efficiency over the period.Efficient transport and trade connectivity can boost economic growth in the CAREC region through greater integration to regional and international production networks,which in turn generate novel economic opportunities,foster greater economic diversification,reduce transport costs and transit time,and integrate domestic and regional manufacturing centers and boost regional trade(Kalyuzhnova and Holzhacker,2021).Efficient CAREC transport corridors can foster greater trade flows and significantly improve economic affluence along the routes.The improved efficiency of CAREC transport corridors can bolster regional value chain(RVC)integration to regional and international markets.The increased efficiency of CAREC transport corridors can make RVCs highly resilient to external shocks owing to expanded trade linkages along the routes.However,there are immense disparities in the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors across the regional economies.To improve the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors,regional economies need to construct efficient road and rail connectivity as well as build quality flight connectivity.In addition,intraregional connectivity routes need to link the CAREC countries to seaports.The linkage of CAREC transport corridors via the Peoples Republic of China(PRC)and Pakistan can give strong connectivity to seaports.Despite the significant economic growth and trade performance displayed by landlocked countries,the integration of firms into RVCs remained feeble,which calls for efficient and inclusive transport corridorsto address transport and trade barriers.The efficiency of transport corridors and constraints at border clearance points should therefore be addressed urgently to bolster the RVC integration of countries along routes and develop compatible trade facilitation and soft infrastructure.The improved efficiency of transport corridors can certainly enhance RVC integration and trade flows,thereby boosting economic growth in the CAREC countries.Therefore,it is imperative to analyze the performance efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors to remain competitive and integrate into RVCs and regional and global markets and to offer policy recommendations to enhance the gains from RVC integration and trade flows along the CAREC transport corridor routes.1.1.Study rationale In the CAREC region,little is written about transport corridor efficiency and RVC integration along the corridor routes.Sustainable economic development,improved trade flows,and robust RVC integration in landlocked CAREC countries require smoother transit via country corridor routes without constraint.However,the functioning of CAREC transit routes faces numerous practical limitations,which bring higher transportation costs and extended transit times,trigger inefficiencies among firms,and hamper supply chains.Quantitative research on the measurement of efficiency of transport corridors in CAREC economies is virtually absent,which requires a detailed analysis.The development of the CAREC transport corridors has attracted increasing attention for stronger regional cooperation and shared gains to participating countries along the routes.However,extant studies on evaluating the comparative efficiency of CAREC transport corridors and the impact of CAREC corridors on RVC participation of countries along the routes are non-existent.Therefore,this study is a modest attempt to analyze the corridor efficiency and impact on RVC participation.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.5 1.2.Problem statement The development of the CAREC corridors is centered on regional cooperation,dialog,participation,and mutual gains to participating economies along the routes to boost local economic activities and foster their participation in RVCs.However,the CAREC transport corridors face numerous barriers in leveraging trade and the participation of the CAREC economies in RVCs along the routes,which need to improve the efficiency of the transport corridors in regional economies.There are scant studies on the measurement of the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors focusing on transport connectivity,trade facilitation,border clearance,transit collaboration,and transit operations in transit economies and RVC integration in countries along the routes.Therefore,this study analyzes the comparative efficiencies of the CAREC transport corridors to find the causes of CAREC transport corridor inefficiency,to establish the best performing CAREC transport corridor,and to investigate the impact of the CAREC corridors on the participation of the countries in RVCs along the routes.This study adds to extant literature from the perspective of both researchers and policymakers.2.Methodology 2.1.Efficiency measurement of CAREC transport corridors The administration of the CAREC transport corridors necessitates the application of suitable decision-making techniques to offer sufficient assistance for policy options.This study has applied a highly capable decision-making technique called data envelopment analysis(DEA)to analyze the performance efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors.2.1.1.Variables Landlocked countries have right of entry to and from the sea(UN-OHRLLS,2013)including open transit via bordering nations through all transport modes,devoid of little constraint(Hummels and Schaur,2013).Virtually,this basic right faced several intricacies in practice and consequently increased transport costs and transit delays(Lowe,1990)and hampered RVC integration(World Bank,2013).Djankov,Caroline,and Cong(2010)presented a lucid analysis of transport systems in landlocked developing countries and their reliance on exports.Greater efficiency of transport corridors requires improved trade transit infrastructure and robust trade facilitation strategy,which can significantly impact transportation and logistics costs and facilitate a smoother transit at border clearance points.Therefore,the enhancement and upkeep of trade transit infrastructure facilities are essential for highly efficient transport corridors and the cooperative use of transit facilities(Djankov,Caroline,and Cong,2010).However,scant knowledge exists on the assessment of the CAREC transport corridor efficiency specifically focusing on road transport,border clearance procedures,trade facilitation,and transit practices.The empirical analysis of the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors is virtually absent,which this study intends to accomplish through the application of DEA.In this study,the selection of variables is based on Djankov,Caroline,and Cong(2010)and used with slight alterations in confirmation to Fanou and Wang(2018)through inclusion of the total documents required for export via road transport.In landlocked economies,the outdated and inept customs practices,deficient infrastructure,and lack of reliable transit facilities frequently entail larger transport and trade costs and time delays at border-crossing points.Higher transit cost and time delays influence export and obstruct the integration of domestic firms with RVCs.The selected input and output variables include certification prerequisites,customs practices,and administration procedures including time and road transport cost incurred for export along the routes.This study CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.6 analyzes CAREC corridor efficiency for the period 2010 to 2020,restricted to road transport and export only.The DEA efficiency analysis employs three inputs and one output.Table 1 shows that chosen inputs are transaction cost(measured in USD per TEU),transit time(measured in days),and number of documents to export via transportation.1 The selected output is volume of exports2 handled by each decision-making unit(DMU),measured in TEUs.Table 1:Indicators and their definitions Indicator Definition Documents to export Quantity of official certificates needed by exporters to collect and present.Therefore,this indicates official difficulties faced by exporters.Increased document requirements simply imply that exporters spend larger amounts of time and money engaging in trade pursuits.Days to export Number of days needed to fulfil complete official processes linked to export and border procedures and delivering consignment.Smaller official processes point to more ease of export.Cost to export Money cost to export is expressed in USD charged for a 20 foot vessel.Source:Author compilation 2.1.2.Data sources Efficiency calculations have been conducted for six CAREC corridors,called DMUs in DEA,spanning 2010 to 2020 as shown in Table 2.The input data was sourced from the World Bank Business Database,while output data originated from the UN Comtrade database.The Doing Business framework evaluates the time and cost linked to the export and import of standardized goods via transportation.Regarding exports,official procedures encompass everything from packing goods to their exit from the corridor,including border clearance procedures.Transport cost and travel time have not been included.Additionally,essential certificates needed for cross-border exports are considered.1This analysis focuses exclusively on road transport,the primary mode of transportation in the context of CAREC countries.In addition,the data for transaction cost,transit time,and so on by rail and other transportation modes is largely unavailable for most of these countries.2In this paper,the focus is on examining export efficiency only owing to the unavailability of essential input variables required for conducting an import efficiency analysis.The specific input variables selected from the World Bank Business Database for export efficiency analysis unfortunately are not available for import analysis,especially across all CAREC countries.Hence,the analysis is limited to examining export efficiency only.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.7 Table 2:CAREC corridors and the regions/countries Corridor Countries 1 EuropeEast Asia(Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,and XUAR)2 MediterraneanEast Asia(Afghanistan,Azerbaijan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan,and XUAR)3 Russian FederationMiddle East and South Asia(Georgia,Afghanistan,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyz Republic,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan)4 Russian FederationEast Asia(IMAR,Mongolia,and XUAR)5 East AsiaMiddle East and South Asia(Afghanistan,Kyrgyz Republic,Pakistan,Tajikistan,and XUAR)6 EuropeMiddle East and South Asia(Afghanistan,Kazakhstan,Pakistan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,and Uzbekistan)Note:*IMAR:Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region;XUAR=Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.Both are regions of the Peoples Republic of China.Source:Author compilation 2.1.3.Methodology to estimate efficiency DEA is a linear programming technique that applies several inputs and outputs to analyze the comparative efficiency of identical DMUs.DEA is applied to estimate efficiency in terms of the proportion of weighted aggregate of outputs to the weighted aggregate of inputs.Absolute efficiency is difficult to capture;this is estimated on assumed fact.Performance efficiency is calculated by linking DMUs to a situation with very similar input and output form.Using the input and output variables,DEA gives an integrated efficiency performance for each DMU,helping to identify efficient DMU and inefficient DMU.Inputs are the resources applied by DMU and outputs are the performance displayed by DMU.The determination of the optimal performing CAREC corridor(specifically ranking as the most effective corridor)is accomplished using the modified DEA technique(Andersen and Petersen,1993),which facilitates the ranking of efficient CAREC corridors by evaluating efficiency scores,and is expressed mathematically as follows:(,)=1=1=1,2.,(1)Subject to:=1=1 1,=1,2.,(2)0,=1,2.,(3)0,=1,2.,(4)Where:hk=relative efficiency of k-th DMU;yrj=quantity of output r generated by DMU j;xij=quantity of input i utilized by DMU j;n=number of DMUs;m=number of inputs;s=number of outputs;CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.8 ur=weight assigned to output r;and vi=weight assigned to input i.Equation(1)is solved iteratively n times to gauge the relative efficiency of each DMU.Non-negative constraints in equation(3)and equation(4)are necessary to ensure that fractional equation(2)attains a value than 0.Consequently,all input and output weights are assumed to be non-zero.Optimization of k-th DMUs efficiency is achieved through resolution of equation(1)and equation(2),resulting in values of k ranges from 0 to 1 and hk=1 signifies k-th DMUs efficiency in comparison to others,while values 1 indicate inefficiency.When hk tends towards 1,it implies a higher level of efficiency.An alternative approach to address this issue involves utilizing a fractional linear programming model,called a CCR ratio model,and converting it into a linear programming model.The mathematical representation of this DEA model is as follows:(,)=1=1,2.,(5)Subject to:=1=1 (6)=1=1 0,=1,2,.(7)0,=1,2.,(8)Where:yrj=quantity of output r generated by DMU j;xij=quantity of input i to unit j;hk=relative efficiency of unit k;n=number of DMUs under investigation;m=number of inputs;s=number of outputs;r=weight coefficient of output r;vi =weight coefficient of input i.The k-th DMUs relative efficiency is determined by hk in objective function.If hk=1,DMU k is relatively efficient,while a value|t|V(T)/V(C)Treated Control lRVCs U 3.0599 3.031 6.5 0.79 0.432 1.54*M 3.0599 2.985 16.8-158.7 2.6 0.01 1.92*lresource U 2.5043 2.7118-19 -2.29 0.023 1.74*M 2.5043 2.4111 8.5 55.1 1.25 0.21 1.64*lurban U 4.0544 3.9835 19 2.37 0.018 0.97 M 4.0544 4.0758-5.7 69.9-0.96 0.337 1.72*lmarket U 0.51965 0.08371 26.6 3.36 0.001 0.88 M 0.51965 0.45816 3.8 85.9 0.57 0.567 0.98 lcapital U 3.2413 3.1574 25.3 3.3 0.001 0.54*M 3.2413 3.2395 0.5 97.8 0.09 0.925 0.92 lpublic U 2.7631 2.8227-19.4 -2.41 0.016 1.06 M 2.7631 2.7546 2.8 85.7 0.4 0.69 0.94 lopen U 1.0413 0.65003 28.3 3.51 0 1.12 M 1.0413 0.78409 18.6 34.3 2.72 0.007 1.05 Note:*If the variance ratio falls outside 0.83;1.21 for U and 0.83;1.21 for M Source:Author estimates Table 8:Test for how well the model fits Sample Ps R2 LR chi2 pchi2 MeanBias MedBias B R Unmatched 0.055 48.35 0 20.6 19.4 56.8*0.96 Matched 0.014 16.77 0.019 8.1 5.7 27.6*0.89 Note:LR=likelihood ratio Source:Author estimates In culmination,the comprehensive findings from the balancing test consistently affirm the efficacy of the matching process.The discernible reduction in biases,alignment of t-values,and decreased values of LR and Ps R2 collectively underscore the validity and reliability of the matching procedure shown in Table 8.This robust balancing lends further confidence to subsequent analyses,fostering more accurate and insightful outcomes.3.3.4.Empirical findings on participation in RVCs Using equation(3),the analysis provides estimates of the impact of the CAREC corridors on participation in RVCs of countries along the routes.The regression analysis is conducted with the application of cluster-robust standard errors.The comprehensive results of this analysis are displayed in Table 9,alongside estimation outcomes for unmatched data for the purposes of comparison.Columns(1)and(2)within Table 9 delineate outcomes for unmatched data estimation,while the subsequent columns provide regression results for matched data.Specifically,columns(1)and(3)outline baseline outcomes,omitting any control variables,while columns(2)and(4)introduce primary explanatory variables into models presented in columns(1)and(3)respectively.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.21 Table 9:Effect of corridors on the RVC participation of countries along the routes Variable DID DID-PSM (1)(2)(3)(4)Treated 0.0015*0.0345*0.0115*0.052*(1.03)(1.65)(2.01)(2.59)Time-0.0745-0.0369-0.0641*-0.054*(-1.26)(-0.53)(-1.82)(-1.59)treated X time 0.0612 0.0779 0.0351*0.0221*(0.83)(1.08)(1.02)(1.14)lopen 0.025*0.0208*(1.94)(2.13)lpublic 0.017 0.0208 (0.28)(0.25)lcapital 0.0698*0.108*(1.3)(2.47)lmarket 0.00136*0.0211*(0.11)(1.06)lurban 0.0193*0.129*(1.27)(2.21)lresource-0.0384*-0.0739*(-2.28)(-2.88)_cons 3.068*2.792*3.069*2.274*(73.47)(7.45)(55.36)(3.99)N 681 681 308 308 R2 0.25 0.18 0.29 0.31 Note:t statistics in parentheses*p0.01,*p0.05,*p0.001 Bootstrapping in DID,and propensity score weights in DID-PSM Source:Author estimates The coefficient attributed to treatedi,t timei,t captures the impact of the CAREC corridors on the participation in RVCs of countries along specified routes.The results obtained solely through DID approach reveal that coefficients associated with interaction terms lack statistical significance.However,a noteworthy shift occurs when the DID approach is coupled with the PSM method.This integration yields interaction term coefficients that are not only positive but also statistically significant.This transformation underscores the importance of employing the PSM method in conjunction with the DID method,accentuating the need for methodological synergy.The contrasts between results before and after matching underscore the necessity of applying the PSM method as a precursor to the DID method.These outcomes distinctly portray that the introduction of the CAREC corridors has indeed led to an enhancement of participation in RVCs of countries along the routes.A noteworthy observation arises when comparing column(3)with column(4),upon incorporating control variables into regression,the effect of the CAREC corridors on the participation of the CAREC corridors countries in RVCs remains positively significant at a level of 10 percent.However,the significance level has diminished,accompanied by a considerable reduction in coefficient by 0.0130.This decline may potentially be attributed to a mediating role played by one or more control variables,influencing the overall effect.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.22 In summary,the empirical results underline the constructive impact of the CAREC corridors on the participation in RVCs of countries along the designated routes.The integration of the PSM method with the DID approach enhances the statistical significance of findings,underscoring the intricate relationship between policy,methodological rigor,and influential factors.The incorporation of the control variables further enriches the understanding of the CAREC corridors influence,shedding light on potential mediating mechanisms within this complex context.3.3.5.Impact of various factors on RVC participation Several factors,including market size,economic openness,material capital,and urbanization,distinctly exhibit a significantly positive influence on the participation of countries within the CAREC corridors in RVCs.The findings illuminate intriguing dynamics associated with these elements.The results underscore the initial point that a growth in market size within the CAREC corridor countries leads to a discernible amplification in forward linkages compared to a parallel increase in backward linkages.This asymmetry implies that a larger market size prompts a stronger surge in demand for intermediate goods compared to their supply.Additionally,economic liberalization contributes to capital inflows,subsequently bolstering the trade volume of intermediate goods.It is notable that these capital inflows are likely allocated toward vital areas such as infrastructure development and the exploration of natural resources.Remarkably,urbanization emerges as another factor with a significantly positive impact on the participation of CAREC corridor countries in RVCs.This relationship can be attributed to the substantial role of urbanization as a conduit through which these countries participate in RVCs.The interconnectedness between urbanization and participation is a compelling narrative within this context.However,the presence of abundant natural resources brings about a notable divergence.While it would be anticipated that such resources could stimulate participation,the findings reveal a highly significant negative influence on RVC participation for countries along the CAREC corridor routes.This phenomenon suggests that heavy reliance on natural resource development may hinder active engagement in RVCs,possibly owing to resource-driven economic specialization that diverges from the RVC framework.Interestingly,under the PSM-DID analysis,the significance of this negative impact decreases,implying that countries endowed with natural resources may find participation in the CAREC corridors more appealing.Conversely,the variable of public services does not exhibit significant influence even within the DID-PSM framework.This suggests that,within this analysis,public services do not significantly contribute to the participation in RVCs of countries along the CAREC corridor routes.In conclusion,the empirical results underscore a multifaceted interplay of factors shaping the participation of CAREC corridor countries in RVCs.While certain variables such as market size,economic openness,material capital,and urbanization demonstrate positive influences,dynamics surrounding natural resources and public services reveal intricate nuances that warrant deeper exploration.This comprehensive understanding enriches the insights into the complex relationship between these variables and RVC participation,ultimately contributing to more informed policy considerations.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.23 3.3.6.Robustness analysis Drawing from an extensive panel dataset spanning from 1990 to 2020,encompassing 22 countries within the CAREC corridors,this study effectively establishes the capacity of the CAREC corridors to amplify the participation of these countries in RVCs.This assertion is rooted in empirical evidence gleaned from this temporal and geographic scope.To fortify the dependability of research outcomes,this study embarks on a robustness test by transitioning from the standard matching method to the caliper matching approach.This method shares a conceptual affinity with the previously employed one-to-three matching technique.The rigorous calibration of this new approach unfolds as follows:Initially,the caliper matching method is executed to harmonize samples,adhering to a stringent set of criteria.Subsequently,DID estimation is conducted using equation(4),based on outcomes of this calibrated matching procedure.It is noteworthy that the regression results derived from this calibrated approach correspond harmoniously with findings obtained from the preceding methodology.However,for the sake of brevity,these congruent outcomes are not expounded upon within this context.By subjecting the research to this robustness test,the study strengthens the trustworthiness of the conclusions,validating the robustness of the impact of the CAREC corridors on the augmented participation of CAREC corridor countries in RVCs.This meticulous examination underscores the resilience of findings of this study across methodological variations,further reinforcing the significance of the CAREC corridor influence in shaping these economic interactions.4.Conclusion This study analyzed the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors connecting transit ports along routes over 2010 to 2020.Analysis of the performance efficiency draws the following conclusions.Extant research on the application of DEA to estimate the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors is non-existent.Therefore,this study has attempted to fill this knowledge gap.The application of DEA to measure transport corridor efficiency helps to rank efficient corridors with a target to offer policy options to improve ineffective transport corridors.The study also establishes the origins of inefficiencies such as larger transportation costs/transaction costs/travel time and offers policy recommendations for enhancing the efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors.The study draws significant policy implications to strengthen and foster the performance efficiencies of the CAREC transport corridors for policymakers and regional transport institutions working to develop and implement transport corridor strategies.This study of the participation of countries in RVCs contributes to knowledge about the significance of the CAREC corridors in enhancing the participation of CAREC corridor countries in RVCs.Analysis reveals the significance of the development of the CAREC corridors and draws the following implications.This is significant to encourage the countries to vigorously contribute to the development of the CAREC corridors and dynamically integrate into RVCs drawing on their own profuse resources.The CAREC corridor countries along the routes should nurture the penetrable and management capability on infrastructure investment to guarantee that their investments will successfully foster RVC participation.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.24 5.Policy recommendations 5.1.Improving the efficiency of CAREC transport corridors The efficient CAREC transport corridors have stronger execution of both the soft infrastructure and hard infrastructure than the others.The lagging CAREC transport corridors should initiate holistic reforms of their transportation systems for better performance efficiency.Attaining higher performance and better efficiency of the CAREC transport corridors and transit infrastructures entails tackling not only the physical barriers to trade,but also the administrative barriers.Border-clearance procedures,and the required customs and official documents should be simple,translucent,and harmonized.Novel digital technologies,trade facilitation,and modern customs clearance processes can be instituted with moderate investment to bolster soft infrastructure,which has immense potential to bestow a considerable reduction in transit transport costs and trade transit times.The collaborative engagement in institutional restructuring is needed to remove inefficient trade transit and customs processes for smoother border clearance.Capacity building of the relevant functionaries in novel customs and legal practices,and shared digital skills are imperative.In this context,regional cooperation in evolving a compatible transportation system for shared benefits cannot be overemphasized.The following corridor-wise recommendations should be implemented to improve the efficiency of the comparatively inefficient CAREC corridors.Corridor 1:The efficiency of customs clearance should be improved to reduce traffic disruption and delays at transit points caused by the physical verification of trucks,which requires a truck scanner system to enable smooth checking.The road cargo costs along the high-density UrumqiAlmaty route should be reduced to match the low road cargo charges at Corridor 4 along the PRCXUAR route.Containerization in multimodal transport should be implemented to improve operational efficiency,which entails regulatory reforms.The viability of e-carriage of goods by road(e-CMR)should be explored and implemented,which requires digitalization and compatible laws and regulations.Both hard and soft infrastructure need to be developed and strengthened,which requires the capacity building of both technical and logistics manpower.Corridor 2:Ambiguous transit practices along Corridor 2 require transparent consignment rules and fees through an official arrangement.The hazard of illegal cross-border trade from Afghanistan causes delays at customs clearance,which should be tackled by instituting the scheme of authorized economic operator(AEO)to shorten time at transit points.Green lanes should be developed to enable the trucks of the firms under AEO to transit border points without delay.Cargos should be given precedence over passenger vehicles to lower transit time at border transit points.High cargo traffic transit points should be made operational without any halt in functioning to lower the transit time at border clearance points.Corridor 3:The common customs management along the border clearance point should be established to reduce delays incurred by stopping at a neutral region.Alternative shorter routes with improved hard and soft infrastructures should be developed from Georgia to Tajikistan via Turkmenistan,instead of Kazakhstan,to achieve cost-efficiency and lower time at transit clearance.Georgia should develop novel transit agreements focusing on lower transit charges with Tajikistan to achieve a cost-efficient transit as the current transit fee is substantially higher compared to that of a consignment from the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan at similar transit points.The Kyrgyz Republic needs substantial investment in cold chain development for steady exports of agricultural and horticultural products during all seasons and efficient transportation.Uzbekistan has magnetized substantial transit cargos,which caused delays at border-crossing points.Therefore,reducing time at CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.25 border-crossing points requires digital scanners to be set up for accelerated scrutiny of consignments,an increase in the number of entrance roads to border-crossing points,and the speedy passing of consignment-designated green lanes.Corridor 4:The customs clearance procedures along the MongoliaPRC transit points should be improved to minimize delays for perishable items.Corridor 5:Pakistan should execute a single window system for Afghanistan cargo to reducethe halt time at seaports.The reciprocal AEO scheme should be implemented by Pakistan to enhance the efficiency of transit trade with other corridor countries.International road transport(TIR)parks should be established along heavy traffic border-crossing points to lessen delays.Switching to rail transport can lower transport cost and increase the value of agricultural exports.Corridor 6:In Tajikistan,the customs guide for TIR consignments should be substituted by digital technologies such as GPS to lower transit cost significantly.Digital stamping and smart scanners should be implemented to manage the transit of illegal consignments and reduce delays at border transit points.Tajikistan should allocate green lanes and the AEO scheme for Afghanistans agriculture and horticulture consignments to lessen transit time at border-crossings.Turkmenistan should improve the technical and managerial capabilities of officials in modern logistics including supply chains and cold chains across transport modes to lower trade cost.Both hard and soft infrastructures at border-crossing points between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan should be modernized and strengthened to reduce delays.A reciprocal AEO scheme should be implemented between bordering countries.Tajikistan and Uzbekistan need to develop cold chains for the cost-effective mobility of agricultural and horticultural products to enable them to maintain reliable exports.5.2.Bolstering the participation in RVCs There are considerable hurdles to be overcome to increase intraregional trade in the CAREC region and the development of RVCs.Industrial policy should be reoriented to boost industrialization in the CAREC countries and tap the potential of domestic manufacturing for greater intraregional trade flows.Increased domestic manufacturing will generate immense gains for local economies.Industrial policy should leverage a contemporary and prospective specialization which an individual country dominates or can potentially develop.This specialization can guarantee that the economy is cost competitive and/or production competitive in a regional and global context owing to strength of resources,technology,skills,workforce,or commendatory industrial strategies that support manufacturing in specific fields.Recognizing and exploiting this specialization can help economies to build specific practical plans for exports.The CAREC countries can manufacture a broad range of modern products because they have a wide variety of specialized technical knowledge and skills.Greater intricacy in manufacturing generally embraces big value incorporation,which facilitates economies to seize higher manufacturing gains through value chain participation.Moreover,a surge in export products and export diversification can help countries enhance their trade potential with other regional economies.Increased export diversity and greater varieties of manufactured goods also significantly protect firms from distress in certain markets owing to price variations.Besides public investment in the development of industrial infrastructure,private investment including FDI should be considerably magnetized for industrial development.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.26 Regional policy collaboration should be bolstered to accelerate intraregional trade and RVCs by amalgamating relative economic gains among CAREC member countries and increasing expertise in specific components of RVCs for particular goods.Robust trade policy can enhance intraregional trade,bolster RVCs,and generate economic growth and prosperity in the CAREC member countries.Redesigning the rules of origin can bolster regional trade integration hugely by influencing the preference of intermediate goods applied to manufacture goods.Regional economic cooperation can reduce tariffs for greater interregional trade;however,RVC integration entails manufacturing across the CAREC member countries.The non-tariff measures(NTMs)can avoid unfair trade practices;however,NTMs should not be applied as a protection measure,which hampers imports.There is a need to foster homogeneous standards and documentation across the CAREC region for better compliance.NTMs should also be strictly implemented to avoid their application as tariff barriers.Last,but not the least,the CAREC transport corridor organizations must downsize operational costs to enhance the value of facilities provided by the corridors and realize the necessity of functioning corridor efficiency by lowering transport costs and travel time.The bolstering of regional transport and trade infrastructure are essential to boost intraregional trade and RVCs in CAREC member countries.There is a need to simplify and establish complementary customs procedures,apply digital technologies,robust trade facilitation measures through suitable investors to achieve lower transit times and transport costs.In brief,the CAREC economies should renovate manufacturing and acquire suitable export and investment opportunities.New technologies are calling for manufacturing and RVCs to be transformed.In future,value chains are expected to be regional,which entails firms to relocate their manufacturing closer to demand and increasingly espouse digital technologies.Therefore,the capacity building of logistics and trade professionals should be implemented to foster stronger integration of firms into RVCs.6.Limitations and future research direction This study encapsulates the efficiency of the CAREC corridors confined to road transport and export only.In future research,analysis of CAREC corridor efficiency should focus on road and rail transport as well as exports and imports.The effective use of DEA entails adherence to certain stipulations.DEA does not assume a functional form linking inputs and outputs;however,DEA also has certain drawbacks.It offers results that are notably susceptible to estimation error,captures efficiency compared to best performance in a particular instance,and may not be applied to measure performance across different situations.DEA captures the comparative efficiency of a DMU and moves very slowly towards absolute efficiency.In DEA,every efficient DMU is allocated a similar mark(1.00),which helps to avoid subsequent ranking.This study used the adjusted DEA technique suggested by Andersen and Petersen(1993)to rank the best performing corridor with a score of 1.00 and super-efficiency score above 1.00.There are two major limitations in using DID and PSM in this research:this study has used a few country features as key explanatory variables;therefore,DID has not accounted for additional probable factors.Lastly,the different data sources used in this study have some missing values.Economic development in CAREC corridor economies is considerably heterogeneous,which can have a significant impact on RVC participation.Therefore,future research should focus on more variables and derive more robust and rich data.New disruptions such as COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict offer considerable opportunities to the CAREC member countries to participate in RVCs,which need to be explored in future research.Future research can explore how reforms in CAREC transport corridors lower trade transit costs and facilitate transformation of the CAREC transport corridors to economic corridors to tap the novel trade opportunities that have emerged in the Eurasian countries.CAREC Institute.Visiting Fellow Program 2023.Analysis of CAREC Transport Corridors:Efficiency and Impact of the Participation of CAREC and Eurasian Countries Along the Routes in Regional Value Chains.27 References Andersen P&Petersen NC(1993).A procedure 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