1、U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T UNCTADUNITED NATIONS SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES 2019 WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT The contents of this Report must not be quoted or summarized in the print, broadcast or electronic media before 12 June 2019, 17:00 GMT. (1
2、p.m. New York; 7 p.m. Geneva; 10.30 p.m. Delhi; 2 a.m. on 13 June, Tokyo) EMBARGO Geneva, 2019 U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES 2019 WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT ii World Investment Report 2019 Special Economic Zones ISBN 978-92
3、-1-112949-6 eISBN 978-92-1-004158-4 Print ISSN 1020-2218 eISSN 2225-1677 Sales No. E.19.II.D.12 2019, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at . All other queries on rights and licences, inclu
4、ding subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017, United States of America Email: publicationsun.org Website: un.org/publications The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply
5、 the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This publication has been edited externally. United Nations publicatio
6、n issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/WIR/2019 iii Preface PREFACE The World Investment Report supports policymakers by monitoring global and regional foreign direct investment trends and documenting national and international investment policy developments. The
7、policy chapter of this years report takes stock of efforts being made towards the reform of international investment agreements and surveys new measures. Inclusive sustainable development depends on a global policy environment that is conducive to cross-border investment. Last year, global flows of
8、foreign direct investment fell by 13 per cent, to $1.3trillion. This represents the lowest level since the global financial crisis and underlines the lack of growth in international investment this decade. The significant acceleration required to meet the investment needs associated with the Sustain
9、able Development Goals is not yet apparent. We need to raise ambition on climate action, address debt vulnerabilities and reduce trade tensions to foster environments that are conducive to scaling up long-term and sustainable investments. Among the most important instruments for attracting investmen
10、t are Special Economic Zones. The number of zones around the world has grown rapidly this decade to more than 5,000, with many more planned. This World Investment Report provides an overview of the global SEZ landscape and offers advice on how to respond to fundamental challenges for zones posed by
11、the sustainable development imperative, the new industrial revolution and changing patterns of internationalproduction. I commend this years World Investment Report for both industrial and investment policymakers, and as an important tool for the international development community. Antnio Guterres
12、Secretary-General of the United Nations For some time now, the global policy climate for trade and investment has not been as benign as it was in the heyday of export-led growth and development. Yet the need to attract investment and promote exports to support industrialization, economic diversifica
13、tion and structural transformation is as great as ever for developing countries, especially the least developed countries. The many new industrial policies that have been adopted in recent years in both developing and developed countries almost all rely to a significant degree on attracting investme
14、nt. At the same time, we are observing a declining trend in cross-border productive investment. The market for internationally mobile investment in industrial capacity is thus becoming increasingly difficult and competitive. The demand for investment is as strong as ever, the supply is dwindling and
15、 the marketplace is less friendly then before. It is in this context that we are seeing explosive growth in the use of special economic zones (SEZs) as key policy instruments for the attraction of investment for industrial development. More than 1,000 have been developed worldwide in the last five y
16、ears, and by UNCTADs count at least 500 more are in the pipeline for the coming years. There are many examples of SEZs that have played a key role in structural transformation, in promoting greater participation in global value chains and in catalyzing industrial upgrading. But for every success sto
17、ry there are multiple zones that did not attract the anticipated influx of investors, with some having become costly failures. In countries with an SEZ portfolio or with ambitious SEZ development programmes, policymakers and practitioners in ministries responsible for industry, trade and investment;
18、 in SEZ authorities; and in export and investment promotion agencies, to mention a few are looking to turn around underperforming zones and to ensure that new ones meet expectations. In doing so, they not only have to contend with the challenges associated with a more difficult trade and investment
19、climate. They face other challenges as well. One is the new industrial revolution, which could erode the importance of low labour costs, the traditional competitive edge of most SEZs. SEZs will need to anticipate trends in their targeted industries and adapt. But even more important is that, today,
20、sustainable development as embodied in the UN Sustainable Development Goals must guide SEZ strategy and operations. In a break from the past, adopting the highest social, environmental and governance standards for zones is becoming a competitive advantage. The World Investment Report 2019 surveys th
21、e universe of SEZs today, provides an overview of SEZ laws and regulations, and assesses the sustainable development impact of SEZs. The report offers recommendations through three lenses: lessons learned from the past, a forward-looking perspective and a pioneering idea in the form of “SDG model zo
22、nes”. I hope that the report will inspire and reinvigorate efforts around the world to make investment work for development through SEZs. UNCTAD stands ready to support stakeholders in this endeavour. iv World Investment Report 2019 Special Economic Zones FOREWORD Mukhisa Kituyi Secretary-General of
23、 UNCTAD v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The World Investment Report 2019 was prepared by a team led by James X. Zhan. The team members included Richard Bolwijn, Bruno Casella, Arslan Chaudhary, Hamed El Kady, Kumi Endo, Thomas van Giffen, Klmn Kalotay, Joachim Karl, Isya Kresnadi, Oktawian Kuc, Jing Li, Anthony
24、Miller, Kyoungho Moon, Abraham Negash, Shin Ohinata, Diana Rosert, Astrit Sulstarova, Claudia Trentini, Elisabeth Tuerk, Joerg Weber and Kee HweeWee. Research support and inputs were provided by Jorun Baumgartner, Faicel Belaid, Magdalena Bulit Goni, Juan Carlos Castillo, Tiffany Grabski, Yulia Leva
25、shova, Luisa Sande Lemos, Sergey Ripinsky and Linli Yu. Interns Zahra Ejehi, Robert Kuhn, Alina Nazarova and Mxolisi Artwell Ngulube also contributed. Comments and contributions were provided by Stephania Bonilla, Joseph Clements, Chantal Dupasquier, Ariel Ivanier, Mathabo Le Roux, Massimo Meloni, J
26、ason Munyan, Yongfu Ouyang, Ian Richards, Christoph Spennemann and Paul Wessendorp. Statistical assistance was provided by Bradley Boicourt, Mohamed Chiraz Baly, Smita Lakhe and Lizanne Martinez. The manuscript was edited with the assistance of Caroline Lambert and copy-edited by Lise Lingo. Pablo C
27、ortizo designed the charts, maps and infographics; he and Laurence Duchemin typeset the report. Production of the report was supported by Elisabeth Anodeau- Mareschal, Nathalie Eulaerts, Rosalina Goyena, Sivanla Sikounnavong and Katia Vieu. The report benefited from extensive advice from Franois Bos
28、t and Rajneesh Narula on chapter IV. At various stages of preparation, including during the expert meetings organized to discuss drafts, the team received comments and inputs from these experts: Aradhna Aggarwal, Xiangming Chen, Teresa Cheng, Manjiao Chi, Riccardo Crescenzi, Stefan Csordas, Thomas F
29、arole, Masataka Fujita, Yeseul Hyun, N. Jansen Calamita, Markus Krajewski, Alexey Kuznetsov, Olga Kuznetsova, Guangwen Meng, Maria Camila Moreno, Shree Ravi, Emily Sims, Ilan Strauss, Juan Torrents and Giovanni Valensisi. The report benefited also from collaboration with colleagues from the United N
30、ations Regional Commissions for its sections on regional trends in chapter II. Inputs and comments were provided by Wafa Aidi, Joseph Baricako, Mohamed Chemingui, Martin Kohout, Laura Pez Heredia, Jos Palacn, Maria Cecilia Plottier, Marc Proksch, Giovanni Stumpo and HeatherTaylor. Also acknowledged
31、are comments received from other UNCTAD divisions as part of the internal peer review process, as well as comments from the Office of the Secretary-General. The United Nations Cartographic Section provided advice for the regional maps. Numerous officials of central banks, national government agencie
32、s, international organizations and non-governmental organizations also contributed to thereport. Acknowledgements vi World Investment Report 2019 Special Economic Zones TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . iii FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix KEY MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .X CHAPTER I. GLOBAL INVESTMENT TRENDS AND PROSPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 A . CURRENT FDI TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1. Global trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 2. Trends by geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3. Trends in cross-border M in
36、2018, they brought at least 71 new investorState dispute settlement (ISDS) cases. IIA reform actions are also creating new challenges. New treaties aim to improve balance and flexibility, but they also make the IIA regime less homogenous. Different approaches to ISDS reform, ranging from traditional
37、 ad hoc tribunals to a standing court or to no ISDS, add to broader systemic complexity. Moreover, reform efforts are occurring in parallel and often in isolation. Effectively harnessing international investment relations for the pursuit of sustainable development requires holistic and synchronized
38、reform through an inclusive and transparent process. UNCTAD can play an important facilitating role in this regard. Sustainable capital market trends Capital market policies and instruments designed to promote the integration of sustainability into business and investment practices are transitioning
39、 from niche to mainstream. A growing number of investors are integrating ESG factors into their investment decision making to enhance performance and mitigate risk. The positive track record of sustainability-themed products is reinforcing the views of asset managers and securities regulators that s
40、uch factors are material to long-term investment performance. As these sustainable investment trends take root and expand, they can have a stronger influence on the operational policies and practices of MNEs. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES Special economic zones (SEZs) are widely used in most developing and
41、 many developed economies. Within these geographically delimited areas governments facilitate industrial activity through fiscal and regulatory incentives and infrastructure support. There are nearly 5,400 zones across 147 economies today, up from about 4,000 five years ago, and more than 500 new SE
42、Zs are in the pipeline. The SEZ boom is part of a new wave of industrial policies and a response to increasing competition for internationally mobile investment. Total IIAs in force 2 658 40 in 2018 + ISDS cases 71new chaper 1-2 chaper 3 FDI downward trend Developed $557 bn Developing $706 bn Transi
43、tion $34 bn 20072018 66% 34% Restriction/regulation Liberalization/promotion National investment policy measures - $1.3 trillion 13% Global FDI 2018 Greenfeld investment in manufacturing up 35% 1/3 Top 100 MNEs account for more than of business-funded R unreliable power supplies; poor zone design wi
44、th inadequate facilities or maintenance; or overly cumbersome administrative procedures. Active support to promote clusters and linkages is key to maximizing development impact. Firms operating in zones have greater scope to collaborate, pool resources and share facilities more so in specialized zon
45、es, but multi-activity zones can extract some of the benefits of co-location. Pro-active identification of opportunities, matching efforts and training programmes, with firms within and outside the zone, significantly boosts the impact. A solid regulatory framework, strong institutions and good gove
46、rnance are critical success factors. The legal infrastructure of SEZs should ensure consistent, transparent and predictable implementation of SEZ policies. The responsibilities of SEZ governing bodies should be clearly defined. Zones benefit from having public and private sector representatives on t
47、heir boards. Looking ahead, SEZs face new challenges: The sustainable development agenda increasingly drives MNEs strategic decisions and operations, which should be reflected in the value proposition that SEZs market to investors. Modern SEZs can make a positive contribution to the ESG performance
48、of countries industrial bases. Controls, enforcement and services (e.g. inspectors, health services, waste management and renewable energy installations) can be provided more easily and cheaply in the confined areas of SEZs. SEZs are traditionally big employers of women, with about 60 per cent femal
49、e employees on average. Some modern zones are implementing gender equality regulations, such as anti-discrimination rules, and support services, such as child care and schooling facilities, setting new standards for SDG performance. The new industrial revolution and the digital economy are changing manufacturing industries the main clients of SEZs. SEZs will need to adapt their value propositions to include access to skilled resources, high levels of data connectivity and relevant technology service provi
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