1、Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity Produced by Entrepreneurship is widely considered a unique source of both empowerment for women and opportunities for economic growth. Nowhere is this more true than in Afri- ca: with the worlds highest rate of women laun
2、ching their own business (24 percent), the African continent is leading the way to promote entrepreneurship as a factor in emancipation. In 2018 Roland Berger and Women in Africa Philanthro- py came together to conduct a study of female entrepre- neurship in Africa. The resulting report focused on t
3、he macroeconomic implications of entrepreneurship. In this, the second annual study, we decided to put individ- ual trajectories in the spotlight, providing insights on a more micro level into womens ambitions and the hur- dles they face. Who are these female entrepreneurs? What motivates them? How
4、do they see their business? And what obstacles must they overcome? Entrepreneurship would appear to be an attractive career path for women whose ambition is to have a positive im- pact on society. The women who spoke to us are commit- ted to benefitting their generation and believe in the abil- ity
5、of their businesses to make a difference. However, a gap remains between this ideal and the reality on the ground. Most female entrepreneurs, despite their deter- mination, do not manage to expand their ventures and have to close down their businesses just a few months after they started. Part of th
6、e purpose of this report is therefore to offer some recommendations about how to foster entrepreneurship in the various regions covered in the study, and about how to help women take the lead. During the research, Roland Berger and Women in Africa Philanthropy gathered insights from both women and m
7、en. Our aim was to provide an up-to-date overview of the situation regarding female entrepreneurship in Africa. Management summary 2 Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity Entrepreneurship: An attractive career path 8 Entrepreneurship: A sector that still need
8、s to fulfill its promise 14 Three major hurdles prevent the professionalization of entrepreneurship 18 Initiatives going forward 24 Contents Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity 3 North America 12% Latin America Caribbean 17%Methodology In our 2018 study we
9、adopted a socio-demographic perspective on female entrepreneurship in Africa. We leveraged a machine- learning model to estimate total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA), which indicated that 24 percent of African women are entrepreneurs. This makes Africa the leading continent in terms of f
10、emale participation in entrepreneurship. Womens ventures in Africa contribute around USD 150-200 billion to the combined economies of African countries, or seven to nine percent of the continents GDP. The data in this years study comes from a new survey conducted by Roland Berger and Women in Africa
11、 Philanthropy. A total of 1,168 people completed the survey, including entrepreneurs, students, professionals and also representatives of organizations supporting entrepreneurship, such as venture capital funds, accelerators and incubators. Our conclusions are based on the responses provided by stud
12、ents, professionals and entrepreneurs alike. The land of entrepreneurial frenzy Average total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) for women by region % of female population aged 18-64; 2012-2017 4 Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity Africa 24% Middle
13、 East 9% Europe Central Asia 6% Southeast Asia Pacific 11% KEY FIGURES 1,168 Respondents to our survey 84% The share of surveyed female entrepreneurs willing to start up a business to have a positive impact on society 41% The share of surveyed female entrepreneurs who launched a startup either in ag
14、riculture or education Note: Latest data available for 19 African countries and other economic regions, 2012-2017; estimates based on GEM data using machine-learning model for 35 remaining African countries Source: GEM, Roland Berger Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive
15、 of activity 5 The Struggling 27% 209 The Striving 28% 258 The Emergent 22% 612 The Traditional 7% 89 The Struggling The Emergent The Traditional The Striving Geographic distribution of respondents Cluster composition and number of respondents Morocco 8 Mauritania 4 Senegal Cabo Verde 6 Seychelles G
16、ambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone Liberia Ivory Coast 49 Ghana Eq. Guinea 3 Sao Tome 2012-2017, Estimates 1 Number of respondents per cluster 1 Latest data available for 19 African countries and other economic regions, 2012-2017; estimates based on GEM data using machine-learning model for 35
17、remaining African countries Source: World Bank, CIA World Factbook, Roland Berger 6 Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity The Emergent 11 countries Angola, Botswana, Cabo Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Seychelles, South Africa,
18、Eswatini (formerly known as Swaziland). These countries have the highest GDP per capita and literacy rates on the continent. The Traditional 6 countries Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia. This cluster comprises the countries of North Africa, which differ culturally from the Emergent cou
19、ntries. The Struggling 19 countries Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Djibouti, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan. These countries are as economically developed as the Str
20、iving countries but have lower educational levels. The Striving 18 countries Burundi, Cameroon, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. This group of
21、 countries has the highest population density, lower GDP per capita than the Emergent and Traditional and literacy rates of over 60 percent. As in last years report, we cluster the 54 African countries into four main groups according to their literacy rate and GDP per capita: The study covers 48 Afr
22、ican countries; only Djibouti, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Libya and Seychelles are not represented. Half of the people surveyed came from Emergent countries mainly South Africa and Nigeria and anglophone countries. Senegal, Tunisia and Ivory Coast are also highly represented. Women Entrepreneu
23、rship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity 7 Entrepreneurship: An attractive career path Womens commitment to improving society leads them to launch their own ventures and strive for professional fulfillment. In this sense, female entrepreneurship would appear to be more driven by
24、 opportunity, while male entrepreneurship is more driven by necessity for example, inability to find employment. However, this requires closer examination. AN OUTSIDERS DREAM Entrepreneurship is attractive for outsiders. The overwhelming majority of students and professionals that we spoke to both w
25、omen and men consider entrepreneur- ship a potential career path. However, women have a higher propensity to consider starting a business than men. Moreover, among our fe- male respondents, students are more willing to engage in an entrepreneurial adventure than women who al- ready have a stable job
26、. A Although there is consen- sus about the value of a career as an entrepreneur, gen- der differences exist. Surprisingly, fewer women than men consider entrepreneurship a prestigious career path. This suggests that the women in our survey are not driven to launch new businesses in order to acquire
27、 a good reputation. Their entrepreneurship stems from deeper motivations. B A: Would you consider entrepreneurship a potential career path? Students and professionals MenWomen Source: Websurvey, Roland Berger COMMITMENT TO CHANGING THE WORLD Gender differences also occur in the area of motivation. A
28、ccording to the survey, mens main drivers for starting a business are to be independent and their own boss. Women, on the other hand, consider entrepreneurship a way to have a positive impact (84 percent) and in so doing change the world. Female entrepreneurship is not a career choice driven by mone
29、y: just 16 percent of fe- male students and professionals mentioned becoming rich as a potential incentive in the survey. Women are also confident of their ability to run a startup, regard- less of their occupation. The vast majority of women consider they have the required skills to launch a busi-
30、ness. Remarkably, female students are more self-as- sured than their male counterparts. However, that self-assurance shrinks over the course of their career, while mens self-assurance grows. StudentsProfessionals 96% Yes!91% 92% 82% Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive
31、of activity 9 Even after female entrepreneurs have started their own business, having a posi- tive impact on society remains a key moti- vation for them. They deem it necessary to develop their business in accordance with their principles. When asked what career they would choose ideally if they sto
32、pped being an entrepreneur, the commonest an- swer is working for a non-profit organization. This re- sponse is common to female entrepreneurs across all four clusters of countries. For example, Corine Maurice Ouattara, Founder of Pass Sant Mousso, says that she became an entrepreneur because of a p
33、assion to create value and have an impact on her generation. She adds, a lot of students will not find a job after they graduate. I would like to be able to hire them in the future. C A POSITIVE CHOICE? The survey shows that, for female entrepreneurs, the decision to launch their own business was dr
34、iven by op- portunity rather than necessity. They did so by choice: Just nine percent cite unemployment as a key factor. By contrast, more than 30 percent of male entrepre- neurs say they started their own business because they could not find a job. However, although it is positive that women are ch
35、oosing to become entrepreneurs rath- er than being forced into it by unemployment, they still enjoy a very limited spectrum of choice. As demonstrated by the 2018 survey, a high unemploy- ment rate favors entrepreneurship in Africa. Gladys Nel- ly Kimani, CEO of Class Teacher, adds that even employ-
36、 ees could be attracted by the idea of entrepreneurship in order to earn additional income. D B: In your country, is entrepreneurship considered a prestigious career path? Students and professionals Source: Websurvey, Roland Berger MenWomen Students 58% 63% 84% 70% Professionals Yes! 10 Women Entrep
37、reneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity A lot of students will not find a job after they graduate. I would like to be able to hire them in the future Corine Maurice Ouattara Founder of Pass Sant Mousso Magic Studio Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promis
38、ing hive of activity 11 C: If you were to stop being an entrepreneur, what would your ideal career path be instead? Entrepreneurs, women only, multiple responses allowed D: Why did you choose to become an entrepreneur? Entrepreneurs only, multiple responses allowed Source: Websurvey, Roland Berger T
39、he StrugglingThe EmergentAnglophoneFrancophoneThe TraditionalThe Striving 28% 24% 13% 28% 43% 61% 57% 19% 12% 9% 31% 30% 44% 18% 61% 56% 61% 64% Working for a public body/ company Working for a corporation Working for a non-profit organization 59% 56% 22% 4% 9% 33% 10% 7% I had a business idea that
40、I wanted to promote I was offered the opportunity to join a business by a third party I could not find a job, so I decided to create my own company Opportunity-driven entrepreneurship Necessity-driven entrepreneurship Other MenWomen 12 Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hi
41、ve of activity Source: Websurvey, Roland Berger Cross-country comparison Last years study revealed that women showed a strong entrepreneurial spirit in both anglophone and francophone African countries. Differences in linguistic zones are therefore not an adequate explanation for female motivation t
42、o engage in entrepreneurship. Indeed, average total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) is quite similar in the two zones. The attractiveness of entrepreneurship is also similar in most countries, except for those in the Traditional cluster; here, respondents appear to be less interested in e
43、ntrepreneurship. This result is in line with the results for 2018, which also indicated low participation of women in startups in the Traditional countries. Would you consider entrepreneurship a potential career path for yourself? Students and professionals, women only The StrugglingThe EmergentAngl
44、ophoneFrancophoneThe TraditionalThe Striving Yes! 95% 90% 93% 98% 98% 78% Women Entrepreneurship in Africa: At the heart of a promising hive of activity 13 Entrepreneurship: A sector that still needs to fulfill its promise Despite the positive motivation of female entrepreneurs, Africa still has som
45、e way to go before entrepreneurship can be said to be thriving. LACK OF ROBUSTNESS Businesses founded by women tended to be newer than those founded by men in the survey. Moreover, most of the new busi- nesses founded by women employ ten people or fewer, and almost half of them are not yet profitabl
46、e. African unicorns that expand internationally, such as Jumia, can be counted on the fingers of one hand. In fact, in 2014, 70 percent of African startups did not sell their products or services outside their country of origin1. E SECTOR CONCENTRATION The industries that are targeted by women mainl
47、y ed- ucation and agriculture are characterized by very low profit margins, which hampers their companies poten- tial expansion. Womens focus on specific sectors is thus not beneficial for their businesses. Indeed, the sector imbalance which characterizes several African econo- mies undoubtedly lies
48、 at the core of the modest develop- ment opportunities2. For instance, 60 percent of the Af- rican working population works in agriculture, a sector that represents just 12 percent of the continents total GDP. Contrasting the situation for women, male entre- preneurs businesses tend to focus on the
49、IT and finan- cial sectors, where potential incomes are much higher. This gender difference is found fairly consistently across clusters, except for the Traditional countries, where fe- male entrepreneurs tend to launch ventures in the areas of research and media/communication. G 1 Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM), 2014 2 Investir en Afrique : mythes et ralits, Roland Berger, 2017 E: Key characteristics of companies covered in the survey Entrepreneurs only AGE OF COMPANY How old is your company?
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