1、A report from the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A decade of bioeconomy policy development around the worldA report from the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy Global Bioeconomy Policy Report(IV):A decade of bioeconomy policy

2、development around the world4Preface .7 Introduction .8 Understanding of Bioeconomy.9 Methodology .9Overview&Emerging Policy Initiatives .12 Overview .13 Emerging Policy Trends .14 Stakeholder-driven Initiatives.14 Multilateral Policy Dialogue .14 Macro-regional Actors and Policy Initiatives .16Upda

3、te:Bioeconomy Policies around the World .18 Africa.20 South Africa.24 Americas .30 Costa Rica .34 USA .40Asia/Pacific.48 Japan .52 Malaysia .58 Thailand .64Content5 Europe .70 Austria .74 EU .80 Finland.88 France.94 Germany .100 Ireland .108 Italy.114 Latvia.122 Nordics.128 Norway.134 Spain.140 Unit

4、ed Kingdom.146Summary .152TheEvolvingDefinitionoftheBioeconomy.153 Bioeconomy Strategy Goals Then and Now .154 Role of the Circular Economy .155 Core Elements of Bioeconomy Policy Strategies .156 Prioritization and Specialization in Policy Strategies .156 Proposed Policy Measures .158 A.Research and

5、 Innovation Promotion.158 B.Infrastructure Investments .159 C.Industry and Commercialization .159 D.Bioeconomy-Friendly Framework Conditions .160 E.Demand-side Measures .160 F.Education and Capacity Building .160 G.Good Governance .161Outlook .164 About the International Advisory Council on Global B

6、ioeconomy(IACGB).16767Over the past decade,the concept of the bioeconomy has become more visible and important in the policy process worldwide.Almost 60 countries around the world are pursuing bioeconomy-related policies.This study focuses on the dynamic development of 19 dedicated national and macr

7、o-regional bioeconomy policy strategies over the past decade.By adopting bioeconomy strategies,governments are laying the foundation for policy support and investment which in turn enables pioneering research,facilitates the development of new and advanced technologies,supports education and capacit

8、y building,drives forward industrialization processes,creates aware-ness and helps stimulate consumer demand.In addition to national policy initiatives,we are wit-nessing the increasing engagement of macro-region-al and international actors in bioeconomy develop-ment across the globe.New dynamics in

9、 bioeconomy policy development are evolving outside of govern-ments,with stakeholder-driven and industry-driven strategies on the rise.These emerging initiatives represent excellent examples of the great extent to which the bioeconomy is gaining importance globally and is why this report devotes a s

10、pecial chapter to these new and emerging policy trends.In 2015,the first Global Bioeconomy Summit in Berlin highlighted the essential contribution of a sustainable bioeconomy to achieving the UN Sus-tainable Development Goals and today we see this relationship solidified in many dedicated policy str

11、ategies around the world.In 2018,the second Global Bioeconomy Summit concluded that there is noonesolutionthatfitsall:Politicalstrategiespointto different opportunities and pursue key objectives depending on their prevailing industrial and eco-nomicprofilesandnaturalresourcepotential.Now,we are obse

12、rving the increasing recognition that the strength of the bioeconomy lies in its diversity.Regional strategies that create synergies from local specialization are gaining momentum and national strategies continue to capitalize on thematic priori-tization and specializations.In 2020,the world is faci

13、ng systemic climate,biodi-versity,economic and health crises.We,the chairs of the International Advisory Council on Global Bio-economy,along with many others around the world,see opportunities in the bioeconomy for helping to solve these global crises.Forthefirsttime,thethirdGlobalBioeconomySum-mit

14、will be held in an interactive and virtual format from 16th to 20th November 2020.The International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy has commis-sioned this report to provide an overview of exist-ing bioeconomy policy strategies and instruments around the world that seek to stimulate,support and

15、 steer transformation dynamics towards a sustain-able bioeconomy.It builds on and further develops key insights from three previous reports on bioecon-omy policy strategies assembled by the Secretariat of the German Bioeconomy Council.1,2,3 Covering roughly a decade of global policy development,we b

16、elieve that this report will help monitor bioeconomy policies,identify gaps in current strategies and pro-grams,and above all,stimulate discussions as to how the bioeconomy can contribute to societal and economic transformation,and best serve to rebuild a healthy planet.Berlin,November 2020,PrefaceP

17、rof.Dr.Joachim von Braun Prof.Dr.Christine LangCo-Chairs of the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy1 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartI):SynopsisandAnalysisofStrategiesintheG7.Availableathttps:/ 03.11.202 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartII):Syno

18、psisofNationalStrategiesaroundtheWorld.Availableathttps:/ 03.11.203 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2018).BioeconomyPolicy(PartIII):UpdateReport of National Strategies around the World.Available at https:/ 03.11.20REFERENCES8-Introduction This report was conducted in preparation for the Global Bioeconomy S

19、ummit 2020.It brings to-gether key insights from three previous reports on bioeconomy policy strategies assembled by the Secretariat of the German Bioeconomy Council4,5,6,and provides one overview document of existing bioeconomy policy strategies and instruments around the world.The report centers o

20、n countries with a dedicated bioeconomy strategy.The only re-port of its kind,it encompasses roughly a decade of global policy development and seeks to reveal how far we have come,where work still needs to be done,and where we are headed.9MethodologyWhile the term bioeconomy has become mainstream in

21、 policy papers and strategies globally,currently thereisnocommondefinitionforthepoliticalcon-cept of bioeconomy.Furthermore,the bioeconomy is not a static notion and its meaning is continually evolving.For the purpose of this report,the bioecon-omyhasbeendefinedinlinewiththeCommuniquof the GBS2018 a

22、s“the production,utilization and conservation of biological resources,including re-lated knowledge,science,technology,and innova-tion,to provide sustainable solutions(information,products,processes and services)within and across all economic sectors and enable a transformation to a sustainable econo

23、my.7 The bioeconomy therefore encompasses the traditional bioeconomy sectors,suchasagriculture,forestry,fisheriesandaqua-culture,as well as related processing and service industries,such as food,paper,textiles,building and construction,chemistry,and bio-pharma.Key enabling and converging technologie

24、s,such as bio-,nano-and information technologies,are vitally im-portant to the knowledge-based bioeconomy which uses biobased processes and principles in engineer-ing and across industrial applications.Understanding of the BioeconomyThe methodology of this study relies on internet-based desk researc

25、h of officially adopted policy strategies and roadmaps in the period from 2010 to 2020.The authors reviewed national,macro-re-gional and regional policy strategies on bioeconomy development.The reports findings are based on publicly available government documents,such as publications from ministries

26、,government agencies andaffiliatedcouncils,andresearchinstitutions.Secondary literature,for example,from international organizations and networks,conference material and presentations,has been used to cross-check and complement background information.In addi-tion,webenefitedfromexpertconsultationswi

27、thmembers of the International Advisory Council on Global Bioeconomy(IACGB).While there is no universally agreed definition of a policy strategy,the authors drew from various sourc-es8 to form a common contemporary understanding ofthetermashavingfourdefiningelements:1)long-termconsequences;2)asignif

28、icantrelationshiptoagivenmissionorcentralpurpose;3)adefinedactingsubject;and4)concernsactualchoicesandprioritization.The report centers on countries with a dedicated bioeconomy strategy.In order to determine the alignment,credibility,relevance,purpose,design,specialization,and adaptability of the de

29、dicated bio-economystrategies,anumberofreviewquestionswere adapted from Miedzinski,McDowall&Fahnen-stock(2018).9Thesereviewquestionshelpilluminatethegoals,qualitativeandquantitativetargets,andkeypriorities of bioeconomy strategies.Comprehensive approaches for promoting transformation in research and

30、 innovation policy tend to include a bundle of mea-sures addressing the supply-side and demand-side of the economy.10 Using this framework,the authors categorized bioeconomy development into the supply-side measures of“promoting research and innova-tion”;“infrastructuredevelopment”;“capacitybuilding

31、andeducation”;and“supportingcommercialization”.On the demand-side,measures related mainly to in-formation campaigns and awareness building as well as to market stimulation by public lead-buyers and tax policies.Regulatory measures for improving the“framework conditions”can address the supply-side an

32、d the demand-side.Governments also increasingly propose measures to ensure“good governance”and also to support“international collaboration”in the bioeconomy.For each country reviewed,the authors sought to summarize and categorize the most impor-tant policy measures for promoting bioeconomy de-velopm

33、ent in the dedicated strategies.The analysis seeks to illuminate the extent to which policy goals are translated into concrete measures and action plans.This study,however,can neither judge the degree of implementation of the strategies and measures nor their effectiveness.10REFERENCES4 GermanBioeco

34、nomyCouncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartI):SynopsisandAnalysisofStrategiesintheG7.Availableathttps:/ 03.11.205 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartII):SynopsisofNationalStrategiesaroundtheWorld.Availableathttps:/ 03.11.206 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2018).BioeconomyPolicy(PartIII):Upda

35、teReport of National Strategies around the World.Available at https:/ 03.11.207 International Advisory Council of the Global Bioeconomy Summit 2018.(2018).Communiqu:InnovationintheGlobalBioeconomyforSustainableandInclusiveTransformationandWellbeing.Availableathttps:/ Arthur F.Lykke Jr.(1998).“Toward

36、s an Understanding of Military Strategy,”MilitaryStrategyTheoryandApplicationandProactiveGovernance:Policyand Strategy Design in the Context of Accelerating Change.(n.d.).Available athttps:/www.worldgovernmentsummit.org/docs/default-source/publication/2017/policy-and-strategy-design-in-the-context-o

37、f-accelerating_en_web-version.pdf?sfvrsn=f712180a_0 26.10.209 Miedzinski,M.,McDowall,W.&Fahnenstock,J.(2018).Paving the pathways towards sustainable futures?A critical review of STI policy roadmaps as policy instruments enabling sustainability transitions.Conference Paper.10 Kahlenborn,W.,Mewes,H.,K

38、nopf,J.et al.(2013).Treiber und Hemmnisse fr die Transformation der deutschen Wirtschaft zu einer Green Economy“.Availableathttps:/www.borderstep.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Fichter_Kahlenborn-GE-Studie-2013.pdf 02.11.20Bioeconomy-related strategies can be understood as those with a strong link to

39、 bioeconomy develop-ment,namely in the areas of biotechnology,bioen-ergy,biomass,biobased economy/industry.To keep the scope of the study within workable limits,politi-cal strategies in the traditional bioeconomic areas,such as the primary production sector(agriculture/forestry/marine),as well as re

40、search and innovation strategies were only considered if they prioritized bioeconomy or innovative,biobased approaches.The same logic was applied to policy strategies relating to the overriding objectives of sustainabil-ity,green and blue growth,and circular economy.Bioeconomy-related strategies wer

41、e characterized ashavethefollowingperspectives:High-Tech(i.e.strategies focusing on biotechnology or converg-ingtechnologies);Research and Innovation(i.e.research and innovation strategies with a focus on the bioeconomy),Bioenergy(i.e.strategies focus-ingon“traditional”and“modern”bioenergy);Blue Eco

42、nomy(i.e.policy strategies relating to the ocean economyormarinebiotechnologyandinnovation);Green Economy(i.e.policy strategies focusing on biobased innovations in particular,such as“nature-basedsolutions”);Biobased Economy(i.e.policy strategiesthatspecificallymentionthebiobasedeconomy,or focuses on

43、 economic development in certainsectorsofthebioeconomy);Circular Bio-economy(i.e.policy strategies that focus strongly on the circular use of biobased/biological resources ordirectlyrefertotheterm“circularbioeconomy”);Forest Bioeconomy(i.e.strategies that focus on converting renewable forest-based r

44、esources into value-addedproductsandservices);Bioeconomy(holistic)(i.e.strategies that holistically pursue bio-economydevelopment);Bioeconomy(i.e.bioecon-omydocumentsotherthanstrategies);Bioeconomy(regional)(i.e.regional bioeconomy strategies).It must be noted that there are no single,accepted defin

45、itionsoftheseperspectives.Furthermore,thisanalysis does not by any means strive to be fully comprehensive,rather it seeks to provide a general overview document of existing bioeconomy policy strategies and instruments around the world.Overview&Emerging Policy Trends13OverviewAn analysis of a decade

46、of bioeconomy policy devel-opment shows that more and more countries world-wide have developing dedicated bioeconomy policy strategies.At the time of publication,19 countries and macro-regions(Austria,Costa Rica,EU,Finland,France,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Malay-sia,Nordic Countries,Norway,S

47、outh Africa,Spain,Thailand,UK,US,East Africa)11 have published ded-icated bioeconomy strategies.Since 2018,nine strategies have been published(Austria,Costa Rica,EU,Germany,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Nordics,UK),four of which(EU,Germany,Italy,Japan)have updated their strategy papers since their initial pub

48、lication.In parallel,macro-regional bioeconomy policy strat-egies are gaining momentum and helping to foster national policy initiatives.The publication of the EU Bioeconomy Strategy in 2012 provided a decisive push for the development of national bioeconomy strategies in Europe.In East Africa,natio

49、nal efforts to develop dedicated bioeconomy policy initiatives were stimulated by the publication of the Regional Bioeconomy Strategy for Eastern Africa,e.g.in Ke-nya,Tanzania and Uganda.Macro-regional policy strategies are not only adding value and supporting national policy efforts,they also help

50、create syner-gies by integrating national approaches,facilitate macro-regional collaboration,and provide a shared regional vision for bioeconomy development.In rec-ognition of the local character of the bioeconomy,regional strategies,predominantly in Europe and Latin America,have also increased.The

51、bioeconomy continues to be advanced in many bioeconomy-related policies such as research and innovation,biotechnology,bioenergy,biobased and green economy strategies.Currently,almost 60 countries around the world are pursuing bioecon-omy-related policies,however,the diffuse nature of these initiativ

52、es and their dynamic development imply potentially higher numbers.This analysis,like its predecessors,12,13,14 is to be regarded as a living document that does not claim to be complete,but instead is continually evolving.Given the dynamic development of dedicated bioeconomy policy strate-gies over t

53、he past decade,this report concentrates on these holistic strategies as opposed to analyz-ing bioeconomy development in more fragmented bioeconomy-related strategies.The dynamic development of the bioeconomy is thus not restricted to the development of holistic dedicated policy strategies.Some count

54、ries,such as Portugal,Canada,and Finland,have chosen to make use of their national comparative advantages by specializing in certain aspects of the bioeconomy such as the“blue bioeconomy”or the“forest-based bioeconomy”.Especially in European countries,but also in Asian and Latin American countries,b

55、io-economy development is increasingly linked to the concept of the“circular bioeconomy”.However,the relationship between these two concepts remains underdeveloped.New dynamics in bioeconomy policy development are also not limited to national policy making.In some countries,it is stakeholders from s

56、cience,civil society and industry who are leading the pro-motion of bioeconomy development and strongly promoting their countrys vision of the bioeconomy(e.g.Argentina,Canada,Portugal).Furthermore,bioeconomy development is increasingly driven by the engagement of international actors and inter-natio

57、nal collaboration efforts.The following chap-ter summarizes these emerging policy initiatives beyond dedicated strategies and shows the extent to which the bioeconomy has gained importance around the globe.14Emerging Policy TrendsStakeholder-driven InitiativesAlthough stakeholder involvement has pla

58、yed a ma-jor role in bioeconomy development for many years,more recently,dedicated bioeconomy strategies have been developed outside of government.Just as more countries are taking the initiative to start developing nationalstrategiesattherequestofstakeholders(e.g.from industry,science,and civil soc

59、iety organizations),we also see the emergence of stakeholder-driven and industry-driven strategies.These strategies do not representofficialstrategicgovernmentdocuments,but rather seek to provide a common vision for bio-economy development and to raise awareness among political decision-makers.It re

60、mains to be seen how these approaches will be integrated into existing public policy frameworks.Portugaluniquelydevelopedthe“BlueBioEconomyRoadmap for Portugal”15 in 2019,a stakeholder road-map endorsed by the Ministry of Sea.With the roadmap,Portugal looks to be at the forefront of blue bioecono-my

61、 in Europe by 2030,contributing to the transition of the Portuguese economy towards a more competitive model focused on sustainable innovation.A new“Blue Bioeconomic Development Model”is proposed which is definedastheknowledge-basedproductionanduseofblue bioresources to provide products,processes,an

62、d services.The roadmap was developed by BLUEBIO ALLI-ANCE,anon-profitPortugueseassociationrepresentingall players in the marine bioresources and blue biotech value chain,and CIIMAR,The Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research in Portugal and funded through the BLUE and GREEN pro

63、ject under Ho-rizon 2020.The action plan comprehensively covers the areas of science,technology and logistics,cooperation,communication and marketing,market and consumer demand,funding and cost of operations,and legal and regulatory,and proposes a short(2019/20),medium(2021/25)and long-term(2026/30)

64、action plan de-pending on the urgency and complexity of the matter.How these actions will be taken up in the policy process isnotclearlydefined.In Argentina,the long process to develop a national bioeconomy strategy resulted in the publication of a collective stakeholder strategy in 2019,“Bioeconomy

65、 as a Strategy for the Development of Argentina,”16 from over 50 stakeholders representing academia,the pub-lic and private sector,and the territories.The strategy proposes a new geopolitical vision for the country with the bioeconomy at the core of its new development model.According to the documen

66、t,the bioeconomy representsanewproductionprofile,wherethecountryis no longer exclusively a supplier of commodities,but more comprehensibly uses its resources and capa-bilities to diversify and develop new value chains.It emphasizes the hierarchy of value-added production schemesversusquantityproduct

67、ionschemesandrecognizes that solving the problem of poverty is es-sential to environmental sustainability.Canada has also taken a different path to develop-ing its bioeconomy in the form of an industry-driven national strategy,“Canadas Bioeconomy strategy”.17 Bioindustrial Innovation Canada(BIC)in p

68、artnership with BioDesign,an industry-led consortium of compa-nies,associations,academic and research institutions from several sectors,developed the strategy and pre-sented it to the Canadian government in May 2019.It represents the vision of more than 400 industry repre-sentatives from across the

69、country and serves as a call to action for the government and industry to seize the opportunities of an industrial bioeconomy.The strategy focuses primarily on Canadas competitive advantages in the agriculture and forestry sectors,and access to biomass,and links the bioeconomy to the challenge of cl

70、imate change mitigation.It further recognizes the role of innovation clusters and ecosystems,a modern regulatory system,and commercializing innovation to enable the growth of larger companies.As a result of industry efforts,the Canadian government invested USD 200,000 in BIC,under the Canadian Agric

71、ultural Adaptation Program,to build the national bioeconomy strategy.The aim was to help establish clear roles for the government to provide the regulatory operating en-vironment and infrastructure necessary for the adop-tion of biobased processes and products.18 Multilateral Policy Dialogue Over th

72、e past decade,more and more multilateral bio-economy policy initiatives have been launched under 15the lead of supra-and international organizations as well as multi-stakeholder initiatives.Since 2015,three main attempts have been made to establish structures for multilateral policy dialogue to fost

73、er the develop-mentofasustainablebioeconomy:theUNFAOInter-national Working Group on Sustainable Bioeconomy(ISBWG),the European Commissions International Bioeconomy Forum,and the BioFuture Platform.In 2016,the BioFuture Platform,a government-led,multi-stakeholder initiative,was launched during COP22

74、in Marrakesh with 20 signatory governments seeking policy cooperation and mutual learning in the development of a low-carbon bioeconomy.19 In 2019,the International Energy Agency(IEA)took over the role of facilitator(i.e.secretariat)after the government of Brazils interim tenure expired.Since its in

75、ception,many ministerial level meetings and summits have been held,with the aim of promoting more consistent internationalcollaborationanddialoguetofulfillthesocial and economic potential of advanced low carbon fuels and the new bioeconomy,facilitating the upscal-ing of markets,and promoting the rec

76、ognition of their uniqueclimateandenvironmentalbenefits.20 In 2016,the European Commission initiated an Inter-national Bioeconomy Forum(IBF),a mechanism for long-term R&D collaboration among global players in the bioeconomy.21 Co-chaired by Canada and the Eu-ropean Commission,the forum is organized

77、in ad-hoc workinggroupswhichcurrentlycoverfourareas:PlantHealth,Information and Communication Technology in Precision Food Systems,the Forest Bioeconomy,and Microbiome.22 In 2015,a UN FAO-led ISBWG was established to sup-port countries with the development of sustainable and circular bioeconomy stra

78、tegies,action plans and programs,in line with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement and other Multilateral Environmental Agreements(MEAs).The ISBWG repre-sents an international,multi-stakeholder expert group which currently includes 35 members representing countries,regions,resea

79、rchers and innovators,the private sector,NGOs and international organizations fromallfivecontinents.Thefirstmilestoneofthegroupwas the design and agreement of the Aspirational Prin-ciples and Criteria for a Sustainable Bioeconomy in November 2016.23 The Working Group serves as a platform for interna

80、tional knowledge-and experience-sharingconcerningthreemainareas:1)sharelessonslearnt and good practices on the potential benefits and risks of food system bioinnovations,e.g.on the use of food loss and waste,plastic alternatives,micro-biomeapplications,andalternativeproteins;2)provideguidance to nat

81、ional and regional stakeholders in the development of sustainable and circular bioeconomy strategies,e.g.supporting Uruguay in the drafting of theNationalBioeconomyVisionandStrategy;3)sup-porting bioeconomy monitoring and evaluation,e.g.the European Commission uses the 10 aspirational principles and

82、 24 criteria to build its bioeconomy moni-toring framework.24In addition to these mechanisms,we observe the in-creasing role of South-South and Triangular Coop-eration(SSC and TrC)in supporting multilateral co-operation in the bioeconomy.The 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development explicitly called f

83、or enhanced SSC and TrC on access to science,technology and in-novation,and knowledge-sharing.25 SSC and TrC on the bioeconomy is increasing at the policy level with many developingcountriesworkingtodefinebioeconomystrategies,but also at the implementation level with a growing number of SSTC project

84、s in the area of the bioeconomy.26 The ISBWG is considered an important South-South and Triangular Cooperation(SSTC)plat-form within the UN FAO that supports the dissemina-tion of sustainable bioeconomy in developing countries.The German Development Cooperation(GIZ GmbH),for example,is actively invo

85、lved in bioeconomy policy development in Ecuador27,Costa Rica28,and in Africa with the BioInnovation Africa program.29 The objective of the BioInnovation Africa program is to establish a European-African cooperation for biodiversity-based innovationsandproducts,basedonequitablebenefit-sharing for bi

86、odiversity conservation.Policy dialogues on bioeconomy in Latin America,Asia and Africa are also supported by Swedens innovation agency VIN-NOVA,as well as by the Swedish International Develop-ment Cooperation Agency(Sida),and are implemented by the Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI),the Re-search

87、 Institutes of Sweden(RISE)and the Gothenburg Centre for Sustainable Development(GMV).30 More recently,the bioeconomy was recognized as a policy priority in the Declaration of the G20 Meeting of Agriculture Ministers in Argentina in 2018 for its contribution to sustainable soil use,food security,ICT

88、 application,and meeting ambitious environmental 16goals.31However,manyquestionsremainastohowthe G20 can better promote a sustainable bioeconomy and stable food systems.Other international meeting activities also continue to address core issues for a sustainable bioeconomy,albeit in more fragmented

89、policyfields,suchassustainableagricultureandfor-estry,and renewable energies.For example,the IPCC highlighted many bioeconomy-related response op-tions to climate change,particularly referring to land management(agriculture,forests,soils,other eco-systems)and value chain management(demand and supply

90、 options).32 Macro-regional Actors and Policy InitiativesIn addition to national and international efforts,an in-creasing number of regions are active in bioeconomy policy.In particular,macro-regional policy approaches have emerged among neighboring countries with simi-larities in their resource end

91、owment and economic conditions.In Eastern Africa,the BiSEA project was established to develop a regional,innovation-driven bioeconomy strategy.The project is implemented by the East Af-rican Science and Technology Commission(EAST-ECO),the African Technology Policy Studies Network(ATPS),the Scinnoven

92、t Center,Bio-Innovations Ltd,and the Africa Centre of the Stockholm Environment Institute(SEI).The East African Regional Strategy,developed in close consultation with regional science councils and commissions,as well as relevant min-istries and stakeholders from all BioInnovate coun-tries(Ethiopia,B

93、urundi,Kenya,Rwanda,Tanzania and Uganda and South Sudan),was published in October 2020.33 In Europe,the European Union also encourages vari-ous cross-border initiatives.The Central and East-ern European Bioregions Forum was established as a follow-up to the European Bioeconomy Congress 2016 in Lodz,

94、where Central and Eastern European Regions and stakeholders from business,academia and civil society published the Lodz Declaration of Bioregions.34 The declaration presented a strategic document for bioeconomy development in local“bio-communities”,including biovillages,biocities and bioregions,such

95、 activities,however,have virtually ceased.The Central-Eastern European Initiative for Knowledge-basedAgriculture,AquacultureandFor-estry in the Bioeconomy(BIOEAST)is further promot-ing a strategic vision for bioeconomy development in Eastern Europe,including countries like the Czech Republic,Hungary

96、,Poland,Slovakia,and Estonia,as well as in South East European countries like Bulgaria,Romania,Slovenia,and Croatia.35 In 2020,a position paper on the“Bioeconomy and Green Investments”36 was published which saw emerging opportunities linkedtothelocalprocessingandbiorefiningofavail-able biomass,inclu

97、ding organic waste streams.In this macro-region,another initiative,the Danube-INCO.Net project,promotes the development of a macro-regional research,technology and innovation(RTI)strategy.The initial outcome of several strategy workshops and open innovation events was the pub-lication of recommendat

98、ions for the development of a Danube RTI-bioeconomy strategy in 2017.37 The Bioeconomy Strategic Working Group(BSW)was established as a thematic working group under the Standing Committee on Agricultural Research(SCAR).It aims to facilitate informal exchanges be-tween European Member States on regio

99、nal,national and European activities,to implement strategies,and encourage research and innovation(e.g.needs,hurdles,challenges,organizational matters,etc.)in the broad area of the bioeconomy.BSWs ambition is to be the central platform in Europe overseeing dif-ferent initiatives at national and Euro

100、pean level and translating this into actions.38 In Northern Europe,the Nordic Council of Ministers,an officialbodyforinter-governmentalcooperationintheNordic Region has also promoted bioeconomy develop-ment on a macro-regional level since 2012.The Nordic Council of Ministers consists of the Minister

101、s for Nor-dic cooperation(involving Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway,Sweden,the Faroe Islands,Greenland,and land)and 10 ministerial councils which cover different sectors and are supported by 16 committees of se-niorofficials.39 The bioeconomy is high on the political agenda of several annual programs

102、 for the Presidency oftheNordicCouncilofMinisters.Inaddition,specificactions have been taken in the North-West Atlantic,the Arctic region,and the Baltic Sea Region.In Latin America and the Caribbean,macro-regional bioeconomy development is increasingly driven by the 1711 The East African Regional St

103、rategy was not published in time to be included in this reports analysis.East African Science and Technology Commission(EASTECO)et al.(2020),The East African Regional Bioeconomy.Available at https:/bioeconomyconference.easteco.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/summary.pdf 26.10.2012 GermanBioeconomyCou

104、ncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartI):SynopsisandAnalysisofStrategiesintheG7.Availableathttps:/biooekonomierat.de/fileadmin/Publikationen/berichte/BOER_Laenderstudie_1_.pdf10.12.2013 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2015).BioeconomyPolicy(PartII):Synopsisof National Strategies around the World.Available at ht

105、tps:/biooekonomierat.de/fileadmin/Publikationen/berichte/Bioeconomy-Policy_Part-II.pdf 10.12.2014 GermanBioeconomyCouncil.(2018).BioeconomyPolicy(PartIII):Update Report of National Strategies around the World.Available at https:/biooekonomierat.de/fileadmin/Publikationen/berichte/GBS_2018_Bioeconomy

106、-Strategies-around-the_World_Part-III.pdf 10.12.2015 Vasconcelos,V.,Moreira-Silva,J.&Moreira,S.(eds).(2019).Blue BioeconomyRoadmapforPortugal-BLUEandGREEN.Availableathttps:/www2.ciimar.up.pt/pdfs/resources/roadmap_digital_hGBit_.pdf 26.10.2016 Accastello,V et al.(2019).La Bioeconoma como Estrategiap

107、ara el Desarrollo Argentino.Availableathttps:/ 26.10.2017 Bioindustrial Innovation Canada(BIC).(2019).Canadas Bioeconomy Strategy:LeveragingourStrengthsforaSustainableFuture.Availableathttps:/ 26.10.2018 Government of Canada.(2019).Government Invests in Canadas First National Bioeconomy Strategy to

108、Help Grow a Clean Economy.Available athttps:/www.canada.ca/en/agriculture-agri-food/news/2019/05/government-invests-in-canadas-first-national-bioeconomy-strategy-to-help-grow-a-clean-economy.html 26.10.2019 BioFuturePlatform.Availableathttp:/www.biofutureplatform.org26.10.2020 BioFuturePlatform.(201

109、6).LaunchStatement.Availableathttps:/c4c70c1f-2927-42e5-9e36- 26.10.2021 EuropeanCommission.BioeconomyPolicy.Availableathttps:/ec.europa.eu/research/bioeconomy/index.cfm?pg=policy&lib=ibf 26.10.2022 Government of Canada.(2019).International Bioeconomy Forum.Available athttps:/www.agr.gc.ca/eng/scien

110、tific-collaboration-and-research-in-agriculture/international-engagement/international-bioeconomy-forum/?id=62 26.10.2023 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).(2019).Towards sustainable bioeconomy guidelines.Available at http:/www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CA5

111、145EN26.10.2024 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).(n.d.).CircularBioeconomy.Availableathttp:/www.fao.org/climate-change/our-work/areas-of-work/bioeconomy/en/26.10.2025 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).(2016).FAOs south-south and Triangular Coope

112、ration Strategy in Action.Available at http:/www.fao.org/3/a-i6249e.pdf26.10.2026 UnitedNationsOfficeforSouth-SouthCooperation.(2019).South-SouthandTriangular Cooperation on the Bioeconomy in light of the Paris Agreement andthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Availableathttps:/www.unsouthsouth.or

113、g/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Bioeconomy-Publication_visualization-for-website.pdf 26.10.2027 Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH.(n.d.).Protecting Ecuadors natural heritage and using natural resources sustainably.Availableathttps:/www.giz.de/en/worldwide/73634.html26.10.2

114、028 Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH.(n.d.).Securing the future strengthening biological corridors.Available at https:/www.giz.de/en/worldwide/35382.html26.10.2029 Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH.(n.d.).Promoting European-African busines

115、s partnerships for biodiversity conservation.Availableathttps:/www.giz.de/en/worldwide/78516.html26.10.2030 Stockholm Environment Institute.(n.d.).Sowing the seeds of bioeconomic transition.Availableathttps:/www.sei.org/featured/sowing-the-seeds-of-bioeconomic-transition/26.10.20.31 G20 Meeting of A

116、griculture Ministers.(2018).Declaration.Available at http:/www.g20.utoronto.ca/2018/2018-07-28-agriculture.html26.10.2032 IPCC.(2019).ClimateChangeandLand.Availableathttps:/www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/4.-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf 26.10.2033 The East African Regional Strategy was n

117、ot published in time to receive an in-depth analysis in this report.East African Science and Technology Commission(EASTECO)et al.(2020),The East African Regional Bioeconomy.Availableathttps:/bioeconomyconference.easteco.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/summary.pdf 26.10.2034 Bioeconomy Congress EBCL 2

118、016.(2016).Lodz Declaration of Bioregions.Availableathttps:/scanbalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/LODZ-BIOCOMMUNITIES-DECLARATIONfinalEN6.pdf26.10.2035 BIOEAST.(2018).BIOEASTVisionPaper.Availableathttps:/bioeast.eu/download-category/vision-paper/01.03.18.36 BIOEAST.(2020).BioeconomyandGreenInvestm

119、ents:Uniqueopportunityto tackle the crisis in the Central and Eastern European countries.Availableathttps:/bioeast.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BIOEAST-Position-2020-06-10.pdf 11.09.2037 Danube-INCO.NET.(2017).10Recommendations:TowardsaDanubeRegionBioeconomyConcept.Availableathttps:/danube- 26.10.2

120、038 Bioeconomy Strategic Working Group(BSW).(n.d.).What we do.Available at https:/www.scar-swg-sbgb.eu/26.10.2039 Mathisen,M.(2019).NordicBioeconomyProgramme.Availableathttps:/colloque.inrae.fr/bioeconomy2019/content/download/4055/44494/version/1/file/04.+M-MATHISEN+nordic_bioeconomy_strategy.pdf11.

121、09.2040 Economic Commission for Latin America(ECLA).(n.d.).Bioeconomy.Availableathttps:/www.cepal.org/en/topics/bioeconomy26.10.2041 Argentina.gob.ar.(2019).Un simposio para el desarrollo latinoamericano delaBioeconoma.Availableathttps:/www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/un-simposio-para-el-desarrollo-la

122、tinoamericano-de-la-bioeconomia 26.10.20REFERENCESUnited Nations regional commission,the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(UN ECLAC)which organizes joint events to promote exchange on policy making and successful private sector and research initiatives.UN ECLAC strives to bette

123、r align existing initiatives and to further develop joint bioeconomy policies and programs.40 It carries out technical assistance missions on the design of the national bioeconomy strategy in Costa Rica,Uru-guay,and Argentina.The Latin American Bioecon-omy Network was established in 2019 within the

124、framework of the First Latin American Bioeconomy Symposium,organized by the Argentinian Ministry of Science,Technology and Productive Innovation,UN ECLAC,the International Labor Organization(ILO),the UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOr-ganization(UNESCO),the Inter-American Institute for

125、 Cooperation on Agriculture(IICA)and the Interdisci-plinary Center for Studies in Science,Technology and Innovation(CIECTI).It aims to promote the bioecono-my as a regional development strategy,generating an exchange of experiences and fostering collaborative projects.41 IICA is particularly involve

126、d in bioeconomy development in the region with its Bioeconomy and Production Development Program.IICA develops poli-cy briefs and guidelines for action at country-level and specificallyassistedCostaRica,Uruguay,andEcua-dor in their strategy development and,among other things,helped with the design a

127、nd implementation of a bioeconomy observatory in Argentina.18Bioeconomy Policies around the world19-Africa20There is fast evolution of bioeconomy initiatives in Africa.South Africa published a dedicated bioecon-omy strategy in 2013 an in 2020,a dedicated mac-ro-regional bioeconomy strategy for Easte

128、rn Africa was published,the first of its kind on the continent of Africa.42 Seven eastern African countries(Burundi,Ethiopia,Kenya,Rwanda,Tanzania,South Sudan,and Uganda),with the support of the Bioresources Innova-tions Network for Eastern Africa Development(BioIn-novate Africa),came together to de

129、velop a regional innovation-driven bioeconomy strategy that enables the pooling of resources to address shared regional priorities.The program is supported by Sweden and focuses on promoting bioinnovation policies that en-able technology transfer and business development.The BioInnovation Africa43 p

130、rogram fosters equitable business partnerships that contribute to biodiversity conservation.In its first three-year phase,2019 to 2022,BioInnovation Africa will focus on Cameroon,Madagascar,Namibia,and South Africa,countries rich in biodiversity,with support from Germany.The German government also s

131、upports the BiomassWeb project44 in Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,and Nigeria,which aims to increase productivity and efficiency across the whole system of producing,processing,and trading biomass.While not covered in depth in this analysis,many other bioeconomy-related policy initiatives have emerged over t

132、he years.Most of the bioeconomy-related activities center on bioenergy/biofuel pro-duction(e.g.Ghana,Mali,Senegal,Nigeria,Mozam-bique,Uganda,Kenya).45 Countries such as Kenya and Mauritius focus on bioprospecting policies in order to benefit from their unique biodiversity and on commercializing know

133、ledge about traditional bioresources.The Eastern African countries Ethiopia,Kenya,Uganda,and Tanzania have adopted national biotechnology strategies.Mauritius has taken a dif-ferent path and developed a comprehensive Ocean Economy strategy.Namibia has a research and in-novation strategy which integr

134、ates key issues for bioeconomy development.CountryPerspectiveDocument NameEast AfricaBioeconomy(holistic)The Eastern African Regional Bioeconomy Strategy(2020)EthiopiaHigh-TechHigh-TechBioenergyGreen EconomyHigh-TechBiotechnology Investment and Marketing Strategy(2017)National strategy and plan of a

135、ction for pharmaceutical manufacturing development in Ethiopia(2015 2025)(2015)Ethiopia Biomass Energy Strategy(BEST)(2013)Ethiopias Climate Resilient Green Economy Strategy(2011)National Biotechnology Research and Development Goal(2009)GhanaGreen EconomyBioenergyGreen Economy Strategy and Implement

136、ation Plan 2016 2030(2017)National Bioenergy Strategy in Ghana(2014)KenyaHigh-TechBioenergyHigh-TechNational Bioprospecting Strategy(2011)Strategy for developing the Bio-Diesel Industry in Kenya(2008)A National Biotechnology Development Policy(2006)MalawiBioenergyMalawi Biomass Energy Strategy(2008)

137、MaliBioenergyBioenergyStrategieNationaledeDveloppementdesBiocarburantsenMali(2009)StatgieNationalepourleDveloppementdesEnergiesRenouvelables(2006)21Click on strategy name to access the online documentSee further policy strategies on the next page 22MauritiusBlue EconomyOcean Economy(2013)MozambiqueG

138、reen EconomyBioenergyBioenergyGreen Economy Action Plan 2013 2014(2012)MozambiqueBiomassEnergyStrategy(BEST)(2012)Politica e Estrategia de Biocombustiveis(2009)NamibiaResearch&InnovationNational Programme on Research,Science,Technoloy and Innovation(2015)NigeriaBioenergyNigerian Biofuel Policy and I

139、ncentives(2007)RwandaGreen EconomyBioenergyGreen Growth and Climate Resilience-National Strategy on Climate Change and Low Carbon Development(2011)Rwanda Biomass Energy Strategy(BEST)(2009)SenegalBioenergyLettredePolitiquedeDveloppementduSecteurdeLEnergie(2008,2012)National Biofuels Strategy(2006)So

140、uth AfricaBioeconomy(holistic)The Bio-Economy Strategy(2013)TanzaniaHigh-TechBiomass Energy Strategy(BEST)Tanzania(2014)National Biotechnology Policy(2010)UgandaBioenergyHigh-TechBioenergyBiomass Energy Strategy Uganda(2014)National Biotechnology and Biosafety Policy(2008)The Renewable Energy Policy

141、 For Uganda(2007)42 The East African Regional Strategy was not published in time to receive an in-depth analysis in this report.East African Science and Technology Commission(EASTECO)et al.(2020),The East African Regional Bioeconomy.Availableathttps:/bioeconomyconference.easteco.org/wp-content/uploa

142、ds/2020/10/summary.pdf 26.10.2043 Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit(GIZ)GmbH.(n.d.).BioInnovationAfrica.Availableathttps:/www.giz.de/en/downloads/giz2019-en-bioinnovation-africa.pdf 03.11.2044 Center for Development Research University of Bonn.(n.d.).BiomassWeb.Availableathttp:/

143、biomassweb.org14.10.2045 Oguntuase,O.(2020).Bioeconomy for Sustainable Development in Africa State of Production Determinants and Future Directions.Available athttps:/ Africa1What have been the major developments in bioeconomy policy over the past decade?Out of all the African countries,South Africa

144、 stands out with a dedicated bioeconomy strategy.The gov-ernment published the“South Africa Bio-Economy Strategy”46 in 2013 to foster the transition towards a knowledge-based bioeconomy.As a country well-endowed with natural resources and one of the high-est levels of biodiversity in the world,South

145、 Africa focusedearlyonbiodiversityanduniquelyincludedhealth and medical aspects in its strategy.Based on the experiences of two former initiatives,the“Na-tional Biotechnology Strategy”(2001)47 and the“Ten-Year Innovation Plan”(2008),the dedicated bioeconomy strategy seeks to guide bioscience re-sear

146、ch and innovation investments,as well as de-cision-making,within a high-level framework.Many other policies seek to move the country towards a“green economy”and,more recently,policies have been adopting a circular-economy approach.Starting in 2018,the Department of Science and Innovation(DSI),in par

147、tnership with its entity,the Technology Innovation Agency(TIA),and AfricaBio,has hosted a yearly BioAfrica Convention to show-case bio-innovations from the broader biotech com-munity of the African continent.With regard to policy recommendations,in 2018 the Academy of Sciences of South Africa48 revi

148、ewed the regulatory and ethical issues as well as the im-pacts of genome editing,both in terms of breeding and in human genomics,and the National Advisory Council on Innovation(NACI)provided advice on the countrys bioeconomy strategy,most recently on the approach to monitor the performance of the bi

149、oeconomy.49Furthermore,the South African government is ac-tive in international collaboration.It is involved in the Southern Africa Innovation Support Program(SAIS),a regional initiative funded by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland,in partnership with STI Ministries of Botswana,Namibia,Tanz

150、ania and Zambia,and the Southern African Development Community(SADC)Secretariat,all supporting the growth of new businesses through strengthening innovation ecosystems and promoting cross-border collaboration(e.g.through pilot programs in South Africa,such a biotech startup incubator run by CiTI and

151、 TechVillage).Furthermore,the Southern Africa Network for Biosciences(SANBio),a regional initia-tive supported by South Africa and Finland,focuses on bio-innovations and a variety of capacity develop-ment and collaborative projects.25The South African bioeconomy strategy was offi-cially launched in

152、2014 and it effectively replaced the National Biotechnology Strategy of 2001.The bioeconomy strategy was very closely linked to the National Development Plan(NDP).Who is the author of the strategy,and how were stakeholders consulted and engaged in the different phases of the strategy process?3South

153、Africas bioeconomy strategy was published by the Department of Science and Technology(now the Department of Science and Innovation DSI)in 2013.Although the ministry plays a crucial role in leading the implementation of the strategy,the policywasdefinedasaninter-agencyeffort.TheDe-partments of Trade

154、and Industry,Health,Agriculture,Forestry and Fisheries,and Environmental Affairs are involved in this by coordinating their research,development and innovation activities.The strat-egy also aims to involve relevant non-governmental stakeholders,such as industry,community-based organizations,not-for-

155、profitcompanies,academia,and science councils.No information is provided on the strategy development process.TheSouthAfricanbioeconomydefinitionrefersto“activities that make use of bioinnovations,basedon biological sources,materials and processes to generate sustainable economic,social and environ-m

156、ental development.”It encompasses biotechno-logical activities and processes that translate into economic outputs,particularly those with industrial application.What is the main purpose of the dedicated policy strategy,and how does it relate to the SDGs and the Circular Economy?How does it introduce

157、 visions,targets,milestones,and action plans?5The vision is for South Africas bioeconomy to be-comeasignificantcontributortothecountrysecon-omy by 2030,in terms of gross domestic product(GDP).The strategy further seeks to 1)make the country more competitive internationally(especially in the industri

158、al and agricultural sectors),2)create more jobs,3)enhance food security,4)and create a greener economy as the country shifts towards a low-carbon economy.The strategy often highlights the need to integrate both a technology push and a market-pull approach,in order to enhance the coun-trys socio-econ

159、omic development.The strategy is clearly built upon the lessons learned from existing programs and strategies,such as the National Biotechnology Strategy and Farmer to Pharma concept(one of the“Grand Challenges”of the Ten-Year Innovation Plan of 2008),which were too narrowly focused.The new strategy

160、 looks to shift the focus from developing the biotechnology 2How is the dedicated bioeconomy strategy embedded into the wider policy context?How is“bioeconomy”defined in the main policy strategy?426TheBioeconomyStrategyidentifiesthreepriorityareas for research and development agriculture,health and

161、industry/the environment.Representing about 12 percent of the GDP,the agro-industrial sector is considered as having the highest economic impact among the three bioeconomy-relat-ed sectors.In the agricultural sector,the bioecono-my strategy foresees sustainable intensifying agri-cultural production

162、and processing.Biotechnology,including responsible genetic engineering,should generally help to improve the heat resistance and drought tolerance of crops and address the chal-lenges caused by climate change,diminishing water resources,and grazing land,as well as halt the loss of biodiversity.South

163、Africa is currently leading the continent in agricultural biotech,with more than 80 percentofitsmaizeandsoyageneticallymodified.Optimizing energy crops is also considered impor-tant in order to foster the development of the biofuel industry.R&D support for agricultural biosciences and technologies i

164、s an integral part of the strategy.Furthermore,it is intended to strengthen autonomy in the development of animal vaccines and indig-enous crops(such as fortified sorghum,rooibos and honey bush).The strategy also seeks to better capitalize on the countrys biodiversity,and capture niche consumer mark

165、ets for natural products.In the health sector,the strategy seeks to better re-spond to key challenges,such as child mortality,HIV and malaria infections.Discovery and bioprospect-ing play a major role in developing new drugs,vac-cines,diagnostics,and medical devices(especially in TBC and HIV).This a

166、lso includes exploring oppor-tunities in indigenous knowledge systems(IKS).The largely informal market for natural and plant medicinesshouldalsobedeveloped.Thisrequirescapacity-building in process engineering and manu-facturing.The strategy further focuses on support for research,development and inn

167、ovation in biobased chemicals and industrial biotechnology.Improving the local capacity in industrial biotechnology,such as the lo-cal manufacturing of enzymes and biofuels,should increase the acceptance of more environmentally sustainable inputs and practices by South Africas heavyindustries.Givent

168、hesignificantproblemsre-lated to water scarcity,especially in dry areas,the strategy further promotes improvements in waste-water treatment.The bioeconomy strategy is not restricted to foster-ing the biotechnology sector but seeks to develop a comprehensive bioeconomy,which involves several cross-se

169、ctional technologies and knowledge areas.Information and communication technology(ICT),nanomaterial research and manufacture,bio-entre-preneurship,social sciences as well as intellectual propertymanagementarespecificallymentionedasimportant knowledge areas.What are the priority areas of the strategy

170、?6sector to developing a bioeconomy,where the bio-technology sector joins forces with the ICT sector,environmental agencies and the social sciences to create holistic solutions for the agriculture,health and industrial sectors.Published before the SDGs and proliferation of the circular economy conce

171、pt,there is no direct connec-tion made to these themes.The strategy document provides strategic objec-tives,interventions and potential impacts for the three priority areas for research and development agriculture,health and industry/the environment.There are no overall targets set,but targets are s

172、et on individual programs that are implemented in each ofthesectors.Noadditionalbudgetisspecified.27What policy instruments are put forth in the strategy (and its action plan)?7Whilethestrategycallsforasignificantincreaseinadditional resources,especially in research and de-velopment activities,no bu

173、dget is provided.For the implementation of the strategy,the document refers to various funding programs,e.g.the Department of Higher Education and Training funding for academic institutions,as well as science-based innovation and patent support.In general,the various strategic interventions proposed

174、 represent a comprehensive approach to supporting the bioeconomy.The strategy calls for a variety of investments in re-search and innovation.In order to enhance the inno-vation system,it calls for increased state investment in life science incubators,science parks and pilot facilities for demonstrat

175、ion purposes.The strategy points to funding for large research infrastructure and platforms to raise the countrys production of patents in life sciences.In agriculture,for example,it seeks to establish a network of agro-innovation hubs to enhance technology transfer.With regard to industry,a number

176、of RDI interventions have been developed as a result of the 2014 strategy.These are aligned with the strategic thematic areas of bio-products,bio-based chemicals,bio-based materials,bioenergy and bioremediation and include technol-ogyflagshipprogramsrelatingtobiomanufacturingandbioprocessing,biorefi

177、neries,biocatalysis,mi-crobial bioprospecting and bio-based remediation technologies.Infrastructure support is largely focused on the re-search environment.To de-risk the RDI value chain and to localize biomanufacturing capabilities,several upscaling and pilot demonstration infrastructures have been

178、 established,including the Bio-manufactur-ingIndustryDevelopmentCentre(BIDC),BiorefineryIndustry Development Facility(BIDF),Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Encapsulation Facility(SCEF),Indus-trial Biocatalysis Hub and Umbogintwini Bioprocess-ing Platform.In particular,the strategy underlines the import

179、ance of having highly skilled labor involved in the devel-opment of its national bioeconomy.Training and education for scientists,engineers and technicians along bioeconomy value-chains is considered of highestpriorityinordertocreateasufficientknowl-edge base.Furthermore,it is considered necessary t

180、o develop“technopreneurs”who convert diverse technologies into innovative biobased products.Education and training should therefore become integrated into research and innovation policies.In general,programs to enhance commercialization of technologies should be developed.The strategy definesthataBi

181、o-InnovationVentureCapitalFundshould be established as a mechanism to attract publicandprivatecapital.Thefundwouldrequireabout R2 billion,of which R300 million to R400 mil-lion(15 to 20 percent)would be provided by the government over a period of three years.While not directly dedicated to bio-innov

182、ations,more recently an Innovation Fund was established with an alloca-tion of R1.5 billion(USD 90 million in 2020).The strategy mentions the creation of an enabling environment for venture capital where the Tech-nology Innovation Agency stimulates investment through venture capital and foreign inve

183、stment.In early 2010,the biotechnology innovation centers were incorporated into the Technology Innovation Agency,which was established to address the“in-novation chasm”and the fragmentation of funding instruments.The agency also incorporated the In-novation Fund.The strategy suggests that private-s

184、ector funding as well as in-kind capital could be sourced through corporate social investment programs.With regard to demand-side measures,the strategy supports initiatives to promote public understand-ing of the technologies underlying the bioeconomy.Activities include participation in,or hosting o

185、f,inter-national conferences and other relevant forums,as well as electronic marketing through the creation of a South African bioportal that provides information on relevant technology skills,opportunities,prod-ucts and linkages in the bioeconomy.The strategy suggests that further legislation will

186、help create demand for green products and facilitate the introduction of new bioproducts.In addition,un-28How is the implementation of the strategy monitored and evaluated?8locking the value of indigenous crops,coupled with consumer demand for“natural”products,should help capture niche markets.The d

187、ocument also mentions a variety of bioecon-omy-friendly framework conditions.Intellectual property(IP)management is highlighted as a prior-ity issue and calls for the country to implement a strategy in order to exploit expired,expiring or unen-forceable patents to produce bioproducts locally at a fr

188、action of the cost of importation.Other actions include expanding the National Intellectual Property ManagementOffice(NIPMO)toimproveintellectualproperty brokering and trading,both nationally and internationally.The strategy calls for a review of regulations regard-ing new bioproducts,and the mechan

189、isms and bod-ies responsible for the enforcement of these regula-tions.In addition,the regulatory landscape should address the ethical implications of all innovations(e.g.GMO usage,bioprospecting using indigenous knowledge,confidentialityofgeneticinformation).In order to support the pharmaceutical i

190、ndustry,the strategyemploysanimport-replacementtechnique,with the aim of replacing up to 25 percent of cur-rent imports within a decade of implementation.This would support programs,such as“Farmer to Pharma”oneofthefiveGrandChallengesofSouthAfricas Ten-Year Innovation Plan.By capitalizing on natural

191、 biodiversity and applied biotechnologies,this program promotes the commercial use of lo-cal,indigenous and underutilized plants and animal breeds in ways that protect genetic resources,re-spect local communities intellectual property rights and support nature conservation.With regard to the smaller

192、 human vaccine sector,an import replace-ment target of 20 percent or more is suggested.The strategy makes clear that its success hinges on coordination efforts,a key good governance mea-sure.Committees have been created to oversee the Strategic Health Innovation Partnership(SHIP)programme and the Ag

193、ricultural Bio-innovation Part-nership Programme(ABIPP).A consortium commit-tee is overseeing investments in the IKS arena.A committee is also currently being established for the Industry and Environment programme(Strategic Industry Bio-Innovation Programme-SIIP).Fostering international partnerships

194、 that help ex-pand and improve research and innovation is en-couraged,however it is noted that this international-ization should not reduce research into local priority issues.In addition,emphasis is places on social inclusions and working with Indigenous Knowledge Systems(IKS)as an important crossc

195、utter contribut-ing to the activities within these three sectors.DSI as the lead agent of the strategy is tasked with facilitating the strategys broad implementation,how-ever it should be guided and monitored by interde-partmental stakeholder groups.This interdepartmen-tal structure will function as

196、 a subcommittee of the Economic Sectors and Employment Sector Cluster of government.DSI will develop implementation frame-works,which will guide all associated stakeholders in developing implementation plans.18keyquantitativeoutputindicators(relatedtoindus-try,market,knowledge transmission and appli

197、cation,as well as knowledge base and human resources)are provided to track and monitor the strategy.Although thestrategyenvisionsthebioeconomybeingasignifi-cant contribution to South Africas GDP by 2030,the indicators only refer to knowledge and skills(full-time equivalentresearchers,scientificpubli

198、cations,andbioeconomy-relatedpublications)andfinancialsupport(gross expenditure on research and development as a percentage of GDP).However,these systematic metrics have not yet been implemented.In 2018,the National Advisory Council on Innovation(NACI)developed a set of indicators that can be used t

199、o measure and monitor the bio-economys contribution to South Africas GDP at both sectoral and national level.The new performance 29REFERENCES46 Department of Science and Technology.(2013).The Bio-Economy Strategy.Availableathttp:/www.pub.ac.za/files/Bioeconomy%20Strategy.pdf21.08.2047 Government of

200、South Africa.(2001).A National Biotechnology Strategy forSouthAfrica.Availableat:https:/www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/biotechstrat0.pdf 21.08.2048 Department of Science and Technology.(2018).Human Genetics andGenomicsinSouthAfrica:Ethical,Legal,andSocialImplications.Availableat

201、http:/research.assaf.org.za/bitstream/handle/20.500.11911/106/2018_assaf_ethical_genetics_genomics_consensus.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y21.08.2049 Department of Science and Technology.(2018).National Advisory Council on Innovation.Innovation for a better future.Annual report 2018/2019.Availableathttp

202、s:/static.pmg.org.za/NACI_Annual_Report_201819.pdf21.08.2050 Department of Science and Technology.(2018).National Advisory Council on Innovation.Innovation for a better future.Annual report 2018/2019.Availableathttps:/static.pmg.org.za/NACI_Annual_Report_201819.pdf21.08.2051.Food and Agriculture Org

203、anization of the United Nations.(2018).Assessing the contribution of bioeconomy to countries economy.A brief review of nationalframeworks.Availableathttp:/www.fao.org/3/I9580EN/i9580en.pdf 21.08.20Do dedicated regional bioeconomy policy strategies exist?9Noindicatorsinclude:output,employment,exports

204、,in-vestment,and innovation.50TheNACIstudydefinestwohigh-levelcomponents:metricsforthatportionof the economy resulting from the bioeconomy activi-ties/sectors,and metrics for innovation that provide a key input to the development of the bioeconomy.51 However,theDSIwillstillhavetofindappropriateso-ci

205、al and environmental indicators.A new bioeconomy metrics report based on these recommendations is anticipated to be published in 2020.-Americas30Latin America and the Caribbean In recent years,the concept of the bioeconomy has gained significant political importance in Latin America and the Caribbea

206、n.While various bioecon-omy-related policy strategies are being developed,notably with the support of macro-regional orga-nizations,this has only slowly translated into the adoption of dedicated national bioeconomy strate-gies in the region.Countries including Argentina,Brazil,Colombia,Ecuador,Puert

207、o Rico,Uruguay,and Argentina have been working for years on dedi-cated strategies;however,the process of adopting these strategies has been slow.The first and only country to publish a dedicated national strategy was Costa Rica in August 2020.In Argentina,the culmination of a process to develop a de

208、dicated na-tional bioeconomy strategy resulted in the publica-tion of a collective stakeholder strategy in 2019.In general,policy strategies that refer to bioecono-my development are characterized mainly by capi-talizing on the relevant countrys large quantity of natural resources.Bioeconomy is prom

209、oted par-ticularly as an alternative model for sustainable development and green growth.Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC)have also made important progress in areas such as bioenergy,agricultural biotechnology,low-carbon agriculture,the utili-zation of biodiversity,and ecosystem services.52 For ex

210、ample,Brazil and Argentina are among the leaders in bioenergy production and are among the top five users of genetically modified crops.Bioeconomy development in Brazil has been domi-nated by progress in the bioenergy sector.The larg-est Brazilian state,Amazonas,however,has made significant headway

211、in advancing tropical forestry-based bioeconomy.53-31Other countries are making headway towards de-veloping dedicated bioeconomy strategies.For example,a multisectoral process is underway in Uruguay to design a national Sustainable Bioecon-omy Strategy(EBS)as part of the“Uruguay 2050”National Develo

212、pment Strategy,under the authority of the Office of the President.Colombia is devising a proposal to capitalize on the bioeconomy as part of its“Mission of Experts,”a group of 34 leading national and international experts,whose objective is to produce a roadmap and recommendations for prioritizing s

213、cience and technology.Ecuador is currently in the process of consolidating its regula-tory,institutional,and political framework in order to establish the conditions necessary for develop-ing a public policy for the bioeconomy.Starting in 2017,a Working Group on Bioeconomy was set up within the Mini

214、stry of Environment which has assumed a strong biodiversity-based approach to the bioeconomy.54North America The USA came to the forefront in 2012 with a holistic dedicated bioeconomy strategy which uniquely em-phasized the role of biotechnology,the importance of biomedicine,and its application for

215、defense purpos-es.Since then a more agricultural and bioresources-based vision developed,driven by individual federal agencies.While recent coordinating activity within the White House and bills in the house and senate look to strengthen Americas bioeconomy,this has not yet translated into a replace

216、ment for the 2012 National Bioeconomy Blueprint.Canada has taken a different path to developing its bioeconomy in the form of an industry-driven national strategy.The strategy focuses primarily on access to biomass in agriculture.3252 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Cari

217、bbean(ECLAC)et al.(2020).The Outlook for Agriculture and Rural Development in theAmericas:APerspectiveonLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:2019-2020.Availableathttp:/repositorio.iica.int/bitstream/handle/11324/8214/BVE19040295i.pdf;jsessionid=9E976018A9053FD5CDE0BCB98ACD25B8?sequence=1026.10.2053 Instituto

218、Escolhas.(2019).AneweconomyfortheAmazonasstate:ManausFreeTradeZoneandBioeconomy.Availableathttp:/www.escolhas.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/A-New-Economy-for-the-Amazon_Manaus-Free-Zone-and-Bioeconomics_Executive-Sumary_2020.pdf 26.10.2054 United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and th

219、e Caribbean(ECLAC)et al.(2020).The Outlook for Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentintheAmericas:APerspectiveonLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:2019-2020.Availableathttp:/repositorio.iica.int/bitstream/handle/11324/8214/BVE19040295i.pdf;jsessionid=9E976018A9053FD5CDE0BCB98ACD25B8?sequence=1026.10.20REFERENC

220、ESCountryPerspectiveDocument NameArgentinaBioeconomy(stakeholder)BioeconomyHigh-TechBioeconomy(regional)Research&InnovationLa Bioeconoma como Estrategia para el desarrollo argentino(2019)Bioeconoma Argentina(2017)Biotecnologaargentinaalao2030:Llaveestratgicaparaunmodelode desarrollo tecno-productivo

221、(2016)Plan Provincial de Bioeconoma Buenos Aires(2016)Argentina Innovadora 2020(2012)BrazilBioenergyResearch&InnovationResearch&InnovationHigh-TechPlano Decenal de Expansao de Energia 2023,2029(2014,2020)Plano de Ao em Cincia,Tecnologia e Inovao em Bioeconomia/Action Plan in ST&I in Bioeconomy 2018(

222、2018)EstratgiaNationaldeCiencia,TecnologiaeInovacao20162019(2016)/National Strategy on Science,Technology and InnovationBiotechnology Strategy(2007)CanadaForestryCanadas Bioeconomy Strategy Leveraging our Strengths for a Sustainable Future(2019)Growing Forward 2(2018)A Forest Bioeconomy Framework fo

223、r Canada(2017)ColombiaHigh-TechColombia Green Growth Roadmap(2018)Colombia Bio(2016)Plan nacional Dedesarrollo 2014-2018(2015)Programa Nacional de Biocomercio Sostenible(PNBS)2014 2024(2014)Politica para el Desarrollo Commercial de la Biotecnologa a partir del Uso Sostenible de la Biodiversidad(2011

224、)Costa RicaBioeconomy(holistic)National Bioeconomy Strategy Costa Rica 2020 2030(2020)EcuadorBiobased EconomyGuidlines for the Promotion of Bio-Entrepreneurship(2019)MexicoBioenergyBioenergyEstrategia de Transicin para Promover el Uso de Tecnologas y Combustibles ms Limpios(2016,2020)EstrategiaInter

225、secretarialdelosBioenergticos(2009)ParaguayHigh-TechHigh-TechEstrategia Nacional y Plan de Accin para la Conservacin de la Biodiversidad del Paraguay 2015 2020(2015)Politica y Programa Nacional de Biotecnoloa Agroprecuaria y Forestal del Parauay(2011)UruguayHigh-TechEstrategia Nacional de Desarrollo

226、 Uruguay 2050(2019)Plan Sectorial de Biotechnologa 2011 2020(2012)Uruguay Agro inteligente 2010 2015(2010)USABioeconomy(holistic)The Bioeconomy Blueprint(2012)Click on strategy name to access the online document34Costa Rica1What have been the major developments in bioeconomy policy over the past dec

227、ade?Costa Rica is a frontrunner when it comes to sustain-able development.Since the abolition of the army in 1948,the government of Costa Rica has promoted pioneering political reforms in environmental pro-tection and conservation.Since the 1980s,further policies have been adopted to open up trade a

228、nd to diversify production,along with internationally recog-nized initiatives in areas relevant to the bioeconomy,such as biodiversity,forestry,climate change,sustain-able agriculture,clean energy,sustainable tourism,among others.For example,in 1996,the country passed a Biodiver-sity Law55 with the

229、aim of promoting the conservation and ecologically sustainable use of biodiversity and theequitablesharingofthebenefitsarisingfromtheutilization of genetic resources across all economic sectors and parts of society.The political focus on biodiversity conservation and protection has since been mainta

230、ined by the adoption of National Biodi-versity Policies.56In 2008,the Costa Rican government approved the National Biofuels Program57 to promote the progres-sive substitution of fossil fuels by renewable energy sources with the aim of increasing social develop-ment and contributing to the reduction

231、of greenhouse gases.In 2010,the Law for Integral Waste Management was passed to encourage market development for by-products,recoverable materials,and recyclable and biodegradable products,as well as to promote innovations and technological transfer for integrated waste management.In 2015,the govern

232、ment published the Strategy for Low-Carbon Livestock,58 to increase productivity of the countrys livestock farmers while reducing green-house gas emissions.By adopting the Law on the Development,Promo-tion and Encouragement of Organic Agriculture,59 the government agreed to develop comprehensive tra

233、ining and education programs on good practices in organic agriculture,to support research in this area and to establish certification systems for national organic products.With the publication of the National Policy on a Knowledge-Based Society and Economy60 in 2017,the government looked to maximize

234、 well-being through the production,distribution and use of all types of knowledge.In addressing the knowledge-basedeconomy,thedocumentspecificallyreferredtothe term bioeconomy,which includes“economic ac-tivities based on innovation and biotechnology for the production of biological products and proc

235、esses.”In addition,Carlos Alvarado,the current President,announced plans to fully decarbonize the countrys economy and make it the first carbon-neutral na-35The policy strategy explicitly highlights the wider con-text in which it emerges.It describes its relationship to superordinate and national po

236、licy development and outlines how far the strategy aligns with exist-ing policy initiatives in related policy areas.It par-ticularly aligns with Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development,the Convention on Biological Diversity,the Paris Agreement on Climate Change,and the ConventiontoCombatDesertificat

237、ion.Furthermore,it aligns with various public policy frameworks,includ-ing the National Policy on Productive Development(Vision Costa Rica 2050),the National Development Plan 2019 2022,the National Biodiversity Strat-egy,the National Decarbonization Plan 2018 2050,the National Policy on Sustainable

238、Production and Consumption 2018 2030,the National Science and Innovation Strategy,and the National Digitaliza-tion Strategy 2018 2022,amongst others65.It is further stated,that the new bioeconomy strategy provides a reference framework to complement the National Policy on Entrepreneurship 2030,which

239、 is also a guiding framework to promote a sustainable economic recovery.66For Costa Rica,the bioeconomy represents an op-portunity to converge productive development poli-cies and environmental policies developed over the last seven decades.It aims to reconcile the objec-tives for productive develop

240、ment and for the protec-tion,knowledge and sustainable use of the countrys biological wealth.Who is the author of the strategy,and how were stakeholders consulted and engaged in the different phases of the strategy process?32How is the dedicated bioeconomy strategy embedded into the wider policy con

241、text?tion in the world.In order to support the countrys contribution to the Paris Agreement,the government launched a Decarbonization Plan61 in February 2019.The ambitious plan aims to reduce the countrys net emissions of carbon dioxide to zero by 2050 and promote the countrys modernization through

242、green growth.62In August 2020,the government published the Nation-al Bioeconomy Strategy Costa Rica 2020 203063 at a launch event attended by the President,making CostaRicathefirstcountryinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean to adopt a dedicated national bioeconomy strategy.In parallel,the Ministry of Scien

243、ce and Tech-nology signed a Memorandum of Understanding with UNDP with the aim of strengthening the mobilization oftechnicalandfinancialresourcestoencouragethedevelopment of bio-businesses within the framework of the National Bioeconomic Strategy and the Finance for Biodiversity Initiative(BIOFIN).6

244、4The strategy was developed as an inter-ministerial effort and is based on a preceding multi-stakeholder development process,including various consulta-tions of experts and representatives from science and technology,both public and private,and inter-organizational processes.The process was coordina

245、ted by an inter-ministerial committee on bioeconomy(CIB),composed of repre-sentatives from the Ministry of Science,Technology andCommunications(MCTIC);theMinistryofAgricul-tureandLivestock(MAG);theMinistryofEnvironmentandEnergy(MINEA);andtheMinistryofEconomy,Industry and Trade(MEIC).The formulation

246、process,which started in 2017,was supported by the Econom-ic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean(ECLAC)and the Inter-American Institute for Coopera-tion on Agriculture(IICA)and financial support was given by the cooperation program with the Federal Republic of Germany(ECLAC-BMZ/GIZ Progra

247、m).67 36The bioeconomy policy strategy pursues a 10-year vision to promote high value-added sustainable production in all regions of the country,which is basedonthefairandequitableuseofbiodiversity,the circular utilization of biomass and the countrys biotechnological progress.Strategicobjectivesment

248、ionedinthestrategyinclude:1)making Costa Rica a model country in sustainable development,taking advantage of its biological re-sourcestopromotesocialinclusionandequity,bal-anced territorial development,conservation,knowl-edge and sustainable use of biodiversity,and national competitiveness,2)making

249、the bioeconomy one of the pillars of the productive transformation of Costa Rica by promoting innovation,value creation,diversi-ficationandsophisticationofthecountryseconomy,applying the principles of the circular bioeconomy and seeking to decarbonize production and consumption processes,3)promoting

250、 the convergence between the countrys wealth in biological resources and the use of national capacities in biological sciences for the valorization of that wealth.The strategy is scheduled to be implemented in threephases:momentum(20202022);scalingup(2022 2026)and consolidation(2026-2030).68 The str

251、ategy distinguishes between three types of goals:1)short-termgoals(20202022),includingestablishing an institutional basis for the develop-ment of the bioeconomy in Costa Rica,preparing action plans for the implementation of the strategy,identifying a set of strategic projects,and identifying and man

252、aging the resources to start the implemen-tationofasetoftheidentifiedstrategicprojects;2)mid-term goals(2022 2026),including consoli-dating the institutional and legal frameworks for bioeconomy development,expanding the scope of implementation of regional bioeconomy action plans,and identifying and

253、implementing a second round of regional strategic bioeconomy projects and initiatives,focused on high value-added sec-What is the main purpose of the dedicated policy strategy,and how does it relate to the SDGs and the Circular Economy?How does it introduce visions,targets,milestones,and action plan

254、s?5ThestrategysdefinitionofthebioeconomyreferstotheCommuniquoftheGlobalBioeconomySummit 2018,in which the bioeconomy comprises“the production,utilization,conservation and res-toration of biological resources,including related knowledge,science,technology,and innovation,to provide information,product

255、s,processes and services in all economic sectors aiming towards a sustainable bioeconomy.”Thedefinitionrepresentsacomprehensiveunder-standing of bioeconomy,including the whole range of biological resources and knowledge to provide products and services in all sectors of trade and industry within the

256、 framework of an economic sys-temfitforthefuture.Inthisrespect,biologicalre-sourcesinclude:1)cultivatedandnaturalbiomass,2)residualbiomassfromtheagricultural,fishingandaquaculture,forestryandagro-industrialsec-tors,3)biomass that can be recovered from ur-ban residues,4)waste-waters from livestock an

257、d human activities,but also 5)terrestrial and ma-rine biodiversity,including biochemical elements,genes,proteins,and microorganisms of interest for research and commercial applications.Scientificandtechnologicaldevelopmentisrecog-nized as a fundamental catalyst for the transfor-mation of the country

258、.The strategy therefore em-phasizes the following three key elements of the bioeconomy:1)thepromotionandapplicationofsci-entificknowledgeinbiologicalandlifesciences,2)the application of traditional and modern knowledge about biological resources,processes and principles in the development of new pro

259、ducts,processes and services,and 3)the use of technologies applicable to knowledge,transformation and emulation of bio-logical resources,processes and principles.How is“bioeconomy”defined in the main policy strategy?437What are the priority areas of the strategy?6tors;3)long-termgoals(20262030),incl

260、udingconsolidating the bioeconomy as a model for fossil decarbonization and the sustainable development of Costa Rica,and consolidating Costa Rica as a model country in the development of the bioeconomy in the context of high biodiversity.Action plan development should start in 2020.Its main objecti

261、ve should be to implement the propos-als set out in the strategy with a ten-year horizon(to 2030).The action plan should be carried out on the basis of a participatory process that includes all relevant bioeconomy stakeholders.Moreover,the strategy reacts to the global Covid-19 pandemic and the asso

262、ciated global economic downturn and the challenges to many production systems by recognizing the potential of bioeconomy toproducemoreefficiently,toreinventthecoun-trys economy,and to maintain value chains that sustain jobs and livelihoods,while ensuring the sus-tainable use and rehabilitation of na

263、ture in the face of climate change.69 The focus of the strategy is to increase the resilience and sustainable use of the countrys biodiversity.The strategy document further highlights the active involvement of societal actors.Its prioritization of gen-derequityandthecreationofopportunitiesforthecoun

264、trys youth and indigenous communities presents auniqueadditiontobioeconomypolicy-making.Within the strategy,the bioeconomy is mentioned as a form of the circular economy,“which seeks the use of biological resources in the most productive and efficientway()”Thestrategydocumentusestheterm“circular bio

265、economy”to emphasize that the conceptgoesbeyondseekingefficiencyintheuseof fossil resources,but rather aims to replace them.According to the strategy,a circular bioeconomy con-tributes to reducing the carbon footprint of produc-tion processes and generates new market niches for consumers concerned w

266、ith minimizing their impact on the environment.The strategy document defines five strategic axes withrespectivelinesofaction:1)bioeconomyforru-ral development,2)biodiversity and development,3)biorefineryofresidualbiomass,4)advancedbioecon-omy,and 5)urban bioeconomy and green cities.Itrecognizesthata

267、gricultural,fishingandforestryactivities are fundamental to the development of rural areas.The strategy emphasizes the need to di-versify production and to generate new value chains and networks.Priority should be given to promot-ing sustainable primary industries(e.g.through re-search and innovatio

268、n in precision agriculture and sustainableaquaculture)andfosteringnewvalue-added rural agro-industry that produces food and ingredients by valorizing local resources.With regard to biodiversity and development,the strategy highlights the governments efforts and commitment to environmental protection

269、 and con-servation,while also emphasizing terrestrial and marine biodiversity resources as a new engine for inclusive,sustainable development with high value-added and low greenhouse gas emissions.Interest-ingly,the role of ecosystem services is stressed(e.g.virtual tourism and sustainable eco-touri

270、sm in protected wildlife areas and biological corridors).Furthermore,the document considers the sustain-able use and commercialization of biodiversity,for example through bioprospecting activities,as hold-ing great potential for economic development,but also for biodiversity protection and conservat

271、ion.Withinstrategicaxisthree,“biorefineryandresidualbiomass,”the focus is on promoting the integral use and valorization of residual biomass from agricultural,agro-industrial,forestryandfishingprocessestopro-duce energy and a wide range of bioproducts.Biorefin-ing should contribute to generating new

272、 value chains and networks in primary production.The production of bioenergy based on residual biomass is highlighted as an alternative for private consumption on farms and rural households.Furthermore,the production of bio-inputs and biobased materials should be promoted,38What policy instruments a

273、re put forth in the strategy (and its action plan)?7i.e.to produce nutrients for biofertilizers and protein for animal feed,and to replace fossil-based products or those with a high environmental impact.Strategic axis four,“advanced bioeconomy,”high-lights the importance of biotechnology,nanotech-no

274、logy and digital technologies,as well as their convergence.The strategy demonstrates the wide range of technologies,which can contribute to the sustainable use of biological resources,including the so-called omics technologies,synthetic biology,biochemical engineering,and green chemistry,as well as

275、tools arising from interdisciplinary and tech-nological convergence,such as bioinformatics,bio-diagnostics and biomonitoring.The strategy seeks to promote synergies between the Costa Rican scientific capabilities in order to encourage the development of new,innovative and sustainable products,applic

276、ations and platforms.The highly innovative approach of the strategy to promote the urban bioeconomy and green and intel-ligent citiesisuniqueincomparisontootherexist-ingpolicystrategies.CostaRicaisoneofthefirstcountries in the world which intends to focus and further develop the concept of a bioprin

277、cipled city.The government intends to develop and experiment with the sustainable management and valorization of solid waste residues,inter-urban biological cor-ridors,as well as urban design approaches inspired by biological principles,processes and systems.The strategy intends to identify intermed

278、iate and small cities whose municipalities might be interested in applying the concept of a bioprincipled city in their urban development plans.The strategy document emphasizes the cross-cutting priority“Research,Development and Innovation”and the need to generate economies of scale and avoid duplic

279、ation.In this respect,the strategy focus-es on establishing shared platforms to encourage the collaboration between public and private sec-tor R&D,to promote entrepreneurship(e.g.through incubation and accelerator programs),to support ventures in the piloting and development phases,and to foster col

280、laboration for technology transfer.Interestingly,the strategy pursues a broad concept of innovation which spans technological,social and economic innovations.Costa Ricas strong commitment to investing in education and training is outlined within the cross-cutting priority“Education and Capacity Deve

281、lop-ment.”The strategy highlights the importance of buildingaknowledge-basedsociety,toensurequal-ity education and universal access.A focus is put on environmental education,e.g.through regional platforms for virtual tourism.Moreover,internship programs with companies and centers of excellence shoul

282、d be established for young people and women interested in biobusinesses.The cross-cutting priority“Market Access”highlights the importance of promoting commercialization by stimulating local markets and guaranteeing ac-cess to international markets for bioeconomy goods and services,among others.The

283、strategy document recognizes the need for new incentives,regulations andfinancingoptionsforthedifferentstagesoftheproduction chain.Special contests and fairs should contribute to fostering a favorable business climate for the bioeconomy.The cross-cutting priority“Communication with Soci-ety”focuses

284、on increasing the involvement and em-powerment of the entire population,for example by supporting networks at the local,regional,national and international level.The demand side remains relatively unaddressed in the strategy document.The focus is on raising public awareness for through actions such

285、as the promotion of the bioprincipled city concept.In order to promote bioeconomy-friendly frame-work conditions,the strategy highlights the need to strengthen existing mechanisms for the manage-ment of ecosystem services,especially in the area 39How is the implementation of the strategy monitored a

286、nd evaluated?8Do dedicated regional bioeconomy policy strategies exist?9The strategy proposes the creation of a National Bio-economy Council,as a multi-stakeholder body to sup-port strategy implementation.The council will be sup-ported by a technical secretariat and may establish ad-hocworkinggroups

287、toaddressidentifiedbottle-necks limiting the implementation of the strategy.Moreover,the development of a dedicated 10-year action plan should ensure monitoring and evaluation of the strategy implementation.Comparative stud-ies should further monitor the countrys progress in terms of the bioeconomy

288、development.Noof forestry,biodiversity and eco-tourism(e.g.nation-wide payment for the environmental services sys-tem,PES).In addition,legislation should be updated,e.g.with regard to promoting the sustainable use of biodiversity,fostering the use of residual biomass in primary industries and the ag

289、ro-industry,and facili-tating the use of biological materials and principles in construction.It further emphasizes the need to strengthen national capacities in IP management,licensing and other mechanisms for the protection of knowledge.The government aims to promote good governance in terms of pol

290、icy coherence and effectiveness with-in the strategy document.The Ministry of Science,Technology and Telecommunications(MCTIC),as the coordinator and initiator of the strategy,established an Inter-ministerial Bioeconomy Commission(CIB),for exchange among the four participating ministries(MAG,MEIC,MC

291、TIC and MINEA).In addition,by cre-ating a high-level National Bioeconomy Council,as the highest decision-making and monitoring body,the strategy further pursues a multi-stakeholder ap-proach to promoting bioeconomy development.55 The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica.(1998).Biodiver

292、sity Law.Availableathttps:/ Spanish version 30.09.2056 Ministry of Environment,Energy and Telecommunications.(2015).National BiodiversityPolicies.Availableathttps:/www.conagebio.go.cr/Conagebio/public/documentos/POLITICA-NACIONAL-DE-BIODIVERSIDAD-2015.pdf 30.09.2057 Ministry of the Environment and E

293、nergy,Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock.(2008).NationalBiofuelsProgram.Availableathttps:/sepse.go.cr/documentos/Programa%20Nacional%20de%20Biocombustibles.pdf30.09.2058 Navarro,M.C.,Rivero,C.R.,Guzmn J.S.&Picado D.J.(2015).Strategy for Low-CarbonLivestock.Availableathttp:/www.mag.go.cr/bibliotec

294、avirtual/L01-11006.pdf 30.09.2059 The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of Costa Rica.(2007).Law on the Development,Promotion and Encouragement of Organic Agriculture.Availableathttp:/www.mag.go.cr/legislacion/2006/ley-8542.pdf30.09.2060 Ministry of Science,Technology and Telecommunications.(2017

295、).National PolicyonaKnowledge-BasedSocietyandEconomy.Availableathttps:/www.micit.go.cr/sites/default/files/politica_nacional_sociedad_y_ecnomia_en_el_conocimiento-min.pdf 30.09.2061 The Government of Costa Rica.(2019).Decarbonization Plan.Availableathttps:/unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Nat

296、ionalDecarbonizationPlan.pdf 30.09.2062 100%RenewableEnergyinCostaRica.(2019).WorldFutureCouncil.Availableathttps:/www.worldfuturecouncil.org/100-renewable-energy-costa-rica/30.09.2063 Ministry of Environment and Energy,the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock,the Ministry of Economy,Industry and C

297、ommerce and the Ministry of Science,Technology and Telecommunications.(2020).National BioeconomyStrategyCostaRica20202030.Availableathttps:/ 30.09.2064 Costa Rica lanza Estrategia Nacional de Bioeconoma.(2020).Elpais.Availableathttps:/www.elpais.cr/2020/08/07/costa-rica-lanza-estrategia-nacional-de-

298、bioeconomia/30.09.2065 Rodriguez.(n.d.).Estrategia Nacional de Bioeconoma.66 https:/www.elpais.cr/2020/08/07/costa-rica-lanza-estrategia-nacional-de-bioeconomia/67 https:/www.elpais.cr/2020/08/07/costa-rica-lanza-estrategia-nacional-de-bioeconomia/68 https:/www.elpais.cr/2020/08/07/costa-rica-lanza-

299、estrategia-nacional-de-bioeconomia/69 https:/www.elpais.cr/2020/08/07/costa-rica-lanza-estrategia-nacional-de-bioeconomia/REFERENCES40USA1What have been the major developments in bioeconomy policy over the past decade?In 2012,the White House published a dedicated U.S.bioeconomy strategy,the“National

300、 Bioeconomy Blueprint,”70 covering the entire bioeconomy portfo-lio and emphasizing biotechnology and biomedicine.With the release of this Blueprint,the United States becamethefirstcountrytodescribebiotechnologyas a key driver of the bioeconomy.The agricultural strategy or updated“Farm Bill,”de-velo

301、ped by the Department of Agriculture(USDA)and covering the period from 2014 2018,did not specificallyrelatetothebioeconomy,butpromotedkey subsegments in the areas of agriculture,bioen-ergy,and food,and expanded efforts to enable the procurement of biobased products(BioPreferred Program)andtheBioRefi

302、neryAssistanceProgram(rebrandedastheBiorefinery,RenewableChemical,and Biobased Product Manufacturing Assistance Pro-gram),and the Biomass Crop Assistance Program.The BioPreferred program,71 which works to increase the use of biobased products through a federal pro-curementprogramandavoluntarycertifi

303、cationandlabeling program,has developed into one of the U.S.bioeconomys main support tools.Since the launch of the programs voluntary certification initiative in 2011,more than 3,000 bioproducts have been certifiedandlabeled.72 However,in May 2018,the Obama era Executive Order compelling federal age

304、n-cies to submit biobased procurement targets was revoked by the current Administration,potentially setting back efforts to measure the success of the program.Whilefederalagenciesarestillrequiredto procure biobased products,they no long are re-quiredtoreporttargets.In 2015,the U.S.government renewed

305、 the federal“Strategy for American Innovation,”73 highlighting the need for investment in new technologies to de-velop future U.S.industries,such as the bioecono-my.Public R&D investment was considered highly relevant for the National Nanotechnology Initiative,the Materials Genome Initiative,the Nat

306、ional Robot-ics Initiative,and the Big Data Research and Devel-opment Initiative.Without a central document to replace the 2012 Bioeconomy Blueprint and its holistic view of bio-and high-tech innovation across all economic sec-tors,the U.S.entered a period marked by the more agricultural and bioreso

307、urces-based vision put forth by individual federal agencies.Building on a series of opportunity reports named“Billion-ton Report”(2005,2011,2016),74 an inter-agency vision to sus-tainably produce one billion tons of biomass by 2030 was adopted.The implementation of this billion-ton strategy is docum

308、ented in the 2016“Federal Activi-ties Report on the Bioeconomy,”75 which provides an overview of publicly funded bioeconomy activi-ties.Subsequently,inDecember2016,thegovern-ment adopted the“Strategic Plan for a Thriving and Sustainable Bioeconomy,”76 a strategy providing a 41framework for biomass-d

309、erived product development in the United States.After a series of meetings and stakeholder activities,the Department of Energys BioenergyTechnologiesOffice(BETO)wouldeventu-ally receive congressional appropriations in 2017 to establishthefirstopen,publicbiofoundry,the Agile BioFoundry(ABF),a distrib

310、uted consortium of nine DOE National Laboratories,which work to advance biomanufacturing and address precompetitive re-searchchallengesidentifiedbyindustry.77 The U.S.leads in many biotechnology arenas and in recent years has focused on modernizing the regulatory system.In 2017,the USDA released an

311、interagency task force report78 outlining the need to increase public acceptance of biotechnology products,modernize and streamline the federal regulatory system for biotechnology products,and expedite commercialization of biotechnology prod-ucts.The White House also released an“Update to the Coordi

312、nated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology,”79 aimed at streamlining regulatory processes and accelerating the translation of bioin-novations to market.In 2019,the administration signed an Executive Order80 aiming to modernize how agricultural biotechnology products are regu-lated.The Order

313、 called for the development of an internationaltradestrategytoremoveunjustifiedtrade barriers and expand markets,and the creation ofaunifiedbiotechnologyweb-basedplatform.Itwas aligned with the USDA 2020 SECURE Rule81 which creates a new process to regulate plants de-veloped using genetic engineerin

314、g.In June 2019,the Engineering Biology Research Con-sortium(EBRC),a public-private partnership partially funded by the National Science Foundation,released its technical research roadmap,Engineering Biol-ogy:A Research Roadmap for the Next-Generation Bioeconomy,82 which outlines technical themes and

315、 application sectors for engineering biology.In 2019,the Biomass Research and Development Board(BR&D Board)co-chaired by USDA and the U.S.Department of Energy(DOE)issued“The Bio-economy Initiative:Implementation Framework,”83 focused on innovative technologies to harness the nations biomass resource

316、s for affordable biofuels,bioproducts and biopower.In 2020,the USDA Sci-ence Blueprint:A Roadmap for USDA Science from 2020 to 2025,84 listed the bioeconomy as a key aspect of fostering value-added innovations and explicitly references the BioPreferred program as an important evidence tool.In contra

317、st to other countries,over the years the DepartmentofDefensehasinvestedsignificantlyin the bioeconomy.In 2019,for example,it estab-lished biotechnology as an enterprise modernization priority.85 While in May of 2019 some coordinating activity oc-curred within the White House,these events have not de

318、veloped into a new strategy or Executive Order to replace the 2012 National Bioeconomy Blueprint.Forthefirsttimesince2009,inAugust2019theAd-ministrationidentifiedthebioeconomyasakeyareafor federal agencies to focus R&D efforts,86 in Sep-tember it released a request for information(RFI)87 to gather s

319、takeholder input,and in October hosted the White House Summit on Americas Bioecono-my.88ThisSummitmarkedthefirstgatheringattheWhite House of the countrys bioeconomy experts,federalofficials,andindustryleaderstodiscusstheU.S.bioeconomy and signaled an understanding of the bioeconomy as critical for“I

320、ndustries of the Fu-ture”and as a science and technology priority.In 2020 the National Academy of Sciences,Engineer-ing and Medicine(NASEM)released a new report on“Safeguarding the Bioeconomy,”89 which for the firsttimeprovidedacomprehensivemeasurementof the U.S.bioeconomy and made a number of key r

321、ecommendations to government for the appropriate promotion and protection of the bioeconomy.The report strongly recommended the establishment of a government-wide strategic coordinating body with a mandate to develop,adopt and regularly update a living bioeconomy strategy.Other promising development

322、s include bills in the House of Representatives90 and the Senate91 to strengthen Americas bioeconomy,including the es-tablishment of a committee to coordinate research in engineering biology across the federal agencies.Recently,in response to the Covid pandemic,a consortium of DOE National laborator

323、ies has come together to form the National Virtual Biotechnology Lab(NVBL).9242Who is the author of the strategy,and how were stakeholders consulted and engaged in the different phases of the strategy process?3The White House published the Bioeconomy Blue-print in 2012 with Mary Maxon,the Assistant

324、Direc-torforBiologicalResearchattheOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicyintheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident,as the principal author.The National Bioeconomy Blueprint describes the bioeconomy as“one based on the use of research and innovation in the biological sciences to create economicactivityandpublic

325、benefit.”Notably,thisdefinition considers GM crops as part of the bio-economy as opposed to all crops,as do many EU countries.Thisholisticdefinitionofbio-andhigh-techinno-vation across all economic sectors would evolve over the decade.In 2016 the“Strategic Plan for a ThrivingandSustainableBioeconomy

326、”definedthebioeconomy as the“sustainable use of domestically produced renewable biomass for fuels,products,andpower”reflectingavisionofafuturecleanen-ergy economy.In 2019 the“White House in its Summit on Amer-icasBioeconomy”referencedthefollowingdefini-tion:“thebioeconomyrepresentstheinfrastructure,

327、innovation,products,technology,and data derived from biologically-related processes and science that drive economic growth,improve public health,agricultural,andsecuritybenefits.”Thisrepresentsa more comprehensive view and shift away from the previous focus on agriculture and biomass to include more

328、 economic areas.In addition,we see an increasingvalueinthe“security”benefitsofthebio-economy(e.g.protecting against biological threats and developing biotechnology for military use).GiventhesignificantadvancesthathaveoccurredsincetheBlueprintfirstarticulatedtheU.S.defini-tion in 2012,the NASEM repor

329、t on“Safeguarding the Bioeconomy”in 2020 recommended that the government adopt a more comprehensive defini-tion that would enable a better assessment of the bioeconomy.The report recommended the follow-ingdefinition:“TheU.S.bioeconomyiseconomicactivity that is driven by research and innovation in th

330、e life sciences and biotechnology,and that is enabled by technological advances in engineering and in computing and information sciences.”This definitionidentifiesfourdriversofthebioeconomy(life sciences,biotechnology,engineering,and com-puting and information sciences),takes a broad un-derstanding

331、of the bioeconomy and places innova-tionintheforeground.Notably,underthisdefinitionforestry would not be included in the bioeconomy given that the use of biotechnology or the use of How is“bioeconomy”defined in the main policy strategy?42How is the dedicated bioeconomy strategy embedded into the wid

332、er policy context?While the dedicated strategy of the U.S.,the Na-tional Bioeconomy Blueprint,released in 2012 em-phasizedthebenefitsofcoordinatingfederalefforts,especially with regard to R&D and regulation,no single agency has a clear lead in advancing U.S.bio-economy goals.Each U.S.agency and depa

333、rtment hasitsowndefinedmissionandassociatedscien-tific domain,with no central government agency mandated to holistically steer the bioeconomy.43What is the main purpose of the dedicated policy strategy,and how does it relate to the SDGs and the Circular Economy?How does it introduce visions,targets,milestones,and action plans?5The Obama administrations Bioeconomy Blueprint positions itself as a re