1、REPORT NAMEAsia&Pacific Islands:Demand for Graduate Business DegreesMay 2023Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportRegional ReportDemand for Graduate Business Degrees:Prospective Students Survey is a product of the Graduate Management AdmissionCouncil(GMAC),a global,mission-driven association o

2、f 226 leading graduate business schools.Founded in 1953,we are activelycommitted to advancing the art and science of admissions by convening and representing the industry and offering best-in-classproducts and services for schools and students.GMAC is dedicated to creating access to and disseminatin

3、g information aboutgraduate management education that business schools and candidates need to learn,connect,and evaluate each other.Schooland industry leaders rely on the Council as the premier provider of reliable data about the graduate management educationindustry.Prospective Students Survey 2023

4、 Data ReportContents3Introduction4Candidate Profiles by Citizenship7Candidate Profiles by Residence14Preferred Study Destination21Methodology26Contributors&Contact Information28Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionOver 2,700 individuals responded to the Prospective Students Survey

5、 in 2022The Prospective Students Survey is one of the Graduate Management Admission Councils(GMAC)keystone research programs.The global graduate management education(GME)community has relied on data from this survey to gain insights about candidates decision-making processes when considering and app

6、lying to graduate business schools since 2009.The findings detailed in this report are based on responses from a total of 2,710 individuals surveyed between January and December 2022.Prospective students who responded represent those interested in various MBA and business masters program categories,

7、including full-time MBA,professional MBA,executive MBA,masters in management and international management,and other specialized business masters programs.Responses used for analysis included candidates who are at different stages of the GME journey,including those who actively applying to business s

8、chools or currently doing research about graduate business degrees.Additional information on the survey methodology and analytical procedures supporting this report can be found on page 26.Explore the Data for YourselfAn Interactive Data Research Tool accompanies the Prospective Students Survey and

9、available for all readers with a valid account.The tool empowers users to customize data searches by multiple survey response variables,such as preferred study destination,preferred program type,citizenship,residence,gender,age,and more.Access the tool with your login at: School Participation in GMA

10、C ResearchGraduate business schools around the world are invited to take advantage of opportunities to gather data and generate insights about the business school pipeline.Schools can sign up to participate in the GMAC Application Trends Survey and Corporate Recruiters Survey on our survey sign-up p

11、age: Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionMore information available5This year,the rich information gleaned from the Prospective Students Survey is being released in a nine-part series for easier consumption and improved user experience.5 Regional Reports2 Overview Reports2 Program ReportsVis

12、it to access all nine reports.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionCountries highlighted in Regional reports6Each regional report showcases results from the Prospective Students Survey by candidates country of citizenship,residence,and preferred destination of study.Asia&Pacific I

13、slandsAustraliaGreater ChinaIndiaEuropeMiddle East&AfricaLatin AmericaNorth AmericaGhanaKenyaNigeriaCanadaUnited StatesBrazilMexicoFranceGermanyItalyProspective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipThis section features data by candidate country of citizenship,including:P

14、rogram considerations Top 10 program types considered Top program types preferred Application plans by relative location Application plans by program world region Preferred study destination by program country Post-GME career goals Post-GME industries of interest Post-GME job functions of interest8P

15、rospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only35%Business masters program types only6%Both59%59%59%47%35%29%29%29%29%24%24%Full-time 2YR MBAFull-time 1YR MBAPart-time MBAFlexible MBAOnline MBAHybrid MBAMaster of financeMaster of project mgmtExecutive MBAMaster of management6%6%6%2

16、0%20%40%Master of supply chainmanagementMaster of entrepreneurshipHybrid MBAFull-time 2 YR MBAFlexible MBAFull-time 1 YR MBAProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 229%24%41%88%LocalRegionalNationalIntl12%29

17、%59%65%65%E EuropeE&SE AsiaW EuropeAus/PIUSA6%12%18%18%23%23%SingaporeFranceUnited KingdomJapanUnited StatesAustraliaCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipAustralia8Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple select

18、ions.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals53%41%35%35%35%35%29%29%29%24%24%24%24%18%18%18%12%12%12%6%Manage peopleChange job functions/occupationGet a rai

19、se/salary increaseObtain a senior level positionManage projectsWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyBe self-employed/entrepreneurGet a job with a different companyBecome CEO of a companyWork for a startup companyObtain an executive level positionObtain a mid-level positionLive outside

20、 my country of citizenshipWork outside my country of citizenshipManage productsWork in my country of citizenshipGet a promotionContinue to work for my currentemployerChange job industriesObtain an entry level positionPost-GME Industries of Interest47%47%41%24%24%18%12%6%71%53%47%18%12%12%Post-GME Jo

21、b Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipAustralia9Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only26%Business masters program types only28%Both46%41%35%33%22%20%19%15%15%14%14%Full-time 1YR MBAFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of financeMaster of data analyticsMaster of marke

22、tingMaster of business ITPart-time MBAMaster of accountingFlexible MBAMaster of project mgmt6%9%12%16%19%Master of accountingFull-time 2 YR MBAMaster of data analyticsMaster of financeFull-time 1 YR MBAProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World R

23、egion 1Preferred Study Destination 213%14%22%77%LocalRegionalNationalIntl1%1%8%10%10%22%25%47%51%Middle EastLATAMC&S AsiaAus/PIE EuropeE&SE AsiaCanadaW EuropeUSA6%7%7%12%14%31%Mainland ChinaHong Kong,ChinaFranceCanadaUnited KingdomUnited StatesCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipGreater China10Top 10 P

24、rogram Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportP

25、ost-GME Career Goals34%24%24%22%22%21%21%20%20%20%16%16%16%15%13%12%11%9%7%7%2%Get a raise/salary increaseObtain a senior level positionLive outside my country of citizenshipWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyWork outside my country of citizenshipManage peopleBecome CEO of a company

26、Manage projectsChange job functions/occupationBe self-employed/entrepreneurGet a job with a different companyGet a promotionObtain a C-suite positionManage productsObtain an executive level positionObtain a mid-level positionChange job industriesWork for a startup companyWork in my country of citize

27、nshipObtain an entry level positionContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interest55%47%41%27%24%12%12%9%66%36%35%34%18%12%9%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipGreater China11Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only42%

28、Business masters program types only7%Both51%67%54%21%21%18%17%15%15%13%12%Full-time 2YR MBAFull-time 1YR MBAExecutive MBAMaster of data analyticsMaster of financeMaster of intl managementOne-year PGPMaster of project mgmtMaster of business ITTwo-year PGP5%26%30%One-year PGP programFull-time 1 YR MBA

29、Full-time 2 YR MBAProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 29%8%34%84%LocalRegionalNationalIntl1%3%5%18%18%22%28%37%55%67%AfricaLATAMMiddleC&S AsiaAus/PIE&SE AsiaE EuropeCanadaW EuropeUSA6%10%11%20%41%FranceC

30、anadaUnited KingdomIndiaUnited StatesCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipIndia12Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent o

31、f candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals38%35%34%34%33%32%32%29%28%25%25%23%22%20%16%15%13%11%10%5%2%Work for a company where I can travelinternationallyBecome CEO of a companyObtain a senior level positionManage projectsWork outside m

32、y country of citizenshipManage peopleObtain an executive level positionGet a raise/salary increaseLive outside my country of citizenshipBe self-employed/entrepreneurChange job functions/occupationObtain a C-suite positionChange job industriesManage productsGet a job with a different companyWork for

33、a startup companyObtain a mid-level positionGet a promotionWork in my country of citizenshipObtain an entry level positionContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interest60%58%49%48%32%21%14%14%77%51%40%35%30%24%16%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by Citize

34、nshipIndia13Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportCandidate Profiles by ResidenceThis section features data by candidate country of residence,including:Program considerations Top 10 program types considered Top program types preferred Application plans by relative location Application plans by

35、 program world region Preferred study destination by program country Post-GME career goals Post-GME industries of interest Post-GME job functions of interest14Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only42%Business masters program types only11%Both47%45%40%40%40%25%25%20%20%15%

36、15%Full-time 2YR MBAPart-time MBAFlexible MBAFull-time 1YR MBAMaster of financeHybrid MBAOnline MBAExecutive MBAMaster of managementMaster of project mgmt6%6%6%6%19%19%38%Master of financeMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAHybrid MBAFull-time 2 YR MBAFlexible MBAFull-time 1 YR MBAProgram Considera

37、tionsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 225%10%25%85%LocalRegionalNationalIntl6%15%20%50%55%60%CanadaE EuropeE&SE AsiaAus/PIW EuropeUSA20%25%25%United KingdomUnited StatesAustraliaCandidate Profiles by ResidenceAustralia15To

38、p 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data R

39、eportPost-GME Career Goals45%45%40%35%30%30%25%25%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%15%10%5%5%5%Manage peopleGet a raise/salary increaseObtain a senior level positionChange job functions/occupationObtain an executive level positionGet a job with a different companyManage projectsLive outside my country of cit

40、izenshipChange job industriesWork for a startup companyBe self-employed/entrepreneurWork outside my country of citizenshipWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyBecome CEO of a companyWork in my country of citizenshipObtain a mid-level positionContinue to work for my current employerGet

41、 a promotionManage productsObtain a C-suite positionObtain an entry level positionPost-GME Industries of Interest60%45%35%25%25%20%10%10%70%45%40%30%15%5%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceAustralia16Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only25%B

42、usiness masters program types only25%Both50%45%37%34%23%22%22%14%14%13%12%Full-time 1YR MBAFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of financeMaster of marketingMaster of business ITMaster of data analyticsMaster of intl managementMaster of project mgmtPart-time MBAMaster of entrepreneurship6%7%9%13%17%17%Master of

43、supply chainmanagementMaster of marketingFull-time 2 YR MBAMaster of data analyticsMaster of financeFull-time 1 YR MBAProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 29%12%20%82%LocalRegionalNationalIntl1%2%7%12%13%

44、23%28%47%55%Middle EastLATAMC&S AsiaAus/PIE EuropeCanadaE&SE AsiaW EuropeUSA6%7%9%9%14%32%FranceMainland ChinaCanadaHong Kong,ChinaUnited KingdomUnited StatesCandidate Profiles by ResidenceGreater China17Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not s

45、um to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals32%25%25%24%24%23%22%19%17%17%16%15%15%14%14%11%9%9%6%6%2%Get a rais

46、e/salary increaseWork outside my country of citizenshipLive outside my country of citizenshipWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyObtain a senior level positionBecome CEO of a companyBe self-employed/entrepreneurManage projectsChange job functions/occupationObtain a C-suite positionGe

47、t a promotionGet a job with a different companyObtain an executive level positionManage peopleManage productsChange job industriesWork for a startup companyObtain a mid-level positionWork in my country of citizenshipObtain an entry level positionContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Indus

48、tries of Interest54%52%46%27%24%12%11%6%70%40%38%32%15%12%7%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceGreater China18Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only41%Business masters program types only7%Both52%68%54%22%20%18%18%16%16%13%13%Full-time 2YR MBA

49、Full-time 1YR MBAMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of financeMaster of intl managementOne-year PGPMaster of project mgmtMaster of business ITTwo-year PGP6%27%30%One-year PGP programFull-time 1 YR MBAFull-time 2 YR MBAProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application

50、 Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 27%8%35%86%LocalRegionalNationalIntl1%2%4%19%19%22%30%37%58%66%AfricaLATAMMiddle EastC&S AsiaAus/PIE&SE AsiaE EuropeCanadaW EuropeUSA5%9%11%21%40%FranceCanadaUnited KingdomIndiaUnited StatesCandidate Profiles by ResidenceIndia19Top 10 Progr

51、am Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-

52、GME Career Goals38%37%34%34%34%32%31%28%27%25%25%23%22%19%15%14%13%10%10%5%1%Work for a company where I can travelinternationallyBecome CEO of a companyManage projectsObtain a senior level positionWork outside my country of citizenshipManage peopleObtain an executive level positionGet a raise/salary

53、 increaseLive outside my country of citizenshipBe self-employed/entrepreneurChange job functions/occupationObtain a C-suite positionChange job industriesManage productsWork for a startup companyGet a job with a different companyObtain a mid-level positionGet a promotionWork in my country of citizens

54、hipObtain an entry level positionContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interest61%59%49%46%33%20%14%13%77%51%40%36%29%23%17%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceIndia20Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPreferred Study Destination30This s

55、ection features data by candidate preferred study destination country,including:Top 10 program types considered Top program types preferred Citizenship of candidates preferring this study destination Preferred program delivery by candidates preferring this study destination Prospective Students Surv

56、ey 2023 Data Report17%19%21%23%23%23%23%26%38%49%Master of financeOnline MBAMaster of business ITMaster of intl managementMaster of human resourceMaster of project mgmtMaster of data analyticsMaster of managementFull-time 1YR MBAFull-time 2YR MBA5%5%5%8%8%10%13%26%Master of human resourceMaster of f

57、inanceMaster of marketingMaster of data analyticsFlexible MBAMaster of managementFull-time 1 YR MBAFull-time 2 YR MBADomestic9%International91%35%7%37%12%2%5%2%Region of Citizenship of International Candidates0%100%0%74%17%10%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onlineDomesticInternationalPreferred Pr

58、ogram Delivery by Candidates Preferring This Study Destination322Preferred Study DestinationAustraliaNotes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preferenc

59、e.3.Exercise caution when interpreting the results of data due to the small number of respondents who are Australian citizens.Top 10 Program Types Considered1Top Program Types Preferred 2Citizenship of Candidates Preferring This Study DestinationProspective Students Survey 2023 Data Report16%16%16%1

60、6%19%23%23%35%35%35%Master of marketingMaster of accountingMaster of entrepreneurshipFlexible MBAPart-time MBAMaster of business ITFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of financeMaster of data analyticsFull-time 1YR MBA9%9%9%9%9%14%Master of supply chain mgmtMaster of accountingMaster of financeFull-time 1 YR MB

61、AFull-time 2 YR MBAMaster of data analyticsDomestic45%International55%12%6%76%6%Region of Citizenship of International Candidates62%15%23%57%29%14%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onlineDomesticInternationalPreferred Program Delivery by Candidates Preferring This Study Destination 23Preferred Stud

62、y DestinationGreater ChinaNotes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Top 10 Program Types Considered1Top Program Types Preferred 2Citizenship

63、of Candidates Preferring This Study DestinationProspective Students Survey 2023 Data Report12%14%16%18%18%18%26%35%53%53%Master of intl managementMaster of financeMaster of data analyticsTwo-year PGPMaster of human resourceMaster of project mgmtOne-year PGPExecutive MBAFull-time 2YR MBAFull-time 1YR

64、 MBA12%16%19%25%Executive MBAOne-year PGP programFull-time 2 YR MBAFull-time 1 YR MBADomestic97%International3%33%34%33%Region of Citizenship of International Candidates84%12%4%33%67%0%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onlineDomesticInternationalPreferred Program Delivery by Candidates Preferring T

65、his Study Destination 24Preferred Study DestinationIndiaNotes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Top 10 Program Types Considered1Top Program

66、 Types Preferred 2Citizenship of Candidates Preferring This Study DestinationProspective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportRespondent Demographic Profile25Note:1.Cells with less than 5 respondents were suppressed.Citizenship Region 1OverallGenderAgeMaleFemaleNon-binary22 and younger23 to 24 25 to 30 3

67、1 to 3940 and olderGlobal2,7101,5981,089237661Africa54332222745Australia&Pacific Islands21138555955Canada971811Central&South Asia648432258118East&Southeast Asia33781014812Eastern Europe55252752812675Latin America1182338Middle East5527

68、2851251985United States46725820556Western Europe3332653715MethodologyPopulation&Sampling MethodsIn 2022,the Graduate Management Admission Council(GMAC)surveyed all individuals who registered on the GMAC website for prospective graduate business students about their demand for G

69、ME.Prospective students who attended events hosted by GMAC Tours(formerly The MBA Tour),visited the BusinessBecause website,or registered for the NMAT by GMAC exam in India were also invited to participate in the survey to expand the representation of survey respondents across all regions of the wor

70、ld.In total,over 2,700 prospective students from 131 countries or regions in all 10 populated world regions completed the survey.AnalysisDescriptive analyses were conducted on survey responses to examine prospective students program of study preferences,program delivery preference,application plans,

71、and career goals.Analyses were conducted on all respondents and by respondents region of citizenship,region of residence and preferred study destination.26Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportCountry-World Region AssignmentAll geographic regions mentioned in this report use the following coun

72、try-region classifications:Africa:Algeria,Angola,Benin,Botswana,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cameroon,Cape Verde,Central African Republic,Chad,Comoros,Congo,Djibouti,Egypt,Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Ethiopia,French Southern Territories,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Ivory Coast(Cote DIvoire),Kenya,L

73、esotho,Liberia,Libyan Arab,Jamahiriya,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Mauritania,Mauritius,Mayotte,Morocco,Mozambique,Namibia,Niger,Nigeria,Republic of Congo,Reunion,Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal,Seychelles,Sierra Leone,Somalia,South Africa,South Sudan,Sudan,Svalbard and Jan Mayen,Swaziland,Tanzania,T

74、ogo,Tunisia,Uganda,Western Sahara,Zambia,ZimbabweAustralia and Pacific Islands:American Samoa,Australia,Christmas Island,Cocos(Keeling)Islands,Cook Islands,Fiji,French Polynesia,Guam,Heard Island and McDonald Islands,Kiribati,Marshall Islands,Micronesia,Nauru,New Caledonia,New Zealand,Niue,Norfolk I

75、sland,Northern Mariana Islands,Palau,Papua New Guinea,Pitcairn,Samoa,Solomon Islands,Tokelau,Tonga,Tuvalu,Vanuatu,Wallis and Futuna IslandsCanadaCentral&South Asia:Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,British Indian Ocean Territory,India,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Nepal,Pakistan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Uzbekist

76、anEast&Southeast Asia:Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,China,East Timor,Hong Kong SAR,Indonesia,Japan,North Korea,South Korea,Laos,Macao SAR,Malaysia,Maldives,Mongolia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Taiwan,China,Thailand,VietnamEastern Europe:Albania,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulg

77、aria,Croatia,Czech Republic,Estonia,Georgia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Macedonia,Moldova,Montenegro,Poland,Republic of Kosovo,Romania,Serbia,Serbia and Montenegro,Slovakia,SloveniaLatin America:Anguilla,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Aruba,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Bermuda,Bolivia,Bonaire,Saint Eustatius

78、 and Saba,Brazil,Cayman Islands,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Cuba,Curacao,Dominica,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,El Salvador,Falkland Islands,French Guiana,Grenada,Guadeloupe,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Honduras,Jamaica,Martinique,Mexico,Montserrat,Netherlands Antilles,Nicaragua,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,Puerto Ric

79、o,Saint Barthelemy,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Sint Maarten,South Georgia-Sandwich Islands,St.Helena,St.Martin,St.Vincent and Grenadines,Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago,Turks and Caicos Islands,Uruguay,US Minor Outlying Islands,Venezuela,British Virgin Islands,US Virgin IslandsMiddle East:Bahrain

80、,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Palestinian,Territory,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Syrian Arab Republic,Turkey,United Arab Emirates,YemenUnited StatesWestern Europe:Aland Islands,Andorra,Austria,Belgium,Bouvet Island,Cyprus,Denmark,Faroe Islands,Finland,France,Germany,Gibraltar,Greece,Greenland,G

81、uernsey,Iceland,Ireland,Isle of Man,Italy,Jersey,Liechtenstein,Luxembourg,Malta,Monaco,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,San Marino,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,United Kingdom,Vatican City State27Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportContributors&Contact InformationContributorsThe following individuals

82、made significant contributions to the publication of this report:Quan Yuan,Associate Manager of Survey Research,data analysis,manuscript drafting,sample development,survey management;Alexandria Williams,Manager of Survey Research,survey management,manuscript design;Kun Yuan,Director of Research&Data

83、 Science,manuscript review.Contact InformationFor questions or comments regarding the data or analysis presented in this report,please contact the GMAC Research&Data Science Department at .282023 Graduate Management Admission Council(GMAC).All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be repro

84、duced,stored in a retrieval system,distributed or transmitted in any form by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without the prior written permission of GMAC.For permission contact the GMAC Legal Department at .GMAC,GMAT,Graduate Management Admission Council,Graduate Management Admission Test and NMAT by GMAC are trademarks of GMAC in the United States and other countries.