1、Prospective Students Survey 2023Europe:Demand for Graduate Business DegreesMay 2023Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportRegional ReportDemand for Graduate Business Degrees:Prospective Students Survey is a product of the Graduate Management AdmissionCouncil(GMAC),a global,mission-driven associ

2、ation of 226 leading graduate business schools.Founded in 1953,we are activelycommitted to advancing the art and science of admissions by convening and representing the industry and offering best-in-classproducts and services for schools and students.GMAC is dedicated to creating access to and disse

3、minating information aboutgraduate management education that business schools and candidates need to learn,connect,and evaluate each other.Schooland industry leaders rely on the Council as the premier provider of reliable data about the graduate management educationindustry.Prospective Students Surv

4、ey 2023 Data ReportContents3Introduction4Candidate Profiles by Citizenship7Candidate Profiles by Residence14Preferred Study Destination21Methodology26Contributors&Contact Information28Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionOver 2,700 individuals responded to the Prospective Students

5、 Survey in 2022The Prospective Students Survey is one of the Graduate Management Admission Councils(GMAC)keystone research programs.The global graduate management education(GME)community has relied on data from this survey to gain insights about candidates decision-making processes when considering

6、and applying to graduate business schools since 2009.The findings detailed in this report are based on responses from a total of 2,710 individuals surveyed between January and December 2022.Prospective students who responded represent those interested in various MBA and business masters program cate

7、gories,including full-time MBA,professional MBA,executive MBA,masters in management and international management,and other specialized business masters programs.Responses used for analysis included candidates who are at different stages of the GME journey,including those who actively applying to bus

8、iness schools or currently doing research about graduate business degrees.Additional information on the survey methodology and analytical procedures supporting this report can be found on page 26.Explore the Data for YourselfAn Interactive Data Research Tool accompanies the Prospective Students Surv

9、ey and available for all readers with a valid account.The tool empowers users to customize data searches by multiple survey response variables,such as preferred study destination,preferred program type,citizenship,residence,gender,age,and more.Access the tool with your login at: School Participation

10、 in GMAC ResearchGraduate business schools around the world are invited to take advantage of opportunities to gather data and generate insights about the business school pipeline.Schools can sign up to participate in the GMAC Application Trends Survey and Corporate Recruiters Survey on our survey si

11、gn-up page: Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionMore information available5This year,the rich information gleaned from the Prospective Students Survey is being released in a nine-part series for easier consumption and improved user experience.5 Regional Reports2 Overview Reports2 Program Rep

12、ortsVisit to access all nine reports.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportIntroductionCountries highlighted in Regional reports6Each regional report showcases results from the Prospective Students Survey by candidates country of citizenship,residence,and preferred destination of study.Asia&Pa

13、cific IslandsAustraliaGreater ChinaIndiaEuropeMiddle East&AfricaLatin AmericaNorth AmericaGhanaKenyaNigeriaCanadaUnited StatesBrazilMexicoFranceGermanyItalyProspective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipThis section features data by candidate country of citizenship,incl

14、uding:Program considerations Top 10 program types considered Top program types preferred Application plans by relative location Application plans by program world region Preferred study destination by program country Post-GME career goals Post-GME industries of interest Post-GME job functions of int

15、erest7Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only37%Business masters program types only38%Both25%45%39%35%31%27%22%20%16%14%14%Full-time 1YR MBAMaster of financeFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of intl managementExecutive MBAMaster of managementFlexible MBAMaster of entrepreneurshipMas

16、ter of data analyticsPart-time MBA8%8%8%8%14%24%Master of managementMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAFull-time 2 YR MBAFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 233%22%37

17、%80%LocalRegionalNationalIntl4%4%6%14%24%43%94%Aus/PIC&S AsiaE&SE AsiaE EuropeCanadaUSAW Europe6%8%10%12%55%SpainSwitzerlandUnited KingdomUnited StatesFranceCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipFrance8Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 1

18、00 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals40%34%32%28%24%24%22%22%22%20%20%20%18%16%16%10%10%6%6%2%Manage projectsWor

19、k for a company where I can travelinternationallyWork outside my country of citizenshipManage peopleObtain an entry level positionGet a raise/salary increaseBecome CEO of a companyBe self-employed/entrepreneurLive outside my country of citizenshipGet a job with a different companyObtain an executive

20、 level positionChange job functions/occupationObtain a senior level positionObtain a mid-level positionChange job industriesObtain a C-suite positionWork for a startup companyGet a promotionManage productsWork in my country of citizenshipPost-GME Industries of Interest50%38%36%32%24%14%10%2%68%44%36

21、%32%20%8%6%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipFrance9Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only16%Business masters program types only48%Both36%40%40%37%32%23%19%18%14%14%11%Master of intl managementMaster of managementMaster of financeFull-time

22、 2YR MBAMaster of data analyticsFull-time 1YR MBAMaster of business ITPart-time MBAMaster of entrepreneurshipMaster of supply chain mgmt7%11%13%16%22%Other business master degreeFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of internationalmanagementMaster of managementMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsApplication

23、Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 25%12%18%82%LocalRegionalNationalIntl4%4%5%9%40%93%Aus/PIE EuropeE&SE AsiaCanadaUSAW Europe5%5%7%9%9%14%19%19%SpainFranceItalyNetherlandsSwedenUnited StatesGermanyUnited KingdomCandidate Profiles by Ci

24、tizenshipGermany10Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Student

25、s Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals40%35%33%32%30%28%26%25%25%23%23%23%21%21%19%16%16%12%11%5%4%Manage peopleManage projectsBecome CEO of a companyWork outside my country of citizenshipWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyObtain an entry level positionObtain an executive le

26、vel positionObtain a senior level positionWork for a startup companyGet a raise/salary increaseLive outside my country of citizenshipBe self-employed/entrepreneurChange job industriesObtain a C-suite positionGet a job with a different companyGet a promotionObtain a mid-level positionManage productsC

27、hange job functions/occupationWork in my country of citizenshipContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interest61%56%49%40%16%16%12%7%72%42%33%30%14%7%5%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipGermany11Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA

28、program types only23%Business masters program types only45%Both32%40%31%24%22%18%15%15%14%12%9%Master of financeFull-time 1YR MBAMaster of intl managementMaster of managementFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of marketingPart-time MBAFlexible MBA7%7%7%9%9%11%12%26%Full-time

29、 2 YR MBAMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of marketingMaster of managementFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of intl managementMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 215%8%26%78%LocalRegio

30、nalNationalIntl2%3%3%7%8%32%88%Middle EastE&SE AsiaAus/PICanadaE EuropeUSAW Europe10%14%16%17%26%NetherlandsFranceUnited KingdomUnited StatesItalyCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipItaly12Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent

31、because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals36%31%28%27%26%26%23%22%20%20%15%15%15%13%12%9%7%7%6%3%2%Work for a company where I ca

32、n travelinternationallyObtain a senior level positionBecome CEO of a companyWork outside my country of citizenshipGet a raise/salary increaseManage projectsManage peopleLive outside my country of citizenshipChange job functions/occupationObtain an executive level positionGet a job with a different c

33、ompanyObtain a mid-level positionObtain an entry level positionBe self-employed/entrepreneurWork for a startup companyChange job industriesObtain a C-suite positionGet a promotionManage productsWork in my country of citizenshipContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interest51

34、%41%40%35%22%18%12%9%63%41%41%31%19%11%4%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by CitizenshipItaly13Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportCandidate Profiles by ResidenceThis section features data by candidate country of residence,including:Program considerations Top 10 program t

35、ypes considered Top program types preferred Application plans by relative location Application plans by program world region Preferred study destination by program country Post-GME career goals Post-GME industries of interest Post-GME job functions of interest14Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data

36、ReportMBA program types only30%Business masters program types only32%Both38%44%38%34%30%30%22%20%20%18%18%Full-time 1YR MBAMaster of financeFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of intl managementExecutive MBAMaster of managementMaster of entrepreneurshipPart-time MBAFlexible MBAMaster of project mgmt6%6%9%9%9%11

37、%17%20%Full-time 2 YR MBAMaster of marketingMaster of managementMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of entrepreneurshipFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 230%2

38、8%40%78%LocalRegionalNationalIntl2%2%2%6%18%22%40%86%C&S AsiaE&SE AsiaMiddle EastAus/PIE EuropeCanadaUSAW Europe6%16%60%CanadaUnited StatesFranceCandidate Profiles by ResidenceFrance15Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent be

39、cause of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals37%31%31%29%29%27%25%25%25%22%20%20%20%18%16%16%14%12%10%4%Manage projectsGet a raise/sa

40、lary increaseWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyWork outside my country of citizenshipBecome CEO of a companyManage peopleBe self-employed/entrepreneurObtain an executive level positionChange job functions/occupationLive outside my country of citizenshipObtain a senior level positio

41、nChange job industriesObtain a C-suite positionGet a job with a different companyObtain a mid-level positionObtain an entry level positionWork for a startup companyGet a promotionManage productsWork in my country of citizenshipPost-GME Industries of Interest51%39%37%29%25%16%10%4%75%43%31%31%24%8%8%

42、Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceFrance16Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportMBA program types only23%Business masters program types only46%Both31%36%35%35%33%20%19%14%14%12%12%Master of managementFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of intl managementMaster of financeFull

43、-time 1YR MBAMaster of data analyticsPart-time MBAMaster of business ITExecutive MBAMaster of supply chain mgmt6%6%6%12%12%15%19%Other business master degreeMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of intl managementFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of managementMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsAppl

44、ication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 26%17%20%81%LocalRegionalNationalIntl1%3%3%4%7%38%90%C&S AsiaAus/PIE EuropeE&SE AsiaCanadaUSAW Europe6%7%9%9%15%17%25%FranceItalySwedenNetherlandsUnited KingdomUnited StatesGermanyCandidate Pro

45、files by ResidenceGermany17Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospectiv

46、e Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals42%38%29%29%29%29%26%25%23%23%22%19%19%17%17%16%16%13%12%6%4%Manage peopleManage projectsWork for a company where I can travelinternationallyWork outside my country of citizenshipBecome CEO of a companyObtain an executive level positionObtain an

47、 entry level positionBe self-employed/entrepreneurObtain a senior level positionGet a raise/salary increaseObtain a C-suite positionLive outside my country of citizenshipObtain a mid-level positionGet a job with a different companyWork for a startup companyGet a promotionChange job industriesChange

48、job functions/occupationManage productsContinue to work for my current employerWork in my country of citizenshipPost-GME Industries of Interest59%52%46%39%22%13%10%6%77%48%38%33%17%13%6%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceGermany18Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data Re

49、portMBA program types only19%Business masters program types only47%Both34%45%29%27%23%17%15%13%13%12%10%Master of financeFull-time 1YR MBAMaster of intl mgmtMaster of mgmtFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of marketingPart-time MBAFlexible MBA5%7%7%7%10%12%12%26%Full-time 2

50、 YR MBAMaster of marketingMaster of data analyticsExecutive MBAMaster of managementMaster of intl managementFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of financeProgram ConsiderationsApplication Plans by Relative Location 1Application Plans by Program World Region 1Preferred Study Destination 214%8%28%78%LocalRegiona

51、lNationalIntl1%3%4%4%10%11%36%88%C&S AsiaMiddleAus/PIE&SE AsiaE EuropeCanadaUSAW Europe10%13%15%19%26%NetherlandsFranceUnited KingdomUnited StatesItalyCandidate Profiles by ResidenceItaly19Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Notes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 perce

52、nt because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPost-GME Career Goals39%29%28%28%27%24%24%23%21%18%15%15%14%13%11%9%7%7%7%4%1%Work for a company where I

53、 can travelinternationallyBecome CEO of a companyWork outside my country of citizenshipObtain a senior level positionManage projectsGet a raise/salary increaseLive outside my country of citizenshipManage peopleObtain an executive level positionChange job functions/occupationObtain a mid-level positi

54、onObtain an entry level positionBe self-employed/entrepreneurGet a job with a different companyWork for a startup companyChange job industriesGet a promotionObtain a C-suite positionManage productsWork in my country of citizenshipContinue to work for my current employerPost-GME Industries of Interes

55、t52%40%39%36%20%20%12%11%61%43%40%32%16%11%4%Post-GME Job Functions of InterestCandidate Profiles by ResidenceItaly20Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data ReportPreferred Study DestinationThis section features data by candidate preferred study destination country,including:Top 10 program types consi

56、dered Top program types preferred Citizenship of candidates preferring this study destination Preferred program delivery by candidates preferring this study destination 21Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data Report12%12%13%18%19%21%24%24%35%53%Master of marketingMaster of project mgmtMaster of entr

57、epreneurshipMaster of managementExecutive MBAMaster of data analyticsMaster of intl managementMaster of financeFull-time 2YR MBAFull-time 1YR MBA6%6%7%9%11%31%Master of managementMaster of data analyticsMaster of intl managementMaster of financeFull-time 2 YR MBAFull-time 1 YR MBADomestic17%Internat

58、ional83%10%2%27%3%13%4%7%6%2%26%75%21%4%84%15%1%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onlineDomesticInternational22Preferred Study DestinationFranceNotes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five per

59、cent of candidates indicated their preference.Citizenship of Candidates Preferring This Study DestinationRegion of Citizenship of International Candidates 1Preferred Program Delivery by Candidates Preferring This Study Destination1 Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Prospe

60、ctive Students Survey 2023 Data Report18%19%19%21%21%24%25%33%33%46%Master of supply chain mgmtMaster of project mgmtMaster of entrepreneurshipMaster of data analyticsMaster of financeMaster of business ITMaster of intl managementMaster of managementFull-time 1YR MBAFull-time 2YR MBA6%6%8%10%13%18%M

61、aster of marketingMaster of intl managementFull-time 2 YR MBAMaster of financeMaster of managementFull-time 1 YR MBADomestic13%International87%23%36%1%14%6%6%6%1%8%64%36%0%79%17%4%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onlineDomesticInternational23Preferred Study DestinationGermanyNotes:1.Total percenta

62、ges do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Citizenship of Candidates Preferring This Study DestinationRegion of Citizenship of International Candidates 1Preferred P

63、rogram Delivery by Candidates Preferring This Study Destination1 Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Prospective Students Survey 2023 Data Report13%13%13%16%16%18%20%24%29%31%33%Part-time MBAMaster of project mgmtMaster of business ITExecutive MBAMaster of data analyticsMas

64、ter of marketingMaster of managementFull-time 2YR MBAMaster of intl managementMaster of financeFull-time 1YR MBA11%11%15%19%Master of marketingMaster of intl managementFull-time 1 YR MBAMaster of financeDomestic56%International44%5%5%35%10%10%35%76%24%0%78%22%0%Primarily in-personHybridPrimarily onl

65、ineDomesticInternational24Preferred Study DestinationItalyNotes:1.Total percentages do not sum to 100 percent because of multiple selections.2.Graphs display only categories where greater than or equal to five percent of candidates indicated their preference.Citizenship of Candidates Preferring This

66、 Study DestinationRegion of Citizenship of International Candidates 1Preferred Program Delivery by Candidates Preferring This Study Destination1 Top 10 Program Types Considered 1Top Program Types Preferred 2Prospective Students Survey 2023Respondent Demographic Profile25Note:1.Cells with less than 5

67、 respondents were suppressed.Citizenship Region 1OverallGenderAgeMaleFemaleNon-binary22 and younger23 to 24 25 to 30 31 to 3940 and olderGlobal2,7101,5981,089237661Africa54332222745Australia&Pacific Islands21138555955Canada971811Central&South Asia648432258

68、118East&Southeast Asia33781014812Eastern Europe55252752812675Latin America1182338Middle East55272851251985United States46725820556Western Europe3332653715MethodologyPopulation&Sampling MethodsIn 2022,the Graduate Management Admission Council(GMAC)surveyed

69、all individuals who registered on the GMAC website for prospective graduate business students about their demand for GME.Prospective students who attended events hosted by GMAC Tours(formerly The MBA Tour),visited the BusinessBecause website,or registered for the NMAT by GMAC exam in India were also

70、 invited to participate in the survey to expand the representation of survey respondents across all regions of the world.In total,over 2,700 prospective students from 131 countries or regions in all 10 populated world regions completed the survey.AnalysisDescriptive analyses were conducted on survey

71、 responses to examine prospective students program of study preferences,program delivery preference,application plans,and career goals.Analyses were conducted on all respondents and by respondents region of citizenship,region of residence and preferred study destination.26Prospective Students Survey

72、 2023Country-World Region AssignmentAll geographic regions mentioned in this report use the following country-region classifications:Africa:Algeria,Angola,Benin,Botswana,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cameroon,Cape Verde,Central African Republic,Chad,Comoros,Congo,Djibouti,Egypt,Equatorial Guinea,Eritrea,Ethi

73、opia,French Southern Territories,Gabon,Gambia,Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Ivory Coast(Cote DIvoire),Kenya,Lesotho,Liberia,Libyan Arab,Jamahiriya,Madagascar,Malawi,Mali,Mauritania,Mauritius,Mayotte,Morocco,Mozambique,Namibia,Niger,Nigeria,Republic of Congo,Reunion,Rwanda,Sao Tome and Principe,Senegal,

74、Seychelles,Sierra Leone,Somalia,South Africa,South Sudan,Sudan,Svalbard and Jan Mayen,Swaziland,Tanzania,Togo,Tunisia,Uganda,Western Sahara,Zambia,ZimbabweAustralia and Pacific Islands:American Samoa,Australia,Christmas Island,Cocos(Keeling)Islands,Cook Islands,Fiji,French Polynesia,Guam,Heard Islan

75、d and McDonald Islands,Kiribati,Marshall Islands,Micronesia,Nauru,New Caledonia,New Zealand,Niue,Norfolk Island,Northern Mariana Islands,Palau,Papua New Guinea,Pitcairn,Samoa,Solomon Islands,Tokelau,Tonga,Tuvalu,Vanuatu,Wallis and Futuna IslandsCanadaCentral&South Asia:Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Bhutan,

76、British Indian Ocean Territory,India,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Nepal,Pakistan,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,UzbekistanEast&Southeast Asia:Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia,China,East Timor,Hong Kong SAR,Indonesia,Japan,North Korea,South Korea,Laos,Macao SAR,Malaysia,Maldives,Mongolia,Myanmar,Philippines,Singapore,Sr

77、i Lanka,Taiwan,China,Thailand,VietnamEastern Europe:Albania,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Bulgaria,Croatia,Czech Republic,Estonia,Georgia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Macedonia,Moldova,Montenegro,Poland,Republic of Kosovo,Romania,Serbia,Serbia and Montenegro,Slovakia,SloveniaLatin America:An

78、guilla,Antigua and Barbuda,Argentina,Aruba,Bahamas,Barbados,Belize,Bermuda,Bolivia,Bonaire,Saint Eustatius and Saba,Brazil,Cayman Islands,Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Cuba,Curacao,Dominica,Dominican Republic,Ecuador,El Salvador,Falkland Islands,French Guiana,Grenada,Guadeloupe,Guatemala,Guyana,Haiti,Ho

79、nduras,Jamaica,Martinique,Mexico,Montserrat,Netherlands Antilles,Nicaragua,Panama,Paraguay,Peru,Puerto Rico,Saint Barthelemy,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Saint Lucia,Sint Maarten,South Georgia-Sandwich Islands,St.Helena,St.Martin,St.Vincent and Grenadines,Suriname,Trinidad and Tobago,Turks and Caicos Islan

80、ds,Uruguay,US Minor Outlying Islands,Venezuela,British Virgin Islands,US Virgin IslandsMiddle East:Bahrain,Iran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Palestinian,Territory,Qatar,Saudi Arabia,Syrian Arab Republic,Turkey,United Arab Emirates,YemenUnited StatesWestern Europe:Aland Islands,Andorra,Aust

81、ria,Belgium,Bouvet Island,Cyprus,Denmark,Faroe Islands,Finland,France,Germany,Gibraltar,Greece,Greenland,Guernsey,Iceland,Ireland,Isle of Man,Italy,Jersey,Liechtenstein,Luxembourg,Malta,Monaco,Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,San Marino,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,United Kingdom,Vatican City State27Prospect

82、ive Students Survey 2023Contributors&Contact InformationContributorsThe following individuals made significant contributions to the publication of this report:Quan Yuan,Associate Manager of Survey Research,data analysis,manuscript drafting,sample development,survey management;Alexandria Williams,Man

83、ager of Survey Research,survey management,manuscript design;Kun Yuan,Director of Research&Data Science,manuscript review.Contact InformationFor questions or comments regarding the data or analysis presented in this report,please contact the GMAC Research&Data Science Department at .282023 Graduate M

84、anagement Admission Council(GMAC).All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,distributed or transmitted in any form by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without the prior written permission of GMAC.For permission contact the GMAC Legal Department at .GMAC,GMAT,Graduate Management Admission Council,Graduate Management Admission Test and NMAT by GMAC are trademarks of GMAC in the United States and other countries.