1、INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATUREEngaging industry in conserving nature Case studies of biodiversity actions on non-operational lands and seas of companiesAbout IUCNIUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations.It provides public,private

2、 and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress,economic development and nature conservation to take place together.Created in 1948,IUCN is now the worlds largest and most diverse environmental network,harnessing the knowledge,resources and reach of more t

3、han 1,400 Member organisations and some 15,000 experts.It is a leading provider of conservation data,assessments and analysis.Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices,tools and international standards.IUCN provides a neutral space in wh

4、ich diverse stakeholders including governments,NGOs,scientists,businesses,local communities,indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development.Working with many partners and supporters,IUCN im

5、plements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide.Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities,these projects work to reverse habitat loss,restore ecosystems and improve peoples well- Anglo AmericanAnglo American is a leading global mining

6、company,with a world class portfolio of mining and processing operations and undeveloped resources,with more than 106,000 people working for us around the world,in 15 countries.We provide many of the essential metals and minerals that are fundamental to the transition to a low carbon economy and ena

7、bling a cleaner,greener,more sustainable world,as well as meeting the growing consumer-driven demands of the worlds developed and maturing economies.And we do so in a way that not only generates sustainable returns for our shareholders,but that also strives to make a real and lasting positive contri

8、bution to society as a Engaging industry in conserving nature Case studies of biodiversity actions on non-operational lands and seas of companiesPublished by:IUCN,Gland,SwitzerlandProduced by:IUCN Copyright:2023 IUCN,International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction o

9、f this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permissi

10、on of the copyright holder.Recommended citation:IUCN(2023).Engaging industry in conserving nature:Case studies of biodiversity actions on non-operational lands and seas of companies.Gland,Switzerland:IUCN.Cover photo:Unsplash Ivars UtinLayout by:Diwata HunzikerThe designation of geographical entitie

11、s in this document,and the presentation of the material,do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN and Anglo American concerning the legal status of any country,territory,or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The vi

12、ews expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN,Anglo American and participating companies.The content of the case studies is the full responsibility of the companies that provided them.IUCN is pleased to acknowledge the support of its Framework Partners who provide core f

13、unding:Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Denmark;Ministry for Foreign Affairs,Finland;Government of France and the French Development Agency(AFD);Ministry of Environment,Republic of Korea;Ministry of the Environment,Climate and Sustainable Development,Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;the Norwegian Agency for Dev

14、elopment Cooperation(Norad);the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(Sida);the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation(SDC);and the United States Department of State.The publication has been made possible in part by funding from Anglo American.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NAT

15、UREiiiiv v ix xList of figures and tables Executive summary Acknowledgements Acronyms Note from the editors xi1 Introduction 12 The contribution of 10 companies to nature conservation 22.1 Anglo American2 2.2 bp8 2.3 Vale 11 2.4 ExxonMobil 19 2.5 Solvay 27 2.6 Newmont 32 2.7 Shell 40 2.8 TotalEnergi

16、es 43 2.9 Teck 53 2.10 BHP 56Contents ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATUREivList of figures and tablesFigure 1 The mitigation hierarchyFigure 2 Map of Carajs Protected Areas Mosaic and Xicrin do Catet Indigenous land in the context of human pressures of more than 40 years in the Itacainas River Ba

17、sin,state of Par(Brazil)Figure 3 Recording of birds between 2005 and 2019Figure 4 Newmonts assetsFigure 5 Commitments on biodiversityFigure 6 Offshore facilities and surrounding newly-established Gabon Bleu marine protected areasFigure 7 Area coverage of marine protected area Figure 8 TotalEnergies

18、blocks(in pink)and surrounding marine protected areas(in dark grey)and terrestrial and inland waters protected areas(in light grey)Figure 9 Key biodiversity actions at La Mtairie solar plant facility Figure 10 Map of Gorgoglione exploration and production license and surrounding areas Figure 11 Olym

19、pic Dam land tenure with respect to protected areas in the regionFigure 12 Threatened species protected within the significant environmental benefits areasFigure 13 Olympic Dams future contribution to nature positive outcomes will include setting aside additional land for conservationTable 1 Project

20、 types with corresponding biodiversity requirementsTable 2 Overview of key biodiversity values,mitigation plans and partnershipsTable 3 List of actions identified to positively contribute to biodiversity conservation in the landscapeTable 4 Overview of land owned by Olympic DamTable 5 Land managed f

21、or conservation by Olympic DamTable 6 Olympic Dam6s future contribution to nature positive outcomes ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATUREvWith 28 case studies from 10 multinational companies,this publication highlights their positive actions,interventions and initiatives contributing to specific co

22、nservation and restoration goals.The concrete examples illustrate a pivotal part of their work which have direct impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem on their sites and operations,focused on a variety of additional and proactive biodiversity conservation and restoration actions more commonly within

23、 the landscape and seascape.The different case studies seek to present current practices and initiatives that are above and beyond addressing the negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services onsite.While not exhaustive,the case studies seek to be illustrative of current practices and demo

24、nstrative of some of the kinds of initiatives that are currently being carried out.Going beyond addressing negative impacts at site levelIt is imperative that companies address negative impacts following strict regulatory requirements(such as in the case of offset policies),lender requirements,such

25、as the International Finance Corporation(IFC)Performance Standard(PS)6,1 or voluntary initiatives such as increased demand for supply chain transparency,which generally entail that a specific site or operation achieve No Net Loss(NNL)or Net Positive Impact(NPI).In most cases,these goals are associat

26、ed with the thorough and sequential application of the mitigation hierarchy(Figure 1),where actions are taken to:i)avoid;ii)minimise;iii)restore;iv)and,where necessary,offset any residual negative impacts on biodiversity.The mitigation hierarchy provides a framework through which companies can both

27、understand their impacts on biodiversity and develop actions to mitigate these impacts throughout their operations.1 The International Finance Corporation(IFC)Performance Standard(PS)6 requires projects to produce NoNet Loss where feasible for nature habitats and Net Positive Impact for critical hab

28、itats.IFC PS 6 has also been adapted by the Equator Principles,for which around 90 financial institutions are signatories.(Source:IFC(2012).Performance Standard 6(PS6)on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources.https:/www.ifc.org/ps6)Executive summarySource:Ad

29、apted from The Biodiversity Consultancy(2015).A cross-sector guide for implementing the Mitigation Hierarchy.Cambridge,UK:A Cross Sector Biodiversity Initiative.http:/www.csbi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CSBI-Mitigation-Hierarchy-Guide.pdfFigure 1 The mitigation hierarchyESTIMATED IMPACTESTIMA

30、TED IMPACTESTIMATED IMPACTESTIMATED IMPACTMINIMIZATIONMINIMIZATIONPREVENTIONPREVENTIONMINIMIZATIONRESTORATIONREHABILITATIONCOMPENSATION/OFFSETTINGCOMPENSATION/OFFSETTINGCOMPENSATION/OFFSETTINGCOMPENSATION/OFFSETTINGADDITIONALCONSERVATIONACTIONSRESIDUAL IMAPCTWITHOUTNET LOSSES ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CO

31、NSERVING NATUREviTowards contributing to positive conservation actions at site and land/seascape levelAchieving NNL or NPI at operational or site levels will not be sufficient to change the overall global trajectory of biodiversity loss,highlighting the need for a holistic approach,where companies,a

32、longside with government and civil society can go beyond impact avoidance and mitigation at the site level to proactively protect and restore biodiversity and ecosystems more broadly.The case studies illustrate proactive intervention approaches that some companies are currently implementing to posit

33、ively contribute to conservation and restoration goals going above and beyond addressing residual negative impacts.While it remains challenging to quantify,disclose and therefore demonstrate positive impacts on biodiversity from companies actions and interventions,this report starts building real wo

34、rld examples and shares relevant intervention approaches for practitioners in similar sectors and the conservation community.MethodologyThe following companies have contributed to the case studies,specifically:four energy/oil and gas companies:bp,ExxonMobil,Shell Global Solutions International B.V.,

35、TotalEnergies;five mining companies:Anglo American,BHP,Newmont,Teck,Vale;and a chemical company:Solvay.Their activities mainly have direct impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems from the extraction of natural resources,such as oil,gas,copper,gold,diamonds,iron ore,unconventional oil,limestone,uraniu

36、m oxide,silver and others,as well as sea-,water-and land-use change through infrastructure developments,such as dams,refineries,chemical and oil and gas complexes,or solar plants.Some of the impacts can include,for example,habitat loss,damage and fragmentation,disturbance,displacement or mortality o

37、f species,disruption of breeding and migration events,change in water quality and flow,pollution of soil,air and water and introduction of invasive species.They also(might)have indirect impacts,such as in-migration of people to an area as a result of energy and mining operations,as well as cumulativ

38、e impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems,such as increase in global greenhouse gas(GHG)concentrations,accumulation of chemicals or heavy metals.The case studies have been provided by company representatives,with the input of high-level guidance and suggestions from IUCN and technical reviewers to st

39、ructure each companys contributions:One or more case study per company;The case study should comprise examples from individual sites where non-operational land or sea is being managed for biodiversity outcomes,such as restoration or conservation of species and/or ecosystems,including site descriptio

40、n,conservation objectives,achievements to date,lessons learned and future plans as well as sites which have significant biodiversity values but where management for conservation has hardly taken place;Actions described within non-operational lands and seas with information relating to location,size,

41、duration of management,ecosystem type(s),biodiversity value(if/when known)and conservation targets;Mainstreaming of additional conservation actions in non-operational lands and seas:summary of policies to manage non-operational lands and seas in development or deployed;ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVIN

42、G NATUREvii Summary of key lessons learned from conservation,restoration and related initiatives on non-operational lands and seas.The origin of all case studies can be attributed to the respective companies,and did not undergone independent verification by IUCN.Analysis dimensions of companies posi

43、tive conservation actionsThe case studies reveal a number of areas in which the companies have taken action.To inspire and strengthen future action,these areas have been categorised as follows:1 Actions during the project cycleAt early planningSome companies have focused their efforts on identifying

44、 early conservation actions parallel to biodiversity management screening and planning activities(pre-ESIA,ESIA development),such as the creation of biodiversity-rich areas,terrestrial micro-habitats and refuges or biodiversity enhancement actions(TotalEnergies case study).During the projectThe case

45、 studies highlight additional conservation actions during the lifespan of the projects or the operations.At the end-of-projectFour case studies focused on conservation actions at project closure,including biodiversity enhancement actions as part of a decontamination process(bp case study),biodiversi

46、ty survey developments as part of offshore oil rig decommissioning(ExxonMobil case study),remediation and forest restoration as part of the remediation management(Anglo American case study)and biodiversity conservation through the development of a nature reserve(Solvay case study).2 Engagement with

47、stakeholdersSome case studies highlighted the engagement with one or multiple stakeholders to develop or manage additional conservation actions,including with Indigenous people and local communities(IPLCs),non-governmental organisations(NGOs),and local and national governmental actors.Engagement wit

48、h IPLCsTecks case study emphasised on a joint management agreement with IPLCs to convert areas owned by the company into biodiversity conservation areas,such as wildlife corridors,connectivity and investment in habitat restoration initiatives,while leading a seed collection programme also aimed at c

49、omplementing Indigenous peoples income.Another case study illustrates how ExxonMobil and Imperial likewise contributed to the establishment of a provincial park managed by the regional government with IPLCs,after voluntarily relinquishing their oil sands in 2018.State/public actorsSome case studies

50、highlighted companies engagement with governmental agencies or directorates to deliver conservation actions at the sea and landscape level(TotalEnergies and Vale case studies).ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATUREviiiNGOsOther conservation actions were developed,supported or implemented by local an

51、d/or international NGOs(Solvay,Anglo American,Newmont and TotalEnergies case studies)Private sector coalitionsSome case studies highlighted how companies collaborated with other peers to develop or implement conservation actions in a given geography,such as the voluntary relinquishment of unconventi

52、onal oil lease to support the ecological integrity of a National Park(ExxonMobil case study).Multi-stakeholder approachSeveral case studies further highlighted the engagement of multiple stakeholders,such as NGOs,state actors and universities(TotalEnergies,Anglo American,Newmont ExxonMobil and Solva

53、y case studies).3 Type and status of areas where conservation actions took place A diverse range of area-based interventions,which can be identified as protected areas or other effective area-based conservation measures(OECMs),were also highlighted by the case studies.Some highlighted positive contr

54、ibutions to support the creation of several protected areas(Vale and TotalEnergies case studies),while others underscored companies support in the design,creation or management of OECMs,including privately-governed or IPLCs-governed protected areas(Vale and Anglo American case studies,respectively).

55、Other OECMs also covered conserved areas or actions such as connectivity enhancement(Vale and BHP case studies).4 Participation in scientific/innovative initiativesSix case studies explained how companies funded and/or enhanced research projects around on-site conservation and scientific and technic

56、al knowledge improvement(Anglo American,Vale,BHP,Shell and Solvay case studies).Another example is the application of innovative conservation tools or approaches such as the use of environmental DNA(eDNA)(Vale and ExxonMobil case study)or citizen science(bp case study).5 Levels of biodiversity actio

57、ns:ecosystems,species,genetic biodiversityEcosystem-level actionsSeveral case studies featured additional conservation interventions integrating the management of land,water and living resources at the land and seascape levels to promote conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way.For insta

58、nce,some companies focused their interventions on wetland restoration and forest landscape restoration(Anglo American,Vale,Solvay,Newmont,ExxonMobil or bp).Species-level actionsAdditional conservation actions focused on specific species were underlined in several case studies.Anglo American describe

59、d conservation efforts in threatened and endangered species conservation against poaching,while Shell highlighted an initiative to protect marine turtles.Genetic diversity-level actionsFinally,some case studies identified initiatives directed at ensuring the ability of a population to adapt to chang

60、ing environments.Such genetic level cases included a seed collection programme designed to conserve genetic diversity of select species(Teck case study)and site-level genetic monitoring and surveying using environmental DNA(eDNA)(Vale and ExxonMobil case studies).ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATU

61、REixThe development of this publication was made possible with the collaboration of Anglo American and the contribution of the editors:Warwick Mostert(Anglo American),Stephen Edwards(IUCN),Brent Mitchell(Old Town Hill Associates)and Kent Redford(Archipelago Consulting).The development of this public

62、ation was made possible with the collaboration of Anglo American.This publication was edited by Warwick Mostert(Anglo American),Stephen Edwards(IUCN),Brent Mitchell(Old Town Hill Associates)and Kent Redford(Archipelago Consulting).We would like to address a special thanks to the following for their

63、contribution to the case studies and the finalisation of this report:Anglo American,BHP,bp,ExxonMobil,Newmont,ShellGlobal Solutions International B.V.,Solvay,Teck,TotalEnergies and Vale;and the IUCN Entreprise and Investment Team for helping finalise this report.Finally,we would like to acknowledge

64、the support,knowledge and inputs of the following people to the case studies of the companies,namely:Rafael Ascanio;Marcela Bocchetto;Andre Cardoso;Tim Cooper;Anne Dekker;Astrid Delaporte-Sprengers;Steven Dickinson;Marie-Hlne Enrici;Antoine Escalas;Jackeceli Falqueto;Leticia Guimaraes;Briana Gunn;Ia

65、n Hudson;Sayonara Induzzi;Benjamin Jaffe;Mark Johnston;Fiona Marks;Sarah McLean;Dbora Mello;Ram Narayan;Cesar Neto;Lori Neufeld;Guilherme Oliveira;Paulo Rogerio Oliveira;David Palandro;Erin Parham;Ross Polis;Catherine Remy;Marcio Santos Ferreira;Kimberley Solly;Lourival Tyski;Karen Westley;and Carle

66、igh Whitman.Acknowledgements ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURExAcronymsACAAdditional Conservation Actions ANPNAgence Nationale des Parcs Nationaux du Gabon(National Parks Agency of Gabon)BAPBiodiversity Action Planning COICommunities of interest EPBCEnvironment Protection and Biodiversity Conse

67、rvation ESGEnvironmental,social and governance GBCIGreen Business Certification,Inc.GHGGreenhouse gasGMTFCAGreater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area IASInvasive alien species IBAImportant Bird and Biodiversity AreaICMBioChico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation IFCInternational F

68、inance Corporation IPCAIndigenous Protected and Conserved Areas IPLCIndigenous people and local communitiesISOInternational Organization for Standardization IUCNInternational Union for Conservation of NatureIUUIllegal,unreported,and unregulated fishing KBAKey Biodiversity AreaKBVKey Biodiversity Val

69、ueMCFNMikisew Cree First Nation NGONon-governmental organisations NNLNo net lossNPINet positive impact O&GOil and gas OECMOther effective area-based conservation measures PPPPrivate-public partnershipPESPriority Ecosystem Services R&DResearch and development RMMReactive Monitoring Mission RNVVale Na

70、tural Reserve SBCCASilver Bow Creek Conservation SBFSignificant Biodiversity Features SEBSignificant environmental benefit WBNPWood Buffalo National Park WCSWildlife Conservation Society ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURExiNote from the editorsThere is a growing interest and commitment from the

71、corporate sector to actively participate in conservation,with many companies recognising their potential to positively influence the outcome of nature loss and contribute actively to nature conservation.As evidence2 continues to point to the crisis that face nature and biodiversity,including the ris

72、k of species loss,irreversible climate change impacts and increasing pollution and waste,companies are increasingly engaging actively in nature conservation.There have been many efforts to reduce negative impacts on nature,but the alarming rates of biodiversity loss continue.More recently,Target 15

73、of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework further underlines the significant role of business in halting and reversing biodiversity loss.This report documents examples of ongoing conservation efforts by mining,energy and other global companies focusing on non-operational lands and seas.T

74、he case studies cover 28 examples from 10 multinational companies with direct impacts on nature and biodiversity.The examples highlight additional and proactive biodiversity conservation and restoration actions,showcasing positive contributions to specific conservation and restoration goals beyond t

75、heir direct operational footprint within their land holdings.These examples demonstrate that companies can go beyond addressing negative impacts and generate benefits for conservation on the ground.The report emphasises the importance of a holistic approach involving various stakeholders including c

76、ompanies,government and civil society to protect and restore biodiversity and ecosystems.2 IPBES(2019).Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.Brondzio,E.S.,Settele,J.,Diz,S.,Ngo,H.T.(eds).Bonn,Germany:IPBES Secretariat.https:/

77、doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3831673Photo:Shifaaz Shamoon/Unsplash ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE1IntroductionEvidence is clear that nature and biodiversity are in crisis.3 As we enter a period of high risk of species loss,high impacts from climate change and a marked increase in pollution and was

78、te,we must find ways to more effectively align economic development with conservation.4 Much of the effort in the past several decades has appropriately been focused on finding ways to avoid,reduce and mitigate negative impacts on nature.There have been some encouraging signs in terms of improved kn

79、owledge and practices,yet we remain on a negative trajectory with continued alarming rates of biodiversity loss.At the same time,there has been a marked increase in the level of interest and commitment by the corporate sector to actively participate in generating benefits,while contributing to conse

80、rvation and helping reduce the threat of climate change,as shown by the active participation of a large number of corporate actors at the 2022 Convention on Biological Diversitys Conference of the Parties,as well as the development of several voluntary initiatives such as the Taskforce for Nature-re

81、lated Financial Disclosure(TNFD)and Science-based Targets for Nature(SBTN).In addition,the successful adoption of Target 15 under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework is a testament to the recognition that businesses are instrumental in contributing to halting and reversing biodiversit

82、y loss.Target 15 intends to go beyond addressing the negative residual impacts and moving toward approaches beyond their operational footprint that provide benefits for nature.This report is an initial effort of documenting some examples of these actions and can serve as a step toward elevating the

83、importance for companies to get past addressing their impacts,but rather into generating benefits for conservation on the ground.The case studies presented highlight ongoing work from mining,energy and other global companies on existing conservation efforts in non-operational lands and seas(meaning

84、areas under the effective management control of the company,but not where there are direct impacts,such as mining pits,well pads,quarries,roads,pipelines,infrastructure and others).These include biodiversity action plans and programmes,protected areas,ecological corridors and connectivity,sustainabl

85、e land and marine management and others.The companies provided the case studies.In the convening power of IUCN to share best practices,this report reflects a work in progress and actions described here will likely become better developed as the community of practice evolves.The methodological approa

86、ch of how the case studies were prepared is discussed in the previous section on Methodology.3 IPBES(2019).Global assessment report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.E.S.Brondzio,J.Settele,S.Diz,&H.T.Ngo,(eds).Bonn,Germany:IPBES Secretariat.https

87、:/doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.38316734 Idem.1 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE2The contribution of 10 companies to nature conservation2.1 Anglo AmericanCommitment to save natureAnglo American is a leading global mining company,with a world-class portfolio of mining and processing operations and und

88、eveloped resources,and more than 95,000 people working for us around the world,in 15 countries.We provide many of the essential metals and minerals that are fundamental to the transition to a low-carbon economy,enabling a cleaner,greener,more sustainable world,as well as meeting the growing consumer

89、-driven demands of the developed and maturing economies.We do so in a way that not only generates sustainable returns for our shareholders,but that also strives to make a real and lasting positive contribution to society as a whole.Anglo American is committed to deliver nature-positive outcomes base

90、d on the new global goal for nature,calling on companies to take action now to halt nature loss and ensure that the world is nature-positive by the end of this decade.The World Economic Forum(WEF)recently highlighted“there is no future for business-as-usual we have to halt and reverse the loss of na

91、ture and change the way we do business”,by improving land management practices and enhancing conservation efforts to mitigate the biodiversity impacts of our operations.Focusing on delivering nature-positive outcomes will support the delivery of Anglo Americans commitments in its Sustainable Mining

92、Plan,launched in 2018.This strategy focuses on three global sustainability pillars Trusted Corporate Leader,Thriving Communities and Healthy Environment.Each of these pillars encompass global stretch goals that are aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(UN SDGs).Our Sustainabl

93、e Mining Plan is designed specifically to drive business efficiencies,resilience and agility across all seven of our pillars of value.These cover a wide range of aspects,such as safety,environment,social,people,production,costs and margins,and returns and financial value.In particular,the Sustainabl

94、e Mining Plan focuses on a net-zero mindset of causing zero harm to the environment and delivering net-positive outcomes for biodiversity and a lasting positive legacy for society.We also look beyond what we can achieve alone,collaborating globally with a diverse range of partners to develop and imp

95、lement sophisticated solutions that support our sustainability goals.Our commitment to delivering positive outcomes for nature drives us to continuously review and update our approach.Harnessing innovation and digitalisation,we are building a future where we take a holistic approach to how we care f

96、or the nature around us,in partnership with our stakeholders.Our approach under the Sustainable Mining Plan is to prioritise nature throughout the lifespan of our mines.We look at the entire ecosystem to understand the intertwining relationships of people,biodiversity,climate,water and the economy a

97、s factors interconnected and bound by nature.2 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE3Our net positive impact(NPI)target is our commitment to leaving the biodiversity of an area in a better state than when we arrived.NPI acknowledges the role that biodiversity plays in shaping the functioning of the

98、 environment and the well-being of people.In our ambitious journey to achieving NPI,we also acknowledge the nature-positive approach which is aimed at ensuring that nature is visibly and measurably on the path of recovery by 2030.Developed in a collaborative partnership with NGOs,the UN bodies and b

99、usiness,the nature-positive approach mandates the inclusion of nature and its role in managing our impacts and dependencies on water,society and climate.Biodiversity Standard In 2022,Anglo American updated its Biodiversity Standard that defines the minimum requirements to manage biodiversity in all

100、phases of Anglo Americans operations to achieve NPI and maximise contributions to biodiversity to achieve positive outcomes wherever it operates.It lays out the responsibility for every site to have an agreed plan for measuring and delivering on these targets and objectives,considering the local eco

101、system in which it operates.The standard is applicable to the entire life cycle of Anglo American sites from site selection and early studies,project design phase,discovery/exploration,commissioning,operational,closure and post-closure phases(decommissioning,remediation,rehabilitation,and final reli

102、nquishment),as well as acquisitions and divestments.The standard sets out the following key objectives and minimum requirements for:Defining and assessing impacts to Significant Biodiversity Features(SBF);Rigorously applying the mitigation hierarchy throughout all phases of our business;Minimising r

103、esidual impacts to SBF,implementing biodiversity offsets,restoration and rehabilitation activities to achieve NPI;Ecologically compensating for unmitigated historical disturbances to SBF;Maintaining and improving the specific biodiversity features that support and supply the benefits of priority eco

104、system services(PES),aligned to The Social Way and in collaboration with the social performance team;and Implementing additional conservation actions(ACA)aligned with relevant local,regional and/or national initiatives/priorities.Many of Anglo Americans planned and ongoing activities fall under the

105、heading of Nature-based Solutions(NbS)actions to protect,sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively,simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits.Anglo American is focusing NbS work on both operatio

106、nal sites and conservation properties/landholdings.Key applications include landscape rehabilitation with native species as part of mining operational closure requirements,improving catchment level water security,enhanced groundwater recharge combined with ecological connectivity and habitat restora

107、tion.To give a sense of some of the ways Anglo American has been developing and implementing its biodiversity work below are three short reports of work in three areas where Anglo American has mining operations Chile,South Africa and briefly,in Canada.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE4Anglo Ame

108、rican has been working in three regions of Chile since 1980.One of these is the LosBronces mine located within a biodiversity hotspot in Central Chile near two protected nature sanctuaries,Los Nogales and Yerba Loca.This high-altitude region with glaciers is close to Santiago,the nations capital wit

109、h over eight million inhabitants,and features limited freshwater resources being used for urban water,agriculture,nature and mining.The Los Bronces mine,discovered in 1867,is a large copper mine located in central Chile,on the border of the Santiago Metropolitan Region and the Valparaso Region with

110、a height of 3,0004,200 m above sea level.Los Bronces represents one of the largest copper reserves in Chile and in the world,having estimated reserves of 3.13 billion tonnes of ore grading 0.32%copper.The ore is transported via a pipeline 56 km to the flotation plant Las Trtolas.Anglo American acqui

111、red LasBronces in 2002.Considering the requirements of sustainable development and biodiversity conservation,and given that the original mining methods practiced for 100 years were no longer appropriate,AngloAmerican has been changing the way mining is being pursued.Concerns have been raised with th

112、e mining operation in the country,including potential impacts on the glaciers,increased use of water,impacts to biodiversity and potential impacts on local communities.Strengthening partnershipsAs part of their efforts to mitigate these negative potential impacts,a partnership was started in 2015 be

113、tween Anglo American and the Wildlife Conservation Society(WCS)Chile to develop strategic guidelines on conserving and managing biodiversity and contributing to the urgent task of conservation in central Chile.WCS and Anglo American have started a project,“Positive lessons from the business sector f

114、or the conservation of Chilean biodiversity”,that aims to bring together representatives from the private sector to exchange lessons and experiences,recognising that shared challenges and collaborating on integrated solutions to conserve Chilean natural heritage is key to delivering positive outcome

115、s.This was one of several partnerships that Anglo American has developed,which now includes more than 10 national and local and over 15 global organisations.One of the major objectives of the partnerships is to strengthen public-private work on in situ conservation in the endangered Mediterranean-ty

116、pe ecosystems in which the mine is located.Anglo American is involved in five significant efforts,described in detail below,to strengthen stewardship of species and ecosystems in the Andean region where Los Bronces mine is located and improve the livelihoods of residents.Efforts have focused on prot

117、ected areas close to the Los Bronces mine,the Yerba Loca Sanctuary and the Los Nogales Sanctuary.Working with partners,Anglo American has been implementing a project to improve the management of the the Yerba Loca Sanctuary,including the owners of private land within the sanctuary.Likewise,work is b

118、eing done in the Los Nogales Sanctuary although in this case,Anglo American itself is owner of almost 5,000 ha within the sanctuary.The efforts at Los Nogales include an educational centre for mountain and outdoor activities,rehabilitation of wetlands and assessment of the impact of climate change o

119、n native species.A part of the work focuses on the new Santiago Glaciers National Park,covering an area of 75,000ha above 3,600 m,27.6%of which are glaciers and are vital contributors to the availability and regulation of water for the Santiago Metropolitan Region.To help make this park possible,Ang

120、lo American agreed not to develop more than 8,400 ha of its mining concessions and will work with the organisations and local authorities to make the park project successful.The Los Bronces team has also been working on a voluntary plan to rehabilitate 240 ha of Andean Mediterranean Thorn Forest of

121、Acacia caven Anglo AmericanCase study 1Chile Biodiversity in a Mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE5and Baccharis paniculata as a contribution to the recovery of natural environments in the Chilean Mediterranean zone.The main objective is to recover the func

122、tional features and ecosystem services of the habitat through increasing the structural biotic components and re-establishing the resilience of the habitat in a climate change scenario.Concentrating on land conservation,Anglo American developed the Parque Quilapilun botanical garden in the Santiago

123、Region to grow and preserve endangered native flora.The 4.5-ha property is located inside the area of the Los Bronces mine and already includes more than 30,000 native trees and plants of central Chile,some of which are being propagated for use in rehabilitation of degraded lands in the region.On th

124、e basis of Anglo Americans carbon neutrality strategy in Chile,including decarbonisation and compensation for emissions that are difficult to reduce through NbS projects,various projects of conservation and sustainable management of native ecosystems will be developed in the near future.All of this

125、work is supported by the Sustainable Mining Plan adopted by Anglo American which sets biodiversity targets to deliver NPI within the Biodiversity and Climate Change Management team from the copper business unit in Chile.This milestone was a turning point for the collaborative work between WCS(and ot

126、her partners)and Anglo American,and has moved from working within the framework of a particular project,such as Los Bronces Integrated Initiative,to scale up the approach with potential positive impacts within the broader company.Conservation of biodiversity,if done with good science,opens spaces fo

127、r continuous improvement and adaptive management.The Catholic University of Chile and WCS has recently initiated work aimed at integrating biodiversity conservation management with climate change modelling.The need for such work is rooted in the fact that climate change is causing degradation of bot

128、h nature and human livelihoods,and the recovery of biodiversity brings with it benefits for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.Potential impact of climate change on company operationsAnglo Americans mining operations are located in the Chilean biodiversity hotspot consisting of arid mountai

129、n ecosystems,which are highly vulnerable to climate change.There are already clear signs of increased temperature and decreased rainfall at the regional level.Working in partnership WCS and the Catholic University,Anglo American are evaluating the potential effects of climate change on priority comp

130、onents of biodiversity and local communities in the geographical context of the Los Bronces operation.Based on these results,they have drafted an Action Plan to address these potential effects,while also considering non-climatic threats that are currently affecting the areas biodiversity and human b

131、eing.One of the most important goals of biodiversity conservation is to contribute to human well-being,given societies dependence on nature.However,agencies and companies commonly have poorly articulated social and environmental objectives.In their case,Anglo Americans partnerships have been able to

132、 promote the integration of nature and local well-being and strengthen collaboration with the Social Development and Communities Management area of the company.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE6De Beers Group is a leading diamond company,85%of which is owned by Anglo American and 15%by the Gove

133、rnment of the Republic of Botswana.It recovers diamonds from Botswana,Canada,Namibia and South Africa.De Beers manages nearly 200,000 ha for biodiversity conservation in Botswana and South Africa,which totals five times the amount of land it uses for mining.This contributes significantly to species

134、conservation and the maintenance of ecological health and integrity in landscapes,which are under threat or subject to extreme pressures from climate change,natural events and economic development.Each property provides essential ecosystem services that support land management objectives and,in some

135、 cases,mitigate against operational impacts.The conservation properties protect a host of threatened,keystone and iconic species,providing high quality reference sites for biodiversity and habitat condition in otherwise degraded landscapes and,in some instances,have been restored from a previously d

136、egraded state.A number of such properties have played an active role in re-establishing and conserving threatened and endangered species across Southern Africa.For example,several sites were the major contributors to the recovery of black wildebeest and red hartebeest populations in South Africa at

137、the turn of the last century.Moreover,two properties are designated KBAs,and meet international criteria as Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas(IBAs).In South Africa,the Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve borders the Mapungubwe National Park,also an IBA,and part of the buffer zone for the UNESCO Mapun

138、gubwe Cultural Landscape World Heritage Sites and the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area(GMTFCA).The reserve protects a fertile ecosystem,but this combined with the level of protection from poaching has created a unique challenge there are too many elephants.The large population exce

139、eded the reserves carrying capacity,resulting in habitat degradation.Working in partnership with the Peace Parks Foundation,De Beers began the Moving Giants programme,the longest elephant translocation ever attempted moving the first 100 elephants over 1,000 miles to a new home at Zinave National Pa

140、rk in Mozambique,where the local elephant population had been depleted following a civil war,which ended in 1992.These translocated elephants are a major contribution to the broader rewilding strategy of Zinave and have settled into the wider habitat within the park area.With another 100 elephants t

141、o move in the coming years,the programme continues.In Canada,the De Beers Group has a 51%interest in,and is the operator of,Gahcho Kue open-pit mine in the Northwest Territories.It began commercial production in 2017 and has an expected mine life to 2030.Prior to 2019,the closest protected area to t

142、he Gahcho Kue mine was the Wood Buffalo National Park,which is approximately 600 km from the site.However,the Thaidene Nene National Park was approved in 2019 and is 52 km away from the Mine.The Thaidene Nne National Park Reserve is an Indigenous Protected Area covering more than 26,000 km2.Thaidene

143、 Nne is co-governed by the utsl Ke Dene First Nation,provincial and federal governments.This culturally rich and spiritually significant area,and the continued relationship between the land and Indigenous people,highlights the importance of the protected area.De Beers has taken a supportive role to

144、the creation of the newly approved park and is working to establish a collaborative project,which may involve,for example,infrastructure improvements to support tourism and safety in the park,such as cabins or a welcoming centre in utslKe.Cooperating in Canada:work with a national park and First Nat

145、ionsDe Beers Group and conservation of biodiversity in Southern AfricaAnglo AmericanCase study 2AngloAmericanCase study 3 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE7ConclusionIn 2006,at its eighth meeting,the UN Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)made clear that engagement of businesses was essentia

146、l in achieving CBDs goals.Subsequent decisions were taken to establish the conditions that facilitate private sector engagement,encouraging businesses to“adopt practices and strategies that contribute to achieving the goals and objectives of the Convention and the Aichi Biodiversity Targets”.In summ

147、ary,two aspects are of particular relevance to Anglo American:Strengthening of biodiversity consideration in business operations and promote behavioural change through mainstreaming;Promotion of business involvement in the development,revision,and implementation of national and international biodive

148、rsity strategies and action plans.The case studies set out some of the ways that Anglo American is working to address these aspects.Through its conservation efforts,the companys objective is to lead progressive,world-class operational sustainability across Anglo American and set new benchmarks for t

149、he industry.Towards that end,Anglo American will work to protect what we have already,where possible,within and beyond our fence,as well as helping to protect other landscapes upstream and downstream through conservation,offsets and partnerships,including reducing societal impacts,repairing ecosyste

150、m function,partially recovering native ecosystems,improving ecosystem management,initiating native recovery and fully recovering native ecosystems.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE82.2 bpPerspectives on biodiversity bp recognises that the rich biodiversity of our planet is under threat,that tra

151、nsformative change is needed and that there is also an intrinsic link between the need for global action on biodiver-sity and climate change.As part of our purpose to reimagine energy for people and the planet we are taking action to restore,maintain and enhance nature.In 2020,we launched our new bi

152、odiversity position,which built upon existing bp practices and requirements.We later embed-ded the position into bps sustainability frame,specifically Aim 16 to enhance biodiversity.At bp:5 We commit not to operate any new oil and gas exploration or production activities inside the boundary of offic

153、ially inscribed UNESCO World Heritage sites.We will consult with UNESCO if we are considering operating any such projects in the buffer zone or adjacent to a World Heritage Site.We will seek to avoid any associated activities that would have a direct residual impact on the value and integrity of a W

154、orld Heritage Site.6 We also commit not to operate any new oil and gas exploration or production activities inside the boundary of Strict Nature Reserves(IUCN Ia)or Wilderness Areas(IUCN Ib)as listed on 1January 2020.If we enter other protected areas,we intend to work with relevant stakeholders and

155、biodiversity experts to help manage any potential impacts and assess opportunities to improve the management of the site.We will aim to achieve NPI on biodiversity in our new projects.From 2022 onwards,new bp operated projects whose planned activities have the potential for significant direct impact

156、s on biodiversity will be required to develop NPI action plans for those activities.This requirement will apply to projects across our portfolio from oil and gas to renewables and our business will be required to implement the action plan for as long as we operate the asset.We are now developing the

157、 necessary robust methodology to enable us to do this.We will aim to enhance biodiversity around our existing major operating sites.We are also putting measures in place so that from 2022 we can require bp major operating sites to have plans in place to enhance local biodiversity,starting with sites

158、 in biodiversity sensitive areas.For example,restoring wetland habitats,conserving threatened species or improving the management of protected areas.We will support biodiversity restoration and the sustainable use of natural resources.In countries where we have existing and growing investments,we wi

159、ll aim to further the conservation and restoration of biodiversity,and the sustainable use of natural resources by local communities.We are now operationalising this position and embedding biodiversity into the way we work.As part of this,we work with leading conservation organisations,and in 2020 w

160、e established a five-year collaborative agreement with Fauna&Flora International to help support the delivery of these activities.Mainstreaming the value and importance of biodiversity into bps practices and decision-making processes has been a key part of the way we work,and we have been integratin

161、g biodiversity into our practices and decision making for over 15 years.In addition to the activities detailed in the 2020 biodiversity position,we also require new major projects to:5 bp(n.d.).Caring for our planet online.London,UK:bp p.l.c.https:/ A list of our existing operations near World Herit

162、age sites can be found on .ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE9Remediation management,United States Apply the mitigation hierarchy.Assess the most critical potential pathways for introducing invasive alien species(IAS)related to its planned activities and implement plans to manage the risk of int

163、roducing any new IAS.Seek to avoid the clearance of high carbon stock ecosystems greater than one hectare,and if this cannot be feasibly avoided,adopt mitigation measures to achieve zero net loss in the size of the area of the ecosystem removed.In the United States,bp and its subsidiaries own and ma

164、nage large tracts of land which have been impacted by former operations and are in various states of remediation.Several sites have undertaken biodiversity enhancement activities.Four sites are certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council,including Warm Springs Ponds7 and Dutchman,both in Montana.Promi

165、nent biodiversity restoration activities are ongoing at former mining,smelting and mineral processing sites in Montana.Approximately 1 million trees are being planted and 2,000 more acres,or approximately 4,900 ha,will be replanted with native grassland species to provide a biodiverse cover and habi

166、tat around a former copper smelter in Anaconda-Deer Lodge County.In Butte,the 160-acre,or approximately 392 ha,Silver Bow Creek Conservation Area(SBCCA)design has been pre-certified Gold by the SITES programme under Green Business Certification,Inc.(GBCI).The SITES rating system evaluates the sustai

167、nability of landscapes and measures their performance to demonstrate the value landscapes have in their communities.As the second project in the world to be pre-certified Gold,SBCCA will collect and treat stormwater impacted by former mining activities in a pond and wetland system that integrates Na

168、ture-based Solutions(NbS)into the remedy for impacted stormwater from the surrounding community.Treated water will be returned to the creek for wildlife,habitat and downstream uses.The pond 7 Bonneau,J.(2014).Partnerships and Technology:Key to Success for Warm Springs Ponds Program.Wildlife Habitat

169、Council online article.https:/www.wildlifehc.org/partnerships-and-technology-keys-to-success-for-warms-springs-ponds-programand wetland system will be part of a larger habitat conservation area open to the public.Together,the water treatment system and conservation area will furnish regulating,provi

170、sioning,cultural and supporting ecosystem services.We are also developing programmes to monitor landscape and biodiversity changes across all our U.S.remediation sites.For example,the Opportunity Ponds is a former tailings impoundment in Montana that has been remediated with an engineered containmen

171、t system and capped with native grasses.We recently developed a mammal monitoring plan for the Opportunity Ponds site,which includes aerial and on the ground surveys to document the elk,antelope and other wildlife that forage and migrate across the site seasonally.In addition,bp have an ongoing and

172、robust waterfowl and wetland monitoring programme throughout the entire Butte-Anaconda Basin.More than 300 acres,or approximately 735 ha,of wetlands have been constructed as remedy and natural resource restoration components at the Dutchman wetlands.These wetlands provide habitat for an abundance of

173、 native species,offset the potential loss of other wetland habitat undergoing remediation and provide for No Net Loss(NNL)of wetlands with estimated current and future 338 acres,or approximately 828 ha,of accredited Functional Effective Wetlands Area.bpCase study 1 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NA

174、TURE10bps refinery at Cherry Point has long been a leader in adding value to local biodiversity,creating wetlands and enhancing local wildlife.It has gained a Corporate Wildlife Stewardship Award(from the Wildlife Habitat Council)and several Wildlife at Work certifications and a Citizen Science Proj

175、ect.The bp Cherry Point refinery owns approximately 3,500-acre(approximately 8,575 ha)of land near Blaine in Whatcom county,Washington State,but only 650 acres,or approximately 1,593 ha,is used for its operations,the remaining land consists of agricultural fields,wetlands,forests and marine shorelin

176、e on the Strait of Georgia.In 2009,the refinery was required to create 22 acres,or approximately 54 ha,of wetlands but instead agreed to do further enhancements by taking a landscape approach and created both 44 acres(approximately 54 ha)of wetlands and restored 50 acres,or approximately 54 ha,of de

177、graded wetlands.A total of 94 acres,or approximately 54 ha,of wetland areas,which are acting as important habitats for the conservation of locally important bird and amphibian species.In 2013,the bp refinery established a Citizen Science Project,with local volunteers surveying the ponds in the wetla

178、nd areas for amphibian egg masses.Surveys will be undertaken each year to help bp and the local science community to appreciate how the wetland habitat creation is adding value to the local biodiversity.The Tangguh operation in Bintuni Bay is situated in a concession managed by bp covering 3,380 ha

179、of lowland tropical forests,of which only about 20%are used for its operations.We are also required to rehabilitate twice the size of land of the release area 6,984 ha.In 2016,the Tangguh expansion project committed to achieving NNL in biodiversity.To meet this commitment,the project has been undert

180、aking a range of measures to help protect and restore biodiversity on the site,mitigation measures which are tracked through a Tangguh Biodiversity Action Plan for the conservation of priority species(six plant species,19 species of bird,five species of mammals and 10 species of reptiles and amphibi

181、ans).Mitigation measures have included orchid translocation,propagation of endangered tree species,forest restoration and rehabilitation,translocation of ground nesting bird species,allocation of no-go areas and invasive species management.Collection,translocation and propagation of endangered plant

182、 species is part of the Tangguh Expansion Project NNL biodiversity plan.Tangguh operations,IndonesiabpCase study 3Wetland creation and citizen science at Cherry Point,United StatesbpCase study 2 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE112.3 Vales journey towards nature-positive outcomesFounded in 1942

183、 and headquartered in the city of Rio de Janeiro,Brazil,Vale is one of the leading mining companies in the production of iron ore and nickel,present in more than 20 countries and with more than 213,000 employees(including contractors)worldwide.Vale also operates logistics systems,including railways,

184、maritime terminals and ports,that are integrated with our mining operations and distribution centres to support the delivery of our products worldwide.Either directly or through associates and joint ventures,the company also has investments in energy and steel businesses.First,and most fundamentally

185、,is that we will never forget the tragedies related to the dam collapse of Brumadinho and Mariana.The immense scale of those events shook all of us to our core.Their impacts,and the critical lessons learned since then,have driven a complete overhaul in our organisations mindset,approach and governan

186、ce.The company is committed to making 25 January 2019 an inflection point in its history.As such,we focused completely on the priorities at hand:prompt,adequate and thorough reparations process,continuous improvement in culture,governance,risk management and instilling a sustainable mining operation

187、 that takes care of the planet and generates prosperity.We want to walk together with society,with responsibility,transparency and coherence.We recognise that our businesses impact biodiversity and,at the same time,are highly dependent on the ecosystem services provided by nature.As such,ensuring th

188、e future sustainability of the areas where we operate is a necessity.We are committed to acting to reduce and reverse losses and,whenever possible,enhance positive impacts on nature.Our sustainability policy and performance are therefore based on:generation of nature knowledge and monitoring aspects

189、 and impacts in our operational areas;management of risks and impacts by adopting the mitigation hierarchy;promotion of transparency in relation to our practices and performance;contribution to achieving national and global targets such as those of CBSs Global Biodiversity Framework);and ultimately,

190、building a positive legacy for biodiversity in the territories,based on conservation actions.Focusing on these premises,in 2019 we revised our 2030 agenda in line with the UN SDGs.Our forest goal aims to recover 100,000 ha and ensure the protection of an additional 400,000 ha of native forests beyon

191、d our operational borders.With the support of several partners,we are looking for solutions for recovery and protection that can bring gains not only for biodiversity,but also for the climate and for local communities,contributing to the development of positive social and environmental impact busine

192、sses and a low-carbon economy.To meet the 400,000 ha protection goal,we have in the last two years applied the same model in the Amazon and Atlantic Forest the establishment of partnerships with governmental protected areas to help in their conservation actions.Additionally,the Fundo Vale(Vale Fund)

193、,an NGO supported by Vale,is responsible for the 100,000 ha forest recovery goal,and to achieve this are building a network of partners and positive social and environmental impact business arrangements.As a result,in the last two years,Fundo Vale has supported the development of five agroforestry b

194、usinesses that implemented productive recovery models involving agroforestry systems on an area of more than 6,000 ha.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE12Amazon:operating the largest iron mining complex in the world within a mega-diverse forest regionOur path towards NNL and,whenever possible,Ne

195、t Gain,has been based on scientific research and innovation,which are strengthened in our internal standard with Guidelines and Processes for Biodiversity Management.This standard was published in 2020 and aims to improve the management of risks and impacts on biodiversity at all stages of our proje

196、cts,from planning to operation and closure,based on the steps of the mitigation hierarchy.In the last two years,we have been focused on implementing and deploying this standard,improving the analysis of biodiversity risks both in new projects and in our operations,working with the prioritisation of

197、attributes,in addition to reviewing and implementing specific action plans for each project and site.As part of our journey towards positive outcomes for nature,the case studies showcased reflect our strategy from concrete examples of long-term partnerships with government agencies and research inst

198、itutions that have helped us build a solid knowledge base and effective conservation actions.Mining integrated with biodiversity conservation has been one of the premises of our operations for over 35 years in the Carajs region of the Amazon territory.The Carajs Mineral Complex is located in the mun

199、icipalities of Parauapebas,Cana dos Carajs and Curionpolis,in the state of Par,in northern Brazil.This complex is responsible for the production of around 180 million tonnes of iron ore per year,8 integrating a system composed of mines,plants,railroad and port.It is home to one of the largest iron o

200、re mines in the world,S11D Eliezer Batista.Mining in Carajs began in 1985,when the company was still owned by the Brazilian government.At the time,an advisory group of environmental specialists,formed by scientists from various areas,undertook a study that proposed to delimit an area to guarantee th

201、e development of the Mineral Province of Carajs and the protection of the forest and its resources.8 Iron ore represents our largest production in the Carajs region,the Carajs Mining Complex that is the focus of this case study.In this region,we also produce copper and nickel,which are not represent

202、ed here.The Carajs National Forest was created in 1998 with the premise of reconciling mining operations with biodiversity conservation.Decree 2486 of 2 February 1998 allows mining activities within the national forest and formalises the partnership between Vale and the agency responsible for the pr

203、otection and management of natural ecosystems.This protected area covers about 400,000 ha with a predominance of Open Ombrophilous Forest and Dense Ombrophilous Forest interspersed on the top of the mountains by the ferruginous rock fields,within which part of the Carajs Mineral Complex is implanted

204、.The Carajs National Forest is contiguous to five more conservation units the Tapirape-Aquiri National Forest,Itacaiunas National Forest,Tapirape Biological Reserve,Igarape do Gelado Environmental Protection Area and Campos Ferruginosos National Park all of which today make up the Carajs Mosaic of C

205、onservation Units.These protected areas form the largest native forest block in the southeastern region of Par,which also connects to the protected Indigenous land of the Xikrin do Rio Catete.ValeCase study 1 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE13Together,these areas form the Serra dos Carajs KBA,

206、harbouring endangered and endemic species in the region.In 2000,with the establishment of the National System of Natural Conservation Units(SNUC)by Federal Law No.9,985 of 18 July 2000,the Carajs National Forest is further strengthened as a Sustainable Use Conservation Unit with the objective of mak

207、ing conservation compatible with the sustainable use of natural resources.This objective reinforced the importance of Vales role as a partner in the conservation of all the mosaics protected areas,supporting and investing in effective conservation actions that prevent illegal deforestation and fires

208、,common pressures in the surroundings of these protected areas that in many times do not respect their limits.Figure 2 shows the result of this pressures in Itacaiunas River Basin for the last 40 years.Strengthening both Vales activities and the Brazilian legislation focused on conservation units is

209、 even more important within a regional context of strong deforestation pressures in the 9 This includes operations within the limits of the forest mosaic.Vale has additional operations in the vicinity.southeastern region of the State of Par,known as the arc of deforestation,where the highest rates o

210、f deforestation of the Amazon are found.Today,Vale has been operating in the Carajs region for over 35 years(approximately 28,000 ha of operational areas9)and acting in the conservation of almost 800,000 ha of natural areas(government protected areas where the company fund conservation actions and h

211、elp to manage the areas)in a partnership with the current government agency that manages protected areas,the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation(ICMBio).Within the scope of this partnership for conservation,we invest and develop actions for ecosystem protection,prevention of fire an

212、d firefighting,prevention and combat against wildlife hunting,environmental education,scientific research,promotion of local development and sustainable business.With a focus on protecting the habitats of ferruginous rupestrian fields,as well as Source:Modified from Souza-Filho,P.W.M.,de Souza,E.B.,

213、Silva Jnior,R.O.,Nascimento Jr.,W.R.,Versiani de Mendona,B.R.,Guimares,J.T.F.,DallAgnol,R.,&Siqueira,J.O.(2016).Four decades of land-cover,land-use and hydroclimatology changes in the Itacaiunas River watershed,southeastern Amazon.Journal of Environmental Management,167,175184.https:/doi.org/10.1016

214、/j.jenvman.2015.11.039;and Souza-Filho,P.W.M.,Nascimento,W.R.,Santos,D.C.,Weber,E.J.,Silva,R.O.,&Siqueira,J.O.(2018).A GEOBIA Approach for Multitemporal Land-Cover and Land-Use Change Analysis in a Tropical Watershed in the Southeastern Amazon.Remote Sensing,10(11),1683.https:/doi.org/10.3390/rs1011

215、1683Figure 2 Map of Carajs Protected Areas Mosaic and Xicrin do Catet Indigenous land in the context of human pressures of more than 40 years in the Itacainas River Basin,state of Par(Brazil)ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE14conserving associated fauna and flora species and cave environments,i

216、n 2017,Vale supported ICMBio in its proposal to create the Campos Ferruginosos National Park mentioned previously.This action is part of the compensation for the impacts of Vales operations in the region related to the implementation and operation of the S11D Eliezer Batista Complex.Vale has also re

217、nounced mining in the mountains that make up the park in favour of conserving specific habitats and endemic and threatened species.The park covers 79,000 ha of rupestrian fields and forests is an integral protection conservation unit,according to the National System of Conservation Units(IUCN catego

218、ry II),specifically focused on the preservation of natural resources,scientific research and education.Within the context of strong anthropic pressures that have resulted in the encroachment of deforestation around the Carajs Mosaic,Vale and the government needed to act beyond this territory,focusin

219、g on connectivity of the protected areas with other protected areas in the surroundings.To meet this goal,in 2020,the partnership with ICMBio for conservation was reinforced with the signing of an agreement for financial and technical support to the Horizontes Project.The project has four pillars:sc

220、ientific research,strengthening the knowledge management about the region,conservation of water resources and the recovery and sustainable use of the areas around the mosaic through land use diversification and the implantation of agroforestry systems to create corridors.Thus,the recovery of degrade

221、d areas not only connects protected areas and reinforces the conservation of regional biodiversity by supporting the resilience of forests,but also fosters income generation for the surrounding communities.Fostering scientific researchScientific knowledge and support for research and innovation are

222、essential to support the management of biodiversity in the region,managing impacts and supporting decision-making aimed at the management and 10 ITV(n.d.).ITV website.https:/www.itv.org/en/home/11 Vale(n.d.).Zoo Botanic Park.https:/ of biodiversity.To this end,Vale invests in partnerships with unive

223、rsities and scientific research institutions in the region,Brazil and the world.Vale Technological Institute(ITV)10 is a research institute sponsored by Vale that has been working in the Amazon for more than 10years and in partnership with several research institutions.In the region of Carajs,resear

224、ch is carried out related to the expansion of knowledge about the flora and fauna,geographic distribution of species,the genetic variability of populations,as well as methods,indicators and monitoring of restoration of habitats and populations of these species,eDNA for monitoring the areas,climate c

225、hange and the consequences for species,sustainable chains,among other lines of research.Among this ITV research,Flora das Cangas de Carajs stands out as a project developed by 145 researchers from 30 institutions in the country and abroad,such as the Museu Paraense Emlio Goeldi.As a result of this w

226、ork,the Carajs region now has one of the best-studied floras in the country,with 1,094 distinct species identified in 164 families,which supports impact management and conservation actions.This project also enabled intensive genetic mapping based on DNA barcodes and the construction of a comprehensi

227、ve library of genetic data that today supports rapid and robust approaches to obtaining eDNA sample-based biodiversity inventories.The results also help to identify the best time to rescue individual species and collection of seeds,areas with restricted populations,quantify the rarity of the species

228、 and/or provide subsidies for the recovery of degraded areas.Creating an immersive Amazon conservation experienceStill focusing on scientific research and conservation of Amazonian biodiversity,both in situ and ex situ,Vale has developed and maintained the Vale Amazon BioPark11(see photo above)since

229、 1985,with an area of 30 ha of native vegetation that is characteristic of the biome,housing species of Amazonian flora and fauna,including exhibitions immersed in natural ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE15environments and infrastructure for animal rehabilitation.Guided by the pillars of scien

230、tific research,species conservation,environmental education and leisure,the Biopark is a repository of Amazonian biodiversity,housing endemic,rare and threatened species.The ex situ conservation of these species and their genetic material,as well as scientific research focused on genetics,behaviour

231、and reproduction,provide a solid foundation of knowledge that also underpins in situ conservation strategies.The BioPark offers an immersive Amazon experience and aims to raise the awareness of visitors and seeks to transform leisure into important processes of conservation education.The BioPark is

232、now considered a historical and genetic archive for threatened species,such as the jaguar,the bush dog(Speothos venaticus),golden parakeet(Guaruba guarouba)and harpy eagle(Harpia harpyja).Within the Reproductive Management Program for the Conservation of Endangered Species of Biological Relevance,th

233、e park has already achieved important results in the reproduction of these species,in partnership with other institutions in the country.Additionally,it also houses the Herbarium of Carajs,a botanical collection registered and certified by the Index Herbariorum(IH),with a collection of more than 10,

234、000 plants grouped into 173 families.12 Vale(n.d.).S11D:Lessons learned from applying the mitigation hierarchy to future projects.Vale&Biodiversity(pp.59)https:/ impacts and restoring forestsThe S11D Eliezer Batista Complex is one of the largest iron ore mining projects in the world and is located i

235、n the Carajs region.Its implementation had impacts on biodiversity,but also brought approaches to avoid and minimise these impacts,as well as to recover and conserve areas with high value for biodiversity.In 2018,we worked in partnership with The Biodiversity Consultancy,12 evaluating the stages of

236、the impact mitigation hierarchy during the planning and implementation stages of the project,from the analysis of mine design alternatives and their evolution based on discussions with internal and external stakeholders,passing through the analysis and definition of priority biodiversity features,as

237、sessment of residual impacts and the assessment of the existing mitigation strategy and culminating with the preparation of the Biodiversity Action Plan(BAP).The latter consisted of actions focused on neutralising losses and bringing gains for biodiversity.The joint work of the environment,engineeri

238、ng,planning and environmental agencies teams led to several changes in the master plan that avoided the clearing of more than 1,100 ha of forests.The loss of critical plant species population within the mine footprint was avoided.We considered the area of occurrence of this specific species overlapp

239、ing the project area as a no-go area because we did not have enough knowledge to evaluate possible measures to guarantee that NNL would occur.The actions of the Forest Restoration Program included the acquisition of properties around the mine and,since 2016,the recovery of those lands previously use

240、d for agriculture and pasture forming wildlife corridors.There are now about 5,000 ha of forests in different stages of restoration,which already have seen the return of native fauna,including endangered species,neutralising the residual impact and bringing gains to forest habitats.Vale Amazon BioPa

241、rk Vale Image Database ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE16All this work allowed the deepening and adaptation of the concepts of international performance standards to our reality and the elaboration of our internal standard with Guidelines and Processes for Biodiversity Management.After its con

242、clusion and based on the lessons learned,the Carajs Biodiversity Management Plan13 has prepared a living document that:guides the assessment of biodiversity risks and prioritisation of biodiversity features in each new project and expansion planned for the region;consolidates specific actions to eac

243、h project to prevent and mitigate risks and negative impacts;provides guidelines and actions focused on research and habitat restoration;consolidates and strengthens the generation of knowledge about endangered and endemic species;proposes route adjustments for already established operations and pro

244、grammes;and institutes a multistakeholder governance process and integrated management of the territory.13 For more information,please see:https:/ biggest challenge in this territory has been to operate the largest iron mining complex in the world within a mega-diverse forest region.Integrating our

245、business with nature has been the greatest learning from this process,and this is essential for us to keep on working.And for that,the establishment of partnerships,scientific knowledge and innovation are essential to overcome challenges and expand opportunities.Vale was born in the Atlantic Forest,

246、in the city of Itabira(state of Minas Gerais,Brazil),in 1942 and today has an operational footprint in a biome of approximately 29,000 ha,including different types of operations,such as mines,plants,railroad and ports.We also support the conservation of more than 178,000 ha in our own protected area

247、s such as the Vale Natural Reserve,in Linhares(Esprito Santo),and our Private Natural Heritage Reserves located in Minas Gerais,in the Quadriltero Ferrfero region in addition to supporting management and protection of government protected areas.The Vale Natural Reserve(RNV)14 is a protected area own

248、ed by Vale with approximately 23,000 ha of Atlantic Forest formations that stands out as a legacy of conservation and knowledge for the biome.Together with the Sooretama Biological Reserve(Rebio Sooretama)an area with 27,000 ha owned by the government and managed by ICMBio and supported by Vale it f

249、orms the largest continuous remnant of the Atlantic Forest in the southeast of Brazil.Recognised in 2008 as an Advanced Post of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve by UNESCOs Man and Biosphere Programme,it is an important area for the conservation of the biomes habitats and 14 Vale(n.d.).Natural r

250、eserve.Vale website.https:/ is also part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Reserves of the Atlantic Forest Discovery Coast and also constitutes a KBA(IBA Sooretama/Linhares).This area is home to 3,000 known plant species and 1,500 insect species,27 species of fish,59 species of amphibians,64 species

251、 of reptiles,401 species of birds and 103 species of mammals,including rare,endemic and endangered species.RNV also plays a fundamental role in ex situ conservation,with an herbarium comprising more than 17,000 samples of Atlantic Forest species.This role is reinforced by having one of the largest A

252、tlantic Forest:a legacy of biodiversity conservation and knowledgeValeCase study 2 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE17seedling nurseries in Brazil,a reference in the cultivation of Atlantic Forest species,with a production capacity of up to 2.5 million seedlings per year.One of the objectives o

253、f the nursery is to support the conservation of the Atlantic Forests genetic heritage,with a main focus on endangered species.These initiatives support the reintroduction of these species into their original habitats and can,in the long term,help restore populations and even generate positive change

254、 in the face of threats.In addition to Vales and third-party forest restoration initiatives,the seedlings have also been used for urban afforestation and environmental awareness campaigns.These campaigns help communities feel part of the species conservation process,which can be a first step towards

255、 raising environmental awareness.Vale has been supporting the protection and conservation of the Sooretama Biological Reserve for 23 years through a cooperation agreement signed with ICMBio,the governmental agency responsible for managing the protected area.In December 2021,the agreement was renewed

256、 for another five years.Vale made available an Ecosystem Protection Team,composed of Vale employees,which is responsible for the daily monitoring of the Sooretama Biological Reserve,carrying out an active search for hunting equipment and human activities,by traveling on roads,firebreaks and trails w

257、ithin the forest,sharing information obtained in the field with the Environmental Police and ICMBio agents.Furthermore,all records obtained in the field during the monitoring,both at the Rebio Sooretama and at the Vale Natural Reserve,are entered into the Vale Integrated Management System for Protec

258、ted Areas(SGIAP),which aims to store,organise and integrate important data for the management of this area.In 43 years dedicated to conservation and research of the Atlantic Forest biodiversity,the Vale Natural Reserve has developed and supported more than 270 research projects in its area and in th

259、e REBio Sooretama.These are projects carried out by partners from universities and research institutes such as the Federal University of Esprito Santo and the University of Vila Velha.The studies culminate in important results and a legacy of knowledge,like the discovery and description of 134 new s

260、pecies of flora,discovery and monitoring of new nests of harpy eagle(Harpia harpyja),and the monitoring of the populations of jaguar(Panthera onca)and puma(Puma concolor),threatened species.In 2021,new partnerships were signed with conservation and research projects,such as the partnership with the

261、Marcos Daniel Institute(IMD)to support the Conservation Programme for sara-spunhalada(Nemosia rourei,cherry-throated tanager),a critically-endangered bird species found only in the mountain region of Esprito Santo state.Vale Natural Reserve also welcomes visitors and works on the development of envi

262、ronmental Vale Natural Reserve and Sooretama Biological Reserve Vale Natural ReserveAerial view of Vale Natural Reserve Ricardo Telles ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE18education projects,with the aim of bringing neighbouring communities and visitors closer together,offering an opportunity for

263、 immersion in nature through targeted visits,specific programmes developed in partnership with the researchers for the public school and providing moments of leisure with family.The awareness of the general public and the surrounding communities are essential for the promotion of biodiversity conser

264、vation in the region.The reserve has been working to establish new partnerships,including replicating its experience in the management and development of actions aimed at protecting large areas.Since 2020,it has been supporting Vales 2030 Forest Target,focusing on establishing partnerships for the p

265、rotection of over 400,000 ha by 2030,inspired by the partnership models for management and protection of government protected areas such as this one with Rebio de Sooretama.In 2020 and 2021,cooperation agreements were signed with government agencies to support seven more protected areas,including Cu

266、nhambebe State Park,Unio Biological Reserve(Rio de Janeiro state)Serra das Torres Natural Monument,Duas Bocas Biological Reserve,Goytacazes National Forest,Augusto Ruschi Biological Reserve(Esprito Santo)and Mata Escura Biological Reserve(Minas Gerais).These areas add up to over 115,000 ha which wil

267、l be supported by technical and financial resources for management,ecosystem protection,establishment and maintenance of infrastructure,development of scientific research and education for conservation.ConclusionThe integration of nature and business is essential.As a large company,we occupy large t

268、erritorial spaces with our operations,leading to the conversion of natural habitats as well as the recovery and conservation of biodiversity.The results of the assessment of the global biodiversity targets,or the Aichi Targets,and the discussions on the new Global Biodiversity Framework reflect the

269、need and challenge to address not only conservation areas,but also its connectivity and effectiveness for the protection of habitats and species,along with increased involvement of businesses and all components of society.We need to go further we need partnerships and models that can be replicated a

270、nd scaled,and we need science to inform decisions and actions.Based on that,we are planning our future by investing in scientific research.We want to leave a legacy of knowledge in the territories.Wewant to share with society and hope they support our decisions and actions,as well as public policies

271、 aimed at a positive future for nature.We are strengthening and always looking for new partnerships that can test new management models and expand the results where we operate and reaching new territories.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE192.4 ExxonMobil environmental and biodiversity managemen

272、t ExxonMobil15 is one of the worlds largest publicly traded energy and chemical companies.We develop and apply next-generation technologies to help safely and responsibly meet the worlds growing needs for reliable and affordable energy and high-quality products.We operate facilities or market produc

273、ts in most of the worlds countries and explore for oil and natural gas on six continents.ExxonMobil strives to demonstrate leadership in environmental management.Protect Tomorrow.Today.is our guiding principle,focusing our company culture on the need to protect the environment where we operate and s

274、upport the social and economic needs of the community today and for future generations.This principle underpins our framework of rigorous standards and best practices that drive our environmental performance.Implemented through the Operations Integrity Management System16(OIMS)framework in conjuncti

275、on with our Corporate Environment Policy.This principle provides the environmental expectations and globally accepted industry practices that guide our day-to-day operations,while OIMS outlines rigorous operating practices and facility design requirements to reduce environmental impacts and prevent

276、incidents.OIMS conforms to environmental standards,including International Organization for Standardization(ISO)14001 and American Chemistry Council Responsible Care requirements.Reducing impacts to land,habitats and biodiversityThe way we manage land and habitats,and their effects on biodiversity,i

277、s critical to the communities in which we operate.ExxonMobil employs a comprehensive process to understand how our activities interact with environmental settings.We operate in locations with a broad range of environmental and socio-economic conditions and use a robust environmental management syste

278、m17 to identify,assess,mitigate and monitor impacts on the environment,including potential effects on biodiversity and ecosystem services.For major projects,we use an Environmental,Social and Health Impact Assessment process to identify and evaluate environmental,social and health risks.We use our E

279、nvironmental Aspects Guide18 to identify and evaluate environmental,including biodiversity,and socio-economic risks and potential impacts throughout the life of each asset or project.The process includes direct engagement with stakeholders to help us identify relevant biodiversity and ecosystem serv

280、ices for integration in our project design and operational practices.Based on the assessments,we develop management plans featuring protective measures specific to the location and scale of operations to avoid,reduce or address impacts to land and habitats.ExxonMobil also has Project Environmental S

281、tandards for Land Use and Marine Sound that inform project concept selection and facility design,and aim to:15 Corporate Separateness Notice:Exxon Mobil Corporation has numerous affiliates,many with names that include ExxonMobil,Exxon,Mobil,Esso and XTO.For convenience and simplicity,those terms and

282、 terms such as Corporation,company,our,we and its are sometimes used as abbreviated references to one or more specific affiliates or affiliate groups.Abbreviated references describing global or regional operational organisations,and global or regional business lines are also sometimes used for conve

283、nience and simplicity.Nothing contained herein is intended to override the corporate separateness of affiliated companies.16 ExxonMobil(n.d.).ExxonMobil Operations Integrity Management System.ExxonMobil online article,7 January 2022.https:/ ExxonMobil(n.d.).ExxonMobil Environnemental Management Syst

284、em.ExxonMobil online report,15December 2022.https:/ ExxonMobil(2019).Sustainability Management:Environmental Aspects Guide.Executive Summary.Irving,Texas,USA:ExxonMobil.https:/ ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE20 Avoid and/or reduce adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts related to th

285、e permanent or temporary use of land,including land within critical habitat or with high ecosystem value.Identify,assess and manage risks associated with marine sound-producing activities and to consistently implement mitigation in a structured manner.In areas of high biodiversity like critical habi

286、tats,as described by the International Finance Corporation(IFC)Performance Standard 6(PS6)on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources,19 we follow the mitigation hierarchy.The mitigation hierarchy20 is a best-practice decision-making process to help avoid,redu

287、ce,restore and offset impacts to biodiversity.As part of the mitigation process,our engineering teams consider integrating nature-based solutions,including remediation and restoration,into design decisions throughout the asset life cycle.ExxonMobil supports land management programmes that enhance wi

288、ldlife habitats and provide environmental education to local communities.The following case studies presented here are examples of our efforts in land management,and habitat conservation and enhancement.19 IFC(2012).Performance Standard 6(PS6)on Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management o

289、f Living Natural Resources.https:/www.ifc.org/ps6 20 The Biodiversity Consultancy(2015).A cross-sector guide for implementing the Mitigation Hierarchy.Cambridge,UK:A Cross Sector Biodiversity Initiative.http:/www.csbi.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CSBI-Mitigation-Hierarchy-Guide.pdfDecommissioni

290、ng offshore oil and gas platforms provides a unique opportunity to enhance marine biodiversity.Globally,an estimated 2,000 offshore oil and gas platforms are expected to reach their end of field life by 2040.21 The US Gulf of Mexico contains the highest concentration of offshore platforms in the wor

291、ld.The Rigs-to-Reef22 programme was initiated in the mid-1980s and is managed by the US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(BSEE).Under the National Artificial Reef Plan,BSEE works with state and federal agencies to convert 21 Sommer,B.,Fowler,A.M.,Macreadie,P.I.,Palandro,D.A.,Aziz,A.C.,B

292、ooth,D.J.(2019).Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas structures Environmental opportunities and challenges.Science of the Total Environment,658,973981.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.19322 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(BSEE)(n.d.).What is rigs to reefs.BSEE website.htt

293、ps:/www.bsee.gov/faqs/what-is-rigs-to-reefs23 Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(BSEE)(n.d.).Rigs to Reefs Program Fact Sheet.BSEE.https:/www.bsee.gov/sites/bsee.gov/files/rigs-to-reefs-program-fact-sheet.pdfdecommissioned oil and gas platforms into reefs to enhance ecosystem development

294、,recreational fishing and diving.It is well documented that platforms provide a structure for encrusting organisms,such as corals,which support higher trophic levels such as fish.BSEE has approved over 600 Rigs-to-Reef projects since 1987.23The ExxonMobil Lena platform was installed in 1983 in the U

295、S Gulf of Mexico in 305 m water depth.Lena,which operated in Mississippi Canyon Lease Block 280(MC280),is located Supporting biodiversity through offshore decommissioning:Lena Platform,Gulf of Mexico,United StatesExxonMobilCase study 1 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE21about 100 km southeast o

296、f Grand Isle,Louisiana.After 35 years of operations,Lena began the decommissioning process in 2017.Under the Rigs-to-Reef programme,ExxonMobil engaged BSEE and the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries to propose horizontally reefing24 Lena in place(toppled-in-place).25 Prior to decommissio

297、ning,in 2013 ExxonMobil conducted two biological surveys of Lena:one in January,and a second in September.The objectives of these surveys were to characterise biological conditions on and around the platform.The January survey examined the fish and macro-invertebrate fauna at all depths,while the Se

298、ptember survey focused on the biological community within the bottom 50 m of the platform,on the seabed surrounding the platform,as well as conducting comparisons of the community located at far-field control sites at comparable depths.The survey results showed that Lena supported several diverse ma

299、rine communities that span the warm surface waters where a tropical coral reef associated fauna predominate through a deeper transition zone leading to a lush deepwater coral community.The invasive alien species(IAS)orange cup coral(Tubastraea coccinea)was present on all sides of the platform where

300、it dominated the fouling community to a depth of 75m and was present as deep as 120 m.At 200305 m,the deepwater coral(Lophelia pertusa)was the dominant encrusting organism,where it formed dense thickets,particularly on the north and east sides at 255300 m.Based on the January surveys,each of these r

301、eef communities separated by a transition zone were associated with unique fish assemblages.At 030m,planktivorous reef fishes roughtongue bass(Pronotogrammus martinicensis),threadfin bass(Hemanthias vivanus),yellowtail reef fish(Chromis enchrysura),sergeant majors 24 See Sommer et al.(2019)25 Bureau

302、 of Safety and Environmental Enforcement(n.d.).Worlds First Cable-Stabilized Platform Becomes Tallest Structure to be Converted to Artificial Reef in the Gulf of Mexico.BSEE website.https:/www.bsee.gov/newsroom/latest-news/statements-and-releases/press-releases/worlds-first-cable-stabilized-platform

303、26 Benfield,M.C.,Kupchik,M.J.,Palandro,D.A.,Dupont,J.M.,Blake,J.A.,Winchell.P.(2019),Documenting deepwater habitat utilisation by fishes and invertebrates associated with Lophelia pertusa on a petroleum platform on the outer continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico using a remotely operated vehicle.D

304、eep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers,149,103045.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2019.05.005(Abudefduf saxatalis)and blue tang(Acanthurus coeruleus),jacks,snappers and sharks(primarily the silky shark(Carcharhinus falciformis)were abundant.At 3085 m,the community was similar to the surf

305、ace zone,although with lower abundances.Invasive lionfish(Pterois volitans)were observed within this zone.From 85160 m,fish diversity declined.Snowy grouper(Epinephelus niveatus)were only observed at this depth in January,while greater amberjacks(Seriola dumerili)and almaco jacks(S.rivoliana)were ab

306、undant in this zone.In the two deepest strata(160225 m and 225305 m),the fish community was dominated by American barrelfish(Hyperoglyphe perciformis),greater amberjacks(S.dumerili),American congers(Conger oceanicus)and small unidentified schooling pelagics.The September surveys provided a more comp

307、rehensive picture of the community within the deepest stratum(260305 m).26 The dense L.pertusa coral community contains an abundance of large and small fishes,many of which are commercially or recreationally important.Moreover,the biological community around Lena is starkly different from the organi

308、sms found on the surrounding soft-bottom habitat only a few kilometres distant.A variety of large fish species occur within and adjacent to Lena from 260 m to the bottom.These include:American barrelfish,greater amberjack,snowy grouper,misty grouper,Darwins slimehead and American conger.As one moves

309、 away from Lena,the substrate rapidly changes from a complex hard-bottom reef to soft sediments.At a distance of 23 km in waters of similar depths,the fish community is dramatically different,orders of magnitude lower in abundance,consisting of far fewer species and dominated by eels(primarily the l

310、arge and aggressive king snake eel)and small scorpaenid fishes.ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CONSERVING NATURE22These survey results suggest that Lena provided a critical habitat for deepwater corals,such as Lophelia pertusa,and a variety of fish species,such as snowy grouper,misty grouper,greater amberjack,

311、American barrelfish and other species of ecological and recreational/commercial fishery importance.The benefits of horizontal reefing in place for Lena were defined as:Conservation of existing,and creation of new Lophelia pertusa habitat;Maintenance of population connectivity between pockets of hard

312、-bottom reef in a largely soft-bottom region;27 Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries(n.d.).Artificial Reef Council.March 2015 Meeting Minutes Draft.LDWF website.https:/www.wlf.louisiana.gov/assets/Resources/Publications/Artificial_Reef_Council/2015/artificial_reef_council_minutes_3_10_15.p

313、df Preservation of habitat for snowy and other deepwater groupers;Expansion of recreational angling opportunities for deepwater fishes;and Removal of invasive alien species(for example,orange cup coral and lionfish).The survey results were shared with the Louisiana Artificial Reefing Council in Marc

314、h 2015,27 who were supportive of the decommissioning option of horizontally reefing Lena in place.On 3July 2020,Lena was reefed in place to create the tallest oil and gas platform to become a deepwater reef.Imperial Oil Limited28 is a Canadian-based integrated energy company that explores for,produc

315、es,refines and markets products essential to society.Imperials majority shareholder is ExxonMobil.Imperial is Canadas largest refiner of petroleum products,with two major upstream operations and several undeveloped oil sands mineral leases in the oil sands region of northeastern Alberta,Canada in th

316、e boreal forest and on the traditional lands of several Indigenous communities.Land-use and biodiversity are carefully considered in all aspects of Imperials operations from new development planning to ongoing operations and reclamation.Imperial strives to establish meaningful relationships with Ind

317、igenous communities that are built on mutual trust,respect and shared prosperity.29 In 2006,Imperial and ExxonMobil Canada acquired the 9,300 ha,or approximately 23,000 acres,Marguerite oil sands lease in northeastern 28 Corporate Separateness Notice:Nothing in this material is intended to override

318、the corporate separateness of individual corporate entities.The terms“company,”“companies,”“affiliate,”“our,”“we”and“its”as used in this material may refer to Imperial and the ExxonMobil companies in Canada,and their subsidiaries,affiliates and partnerships.The shorter terms are used merely for conv

319、enience and simplicity.29 Imperial Oil Limited(2021).Sustainability Report 2021.Alberta,Canada:Imperial Oil Limited.https:/www.imperialoil.ca/-/media/Imperial/Files/Publications-and-reports/IMP-0020-Sustainability-Report_final_web_March-29.pdfAlberta.After determining that Marguerite had limited res

320、ource value,a cross-functional team was pulled together in 2017 to assess creative opportunities for the lease.To better understand the biodiversity and cultural significance of the area surrounding the lease,local,national and international knowledge was gathered including:The Marguerite lease is l

321、ocated in the proximity of two established protected areas:the Wood Buffalo National Park(WBNP)and the Marguerite River Wildland Provincial Park.The Marguerite lease is located 40 km southeast of WBNP,which was established in 1922,expanded in 1926 and became Canadas eighth UNESCO World Heritage Site

322、 in 1983.It is less than 5 km from the Marguerite River Wildland Provincial Park.WBNP is Canadas largest national park,encompassing 4.5 million ha of forests,wetlands and grasslands.Supporting Protected area support:Kitaskino Nuwenn Wildland Park,CanadaExxonMobilCase study 2 ENGAGING INDUSTRY IN CON

323、SERVING NATURE23It protects the largest-free roaming,self-regulating wood bison herd in the world,the nesting ground of the last remaining wild flock of endangered whooping cranes,the biologically rich Peace-Athabasca Delta(PAD),extensive salt plains unique in Canada and some of the finest examples

324、of gypsum karst topography in North America.The Marguerite lease is located in the Richardson boreal caribou range and in a protection zone that was identified by the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nations(ACFN)in their 2012 Stewardship Strategy30 for woodland caribou,barren-ground caribou and wood bison

325、.The boreal population of woodland caribou was listed as threatened in Canadas Species at Risk Act in 2003 and a federal Recovery Strategy31 was released in 2012,with a recovery goal of achieving self-sustaining local populations.Key components of Imperials approach to caribou recovery have included

326、 restoration;tenure flexibility in caribou range(such as deferred drilling);lease relinquishment to support conservation opportunities;and innovation.In 2014,the Mikisew Cree First Nation(MCFN)submitted a petition to UNESCO to have WBNP listed as a World Heritage Site in Danger,leading subsequently

327、to the 2016 Reactive Monitoring Mission(RMM).Key concerns expressed by the MCFN included declining waters in the Peace-Athabasca Delta,approval of the Site C dam in British Columbia and ongoing pressure from oil sands development south of WBNP.An Action Plan32 was subsequently developed by Parks Can

328、ada in 2018 to respond to the World Heritage Committees 2017 decision 30 Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation(2012).An ACFN stewardship strategy for thunzea,etthen and dechen yghe ejere(woodland caribou,barren-ground caribou and wood bison).Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation website.https:/albertawilderne

329、ss.ca/wp-content/uploads/20120426_rp_acfn_caribou_stewardship_strategy.pdf31 Government of Canada(n.d.).Species at Risk Public Registry,Recovery Strategies.Government of Canada website.https:/www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/recovery-strategies.html32

330、 Parks Canada(2019).Wood Buffalo National Park World Heritage Site Action Plan.PCWEB Azureedge.https:/ The Indigenous Circle of Experts Report and Recommendations(2018).We Rise Together.Static1 Squarespace.https:/ Alberta Parks(n.d.).Kitaskino Nuwenne Wildland Provincial Park.Alberta Parks website.h

331、ttps:/albertaparks.ca/albertaparksca/about-parks/public-engagement/archives/kitaskino-nuwen%C3%ABn%C3%A9-wildland-provincial-park/requesting Canada Develop an Action Plan be informed by the recommendations of IUCN World Heritage Centre RMM report.A key RMM recommendation was to put in place an effec

332、tive buffer zone for WBNP.Canadas adoption of the 2020 Biodiversity Goals and Targets in 2015,which included Target 1:“By 2020,at least 17%of Canadas terrestrial areas and inland water and 10%of coastal and marine areas,are conserved through networks of protected areas and other effective area-based

333、 conservation measures.”A pathway to Target 1 was designed to reflect renewed relationships that respect the rights,responsibilities,and priorities of Indigenous peoples.In 2017,Canada convened an Indigenous Circle of Experts(ICE)to advise how Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas(IPCAs)could be realised and contribute toward achieving Canada Target 1 in the spirit and practice of reconciliatio