1、 December 2023 COFFEE REPORT AND OUTLOOK I Executive Summary World coffee production increased by 0.1%to 168.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.The stagnant growth rate belies the tremendous changes at the regional level,with the coffee world neatly split between the expanding Americas and the sh

2、rinking rest of the world.Asia&Oceania and Africas 4.7%and 7.2%decreases in production to 49.84 million bags and 17.9 million bags,respectively,can be attributed to adverse weather conditions negatively affecting key producers in the regions,particularly Vietnam,Cte dIvoire and Uganda.The magnitude

3、of the fall in outputs of the two regions was entirely mitigated by the Americas,especially by South Americas 4.8%increase,which in turn was driven mainly by the biennial production-affected 8.4%increase in Brazil.The combined output of the Americas was 100.5 million bags.The Americas versus the res

4、t of the world split was also reflected in the production split between the Arabicas and Robustas,with the formers output increasing by 1.8%to 94.0 million bags as compared with the 2.0%decrease of the latter to 74.2 million bags.Looking ahead,the output for coffee year 2023/24 is expected to increa

5、se by 5.8%to 178.0 million bags,with the Arabicas output rising to 102.2 million bags and the Robustas increasing to 75.8 million bags.The biennial production effect will play a large role in the outlook,especially for Brazil and the Arabicas,as the impact of the July 2021 frost continues to be reso

6、lved.Coffee year 2023/24 is anticipated to be an exceptional off-biennial year,feeling more like a good on-biennial following an average on-biennial year.Adverse weather conditions,first noted in 2022 and continuing into 2023,will have a negative impact on the outlook for coffee year 2023/24.The ant

7、icipated El Nio phenomenon is set to dampen the outlook in Asia,especially for origins like Indonesia.Meanwhile,Vietnam is expected to benefit from the drier/hotter weather as irrigation mitigates the reduced precipitation.The world coffee industry is continuing to resolve through the issues brought

8、 about by the COVID-19 pandemic,with the consumption trend following an established patten in response to an external shock.The expectation for coffee year 2022/23 was for a smaller positive growth rate;however,world coffee consumption actually recorded a decrease of 2.0%to 173.1 million bags.Consum

9、ption in coffee year 2022/23 did not faithfully follow the established pattern due to the impact of the high cost of living,falling disposable incomes and a long stocks drawdown.Despite coffee being relatively inelastic,the challenging global economic environment would have had a negative impact on

10、its consumption.The world inflation rate was at its highest in 2021 at 9.4%,while the average benchmark interest rate averaged 4.9%at the end of September 2023 in the European Union,UK and USA,the highest level since an average of 5.8%in 2000.At the same time,there was a large drawdown of stocks wit

11、h combined stocks reported by the European Coffee Federation and those held at the Intercontinental Exchanges warehouses in the USA fell by 4.8 million bags from 14.5 million to 9.8 million.This drawdown would have reduced the need for purchases on the international market,seemingly reflected as low

12、er and anomalous global consumption rates for coffee year 2022/23.The world coffee consumption outlook for coffee year 2023/24 is broadly framed by the assumption that the global economy will continue to grow at above 3.0%,and that the industry will respond to the large drawdown of stocks,which will

13、 be positively reflected in apparent consumption.As a result,world coffee consumption is expected to grow by 2.2%to 177.0 million bags,with non-producing countries making the biggest contribution to the overall increase.Coffee consumption in this group of countries should expand by 2.1%.As a result,

14、the world coffee market is expected to run a surplus of 1.0 million bags in coffee year 2023/24.Table I:Summary of the World Coffee Market Graph I:Summary of the World Coffee Market Million 60-Kg Bags 2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Production169.8168.4170.8168.0168.2178.0Consumption171.21

15、68.6169.9176.6173.1177.0Balance-1.3-0.20.9-8.6-4.91.0Production5.9%-0.9%1.4%-1.7%0.1%5.8%Consumption3.3%-1.5%0.8%4.0%-2.0%2.2%Million 60-Kg BagsGrowth Rates,Year-on-Year-10.0-8.0-6.0-4.0-2.00.02.06418/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Balalnce,Million 60-kg BagsPr

16、oduction&Conmsumption,Million 60-kg BagsICO-SummaryBalanceProductionConsumptionTable II:Summary of World Coffee Production Categories2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Total169.8168.4170.8168.0168.2178.0SpeciesArabica99.596.4100.692.394.0102.2Robusta70.372.070.375.774.275.8GroupsBrazilian Nat

17、urals52.852.156.550.152.759.1Colombian Milds15.415.514.913.112.014.0Others Milds31.328.829.229.129.329.2Robustas70.372.070.375.774.275.8RegionsAfrica18.518.519.219.317.920.1Caribbean,Central America&Mexico21.319.219.718.919.218.7South America81.981.183.977.681.389.3Asia&Oceania48.149.648.052.249.849

18、.9Total1.7%-0.9%1.4%-1.7%0.1%5.8%SpeciesArabica1.9%-3.2%4.3%-8.2%1.8%8.8%Robusta1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%GroupsBrazilian Naturals3.1%-1.4%8.5%-11.4%5.2%12.1%Colombian Milds2.2%0.2%-3.9%-11.8%-8.5%16.7%Other Milds-0.1%-7.9%1.2%-0.2%0.7%-0.5%Robustas1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%RegionsAfrica6.3%-0.2%3.8

19、%0.6%-7.2%12.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico-0.5%-9.7%2.5%-4.3%1.7%-2.5%South America7.2%-1.1%3.5%-7.6%4.8%9.8%Asia&Oceania-7.9%3.2%-3.3%8.8%-4.7%0.3%SpeciesArabica58.6%57.2%58.9%55.0%55.9%57.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%GroupsBrazilian Naturals31.1%30.9%33.1%29.8%31.3%33.2%Colombian Mi

20、lds9.1%9.2%8.7%7.8%7.1%7.9%Other Milds18.4%17.1%17.1%17.3%17.4%16.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%RegionsAfrica10.9%11.0%11.2%11.5%10.6%11.3%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico12.5%11.4%11.5%11.2%11.4%10.5%South America48.2%48.1%49.1%46.2%48.3%50.2%Asia&Oceania28.3%29.5%28.1%31.1%29.6%28.0%Share

21、 of Categories,Percent(%)Coffee Production,Million 60-kg BagsGrowth Rates,Year-on-YearTable III:Summary of World Coffee Consumption 2002120222023Total171.2168.6169.9176.6173.1177.0Producers52.552.253.154.455.156.5Non-Producers118.6116.4116.8122.2118.1120.5RegionsAfrica11.912.113.012.912.2

22、12.5Caribbean,Central America&Mexico5.85.85.96.06.06.1South America26.326.026.427.027.528.0North America31.830.630.231.329.830.9Asia&Pacific39.940.142.244.244.545.7Europe55.554.052.255.253.153.72002120222023Total3.3%-1.5%0.8%4.0%-2.0%2.2%Producers1.6%-0.6%1.8%2.4%1.2%2.6%Non-Producers4.0%

23、-1.9%0.3%4.7%-3.4%2.1%RegionsAfrica1.7%1.9%7.4%-1.2%-5.4%2.6%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico2.4%0.4%1.2%1.5%0.3%2.3%South America1.2%-1.3%1.5%2.5%2.0%1.6%North America6.2%-3.8%-1.2%3.6%-5.0%3.8%Asia&Pacific2.5%0.5%5.2%4.9%0.6%2.7%Europe3.6%-2.7%-3.2%5.7%-3.7%1.1%2002120222023Producers30.

24、7%31.0%31.3%30.8%31.8%31.9%Non-Producers69.3%69.0%68.7%69.2%68.2%68.1%RegionsAfrica7.0%7.2%7.7%7.3%7.0%7.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico3.4%3.5%3.5%3.4%3.5%3.5%South America15.4%15.4%15.5%15.3%15.9%15.8%North America18.6%18.1%17.8%17.7%17.2%17.5%Asia&Pacific23.3%23.8%24.8%25.0%25.7%25.8%Europe32.

25、4%32.0%30.7%31.2%30.7%30.4%Growth Rates,Year-on-YearShare of Categories,Percent(%)Coffee Consumption,Million 60-Kg Bags1 World Economic Outlook1 Coffee year 2022/23 witnessed further recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic,despite the increasing pressure that high inflation and interest rates applied on

26、 the end consumer.Indeed,at the time of writing,central banks continue to maintain a tough stance on inflation and are avoiding easing monetary policies prematurely.However,in the longer term,as price stability remains a priority and inflation accelerations start to slow down,cutting the policy rate

27、 will emerge as an acceptable school of thought.The International Monetary Funds(IMF)World Economic Outlook witnessed a 0.5 percentage point slowdown from 2022 to 2023,with the Eurozone particularly badly hit,losing 2.6 percentage points versus the previous year.A negative GDP percentage change refl

28、ects a countrys reduced ability to produce more goods and services,indicating that an economy is slowing down.Graph 1:World Economic Growth Rates 1.1 Inflation and interest rates For 2021,world inflation reached 8.7%,the highest level since 1996 when the inflation rate hit 9.4%.Although the price le

29、vel did fall in 2022,it dropped only to 6.9%,the second highest level for 27 years.The response of central banks across the world to the high inflation was to carry out a sustained policy of monetary tightening,increasing the nominal interest rates from zero at the end of 2021 to an average 4.9%by t

30、he end of September 2023 in the European Union,UK and USA.This is the highest average reached since 5.8%in 2000.Thus,consumers came under twin pressures:high costs and falling disposable income.In December 2021,the average annual mortgage payment for a terraced house in the UK was 7,992 while the av

31、erage salary for 2021 was 31,356.The following year,mortgage payments rose to 12,756 and salaries to 32,864.As a result,the average disposable income of a household in the UK shrank by 13.9%from increased mortgage payments alone.1 All economic data refer to and are derived from data taken from the O

32、ctober 2023 issue of the World Economic Outlook of the International Monetary Fund.-4.0-2.00.02.04.06.08.02000224Percent Change,%Graph 2:Inflation Rates World and Economies,Percent Change Graph 3:Interest Rates United States,United Kingdom and European Union 1.2 Econ

33、omic Outlook-Regions 1.2.1 Economics Africa Growth in Africa slowed from 4 to 3.3%in 2023;however,a sentiment of cautious optimism prevails across the continent.Indeed,governments in an array of African nations are tackling long-standing macroeconomic imbalances.This can be witnessed by narrowing fi

34、scal deficits,helping to stabilise public debt.This implies that,despite potentially slower international demand,increasing repayment costs and double-digit inflation eroding household incomes in over one third of countries,coffee consumption in Africa will continue to grow.1.2.2 Economics Europe Eu

35、ropean GDP growth rates remained stable and provided a more positive outlook than the previous year.Consumer confidence in coffee consumption is back up,as a return to the office becomes commonplace.Indeed,as the cost-of-living crisis continues to affect 0.02.04.06.08.010.012.020018201920

36、2020224YoY%change,per annumSource:IMFWorldAdvanced economiesEmerging market and developing economies0.01.02.03.04.05.06.0%,per annumSources:IMF,ECB,BoEUnited StatesUnited KingdomEuropean Uniona wide portion of the population,retail coffee companies are adopting new strategies to entice cu

37、stomers into their stores.The advent of new monthly subscription-based pricing models,offering the end consumer the ability to drink more coffee for a fixed price,may contribute to a growth in consumption.Coupled with declining energy prices,a strong labour market with record-low unemployment rates,

38、and a slight decrease in interest rates,European citizens are facing a shift in societal habits,but nonetheless continuing to consume coffee.The slowdown in the provision of borrowed money from banks in the economy suggests that the intended effects of recent monetary policy are trickling out in the

39、 European economy.1.2.3 Economics-Caribbean,Central America&Mexico The total GDP for the Caribbean,Central America and Mexico amounts to 2.52 trillion USD in 2023,up from 2.11 trillion the year before.This 19%increase for the region provides a solid basis for a positive economic outlook.Inflation in

40、 Mexico,the largest economy in the group,reached 5.5%in 2023,slightly above the average of its peer nations.Climate-related shocks and outward migration continue to pose a threat to economic stability over the short to medium term.The impacts of the El Nio phenomenon may impede economic activity thr

41、ough flash floods or extended periods of drought.As fiscal policy focuses on increased resilience against future shocks,whilst ensuring economic sustainability by reducing public debt and strengthening public finances,the Caribbean,Central America and Mexicos priorities of reinforcing social cohesio

42、n and protections whilst tackling insecurity remain essential in ensuring prosperous growth.1.2.4 Economic North America North Americas economic output remains strong with 2.1%real GDP growth from 2022 to 2023 as the economy witnesses only a 4.1%rate of inflation.On the other hand,Canada,an importan

43、t consumer of coffee per capita,saw its GDP rise by 3.4%,noticeably more than the US,whilst maintaining the inflation rate at a low 3.6%.Within the wider economic context for the year 2023,the US and Canada have posted strong growth results,thereby maintaining a positive growth outlook regarding cof

44、fee consumption.With 72%of adults reporting that they drink coffee(National Coffee Association(NCA),2023),the outlook of the largest coffee consuming country by volume remains positive.One of the worlds leading monetary institutions,the US Federal Reserve has been raising baseline interest rates,dir

45、ectly affecting the availability of cheap,easily accessible credit.One of the direct implications of this policy agenda is that by slowing down the economy,inflation and consumer spending may diminish.However,coffee remains an inelastic product,so effects on consumption may be limited.1.2.5 Economic

46、s South America South America has successfully steered monetary policy to drop inflation down from 7.8%to 5%in 2023(excluding Argentina and Venezuela).However,reducing inflation has hampered economic growth.This comes in addition to a weakening international environment,where demand for key exports

47、and services reduced,and a slowdown in growth from the main trading partners.However,there are limits to national economic policies as external factors such as commodity price volatility,intensification of geopolitical tensions and turbulence in global financial markets may hamper a countrys strateg

48、ic macro-economic planning.1.2.6 Economics Asia&Oceania The Asia&Oceania region is expected to grow 4.6%in 2023,highlighting its ability to decouple itself from western economic situations to some extent.As coffee consumption per capita remains in its infancy across most of the continent,there remai

49、ns strong potential to reach the consumption levels seen in traditional developed importing economies.Meanwhile,headline inflation has declined from post pandemic highs and global commodity prices have receded,alleviating financial pressures on the end consumer.Nonetheless,although Asia remains ahea

50、d of other continents in terms of disinflation,a risk remains from unfavourable exchange rate variations.In this sense,whilst an episode of depreciation within the basket of Asian currencies took place in 2023,it is still limited compared to periods of US dollar strengthening.Threats to inflation al

51、so include higher oil prices as industry input costs could rise,in turn affecting the end consumer.The medium-term effects of a restrictive monetary policy will help steer inflation back on target.Additionally,as government policies intended to reduce deficits and the accumulation of debt address th

52、e underlying vulnerabilities in the financial sector,it appears that Asia&Oceania will be the drivers of tomorrows consumption.2 Coffee Production 2.1 Executive Summary-Production World coffee production increased by 0.1%to 168.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.The stagnant growth rate belies th

53、e tremendous changes at the regional level,with the coffee world neatly split between the expanding Americas and the shrinking rest of the world.Asia&Oceania and Africas 4.7%and 7.2%decreases to 49.8 million bags and 17.9 million bags,respectively,can be attributed to adverse weather conditions whic

54、h negatively affected key producers in the regions,particularly Vietnam,Cte dIvoire and Uganda.The magnitude of the fall in outputs of the two regions was entirely mitigated by the Americas,especially by South Americas 4.8%increase,which in turn was driven mainly by the biennial production-affected

55、8.4%increase in Brazil.The combined output of the Americas was 100.5 million bags.The Americas versus the rest of the world split was also reflected in the production split between the Arabicas and Robustas,with the formers output increasing by 1.8%to 94.0 million bags as compared with the 2.0%decre

56、ase of the latter to 74.2 million bags.Looking ahead,the output for coffee year 2023/24 is expected to increase by 5.8%to 178.0 million bags,with the Arabicas output rising to 102.2 million bags and the Robustas increasing to 75.8 million bags.The biennial production effect will play a large role in

57、 the outlook,especially for Brazil and the Arabicas,as the impact of the July 2021 frost continues to be resolved.Coffee year 2023/24 is anticipated to be an exceptional off-biennial year,feeling more like a good on-biennial following an average on-biennial year.Adverse weather conditions,first note

58、d in coffee year 2022/23 and continuing into coffee year 2023/24,will have a negative impact on the outlook for coffee year 2023/24.The anticipated El Nio phenomenon is set to dampen the outlook in Asia,especially Indonesia.Meanwhile,Vietnam is expected to benefit from the drier/hotter weather as ir

59、rigation mitigates the reduced precipitation.Table 4:Summary of World Coffee Production,Growth Rates and Shares Categories2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Total169.8168.4170.8168.0168.2178.0SpeciesArabica99.596.4100.692.394.0102.2Robusta70.372.070.375.774.275.8GroupsBrazilian Naturals52.852

60、.156.550.152.759.1Colombian Milds15.415.514.913.112.014.0Others Milds31.328.829.229.129.329.2Robustas70.372.070.375.774.275.8RegionsAfrica18.518.519.219.317.920.1Caribbean,Central America&Mexico21.319.219.718.919.218.7South America81.981.183.977.681.389.3Asia&Oceania48.149.648.052.249.849.9Total1.7%

61、-0.9%1.4%-1.7%0.1%5.8%SpeciesArabica1.9%-3.2%4.3%-8.2%1.8%8.8%Robusta1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%GroupsBrazilian Naturals3.1%-1.4%8.5%-11.4%5.2%12.1%Colombian Milds2.2%0.2%-3.9%-11.8%-8.5%16.7%Other Milds-0.1%-7.9%1.2%-0.2%0.7%-0.5%Robustas1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%RegionsAfrica6.3%-0.2%3.8%0.6%-7.2%1

62、2.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico-0.5%-9.7%2.5%-4.3%1.7%-2.5%South America7.2%-1.1%3.5%-7.6%4.8%9.8%Asia&Oceania-7.9%3.2%-3.3%8.8%-4.7%0.3%SpeciesArabica58.6%57.2%58.9%55.0%55.9%57.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%GroupsBrazilian Naturals31.1%30.9%33.1%29.8%31.3%33.2%Colombian Milds9.1%9.2%

63、8.7%7.8%7.1%7.9%Other Milds18.4%17.1%17.1%17.3%17.4%16.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%RegionsAfrica10.9%11.0%11.2%11.5%10.6%11.3%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico12.5%11.4%11.5%11.2%11.4%10.5%South America48.2%48.1%49.1%46.2%48.3%50.2%Asia&Oceania28.3%29.5%28.1%31.1%29.6%28.0%Share of Categor

64、ies,Percent(%)Coffee Production,Million 60-kg BagsGrowth Rates,Year-on-Year2.2 Report of Coffee Year 2022/23-Production 2.2.1 Total Production World and Regions World coffee production increased by 0.1%to 168.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,up from 168.0 million bags in the previous coffee yea

65、r.The increase in world production was mainly as a result of:Asia&Oceania and Africas 4.7%and 7.2%decreases to 49.8 million bags and 17.9 million bags,respectively,due to adverse weather conditions negatively affecting key producers in the regions,particularly Vietnam,Cte dIvoire and Uganda.The magn

66、itude of the fall in outputs of the two regions being almost entirely mitigated by the Americas,especially by South Americas 4.8%increase,which in turn was driven mainly by the biennial production-affected 8.4%increase in Brazil.The combined output of the Americas was 100.5 million bags.The Americas

67、 versus the rest of the world split also being reflected in the production split between the Arabicas and Robustas,with the formers output increasing by 1.8%to 94.0 million bags as compared with the 2.0%decrease of the latter to 74.2 million bags.Graph 4:Production of Coffee Regions,Million 60-kg Ba

68、gs&Growth Rates 2.2.2 Total Production-Regional Shares and Species The impacts of the Americas versus the rest of the world and the related Arabica and Robusta dynamics were clearly visible:South Americas share of the world coffee production increased to 48.3%in coffee year 2022/23 from 46.2%in coff

69、ee year 2021/22,while the Caribbean/Central America&Mexicos share rose by 0.2 percentage points to 11.4%.Asia&Oceanias share fell by 1.5 percentage points to 29.6%,while Africas share dropped to 10.6%.The world market share of Arabica coffee increased by 1.3 percentage points to 55.9%.19.318.977.652

70、.217.919.281.349.800708090AfricaCaribbean,CentralAmerica&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&OceaniaMillion 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-7.2%-4.7%4.8%1.7%Graph 5:Production of Coffee Regions,Percent Shares Graph 6:Production of Arabica/Robusta Regions,Million 60-kg Bag,Percent Shares 2.3 Total Production

71、 Regions and Countries 2.3.1 Total Production Africa Africas coffee production decreased by 7.2%in coffee year 2022/23 to 17.9 million bags,from 19.3 million bags in the previous coffee year,with the market share of the worlds output falling slightly to 10.6%from 11.5%.Uganda suffered a 6.8%fall in

72、coffee year 2022/23 to 5.6 million bags from 6.0 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.This is the second consecutive year of falling production,decreasing for the same reason it did in coffee year 2021/22:continuation of drought.First reported as early February 2022,this drought affected most coffee-

73、growing regions,11.5%11.2%46.2%31.1%10.6%11.4%48.3%29.6%Asia&OceaniaSouth AmericaAfricaCaribbean,Central America&MexicoInner Ring-2021/22Outer Ring-2022/2310.918.757.46.994.092.37.00.423.942.974.275.70%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%AfricaCentralAmerica&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&OceaniaWorld2022/23Wor

74、ld2021/22000 60-kg BagsArabicaRobustaleading to a lower and shorter harvest in central and eastern parts of Uganda,hence lower output.At the beginning of coffee year 2022/23,the coffee authority of Uganda was optimistic about an increased harvest for the following season.The origin has previously st

75、ated its goal of reaching 20 million bags by 2030 and hard work has been carried out to rejuvenate old trees through stumping,replanting high-yielding varieties and increasing the use of organic fertilisers.However,all these efforts were undone by nature for at least one year.At the time of the 2022

76、/23 harvest,coffee farmers in Ethiopia were enthusiastic about potential volume,citing good weather throughout many of the coffee-growing areas.However,the volume of rain was deemed to have been unsatisfactory in May and June during coffee year 2022/23.Moreover,Ethiopia carried out extensive rejuven

77、ation in the four years to 2020,covering 400,000 hectares and with trees first bearing fruit in coffee year 2021/22.As a result,the countrys production continues to rise,having reached a new record level of 7.73 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,a 1.0%increase versus an output of 7.65 million bags

78、 in coffee year 2021/22.Cte dIvoire suffered the largest fall in Africa,with production decreasing by 64.7%to 0.6 million bags from 1.8 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.The substantial drop in production is the coffee trees reaction to the prior years very large harvest,which was up 69.0%,and due

79、 to the impact of drought in the country.Graph 7:Coffee Production of Africa,000 60-kg Bags Graph 8:Coffee Production of Africa,Growth Rates,Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 202122 01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/231.0%-6.8%4.1%-4.4%1.0%9.3%0.0%17.6%13.2%-5.

80、7%3.2%-25.0%-20.0%-15.0%-10.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%Percent Change,%2.3.2 Total Production-Caribbean,Central America&Mexico The Caribbean,Central America and Mexicos coffee production increased by 1.7%in coffee year 2022/23 to 19.2 million bags,from 18.9 million bags in coffee year 2021/22:Hon

81、duras is the largest producer in the region and saw its production increase by 14.7%to 5.7 million bags from 5.0 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.The jump in production came in the face of labour shortages,high fertiliser costs,heavy rain and reports of a resurgence of coffee leaf rust disease.In

82、 regard to labour shortages,according to the Honduran Coffee Exporters Association(ADECAFEH),at least 350,000 pickers are required to harvest coffee across the nation,with approximately 50,000 workers coming in from neighbouring countries.Much of the increase in coffee year 2022/23 is due to the bie

83、nnial production effect,it appears,following the 19.2%decrease in output in coffee year 2021/22.Guatemalas coffee production declined again in coffee year 2022/23,decreasing by 7.4%following a 9.0%fall in coffee year 2021/22.The reduction in output came despite an increase in the area under coffee,r

84、eported as having expanded significantly to 302,000 hectares in 2019 from 275,576 hectares in 20182,with all other sources of information suggesting that this hectarage was maintained into coffee year 2022/23.Production is falling due to many of the same issues faced by the origins Central American

85、neighbours,namely high labour costs,availability of labour and erratic weather.Nicaraguas coffee output decreased by 0.7%in coffee year 2022/23 to 2.9 million bags,following a 7.6%jump in coffee year 2021/22,despite coffee year 2022/23 being an off-year.The countrys economic situation has also impro

86、ved tremendously,with GDP increasing by 10.3%and 4.0%in 2021 and 2022,respectively,following an average 3.0%fall in the three preceding years.This,in turn,would have improved good agricultural practices,mitigating some of the biennial production effect.However,the main reason for the shallow downtur

87、n is the first-time inclusion of Robusta production,which is assessed to have been 120,000 bags.Graph 9:Coffee Production of Caribbean,Central America&Mexico,000 60-kg Bags 2 Estadsticas Agropecuarias 2020 and 2021,Instituto Nacional de Estadstica 01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000000 60-kg Bags20

88、21/222022/23Graph 10:Coffee Production of Caribbean,Central America&Mexico,Growth Rates,Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.3 Total Production-South America South Americas coffee production increased by 4.8%in coffee year 2022/23 to 81.3 million bags from 77.6 million bags in the previous

89、 year.The upturn is almost entirely due to Brazil:Brazils coffee industry was in its“on-year”of the biennial production cycle in coffee year 2022/23,with output increasing by 8.4%to 65.49 million bags,setting a new record and beating the previous highest production of 65.47 million bags seen in 2020

90、.However,for an“on-year”,this was a muted rate of expansion because Brazils coffee industry is still suffering from the impact of the July 2021 frost.At the time,the Brazilian governments National Supply Company(CONAB),under the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food Supply,stated that 70%of all

91、 Brazilian coffee had already been harvested for coffee year 2021/22,and thus the impact of the frost was not felt until the following year:coffee year 2022/23.Colombia was beset with persistent unfavourable weather conditions throughout coffee year 2022/23,leading to a 9.1%decrease in output to 10.

92、7 million bags.This was the third consecutive year of negative growth for Colombia,with the output level down to its lowest since 2012.Perus coffee production fell by 7.1%to 3.9 million bags in coffee year 2022/23 on the back of extremely heavy rains.Graph 11:Coffee Production of South America,000 6

93、0-kg Bags 14.7%-5.5%-7.4%-0.2%13.0%-12.5%2.9%3.7%0.1%5.0%3.0%0.0%-15.0%-10.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%Percent Change,%0000040000500006000070000BrazilColombiaPeruVenezuelaEcuadorBoliviaParaguayGuyana000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23Graph 12:Coffee Production of South America,Growth Rates,Cof

94、fee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.4 Total Production-Asia&Oceania Asia&Oceanias coffee production decreased by 4.7%in coffee year 2022/23 to 49.8 million bags from 52.2 million bags the previous year:Vietnam is the second largest coffee producer in the world and the largest producer in Asi

95、a&Oceania.It produced 29.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,a 9.8%or 3.7 million bag decrease.The downturn comes after a bumper year in coffee year 2021/22 when the origin produced the second largest output on record,behind the 33.4 million produced in 2017.Prolonged rains in the major coffee-pro

96、ducing provinces of Dak Lak,Gia Lai and Kon Tum,lack of fertiliser usage and a shift towards more profitable crops such as durian and pepper were the main reasons for the fall in production.Indonesia is the second largest origin in Asia&Oceania behind Vietnam,and in coffee year 2022/23 it saw its pr

97、oduction increase by 2.4%to 12.0 million bags.In the early part of coffee year 2022/23,the La Nia weather phenomenon was thought to have had a significant negative impact on output,with heavy rain reported during and after the flowering period.The increase in production in coffee year 2022/23 is due

98、 to the fact that the area under coffee expanded by net 71,000 hectares in 201822.Excess monsoon rains in Karnataka,the largest coffee-producing region in India,led the countrys Coffee Board to reduce its coffee output assessment by 10.5%to 5.9 million bags for coffee year 2022/23 from their earlier

99、 estimate of 6.6 million.However,5.9 million bags represents a 2.9%expansion versus the output in coffee year 2021/22.Laos is an up-and-coming origin,having increased its coffee production three-folds in 200018,a period during which it overtook the Philippines,Thailand and Yemen to become the fifth

100、largest coffee producer Asia&Oceania.In the previous issue of the CRO,the production trend was reported as being downward.This assessment was made based on the countrys export volume.However,its export data were subject to an upward revision for 201822,which consequently also meant an upwards revisi

101、on of the production data.The latest assessment suggests that Laos coffee production was 0.8 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,up from 0.7 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.8.4%-9.1%-7.1%0.0%-1.8%-0.9%0.0%0.0%-12.0%-10.0%-8.0%-6.0%-4.0%-2.0%0.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0%10.0%BrazilColombiaPeruVenezuelaEcu

102、adorBoliviaParaguayGuyanaPercent Change,%Graph 13:Coffee Production of Asia&Oceania,000 60-kg Bags Graph 14:Coffee Production of Asia&Oceania,Growth Rates,Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs coffee year 2021/22 2.4 Arabica Coffee Production Regions and Countries 2.4.1 Arabica Coffee Production Regions Arabica pr

103、oduction increased by 1.8%in coffee year 2022/23,rising to 94.0 million bags from 92.3 million bags.South America,the largest regional producer of Arabica coffee,increased its output 2.6%to 57.4 million bags.It is also the main region responsible for the 2.0%growth of Arabica coffee.The Arabicas sha

104、re of the total coffee production increased in coffee year 2022/23 to 55.9%from 55.0%.Despite this year-on-year recovery,Arabica coffee production is still under a downward trend.050000000250003000035000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-9.8%2.4%2.9%23.4%12.9%0.2%5.3%-7.2%-1.9%3.6%20.0%-15.0%-1

105、0.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%25.0%30.0%Percent Change,%Graph 15:Production of Arabica Regions,Million 60-kg Bags Graph 16:Production of Arabica Regions,Percent Shares 2.4.2 Arabica Coffee Production Countries At the individual country level:Brazils Arabica production was in its“on-year”in coffee

106、year 2022/23,and as a result saw its output jump by 7.3%to 41.8 million bags from 38.9 million bags the previous year.However,for an“on-year”this was a muted rate of expansion because Brazils coffee industry is still suffering from the impact of the July 2021 frost.At the time,the Brazilian governme

107、nts National Supply Company(CONAB),under the Ministry of Agriculture,Livestock and Food Supply,stated that 70%of all Brazilian coffee had already been harvested for coffee year 2021/22,and thus the impact of the frost was not felt until the following year:coffee year 2022/23.10.818.555.97.010.918.75

108、7.46.90070AfricaCaribbean,CentralAmerica&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&OceaniaMillionn60-kg Bags2021/222022/231.0%-1.4%2.6%1.2%11.7%20.1%60.6%7.6%11.6%19.9%61.0%7.4%Asia&OceaniaSouth AmericaAfricaCaribbean,Central America&MexicoInner Ring-2021/22Outer Ring-2022/23 Costa Rica and Honduras are tw

109、o other origins making significant contributions to the overall growth of the Arabica output,with their production up by 13.0%and 14.7%in coffee year 2022/23.Much of the increase of both origins is due to the biennial production effect,as reflected in the 19.2%decrease in output in coffee year 2021/

110、22 for Honduras and two consecutive years of negative growth for Costa Rica.In coffee year 2021/22,Costa Ricas Arabica production fell below 1.4 million for the first time since 1985 when the country produced only 1.3 million bags;the recovery in coffee year 2022/23 does little to disguise the entre

111、nched downward trend of the origins production,in place since the mid-1990s.Kenya is the third largest Arabica producer in Africa,and its output decreased by 4.6%to 0.73 million bags in coffee year 2022/23 from 0.76 million bags.This is the second consecutive year of negative growth for the origin,d

112、riven in part by drought for the past 24 months as well as coffee berry disease in the Central Highlands.Vietnam is currently reaping the reward of a policy implemented ten years ago to increase the origins Arabica production,with aims to raise its production to 96,000 tonnes(1.6 million bags)by 202

113、0 through the expansion of the northern and central Arabica area to 40,000 hectares over 20122020.In coffee year 2022/23,the Arabica production,however,fell 9.8%to 1.5 million bags from 1.6 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.Prolonged rains in the major coffee-producing provinces of Dak Lak,Gia Lai

114、 and Kon Tum,lack of fertiliser usage and a shift towards more profitable crops such as durian and pepper were the main reasons for the fall in production.Indias Arabica production was up 5.3%in coffee year 2022/23 at 1.7 million bags,based on the 1.7%growth in area harvested.Graph 17:Production of

115、Arabica Countries,000 60-kg Bags 05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23Graph 18 Production of Arabica Countries,Growth Rates,Coffee Years 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.5 Robusta Coffee Production Regions and Countries 2.5.1 Robusta Coffee Production Reg

116、ions In coffee year 2022/23,74.2 million bags of Robusta were produced globally,a 2.0%fall.The overall result was due to a strange conflation of traditional Robusta-producing regions suffering from negative growth,while traditionally Arabica-producing regions saw their Robusta output increase:Asia&O

117、ceania saw its production fall by 5.2%to 42.9 million bags,while output fell by 17.4%to 7.0 million bags in Africa in coffee year 2022/23.South America,on the other hand,the worlds largest Arabica-producing region,experienced 10.4%growth in its output of Robusta to 23.9 million bags,while the Caribb

118、ean,Central America&Mexico saw their production rise by 33.0%to 0.4 million bags.As a result,the Americas share of the total Robusta production increased to 32.7%in coffee year 2022/23 from 28.5%in coffee year 2021/22,while Asia&Oceanias share fell to 57.9%from 60.5%in the same period.Graph 19:Produ

119、ction of Robusta Regions,Million 60-kg Bags 7.3%-9.1%1.0%14.7%-5.5%-7.1%-7.4%-4.4%-12.2%5.3%13.0%-9.8%2.2%3.4%-15.0%-10.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%Percent Change,%8.50.321.745.27.00.423.942.9055404550AfricaCaribbean,CentralAmerica&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&OceaniaMillionn60-kg Bags2021/2

120、22022/23-17.4%-5.2%10.4%33.0%Graph 20:Production of Robusta Regions,Percent Shares 2.5.2 Total Robusta Production Countries At the individual country level:Vietnam,the largest Robusta producer in the world,produced 27.8 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,a 9.8%decrease.Prolonged rains in the major

121、producing provinces of Dak Lak,Gia Lai and Kon Tum,lack of fertiliser usage and a shift towards more profitable crops such as durian and pepper were the main reasons for the fall in production.Indonesias output increased by 6.0%in coffee year 2022/23 to 9.9 million bags,which came despite reports of

122、 heavy rain driven by the La Nia weather phenomenon during and after the flowering period,which is usually thought to have a significant negative impact on production.This increase is due to the expansion of the coffee area.Brazils Robusta production increased by 10.6%in coffee year 2022/23 to 23.7

123、million bags on the back of good weather conditions and increased area harvested.According to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics,the Robusta area harvested in coffee year 2022/23 increased by 4.2%to 408,719 hectares,an expansion of 16,648 hectares.India,Asia&Oceanias second largest

124、Robusta producer,increased production by 2.0%to 4.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.11.2%0.4%28.6%59.7%9.4%0.6%32.3%57.8%Asia&OceaniaSouth AmericaAfricaCaribbean,Central America&MexicoInner Ring-2021/22Outer Ring-2022/23Graph 21:Production of Arabica Countries,000 60-kg Bags Graph 22:Production

125、of Arabica Ranking Countries,Growth Rates,Coffee Years 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-9.8%10.6%6.0%-8.6%2.0%-64.7%14.0%3.0%0.0%5.3%1.0%-1.6%-5.5%-6.2%-5.7%26.5%-80.0%-60.0%-40.0%-20.0%0.0%20.0%40.0%Percent Change,%2.6 Total Coffe

126、e Production Groups Production of the Brazilian Naturals increased on the back of biennial production in Brazil.Colombias persistent unfavourable weather conditions led to another year of decline for the Colombian Milds in coffee year 2022/23.Graph 23:Production of Groups Million 60-kg Bags Graph 24

127、:Production by Groups Percent Share(%)50.113.129.175.752.712.029.374.2007080Brazilian NaturalsColombian MildsOther MildsRobustaMillionn60-kg Bags2021/222022/235.2%-2.0%0.7%-8.5%29.8%7.8%17.3%45.0%31.3%7.1%17.4%44.1%RobustasOther MildsBrazilian NaturalsColombian MildsInner Ring-2021/22Oute

128、r Ring-2022/232.7 Outlook for Coffee Year 2023/24 The outlook for coffee year 2023/24 is framed by a set of broad assumptions:Adverse weather conditions,first noted in coffee year 2022/23 and continuing into coffee year 2023/24,will have a negative impact.The anticipated El Nio weather event is set

129、to dampen the outlook in Asia,especially in Indonesia.Meanwhile Vietnam is expected to benefit from the drier/hotter weather as irrigation mitigates the reduced precipitation;The biennial production effect will play a large role in the outlook,especially for Brazil and the Arabicas,as the impact of

130、the July 2021 frost continues to be resolved.Coffee year 2023/24 is anticipated to be an exceptional off-biennial year,feeling more like a good on-biennial following an average on-biennial year;Area under coffee is continuing to expand within existing agricultural land,the impact of which will be es

131、pecially pronounced in the outlook for Ethiopia;Productivity is increasing due to increased adoption of good agricultural practices,including the usage of nursery-raised and research institute-recommended clones,the impact of which will be especially pronounced in the outlook for Uganda;Newly-plante

132、d coffee trees will undergo their first harvest in the third year,and will steadily increase yield annually until the respective national average has been reached;Status quo on labour and capital availabilities is especially pertinent for the outlooks of Caribbean,Central American&Mexican origins;In

133、ternational and local green bean prices are remunerative to elicit a positive response from farmers and seasonal labourers at harvest times and when coffee cherries are picked.As a result,the outlooks for coffee year 2023/24 are as follows:World coffee production to increase by 5.8%to 178.0 million

134、bags.The Arabicas share of total world output to be 57.4%,(102.2 million bags),with 75.8 million bags forecast for the Robustas.South American production to increase by 9.8%,rising to 89.3 million bags.Inherent Underestimation There is an inherent underestimation of the world coffee production by th

135、e ICO.For 2021,the total area under coffee harvested from origins not included in the ICOs production data was estimated at 64,413 hectares,totalling 28 origins3.Major origins not included in the production statistics of the ICO are China and Malaysia.Moreover,there are additional origins that are n

136、ot included in the list of 28 origins,such as Australia,South Africa and South Sudan.For a number of smaller origins,the lack of capabilities of national coffee organizations,or their absence,presented a challenge in obtaining reliable data.Moreover,for developing origins with porous borders,especia

137、lly those neighbouring other origins,a varying degree of domestic production was being shipped across borders unofficially.This phenomenon is well documented and an acknowledged issue across all regions of the world.3 Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics(FAOStat),Crops and livestock products

138、,downloaded December 2022.The result of unofficial cross-border trading and missing data for some of the lower-tier origins is that the CRO underestimates the actual world coffee production.Table 5:Summary of World Coffee Production,Growth Rates and Shares Categories2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/

139、232023/24Total169.8168.4170.8168.0168.2178.0SpeciesArabica99.596.4100.692.394.0102.2Robusta70.372.070.375.774.275.8GroupsBrazilian Naturals52.852.156.550.152.759.1Colombian Milds15.415.514.913.112.014.0Others Milds31.328.829.229.129.329.2Robustas70.372.070.375.774.275.8RegionsAfrica18.518.519.219.31

140、7.920.1Caribbean,Central America&Mexico21.319.219.718.919.218.7South America81.981.183.977.681.389.3Asia&Oceania48.149.648.052.249.849.9Total1.7%-0.9%1.4%-1.7%0.1%5.8%SpeciesArabica1.9%-3.2%4.3%-8.2%1.8%8.8%Robusta1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%GroupsBrazilian Naturals3.1%-1.4%8.5%-11.4%5.2%12.1%Colombia

141、n Milds2.2%0.2%-3.9%-11.8%-8.5%16.7%Other Milds-0.1%-7.9%1.2%-0.2%0.7%-0.5%Robustas1.4%2.4%-2.4%7.7%-2.0%2.1%RegionsAfrica6.3%-0.2%3.8%0.6%-7.2%12.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico-0.5%-9.7%2.5%-4.3%1.7%-2.5%South America7.2%-1.1%3.5%-7.6%4.8%9.8%Asia&Oceania-7.9%3.2%-3.3%8.8%-4.7%0.3%SpeciesArabic

142、a58.6%57.2%58.9%55.0%55.9%57.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%GroupsBrazilian Naturals31.1%30.9%33.1%29.8%31.3%33.2%Colombian Milds9.1%9.2%8.7%7.8%7.1%7.9%Other Milds18.4%17.1%17.1%17.3%17.4%16.4%Robusta41.4%42.8%41.1%45.0%44.1%42.6%RegionsAfrica10.9%11.0%11.2%11.5%10.6%11.3%Caribbean,Central

143、America&Mexico12.5%11.4%11.5%11.2%11.4%10.5%South America48.2%48.1%49.1%46.2%48.3%50.2%Asia&Oceania28.3%29.5%28.1%31.1%29.6%28.0%Share of Categories,Percent(%)Coffee Production,Million 60-kg BagsGrowth Rates,Year-on-YearGraph 25:World Coffee Production Species,Million 60-kg Bags Graph 26:World Coffe

144、e Production Regions,Million 60-kg Bags Graph 27:World Coffee Production Groups,Million 60-kg Bags 02040608001802001990/91 1993/94 1996/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-kg BagsArabicaRobusta02040608001802001990/91 1993/94 1996

145、/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-Kg BagsAfricaCaribbean,Central America&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&Oceania02040608001802001990/91 1993/94 1996/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-Kg BagsBraz

146、ilian NaturalsColombian MildsOther MildsRobustaGraph 28:World Arabica Production Regions,Million 60-kg Bags Graph 29:World Robusta Production Regions,Million 60-kg Bags 0204060801001201991/921994/951997/982000/012003/042006/072009/102012/132015/162018/192021/22Million 60-Kg BagsAfricaCaribbean,Centr

147、al America&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&Oceania0070801990/91 1993/94 1996/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-Kg BagsAfricaCaribbean,Central America&MexicoSouth AmericaAsia&Oceania3.Coffee Consumption 3.1 Executive Summary-Consumption The world

148、coffee industry is continuing to navigate the issues brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic,with the consumption trend seemingly adhering to an established patten in response to an external shock.The expectation for coffee year 2022/23 was for a smaller positive growth rate;however,world coffee cons

149、umption decreased by 2.0%to 173.1 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.Consumption in coffee year 2022/23 did not faithfully follow the established pattern due to the impact of the high cost of living,falling disposable incomes and a long stocks drawdown.Despite coffee being a relatively inelastic pr

150、oduct,the challenging global economic environment may have had a negative impact on its consumption.Global inflation was at its highest in 2021,at 9.4%,while the benchmark interest rate averaged 4.9%at the end of September 2023 in the European Union,UK and USA,the highest average since 5.8%in 2000.A

151、t the same time,there was a large drawdown of stocks,with combined stocks reported by the European Coffee Federation and those held at the Intercontinental Exchanges warehouses in the USA falling by 4.8 million bags from 14.5 million to 9.8 million.This drawdown would have reduced the need for purch

152、ases on the international market,seemingly reflected as lower and anomalous global consumption rates for coffee year 2022/23.The world coffee consumption outlook for coffee year 2023/24 is broadly framed by the assumption that the global economy will continue to grow at above 3.0%,and that the indus

153、try will respond to the large drawdown of stocks,which will be positively reflected in apparent consumption.As a result,global consumption is expected to grow by 2.2%to 177.0 million bags,with non-producing countries expected to make the biggest contribution to the overall increase.Coffee consumptio

154、n in this group of countries is projected to expand by 2.1%.North Americas consumption is expected to expand the fastest,increasing by 3.8%to 30.9 million bags,with the regions share of the world coffee consumption predicted to grow to 17.5%from 17.2%.Europes coffee consumption should recover,but at

155、 the joint lowest rate(along with South America)of 1.1%at 53.7 million bags.The Caribbean,Central America&Mexico should see their coffee consumption increase by 2.3%to 6.1 million bags,with a market share of world coffee consumption of 3.5%.South Americas consumption is expected to undergo a 1.1%inc

156、rease to 27.8 million bags,representing a 15.7%share of world consumption.Africa and Asia&Oceanias consumption are forecast to each expand by 2.7%in coffee year 2023/24 to 12.6 million bags and 45.7 million bags,respectively.Table 6:Summary of World Coffee Consumption 3.2 Report of Coffee Year 2022/

157、23 3.2.1 Coffee Consumption World and Regions World coffee consumption decreased by 1.9%to 173.2 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,following a 4.0%expansion in coffee year 2021/22 with a record consumption of 176.6 million bags.The world coffee industry is continuing to navigate the issues brought

158、 about by the COVID-19 pandemic and additional difficulties related to the high cost of living and decreased disposable income arising in coffee year 2022/23.In the first two years of COVID-19 and following the consequent global economic and social disruptions,world coffee consumption was severely c

159、urtailed,falling in coffee year 2019/20,followed by a marginal recovery in coffee year 2020/21.The average growth for these two years fell to 0.4%,as compared with a long-term average growth rate of 2.3%(19902018).Similarly,2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Total171.2168.6169.9176.6173.1177.

160、0Producers52.552.253.154.455.156.5Non-Producers118.6116.4116.8122.2118.1120.5RegionsAfrica11.912.113.012.912.212.5Caribbean,Central America&Mexico5.85.85.96.06.06.1South America26.326.026.427.027.528.0North America31.830.630.231.329.830.9Asia&Pacific39.940.142.244.244.545.7Europe55.554.052.255.253.1

161、53.72002120222023Total3.3%-1.5%0.8%4.0%-2.0%2.2%Producers1.6%-0.6%1.8%2.4%1.2%2.6%Non-Producers4.0%-1.9%0.3%4.7%-3.4%2.1%RegionsAfrica1.7%1.9%7.4%-1.2%-5.4%2.6%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico2.4%0.4%1.2%1.5%0.3%2.3%South America1.2%-1.3%1.5%2.5%2.0%1.6%North America6.2%-3.8%-1.2%3.6%-5.0

162、%3.8%Asia&Pacific2.5%0.5%5.2%4.9%0.6%2.7%Europe3.6%-2.7%-3.2%5.7%-3.7%1.1%2002120222023Producers30.7%31.0%31.3%30.8%31.8%31.9%Non-Producers69.3%69.0%68.7%69.2%68.2%68.1%RegionsAfrica7.0%7.2%7.7%7.3%7.0%7.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico3.4%3.5%3.5%3.4%3.5%3.5%South America15.4%15.4%15.5

163、%15.3%15.9%15.8%North America18.6%18.1%17.8%17.7%17.2%17.5%Asia&Pacific23.3%23.8%24.8%25.0%25.7%25.8%Europe32.4%32.0%30.7%31.2%30.7%30.4%Growth Rates,Year-on-YearShare of Categories,Percent(%)Coffee Consumption,Million 60-Kg Bagsconsumption fell in coffee year 2020/21 to 169.9 million bags.The pent-

164、up demand over the two years is calculated at 9.2 million bags.4 The pent-up demand was released in coffee year 2021/22 by the near complete removal of all social restrictions around the world and the sharp global economic bounce back.The IMF confirmed that the world economy had expanded by an avera

165、ge 4.8%in 202122,the highest average growth rate for two consecutive years since the two immediate recovery years following the Great Recession.The subsequent 4.0%or 6.7 million bags growth of world coffee consumption in coffee year 2021/22 was the biggest increase since 4.6%in coffee year 2000/01 a

166、nd 7.0 million bags in 1978.As a result,world coffee consumption increased to a record high of 176.6 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.An immediate adjustment followed in coffee year 2022/23 and world coffee consumption decreased.However,the magnitude of the adjustment did not adhere strictly to t

167、he established path of an eco-system navigating an impact from an external shock.The usual pattern of a negative shock is a negative growth rate followed initially by a relatively greater positive growth rate and then a smaller positive growth rate,before returning to its long-term growth rate.The d

168、uration of the whole cycle is around four years.Consumption in coffee year 2022/23 did not faithfully follow the established pattern due to the impact of the high cost of living,falling disposable incomes(see Economics)and long stocks drawdown.For consumers,coffee is largely a need and not a want,wi

169、th a great array of substitutions available to reflect price and income ranges.In times of high prices,they may decide to drink their coffee at home rather than in shops,or opt for instant as opposed to fresh ground.Furthermore,Arabicas(higher priced beans)may also be substituted for Robustas(lower

170、priced beans)and,under these difficult conditions,the industry drew down their stocks,which would have reduced the need for purchases on the international market,seemingly reflected as lower and anomalous global consumption rates for coffee year 2022/23.Regional coffee consumption was broadly split

171、between decreased demand within the mature markets and increased consumption within developing markets in coffee year 2022/23 North America saw the largest rate of decrease,with coffee consumption shrinking to 29.8 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.This led the regions market share of world consum

172、ption to decline to 17.2%.Africas coffee consumption fell by 5.4%in coffee year 2022/23,decreasing to 12.2 million bags,following a prior 1.2%drop in 2021.Asia&Pacifics coffee consumption expanded by 0.6%in coffee year 2022/23,with the region drinking 44.5 million bags of coffee.As a result,Asia&Oce

173、anias share of world coffee consumption increased by 0.7 percentage points to 25.7%.Europes coffee consumption decreased to 53.1 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,falling by 3.7%from 55.2 million bags in the previous coffee year.For the region composed of the Caribbean,Central America and Mexico,c

174、offee consumption increased by 0.3%in coffee year 2022/23,with 6.0 million bags Likewise,South Americas consumption increased by 2.0%to 27.5 million bags.4 World coffee consumption of 2018 is increased by compound average annual rate of 2.3%(the long-term world average growth rate)and subtracted by

175、the actual 2020 data.Non-producing countries coffee consumption decreased by 3.4%in coffee year 2022/23,dropping down to 118.1 million bags,while producing countries consumed 55.1 million bags,up 1.2%.As a result,non-producers share of the world coffee consumption shrank to 68.2%from 69.2%in the pre

176、vious coffee year.Graph 30:Consumption of Coffee Regions,Million 60-kg Bags&Growth Rates Graph 31:Consumption of Coffee Regions,Percent Share(%)12.96.027.031.344.255.212.26.027.529.844.553.060AfricaC/C America&MexicoSouth AmericaNorth AmericaAsia&PacificEuropeMillion 60-Kg Bags2021/222022

177、/23-5.4%-3.7%0.6%-5.0%2.0%0.3%7.3%3.4%15.3%17.7%25.0%31.2%7.0%3.5%15.9%17.2%25.7%30.7%AfricaC/C America&MexicoSouth AmericaNorth AmericaAsia&OceaniaEuropeInner Ring-2021/22Outer Ring-2022/23Graph 32:Coffee Consumption Producers and Non-Producers,Million 60-Kg Bags 3.2.2 Coffee Consumption Africa Afr

178、icas coffee consumption fell by 4.7%in coffee year 2022/23,decreasing to 12.3 million bags,which followed a 1.2%drop in 2021.The continents coffee consumption is highly concentrated,with the top six countries accounting for 72%of the market share.This translates to 8.8 million of the total 12.3 mill

179、ion bags in coffee year 2022/23.The low negative growth rate of the region,however,masked the dynamic changes at the individual country level.Four countries Algeria,Egypt,Morocco and South Africa were the main negative driving force of the region,with a combined 13.6%or 0.7 million bags drop in cons

180、umption.Lined up against this were Ethiopia,Sudan and Libya,with a combined net 5.1%or 0.2 million bags increase in consumption.Algeria is the second largest coffee consumer in Africa and the countrys consumption has been on a downward trend since coffee year 2020/21,with consumption peaking at 2.5

181、million bags and falling to 1.8 million bags in coffee year 2022/23.The downturn appears to be linked to the countrys economy,with economic activities shrinking by 5.1%in 2020,following three years with an average GDP growth rate of only 1.2%,and succeeded by a high cost of living.Since 2020,Algeria

182、 has been experiencing high consumer prices,with inflation reaching 17%in June 202,and averaging 9.4%for financial year 2022(August 2022July 2023).More pertinently,food prices are high,with coffee,tea and infusion prices up by 22.2%.In Algeria,food accounts for over half of household spending among

183、the bottom 40%of the population.Morocco has been faced with five consecutive years of drought,finally ending in coffee year 2023/24,which negatively affected the countrys agricultural sector,reducing incomes and purchasing powers for much of the rural population.Although accounting for only 12%of th

184、e countrys GDP,the sector accounts for 39%of the total workforce.Moreover,Moroccos inbound tourist numbers fell very sharply in 202021 to an average 3.3 million from 12.8 million people in 201819.However,Moroccos coffee consumption has been increasing in recent years,growing by an average 21.9%in co

185、ffee 54.4122.255.1118.10.020.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0ProducersNon-ProducersMillion 60-kg Bags2021/222022/231.2%-3.4%years 2020/21 and 2021/22,rising to 0.9 million bags from 0.76 million in 2018.However,in coffee year 2022/23,the growth rate fell by 17.4%to 0.8 million bags.The growth in consump

186、tion in general thus appears to be linked with that of the local population,which has grown by 0.2 million people per year from 2018 to 2022.Nevertheless,the drop in consumption in coffee year 2022/23 appears to be the industry adjusting to the exceptional average 21.9%growth in coffee years 2020/21

187、 and 2021/22.Ethiopia is the largest consumer in Africa and its consumption has seemingly plateaued in recent years.From coffee years 2019/20 to 2021/22,the average growth rate of consumption was 0.5%as compared with the 1.7%average from coffee years 2016/17 and 2018/19.The main cause was the intern

188、al conflict between the Ethiopian government and the Tigray Peoples Liberation Front(TPLF)which lasted two years,ending in November 2022.Subsequently,coffee consumption benefitted from a peace dividend,expanding by 2.1%to 3.7 million bags.With the secession of South Sudan in 2011,the countrys coffee

189、 consumption halved,falling from 0.6 million bags in coffee year 2010/11 to 0.3 million bags in coffee year 2012/13.That said,domestic consumption expanded significantly thereafter to 0.5 million bags in coffee year 2019/20.This was despite less-than-accommodative economic conditions,with GDP growin

190、g only at an average 1.7%in the same period.However,the trend was broken in coffee year 2020/21 with deterioration of the local socio-political environment and worsening economic conditions.Sudan has been under a caretaker government since the removal of the then-President in April 2019 and been stu

191、ck in a political deadlock while the economy shrank by an average 1.9%from 2020 to 2022.Consequently,consumption plunged,falling back down to 0.3 million bags in coffee year 2020/21.Despite a lack of consequential changes to its socio-political environment or economy,and the IMF reporting that Sudan

192、s GDP had decreased by 2.5%in 2022,coffee consumption expanded by 30.0%in coffee year 2022/23 to 0.4 million bags.Graph 33:Coffee Consumption of Africa,000 60-kg Bags 05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23Graph 34:Coffee Consumption of Africa,Growth Rates Coffee Year 202

193、2/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.3.Coffee Consumption Caribbean,Central America&Mexico For the Caribbean,Central America and Mexico,coffee consumption increased by 0.3%in coffee year 2022/23,reaching 6.0 million bags.Coffee-producing countries led the overall expansion in the regions consumption,mana

194、ging to edge-out the negative impact of non-coffee-producing countries whose demand for coffee decreased by 16.2%(see Others below).As a result of the positive growth,the regions share of world consumption increased to 15.9%in coffee year 2022/23 from 15.3%in coffee year 2021/22.Mexico made the larg

195、est contribution to the regions net positive growth in consumption,with demand for coffee rising by 1.4%(33,516 bags)in coffee year 2022/23,followed by Honduras(3.0%and 13,874 bags)and Guatemala(1.6%and 10,837 bags).The recovery of domestic economies,continued growth of local populations and increas

196、ing inbound international tourists were the main factors behind the expansion in consumption.Average GDP growth rates in 202223 were 4.9%,3.5%and 3.8%for Mexico,Honduras and Guatemala,respectively,higher than the average growth rates in 201819,two years prior to the Covid-19 pandemic,of 0.8%,3.2%and

197、 3.7%.In 2022,the total number of inbound international tourists increased by 20.3%,83%and 177%,respectively,as compared with 2021,with a combined net rise of 8.0 million people for the three countries.Graph 35:Coffee Consumption of Caribbean,Central America&Mexico,000 60-kg Bags 2.1%-17.4%-3.7%-14.

198、2%-20.4%-6.6%4.5%30.0%1.1%0.2%17.3%0.7%-1.0%-19.2%0.9%1.4%-4.0%-25.0%-15.0%-5.0%5.0%15.0%25.0%35.0%Percent Change,%05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000MexicoGuatemalaCosta RicaDom.RepublicHondurasEl SalvadorCubaNicaraguaPanamaOthers000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23Graph 36:Coffee Consumption of Caribbean,Centra

199、l America&Mexico,Growth Rates Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.4 Coffee Consumption South America South Americas coffee consumption increased by 2.0%in coffee year 2022/23,with the region drinking 27.5 million bags of coffee.Brazil is the overwhelming market leader in South America,rep

200、resenting 82.5%of the regions coffee consumption in coffee year 2022/23.Expanding by 1.5%in coffee year 2022/23,Brazil also accounted for most of the regions consumption growth(61.8%),with a net growth of 0.3 million bags to 22.7 million bags from 22.4 million in coffee year 2021/22.The countrys pop

201、ulation,the largest in the region at 212.6 million people in 2022,partly explains the high coffee consumption.Brazil also has the highest coffee consumption per capita(of major consumers)in the region,which has been rising since the middle of the 1980s,indicating that coffee culture is increasingly

202、widespread within society,which is another major factor that explains the countrys high coffee consumption.Colombia,Argentina and Chile were also significant contributors towards the regions positive growth.Combined,the three countries coffee consumption increased by 6.0%with a net growth of 0.2 mil

203、lion bags in coffee year 2022/23.Graph 37:Coffee Consumption of South America,000 60-kg Bags 1.4%1.6%-1.1%1.3%3.0%0.6%4.1%1.9%0.0%-16.2%-20.0%-15.0%-10.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%Percent Change,%05,00010,00015,00020,00025,000BrazilColombia ArgentinaVenezuelaChilePeruBoliviaEcuador Paraguay UruguayGuyanaSur

204、iname000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23Graph 38:Coffee Consumption of South America,Growth Rates Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.5 Coffee Consumption North America North America saw the largest rate of decrease among all regions,with coffee consumption shrinking to 29.8 million bags in coff

205、ee year 2022/23.North America remains one of two regions in which consumption levels in coffee year 2022/23 remained below those reached prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.North America is a mature coffee market,with coffee culture deeply embedded within its society.In fact,coffee is surveyed to be the

206、most popular beverage within the USA the largest consumer in the region and the world with 63%of Americans reporting to have drunk coffee within the past day,according to the semi-annual report published by the NCA in September 2023.Despite the maturity of the market,North Americas coffee consumptio

207、n has been on the up since the mid-1990s,rising from only 19.1 million bags in 1994 to 31.8 million bags in coffee year 2018/19.Since then,however,both absolute and relative consumption levels have been declining.Absolute consumption is two million bags down,and relative consumption down 0.3kg at 5.

208、0kg in coffee year 2022/23 as compared with coffee year 2018/19,the peak year.As a result,the regions share of worlds coffee consumption also fell,shrinking to 17.2%in coffee year 2022/23 from 18.6%in 2018.Population,an underlying factor for nearly all forms of consumption and commodities,is still i

209、ncreasing,with the USA gaining 10.3 million people in 201822.GDP expanded at an average 1.8%in 201922,and the IMF has forecast it to grow at an average 2.0%in 202428,which is marginally below the average 2.1%for 201018.The percentage of Americans reporting to have drunk coffee within the past day in

210、 202223 in the NCAs autumn reports(66%and 63%)remains on par and above that reported in 2018 at 63%.Macro factors seemingly remain little changed and point towards continued growth in coffee consumption in the region in the coming years.Thus,the behaviour of coffee consumption in coffee years 2019/2

211、0 through 2022/23 may simply be a reflection of lasting COVID-19-related disruption.1.5%4.4%11.5%-0.2%5.4%2.6%4.0%2.7%-3.7%0.0%6.3%-34.1%-40.0%-30.0%-20.0%-10.0%0.0%10.0%20.0%BrazilColombia ArgentinaVenezuelaChilePeruBoliviaEcuador Paraguay UruguayGuyana SurinamePercent Change,%Graph 39:Coffee Consu

212、mption of North America,000 60-kg Bags Graph 40:Coffee Consumption of North America,Growth Rates Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.6 Coffee Consumption Asia&Oceania Asia&Oceanias coffee consumption expanded by 0.6%in coffee year 2022/23,with the region drinking 44.5 million bags of coff

213、ee.As a result,Asia&Oceanias share of world coffee consumption increased by 0.7 percentage points to 25.7%in coffee year 2022/23.Asia&Pacific is a region without a dominant country but has a market situation more akin to first among equals,with Japan leading the field.This is partially a reflection

214、of the coffee market development-population matrix.In other words,those with large populations(China and India)have a lower coffee development scale,while those with smaller populations have a higher coffee development scale,usually coupled with a greater income per capita(Japan,Korea and Australia)

215、.In coffee year 2022/23,coffee consumption in a large number of non-coffee-producing and mature economies sharply decreased,with the combined demand of Japan,Korea,Australia and Israel falling by 5.5%to 13.4 million bags from 12.7 million bags in coffee year 2021/22.The shrinking consumption of thes

216、e countries along with that of Vietnam(down 18.2%with a net loss of 0.8 million bags)were the main factor in Asia&Oceanias marginal growth in demand,almost overwhelming the gains of coffee-producing countries,led by Indonesia,the Philippines and India,with a combined net expansion of 1.3 million bag

217、s,and an increase of 12.4%.China,Turkey and Malaysia were other countries showing a strong rate of expansion in coffee year 2022/23.Japan and Korea together consumed 9.8 million bags of coffee in coffee year 2022/23,down 4.6%versus coffee year 2021/22,accounting for 21.8%of Asia&Oceanias total consu

218、mption.The two economies have been subject to severe volatility as a result of the 05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,000USACanada000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-5.1%-9.6%-15.0%-13.0%-11.0%-9.0%-7.0%-5.0%-3.0%-1.0%1.0%USACanadaPercent Change,%COVID-19 pandemic,with Japans GDP growth rate down an average

219、0.1%in 202023 as compared with an average 0.7%in 201619.For Korea,these figures were 1.9%versus 2.8%,respectively,over the same period.However,Japan and Koreas falling coffee consumption is not entirely related to the health of their economies but mainly a reflection of population decline.Japans pop

220、ulation peaked in 2010 at 128.6 million and was down 3.0 million in 2022.Meanwhile,Koreas population peaked more recently in 2021 at 51.8 million,but was down to 51.7 million people in 2022.Japans coffee consumption has been on a downward trend since coffee year 2016 and society is also witnessing a

221、 reduction in coffee culture,reflected in the falling coffee consumption per capita.Graph 41:Coffee Consumption of Asia&Pacific,000 60-kg Bags Graph 42:Coffee Consumption of Asia&Pacific,Growth Rates,Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.3.7 Coffee Consumption Europe Europes coffee consumptio

222、n decreased to 53.1 million bags in coffee year 2022/23,falling by 3.7%from 55.2 million bags in the previous coffee year.This is the sharpest decrease since the Great Recession-driven fall in 2008,when Europes coffee consumption shrank by 5.4%.The magnitude of the fall in coffee year 2022/23 is par

223、tly a reflection of 5.7%increase in coffee year 2021/22,the largest since coffee year 2009/10.The European Unions coffee consumption(EU27)dictates the overall trend of Europes coffee market.In coffee year 2022/23,the sub-region accounted for 74.1%of Europes consumption,a 1.5 percentage point decreas

224、e as compared with coffee year 2021/22.This explains the 5.6%fall in consumption in coffee year 2022/23,with a year-on-year 01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-4.4%18.2%-18.2%5.4%14.7%-5.3%19.7%-4.5%11.0%2.0%6.3%57.7%8.7%-16.1%21.1%-5.5%-11.5%-25.0%-15.0%-5.0%5.0%15

225、.0%25.0%35.0%45.0%55.0%65.0%Percent Change,%net reduction of 2.4 million bags,following a 7.4%increase in coffee year 2021/22,the biggest increase and decrease since the 6.5%and 7.9%growth rates during the Great Recession from 2008 to 2009.Non-EU27 consumption amounted to 13.7 million bags in coffee

226、 year 2022/23,an increase of 2.2%or a net increase of 0.3 million bags versus the previous period.Russia and Switzerland were the leading contributors towards the net gain of the non-EU27,with consumption increasing by 13.2%to 4.9 million bags and by 14.1%to 1.2 million bags,respectively.Russias rec

227、overy seems to reflect the full adjustment of its domestic economy to the earlier fallout from the conflict with Ukraine.The UKs coffee consumption decreased by 6.4%to 3.7 million bags in coffee year 2022/23 from 4.0 million bags the previous coffee year,which in turn had increased by 41.5%.Graph 43

228、:Coffee Consumption of Europe,000 60-kg Bags Graph 44 Coffee Consumption of Europe,Growth Rates,Coffee Year 2022/23 Vs Coffee Year 2021/22 2.4 Outlook for Coffee Year 2023/24 The outlook for coffee year 2023/24 is framed by a set of broad assumptions,namely:Deceleration of the growth of the world ec

229、onomy in 2024,based on the October 2023 economic outlook by the IMF,will inform growth in coffee consumption;The underlying strengths,long-term growth rates and consumption per capita of each region will become apparent;05,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,000EU-27RussiaUKSwitzerlandUk

230、raineNorwaySerbiaOthers000 60-kg Bags2021/222022/23-5.6%13.2%-6.4%14.1%-12.7%-16.5%-6.7%12.8%-25.0%-20.0%-15.0%-10.0%-5.0%0.0%5.0%10.0%15.0%20.0%EU-27RussiaUKSwitzerlandUkraineNorwaySerbiaOthersPercent Change,%Impact of the high cost of living on coffee consumption will be mitigated through changes

231、in consumption patterns,with consumers switching from the most costly to the most economical forms of coffee;At the regional level,the pent-up demand released in coffee year 2021/22 will have disappeared.As a result,the outlooks for coffee year 2023/24 are as follows:World coffee consumption to grow

232、 by 2.2%to 177.0 million bags,with non-producing countries to make the biggest contribution to the overall increase.Coffee consumption in this group of countries to expand by 2.1%.North Americas consumption to expand the fastest,increasing by 3.8%to 30.9 million bags.The regions share of the world c

233、offee consumption to grow to 17.5%from 17.2%.Europes coffee consumption to recover,but by the joint lowest rate(along with South America)of 1.1%at 53.7 million bags.The Caribbean and Central America&Mexico to see their coffee consumption increase by 2.3%to 6.1 million bags,with a market share of wor

234、ld coffee consumption of 3.5%.South Americas consumption to undergo a 1.1%increase to 27.8 million bags,representing a 15.7%share of world consumption.Africa and Asia&Oceanias consumption to each expand by 2.7%in coffee year 2023/24 to 12.6 million bags and 45.7 million bags,respectively.Table 7:Sum

235、mary of World Coffee Consumption 2018/192019/202020/212021/222022/232023/24Total171.2168.6169.9176.6173.1177.0Producers52.552.253.154.455.156.5Non-Producers118.6116.4116.8122.2118.1120.5RegionsAfrica11.912.113.012.912.212.5Caribbean,Central America&Mexico5.85.85.96.06.06.1South America26.326.026.427

236、.027.528.0North America31.830.630.231.329.830.9Asia&Pacific39.940.142.244.244.545.7Europe55.554.052.255.253.153.72002120222023Total3.3%-1.5%0.8%4.0%-2.0%2.2%Producers1.6%-0.6%1.8%2.4%1.2%2.6%Non-Producers4.0%-1.9%0.3%4.7%-3.4%2.1%RegionsAfrica1.7%1.9%7.4%-1.2%-5.4%2.6%Caribbean,Central Am

237、erica&Mexico2.4%0.4%1.2%1.5%0.3%2.3%South America1.2%-1.3%1.5%2.5%2.0%1.6%North America6.2%-3.8%-1.2%3.6%-5.0%3.8%Asia&Pacific2.5%0.5%5.2%4.9%0.6%2.7%Europe3.6%-2.7%-3.2%5.7%-3.7%1.1%2002120222023Producers30.7%31.0%31.3%30.8%31.8%31.9%Non-Producers69.3%69.0%68.7%69.2%68.2%68.1%RegionsAfri

238、ca7.0%7.2%7.7%7.3%7.0%7.1%Caribbean,Central America&Mexico3.4%3.5%3.5%3.4%3.5%3.5%South America15.4%15.4%15.5%15.3%15.9%15.8%North America18.6%18.1%17.8%17.7%17.2%17.5%Asia&Pacific23.3%23.8%24.8%25.0%25.7%25.8%Europe32.4%32.0%30.7%31.2%30.7%30.4%Growth Rates,Year-on-YearShare of Categories,Percent(%

239、)Coffee Consumption,Million 60-Kg BagsGraph 45:Consumption of Coffee by Regions,Million 60-kg Bags Graph 46:Consumption of Coffee Producers Vs Non-Producers,Million 60-kg Bags *02040608001802001990/91 1993/94 1996/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-Kg BagsAfricaC/C America&MexicoSouth AmericaNorth AmericaAsia&OceaniaEurope02040608001802001990/91 1993/94 1996/97 1999/00 2002/03 2005/06 2008/09 2011/12 2014/15 2017/18 2020/21 2023/24Million 60-Kg BagsProducersNon-Producers