1、Citi is one of the worlds largest financial institutions,operating in all major established and emerging markets.Across these world markets,our employees conduct an ongoing multi-disciplinary conversation accessing information,analyzing data,developing insights,and formulating advice.As our premier

2、thought leadership product,Citi GPS is designed to help our readers navigate the global economys most demanding challenges and to anticipate future themes and trends in a fast-changing and interconnected world.Citi GPS accesses the best elements of our global conversation and harvests the thought le

3、adership of a wide range of senior professionals across our firm.This is not a research report and does not constitute advice on investments or a solicitations to buy or sell any financial instruments.For more information on Citi GPS,please visit our website at GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May

4、2024Human Skills to Thrive in the Age of AIWhat Machines Cant Master Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 Rob Garlick Head of Innovation&the Future of Work Citi Global Insights Wenyan Fei Citi Global Insights Carol Gibson Citi Global Insights Expert Contributors Alison Tisdall CE

5、O Mind3 Amanda Spielman Served as His Majestys Chief Inspector Ofsted Sir Anthony Seldon Head Epsom College Professor Anton Korinek University of Virginia and Darden School of Business Azeem Azhar Founder Exponential View Belinda Sartori Head of Futures Charterhouse Bill Schaninger,PhD Senior Partne

6、r Modern Executive Solutions Christie Smith,PhD Senior Partner Modern Executive Solutions Cameron Headrick Head of Learning Citi Carl Benedikt Frey Dieter Schwarz Associate Professor of AI&Work at the Oxford Internet Institute and a Fellow of Mansfield College,Chris Butt Founder Cognisess and Yondur

7、 Daniel Doll-Steinberg Cofounder&Partner EdenBase David Goodhart Head of Demography,Immigration&Integration Policy Exchange Eleni Nicolaides Chief Corporate Development Officer PeopleCert Isabelle Bichler-Eliasaf COO&Co-Founder retrain.ai Dr.John J.Sviokla Chairman and Co-Founder GAI Insights Lord M

8、ark Price Founder WorkL and WorkL for Business Marshall Goldsmith The worlds leading executive coach and award-winning leadership author Mike Seaton Principal Kings College Doha Nell Montgomery CEO Psychiatry UK Phillip Souta Global Director of Tech Policy Clifford Chance Piers Linney Executive Chai

9、rman&Co-founder Implement AI Sharath Jeevan OBE Executive Chairman,Intrinsic Labs Author of“Inflection”&“Intrinsic”Rob Nail Strategy and Leadership Coach and Advisor Robert Buckland Senior Advisor Engine AI Roger L Kneebone Professor of Surgical Education and Engagement Science Imperial College Lond

10、on Dr Tracy Rea Consulting Director Gobeyond Partners Ying Zhou Professor of Human Resource Management,Director,Centre for the Future of Work Surrey Business School May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 3 What Machines Cant Master Human skills to thrive in the age o

11、f AI Which human skills will come the fore as artificial intelligence advances?Its a question that comes up time and again.This report is designed to answer it.Organized into six chapters,we build on the ten reports Citi has published in the last decade on how technology,including AI,will impact the

12、 future of work.Each chapter offers solutions to problems that lie ahead for the Future of Work.Problem 1 AI will continue to advance,surpassing humans in many tasks.Solution We need greater emphasis on the areas in which humans will maintain competitive advantage versus AI.If you already know how A

13、I will surpass us,save yourself some time and skip Chapter 1.Problem 2 Most people dont know what the Durable Human Skills of the future will be.Solution We ask 28 experts about future skills.Their thoughts,with thanks to our interviewees,are presented in Chapter 2.A summary is also included in Chap

14、ter 3.Problem 3 How do we prepare for these essential human skills?Solution We summarize the expert views on how companies,education and policy can help in Chapter 3,concluding change is needed now.Problem 4 How do we better measure the Durable Human Skills that will increasingly be important?Soluti

15、on We are over-emphasizing the measurement of areas in which AI will surpass us and Chapter 4 concludes that we need to get better at credentialing Durable Human Skills.Problem 5 How do we then better share Durable Human Skill credentials?Solution Chapter 5 highlights that verified and interoperable

16、 Skill Wallets will grow to save time and money for individuals and companies.They are likely to become a new norm.Problem 6 Everyone knows that upskilling and reskilling are a big part of the answer to how humans adapt to AI,but so far this is rhetoric and is not happening.Solution We see a trend c

17、hange in Learning&Development driven by AI training,investment in Durable Human Skill training,coaching and psychological testing.Links to previous related reports are included on page 103.The last of these concluded that a jobs boom,rather than a Doomsday scenario,is possible IF upskilling and resk

18、illing can keep pace.We believe this report will be of interest to employers,educationalists,policy makers,employees,students and parents.Increased awareness and debate is however only part of the story.As many experts in Chapter 2 note,we need action and execution.AI is not waiting for anyone.The r

19、ace between AIs progress and humans ability to adapt has already started.2024 CitigroupMentions of Different Skills(as%of total interviewees)Heart skills such as communication,emotional intelligence,empathy are mentioned much more than other skills.What Machines Cant Master Handwriting recognition S

20、peech recognition Image recognition Reading comprehensions Language understanding Common sense completion Grade school math Code generation2200420062008200022120%100%80%60%40%20%0%Source:Contextual AI,Will Henshall for TIMEHuman performance=100%Source:Citi Global Ins

21、ightsLearning Ability25%Leadership32%Dexterity25%Adaptability32%Creativity39%H2H Collaboration43%Problem Solving43%Critical Thinking46%Self-Awareness7%Organisation4%Entrepreneurship7%Empathy54%Emotional Intelligence57%Literacy54%Communication64%Ethics11%Perspection21%H2M Collaboration11%Resilience21

22、%AI has surpassed humans at a number of tasksSource:Citi Global InsightsThe global corporate training market needs to grow much more to deal with AI disruptionHistorical Global Spending on Corporate Spending(in$bn)200720082009200000222023500450400350300250

23、200150100500Durable Human Skills by categoryCognitive Critical Thinking Problem Solving Organisation Self-awareness EthicsDigital Literacy H2M collaborationChange Creativity Perspection Adaptability Learning Ability Resilience EntrepreneurshipHeadDexterityHandHeartEmotional IntelligenceCommunication

24、H2H Collaboration LeadershipSource:Statista Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 6 Contents Machines Marching Forward 7 Expert Views on the Skills of the Future 20 Durable Human Skills of the Future 48 Credentialising DHS 62 Skill Wallets Will Grow 76 DHS as the Ne

25、w Fuel for the Global Training Market 96 Further Reading 104 May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 7 Machines Marching Forward If you already take it for granted that computers will surpass humans in many ways or skills,you can save yourself some time,skip this chap

26、ter and move on to chapters 2 and 3 exploring where humans can still retain durable competitive advantage versus computers and Artificial Intelligence(AI).If you are uncertain and want more on the revolution taking place in AI now,read on.Dont be like Charles Duell.In 1899 Duell,the US commissioner

27、of the Office for Patents purportedly said that“everything than can be invented has been invented.”1 How things have changed since 1900,from mass migration into cities full of skyscrapers(built with machines),to cars and planes that transport us,to robots that make many of our products,the way we sh

28、op,entertainment via TVs or gaming,or the way we communicate via phones and computers.Over this time employment has changed dramatically,from 38%in agriculture in 1900 to less than 3%today.2 Clearly the skills needed by workers have also changed dramatically.Even in 1950 the second most demanded wor

29、k skill in the US was strong hands,arms,back.3 Figure 1.Replacement of Horses by Tractors on US Farms 1910-1960 Source:US Dept of Commerce 1 https:/ 2 https:/ https:/ Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 8 If you think human work has changed significantly,take a mo

30、ment to reflect on the work of horses.In 1900 horses still pulled farm equipment and transported people and goods.In 1900 warfare included horses used by cavalry to transport equipment.Today wars are fought with missiles and drones.Technological change has spared horses of this work and danger,but i

31、t also made most of them unemployed,or used only for leisure activities.The horse population declined almost 90%between 1910 and 1960,as shown above.Humans were better at adapting than horses,migrating from farm work to manufacturing and then,with the advance of automation,into knowledge work.The te

32、rm knowledge work was only born in 1959.Fast forward to today and we have both an over-supply of graduates(see David Goodharts comments on page 31)and looming substitution for some knowledge tasks by AI.AIs recent advance has been extraordinary.Now almost anyone can interact with AI bots such as Cha

33、tGPT.You dont now need to be a computer scientist to work with AI.Nor do you need to be a computer scientist or a rocket scientist to see that AI is going to impact work and skills.The question is,how?ChatGPT 3 was born on 30 November 2022.Soon after it passed an array of knowledge tests or exams,as

34、 shown in Figure 2.ChatGPT 4 arrived just 4 months later to raise the bar even higher for example scoring 90%in the US Bar exam.I doubt there is a person reading this report,or any person you know who could pass all the tests ChatGPT has.The value of some knowledge areas is heading to zero.Figure 2.

35、LLMs Change Communication&Intelligence Source:OpenAI May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 9 ChatGPT is said to be performing at an IQ level of 155.4 Einstein had an IQ of 160.More human Einsteins are welcome,but in the meantime,we are getting bigger computers and w

36、ill continue to do so.As smart as AI is today,it is as dumb as it is ever going to be and will continue to improve at a pace that far exceeds the ability of humans.Worse still,it turns out humans are not great at retaining knowledge or keeping up with new knowledge.Some of our brightest young minds

37、go into medicine but keeping up with 5000 medical papers published per day is impossible for any(even super-smart)human.5 As shown in Figure 3 the rate of change has meant the half-life of knowledge the time it takes before knowledge is superseded has continued to fall over time.Figure 3.The half-li

38、fe of knowledge Source:Citi Global Insights There are of course valid arguments against the advance of AI,such as Large Language Models being probabilistic machines or stochastic parrots that do not understand context.Or that passing exams is not the same as understanding and enacting real world app

39、lications.However,Figure 4 shows that computers are already surpassing us in many useful cognitive areas and progressing at an accelerating pace.4 https:/ https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191655/Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 10 Figure 4.AI has su

40、rpassed humans at a number of tasks and the rate at which humans are being surpassed at new tasks is increasing State-of-the-art AI performance on benchmarks,relative to human performance For each benchmark,the maximally performing baseline reported in the benchmark paper is taken as the“starting po

41、int”,which is set at 0%.Human performance number is set at 100%.Handwriting recognition=MNIST,Language understanding=GLUE,Image recognition=ImageNet,Reading comprehension=SQuAD 1.1,Reading comprehension=SQuAD 2.0,Speech recognition=Switchboard,Grade school math=GSK8k,Common sense completion=HellaSwa

42、g,Code generation=HumanEval.Source:ContextualAI,Chart:Will Henshall for TIME An additional problem with the pace of progression is computers can often do things instantaneously and at near zero cost.Take translations of words from one language to multiple others.The latest software updates on your i

43、Phone or on Outlook on your laptops make this possible at the click of a button.Competing against free and always available is not great for humans that major in language skills.Coming Next The focus of this report is not to highlight where AI is moving to next,but a quick summary includes:Domain LL

44、Ms(Large Language Models)built on proprietary company data that improve functionality and reduce errors(e.g.,hallucinations).LLM error rates will also fall due to:fine-tuning,in which humans rank outputs:RLHF(Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback),in which models learn to reward human preferenc

45、es;SAFE(Search Augmented Factuality Evaluator)where LLM responses are checked for factual correctness against Google searches;layer wise scaling of LLMs to improve accuracy;conditional training,where models are trained on augmented datasets with undesirable content reduced;constitutional AI in which

46、 models generate revisions in line with a set of principles;and scalable supervision,in which AI agents evaluate other AI agents.Small LMs will arrive on your phones and laptops,with NPUs(Neural Processing Units)to add useful AI functionality without latency.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspec

47、tives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 11 Large Action Models,also known as AI agents or assistants,will execute useful tasks for you,with your human instructions automatically translated into computer code to complete tasks.As well as linking with other computers or APIs,AI will increasingly link with robo

48、ts and become embodied AI.Useful co-pilots will become normal for most knowledge workers,but will learn from us and increasingly do more and more.Work is going on in areas such as Causal AI,Explainable AI,Swarm AI to improve the output and functionality of AI,as detailed in our previous report.Some

49、leading AI technologists,such as OpenAIs Sam Altman,believe cost of intelligence will trend towards zero6.The growth in a new Intelligence-as-a-Service(IaaS or IntaaS)market suggest it will become more accessible and cheaper.Deloitte for example collects 4m articles every 15 minutes to offer intelli

50、gence on areas such as compliance checks or geopolitical threat monitoring7.The Total Addressable Market for AI-as-a-Service is forecast to grow from$10bn in 2023,to$112bn in 2030,a 41%CAGR.One estimate forecasts AIaaS reaching$278bn by 2031.8 Quantum Computing is coming next to allow the processing

51、 of even bigger data sets at higher speeds and lower costs.One of quantums use cases is to accelerate machine learning and AI further,as detailed in our Quantum Computing report.Change is unlikely to slow.There are many opportunities to use AI to solve problems across multiple domains(eg health,educ

52、ation,finance,science)but the point here is AI innovation will continue to advance and impact human skillsets.This innovation wave is taking us towards AGI(Artificial General Intelligence the point at which AI exceeds humans across a wide range of cognitive tasks)and ASI(Artificial Super Intelligenc

53、e).We can debate the cross-over points,but they are coming.Even before ChatGPT,VC capital into AI was up 100-fold in the decade to 2011.Now AI is the top category for VC investment with new innovations coming in multi-modality(ie being able to use AI across multiple areas at the same time,such as la

54、nguage,vision and movement needed in autonomous cars),reasoning and memory.6 https:/www.mi-.au/19-11-2023/sam-altman-openai-ceo-fired-lying-his-board-and-who-may-soon-return-says-ai-will-reduce#:text=%22My%20whole%20view%20of%20the,else%20we%20want%20to%20do.77https:/ 8https:/ Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Glob

55、al Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 12 Figure 5.Innovation towards AGI Source:Citi Global Insights Figure 5 highlights that AI is not new,and has had a slow build,including two AI winters.Amaras law is often used for technology innovations.In the 1960s Stanford computer scientist Roy A

56、mara commented that“we overestimate the impact of technology in the short-term and underestimate the effect in the long run.”9 AI has been building and layering towards the sharp acceleration in capability we are seeing today.It appears we are already in Amaras long run period.One certainty is AI wi

57、ll cause a lot of disruption to the world or work and skills.We detailed this in our Boom vs Doom report,including our work with the Oxford Martin School in this area over the last decade.Figure 6 provides an additional view of the extent of skills disruption predicted due to GenAI.Note,this follows

58、 LinkedIns estimates that 25%of skills requirements have already changed since 2015.10 If human skills take time to build and disruption is coming,knowing where the skill puck is heading is vital.9 https:/ 10 https:/ 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 13 Figure 6.GAI

59、s expected effect on LinkedIn members skills,globally Source:LinkedIn Economic Graph Research Institute A final thought on change and the long run,or at least your long run.Figure 4&5 above on the continued progress being made by computers contrasts with a reality of life for humans acquiring new sk

60、ills takes time,but they also degrade.If your chosen career is to be a sprinter,your peak performance is aged 20-27.Statistically speaking its downhill after that.Scientists and writers(both in the knowledge worker category)peak in their 30s and 40-55 respectively.11 Recognizing the risk of decline,

61、the mandatory retirement age for air traffic controllers in the US is 56.Given the decline curves illustrated in Figure 7,one should be aware of both the skills where humans will continue to exceed computers(ie DHS)and the skills that are more durable over ones life.Figure 7.Skills Performance Level

62、s Source:Citi Global Insights 11 Sedmak,S.,2023.Arthur Brooks(2022).From Strength to Strength.Nueva York:Penguin Books.Nuevas Tendencias,(109),pp.39-39.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 14 Competitive Advantage Computer vs Humans The focus of this report is on D

63、urable Human Skills,as discussed in the next 5 Chapters.However,below are examples of areas(attributes/skills/functions)in which computers(including AI)are already,or will eventually,exceed humans.Processing Power Computers Win The worlds most advanced computers are already on par with human brains

64、and are only going to get better.As amazing as the human brain is,brain sizes have reduced over the last 3000 years12.Computers on the other hand have been following an extraordinary rate of progression,driven by Moores law.Apples iPhone 12,for example.is estimated to be 5,000 times faster than the

65、most powerful computer from 1985(CRAY-2,built by the US Defense and Energy Departments)and 900 million times faster than the Apollo 11 guidance computer.13 The progress in AI is even faster than Moores law.Elon Musk recently noted“Ive never seen any technology advance faster than this,the AI compute

66、 coming online appears to be increasing by a factor of 10 x every 6 months.”14 The exponential growth in machine intelligence means it will far surpass human processing power.Figure 8.Moores law:The number of transistors per microprocessor Source:Karl Rupp,Microprocessor Trend Data(2022)12 https:/ 1

67、3 https:/ https:/ 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 15 Data Computers Win Computers already have superhuman powers of dealing with data.LLMs are trained on trillions of parameters.AI has historically excelled at quantifiable,structured,repetitive tasks,such as deali

68、ng with large data sets and mathematics.Now this has moved to unstructured data(such as language)and to self-learning.For example,computers now win every game they have played.Speed Computers Win Human brains can run 1 mathematical operation per second versus the fastest computers,which can do one q

69、uintillion calculations at the same time(thats 1,000,000,000,000,000,000).15 No contest.Humans also cannot compete with the speed of information retrieval and our storage process is slower than our experience of the real world.Endurance Computers Win Almost every company will tell you that their hum

70、an capital is their most important resource,but humans do come with endurance issues:they need breaks,sleep and holidays.Sometimes they arrive late,are sick,join collective bargaining unions,have issues sustaining performance,or cause reputational harm.At some point,humans quit.Unless the plug is pu

71、lled,computers are on 24/7/365.A derivative of endurance is AI bots will have unlimited patience and attention spans when interacting with humans.Access Computers Win In addition to access to all the information available on the internet,AI now does not need pre-labelled data to feed and train LLMs.

72、The next areas for training include all video content available,simulated data,synthetic data,robot data,and new forms of data coming from better sensors(see our recent Quantum Sensing report).There is a difference between access to information and useful knowledge or actionable insights,but AI is a

73、lso increasingly capable at using this information.Memory Computers Win Databases have superhuman memory.One of the most cited papers on human memory is by Miller(1956)who found humans can repeat back a list of no more than 7 randomly ordered items,such as digits or words16.Another paper finds a you

74、ng adults working memory store is just 3-5 meaningful items.17 While there is not agreement on the limits of human long-term memory,distortions happen,we forget things to free up memory capacity and our memory declines with age.15 https:/ Miller,G.A.,1956.The magical number seven,plus or minus two:S

75、ome limits on our capacity for processing information.Psychological review,63(2),p.81.17 https:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864034/Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 16 Knowledge Sharing Computers Win One of the most challenging issues for humans is how

76、 long it takes us to assimilate new knowledge and skills.The 10,000 hours thesis is often used on the path to mastery in a subject.Computers on the other hand can learn from each other and benefit from the cumulative knowledge of previous computers.Take autonomous vehicles for example.One self-drivi

77、ng company drove its first 1m miles in AVs in 12 months,the next million in 3 months,the next 1m in 1 month.18 Humans on average may drive a million miles in a lifetime.But in addition,new AVs get born with the accumulated knowledge of all the cars that have gone before them.Cloud computing has help

78、ed this networked effect for computers,so information can be multiplied many times and is not lost.Metcalfs law is apt here,with the value of a network multiplying as the network grows.The ability to share information across computers also allows them to stay up to date with new information at the s

79、ame time.Using the AV example,if traffic rules change(such as speed limits)all AVs can know this simultaneously.The number of connected devices in the world already exceeded the number of people in the world by 2019.Many of these are in constant communication,and given the addition of AI,M2M(Machine

80、-to-Machine)communication will exceed H2H(Human-to-Human)communication.It is estimated by 2023 there will be c.30bn connected devices19.Computers can already deal with the tsunami of content and information overload better than humans.A next stage is they will also be better at evaluating what is AI

81、 generated content,via watermark that will not be seen by the human eye.Upgradable Computers Win We have become used to software being updated to add new features or improvements,such as automatic updates to iPhone Operating Systems.This is a change versus old hardware systems that had to be replace

82、d.Unfortunately,humans dont have this ability to upgrade(yet).Bias Computers Could Win Understandably there is significant concern currently that computers/AI can be biased.However often this is due to the datasets which it ingests.These datasets have usually come from human content,which is biased,

83、and AI can amplify this bias.The Nobel prize winning Daniel Kahneman highlighted that humans are biased and make systemic errors.His Thinking Fast work highlights people use mental shortcuts to make decisions,often based on preconceived ideas.While there is much work to be done to make computer deci

84、sions as robust as possible,computers process data more reliably and objectively than humans.Human-in-the-loop judgement and accountability will remain,but AI will be used to identify human bias in decision making.Regulators will likely mandate transparency and explicability for machines at a higher

85、 level than we do for 1818 WATCH:Is This a Watershed Moment for Driverless Cars?:Is This a Watershed Moment for Driverless Cars?19 Number of Internet of Things(IoT)connected devices worldwide from 2019 to 2023,with forecasts from 2022 to 2030(in billions)May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspective

86、s&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 17 human decision makers.Via an iterative process on this important subject,it is possible we think more deeply about and correct algorithmic bias to improve outcomes.Multi-tasking Computers Will Win Today humans win at several simple muti-tasking areas.Human drivers for e

87、xample take 67 hours on average to pass a driving test.20 However,computers are catching up fast and will likely exceed us.Their ability to do so in data domains is obvious and they can also now do so in vision tasks.GenAI has extended this into language.The next phase of AI is Large Action Models t

88、o carry out tasks via APIs.Embodied AI,in which AI will link to robots to carry out tasks,is also gaining traction.Autonomous Vehicles(AVs)can already do this,combining moving,vision,real time navigation,language,safety and maintenance checks.Part of the reason AVs will grow is to reduce human error

89、.One of the causes of human error while driving is being distracted by doing other things,such as the use of mobile phones.Research has shown that human error rates rise when multi-tasking,for example in healthcare,aviation or business.21 Now that multi-modal AI is growing,the ability of computers t

90、o multi-task will likely exceed that of humans.Cost Computers Win Due to Moores law,the price performance of computation has fallen significantly.According to Ray Kurzweil,the power of computers per dollar spent has increased 20-quadrillion fold since 1939,as shown in Figure 9 below.22 While there i

91、s some concern over the sustainability of Moores law going forward,Quantum Computing is coming next to continue the capability of computing at lower costs.In contrast to rapid cost reductions(versus capability)in computer software and hardware,human wages tend to rise in line with inflation.In addit

92、ion,the cost of distributing digital products across the internet(such as music,film or software)is almost zero.The cost and time taken to move people is much higher.20 https:/ 21 https:/www.wisconsinacep.org/resources/LLSA%20Articles/2018 22 https:/ Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions M

93、ay 2024 2024 Citigroup 18 Figure 9.Best achieved price-performance in computations per second per constant 2023 dollar Source:Ray Kurzweil Weak Competition and Comparative Advantage Clearly there are many offsets to a Panglossian view of AI and many reasons why technological advances could slow.Thes

94、e include the capital taps helping fuel innovation being turned off if the economics of AI prove elusive or underwhelming,similar to the TMT boom and bust seen around 2000.And AI implementation and integration challenges within firms are likely;as highlighted in our Unleashing AI report last year.We

95、 already have an AI talent shortage;regulations,governance requirements and liabilities will rise;and worker resistance and backlash could occur if AI does include significant job substitution.AI also cannot replicate many areas humans value.There is a poignant moment in the Oscar winning film Good

96、Will Hunting where the psychologist,played by Robin Williams,is sitting with the young math genius,played by Matt Damon.Williams tells Damon that he knows everything and nothing.He knows the theory and appearance of many things he has read in books,but they are not born out of his own experiences.He

97、 has not felt what it is to see amazing places,or listen to live music,or fall in love.The film first aired in 1997,but this distinction may be apt between AI and Humans ahead.Real human connections and experiences matter.1997 is more famous for the historic moment when a computer called Big Blue be

98、at the world chess champion Garry Kasparov.Kasparov noted afterwards that human chess players had entered an era of weak competition in which computers were only going to get better and better.Since then,the highest human chess rating stands at 2882 versus the highest computer rating,Stockfish,at 36

99、34.23 Stockfish is also free and open source.We are currently in a period of weak competition for Generative AI in particular,and AI in general.AIs capabilities will continue to advance and take on more tasks currently carried about by humans.These phases include:human-first,assisted by machines;AI-

100、assisted in which humans are augmented;and AI-first with rising autonomy and reduced human oversight.AI is often likened today to having a smart intern or assistant.Each year that passes the AI intern is going to get smarter and do more.23 https:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)May 2024 Citi

101、GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 19 The Father of Economics Adam Smith long ago highlighted the advantages of the division of labour in which people specialized in certain occupations and skills.The same has been true since the industrial revolution between human capital ver

102、sus physical capital.The same will be true of human capital versus AI in this current cognitive industrial revolution.Understanding the areas humans will hold a comparative advantage versus AI is vital for people,companies,educational institutions,policy makers and societies.To aid our understanding

103、 we turn to informed experts for their views on Durable Human Skills.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 20 Expert Views on the Skills of the Future In this chapter we asked informed experts for their thoughts on the skills of the future.One aim was diversity of t

104、hought and,as such,we pool expertise from a huge variety of perspectives.These include Talent Management;Education(School,University,Corporate L&D),Government,Consulting,Economics,Finance,Healthcare,Journalism,Law,Technology,and Sport.The majority of contributors are also authors.While several are n

105、ow working in AI related areas,often they also have had non-AI backgrounds to help provide informed perspective.We thank them for their contributions and hope readers will benefit from their insights.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 21 What work skills do you t

106、hink will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?The AI/talent contract 2025 across industries is for this human-machine collaboration to enhance productivity in which AI compliments(rather than replaces)humans.AI represents the digital talent assistant of our

107、dreams,taking on the dull repetitive tasks and promising us better-if different-jobs.Today,that means skills that are additive to the current capabilities of AI are adaptability,critical thinking,EQ,cultural sensitivity,bias mitigation,ethics,digital literacy,and creativity.But thats today.Skip forw

108、ard 5 years and all teams have embedded AI as colleagues.Human-AI collaboration is the norm.In this scenario,we can predict that EQ,creativity and ethics will have a premium.But the watch out is that these are not uniquely human skills.And while evolutionary shifts in our brain biology takes thousan

109、ds of years,AI innovation works at warp speed.Skip forward 10 years and we should assume AIs creativity,ethics and strategic skill set will be well beyond our imagination today.So what skills might be critical as we look to our AI infused future?Firstly,agile talent that can do the things that AI an

110、d APIs cannot do will be most in demand:such as the ability to collaborate across silos,think creatively about how to combine technologies and navigate the social dynamics at pace.Secondly,everyone will need to master the art of reinvention:becoming learning ninjas able to pivot from skill to skill

111、in response to changing industry demands.Learning to learn will be your competitive edge in a skills market where machines just do everything better.Thirdly,the idea of digital as a thing will seem archaic.As the futurist and entrepreneur Peter Hinssen says,“Your kids dont talk about a digital camer

112、a,its just a camera”.In turn in 5 years we will not live in a digital world,its just how the world is.Only in a zombie universe would digital literacy not be viewed as the most basic cost of entry.We will also see an upsurge in the value placed on the unconventional mind:people who generate novel id

113、eas,see around corners,and challenge orthodoxies.No more talk of culture fit.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?Demand that your board and executive team are AI literate,operate hyper-sonically fast,challenge every analogue norm about your organizational and business model,are

114、 not Western-first in their thinking,and have a mix of minds under 40.Move quickly adopt an experimentation culture as fast as you can.Normalize fail,learn,test and iterate even in regulated industries.Youll need to be thinking about your next operating model even as you bring new products and servi

115、ces to market.Get great at leading transformation as just the new every day.Change your mind about what talent looks like.Leading talent will not just be about leading other human beings very soon,but about sourcing the right embedded AI talents and making the hybrid work.The brain treats certainty,

116、autonomy,relationships,equity and status as powerful drivers of reward and threat,while AI does not.So we must change the story of AI from one of threat to opportunity.Leaders that help others thrive,be resilient,and gain energy in this world of constant change,will be prized.This includes creating

117、more certainty for people,greater agency over our lives,more time for people and relationships,meritocracy in the system and better,more interesting work for all.Alison Tisdall CEO Mind3 Ali Tisdall is CEO at Mind3,where she co-creates custom leadership development experiences for senior executive l

118、eaders and teams.She has run leadership and coaching programs in over 65 countries worldwide,with thousands of senior leaders over her career.Ali formerly co-led Europe for Pivot Leadership,and prior worked in Strategy consulting and in a global operational role at Korn Ferry.Ali is a published thin

119、ker and frequent speaker on applied neuroscience to high performance and,is a Fellow at the Institute of Coaching at McLean hospital,Harvard Medical School.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 22 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as A

120、rtificial Intelligence continues to advance?How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?Using new technologies well in education is hard:indeed there is a long sad history of failed education innovations over many decades,many of which tried to short-circuit the long slow process of ma

121、king young humans acquire knowledge.Understanding this is crucial to thinking sensibly about AI and the future of education.The key relevant insight from cognitive science is that there is no meaningful human thought without knowledge:we can only think with what we know.This is because the working m

122、emory that holds novel information and unfamiliar ideas is severely limited.To think critically we must draw on knowledge we hold in long-term memory.The shiny tinsel lure of jumping to teaching critical thinking is attractive but inherently flawed.Experts often fall for this idea because they have

123、deeply internalized all their accumulated knowledge and draw on it so effortlessly that it feels like applying common sense,or generic critical thinking.Saying that we should be teaching kids to write AI prompts is uncomfortably close to saying the kids can google it so they dont need to learn all t

124、hat boring stuff.To make the most of future human potential,including making young people the best users and stewards of AI and its attendant risks,educating them well matters as much or more than ever.Young people should continue to build a rich and extensive body of knowledge,starting from first p

125、rinciples.High levels of literacy,mathematics and broad general knowledge will still matter,although of course the areas of emphasis will continue to evolve.Current school curricula are different from those of 150 years ago:children learn less botany,less geometry,less arithmetic but more hard scien

126、ce,more statistics and coding.The best educated young people will make the best prompt engineers.The study of human psychology also shows us that that achievement contributes to building self-esteem(more than the other way around);humans are generally happier in well-developed social structures with

127、 plenty of interaction with family,friends and co-workers;the young(and the burgeoning numbers of old people)need lots of good human care;and direct instruction by adult humans is the most powerful mechanism yet discovered both to build childrens knowledge and to motivate them to learn the things th

128、ey are not intrinsically motivated to learn(such as mathematics,which hardly any children will induce without formal teaching).Actual schools and colleges will continue to have an important place in society.Building on childrens creative potential will also continue to be important:not just for huma

129、n advancement but also for individual fulfilment:creating,making and mending can be satisfying activities that fulfil a deep human need in a highly automated world.In England it is unfortunate that the practical strands of school education(other than the visual arts)have been in steady decline for m

130、ore than 25 years.Post-compulsory education will also evolve but will still need to balance immediate utility with broader knowledge-building.Those who are trained too narrowly in specific domains or tools can be left high and dry when those narrow specialisms are superseded.Those who have built wid

131、er expertise are more creative and better able to adapt to future evolutions of technology and society.Caring occupations and teaching will also evolve,ideally to maximize high-quality human interaction,using advancing technology to streamline the other activities that absorb much time in healthcare

132、,education and social care.Amanda Spielman Served as His Majestys Chief Inspector,Ofsted Amanda Spielman was Ofsted Chief Inspector of Education,Childrens Services and Skills from 2017 to 2023,where she introduced the first fully evidence-based education inspection framework.She was previously chair

133、 of the exam regulator Ofqual from 2011 to 2016,and part of the founding management team at the multi-academy trust Ark Schools.In an earlier life she worked in mergers and acquisitions at Kleinwort Benson,strategy consulting(Mercer Management Consulting)and private equity(Nomura Principal Finance).

134、She is now a Visiting Professor in Practice at the London School of Economics in its Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation,and a trustee of the Victoria&Albert Museum.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 23 What work skills do you think will be most important

135、or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?We are too busy,too distracted and too complacent to be taking AI seriously.I have worked much of my life in schools,and that is where we must start to address the problem.But we are still educating our young people for the twentieth centur

136、y.This needs urgently to change.At present our schools:Focus too much on passive learning and encouraging students to give the right answer at the right time and in the right way.The system wants young people to behave in a predictable manner,more like machines than humans.We need to be placing far

137、greater stress upon independence and originality of thought and action.Schools often do not have much space,opportunity,or time for students to develop their own opinions and ideas.What schools want is for students to do what theyre told and to and behave in the approved manner.There is very little

138、stress on agency,or the need for agency and creativity.Exams dominate schools in Britain(and abroad)totally.They are responsible for the way the school calendar,curriculum and culture is rolled out.But exams test only a very narrow range of cognitive skills.They allow little space for the four types

139、 of character virtues they will need in the world of AI-the intellectual,performance,moral and civic-as championed by the world-leading Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues at the University of Birmingham.Schools as currently formatted,together with unlimited social media,are actively contributi

140、ng to the mental health epidemic among young people.The best schools teach the skills of well-being and resilience which will be needed more than ever in the world of AI.Finally,schools have very little space for the nurturing of young peoples heart and hands.Their focus is almost entirely on the he

141、ad,to the detriment of the other two.In the world of AI,we need people to be more fully human,which means nurturing and valuing the heart,which machines will never possess,and developing skills with the hand,which are increasingly seen by researchers as integral to rounded human beings.What action i

142、s required?This is the easier part.What we need to do is for those with influence across technology,business,politics,the media,finance,law and education to help government smell the silicon.Stop promulgating 19th century education.Raise the eyes to what is happening in Britain and abroad.21st centu

143、ry schools are popping up all over the world,as our“AI in Education website and initiative describes.They are focused on developing agency,creativity,resilience,empathy,entrepreneurship,wellbeing and the four-character strengths.There is no time to lose.Sir Anthony Seldon Head of Epsom College Sir A

144、nthony Seldon is one of Britains leading contemporary historians,educationalists,commentators and political authors.He has been a transformative Head of Brighton College,Wellington College and Epsom College,as well as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Buckingham.Anthony is author or editor of ove

145、r 45 books,has been Director of the Institute for Contemporary British History,honorary historical adviser to 10 Downing Street for ten years,the UKs Special Representative for Education to Saudi Arabia,Deputy Chair of The Times Education Commission,is a director of the Royal Shakespeare Company,and

146、 is the President of IPEN,(International Positive Education Network).He is patron or on the board of several charities.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 24 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to a

147、dvance?In the short term(ie the next few years),the most important skill for white collar workers will be versatility with Generative AI.The AI systems we currently have and that we will have in the near future are making workers far more productive.The flipside is that these technologies are deskil

148、ling they reduce the market value of human capital.In the medium to long term,I expect that AI systems will outperform human workers in all cognitive functions,including jobs that require creativity and emotional skills.There is quite a bit of uncertainty about the timing.The leaders of frontier AI

149、labs expect this to happen within the next 2 to 5 years,but it could take a couple of years longer.Robotics wont be far behind in automating the physical functions performed by workers.Ultimately,I am afraid that human capital will become the greatest legacy asset in history.This will be most painfu

150、l for those who have taken out loans to pay for the acquisition of human capital.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?For the next few years,make sure to keep up to date on advances in AI so that you can“ride the wave.”But the wave is cresting and will eventually break.At that p

151、oint,the market value of education may decline significantly.The period of“skill-biased technological change”that we have experienced over the past half-century may be over,and the associated mantra that everyone needs more education may be a dead end.The following analogy might be useful:if you wer

152、e born 200 years ago,acquiring physical strength made you a more valuable worker.Since then,mechanization has greatly diminished the value of physical strength in the workplace.Just like the legendary John Henry succumbed to the relentless efficiency of the steam-powered drill,white-collar workers w

153、ill find their value in the workplace diminished,except it will happen much faster.People,companies,and policymakers are woefully unprepared for the coming transformation.If we want humanity and democracy to continue to thrive in a world in which AI and robots can perform cognitive and physical work

154、 more efficiently than humans,we must fundamentally rethink the role of work and the structure of our economic system.Rather than engaging in a pointless zero-sum game of trying to“outrun”the machines by acquiring greater skills,we need to invest in research and governance efforts to align our ever

155、more skilled AI systems with human values.Simultaneously,we must update our economic system to ensure the benefits of AI are widely shared and we must act now.Professor Anton Korinek,University of Virginia and Darden School of Business Anton is a David M.Rubenstein Fellow at the Brookings Institutio

156、n,a Professor at the University of Virginia,Department of Economics and Darden School of Business as well as a Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research(NBER),a Research Fellow at the CEPR and the Economics of AI Lead at the Centre for the Governance of AI.Anton is also an edito

157、r of the Oxford Handbook of AI Governance.He received his PhD from Columbia University in 2007 after several years of work experience in the IT and financial sectors.He has also worked at Johns Hopkins and at the University of Maryland and has been a visiting scholar at Harvard University,the World

158、Bank,the IMF,the BIS and numerous central banks.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 25 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?As AI advances,we should assume that humans will have access to

159、increasingly capable cognitive assistants that can undertake tasks for us.These agents may be more or less reliable,accurate and comprehensive.And like humans,they will not be free of bias,distortions,errors,etc.Given that any task a human gives them will be bound by that persons personal capabiliti

160、es and subjective experience,results from such systems will reflect that coloring.We need to be able to frame our needs in ways that can be delegated to such systems.We need to evaluate the results of that delegation.There is a portfolio of skills that need to be developed to do that:Problem-solving

161、:The portfolio of skills required to identify,understand,and frame a range of different problems and critically evaluate the results Analysis and logical thinking How to frame a problem and break it into component parts and suitable outcomes?This includes logic,computational thinking and other probl

162、em-solving approaches.Critical thinking and textual analysis Can you critically evaluate an output for logical inconsistencies,bad claims to factual inaccuracies?Quantitative and statistical skills Are you able to address quantitative questions as well as qualitative ones?Creative thinking Are you a

163、ble to think creatively to expand the range of possibilities the AI tools you use might explore?Communication,collaboration,and judgement skills:Are you able to work with AI systems and engage in human-machine collaboration?Machine understanding Do you understand the capabilities,limitations,and mec

164、hanisms of the AI tools you are using?Collaboration Can you productively collaborate across human and human-machine teams?Judgement Do you exercise good judgement in your use of the tools,including considering ethical implications?Metacognition and learning-to-learn:Are you able to evaluate your thi

165、nking style and the cognitive style of the systems you are using to adjust your behavior?Can you develop new skills to work with more capable systems?Are you able to identify gaps in your knowledge,either skills or domain expertise,that you need to fill to use these tools well?How should these be ta

166、ught?There is no rulebook for using AI tools right now.No manual,no best practice.The best approach is one of praxis,which is the practical application of your skills in a reflective manner.Use the tools.Reflect on how well they worked.Change you approach.Share your knowledge.Ask your peers to do th

167、e same.A similar methodology could be used for our education systems.But in parallel,the system should be designed so that the subset of skills related to problem-solving,communication and collaboration,and metacognition are specific learning outcomes for school curricula and the exams that evaluate

168、 them.Azeem Azhar Founder Exponential View Azeem Azhar,founder of Exponential View,executive fellow at Harvard Business School,Co-Chair of the WEFs Global Futures Council on Complex R Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 26 What work skills do you think will be mos

169、t important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?As Artificial Intelligence(AI)progresses,certain human skills that AI cannot easily replicate will become crucial.These include:Critical Thinking:Ability to tackle complex and ambiguous problems that AI cannot.Creativity:Human c

170、reativity remains vital in innovation,design,and content creation.Emotional Intelligence:Understanding emotions and social nuances,crucial for roles that require human interaction.Adaptability:A continuous willingness to learn and evolve will keep individuals competitive.Data Literacy:Essential for

171、data-driven decision-making in an increasingly data-centric world.Cybersecurity:With growing reliance on AI,protecting AI systems and data becomes critical.Leadership and Management:Effective leadership is required to inspire teams,set strategies,and motivate.How can we best prepare for the skills y

172、ou describe above?Traditional educational systems often emphasize memorization and fact regurgitation to measure academic achievement which falls short in preparing individuals for modern demands.To better prepare for the workforce:Revise Testing Methods:Shift towards exams that prioritize critical

173、thinking,analysis,and problem-solving.Implementing open-book exams can mirror real-world conditions where information is readily available,and the focus is on effective resource utilization.Enhance Soft Skills Training:Build essential soft skills through classroom and extracurricular activities.Proj

174、ect-based assessments and presentations that require research,planning,collaboration,and solution presentation can foster these skills.Follow Global Best Practices:Emulate successful strategies from countries like Singapore,the UAE,and Finland,which have implemented initiatives to equip their popula

175、tions with the skills needed to thrive in an AI-driven world,which emphasizes lifelong learning and collaboration between government,academia,and industry.Charterhouses award-winning FutureU programme exemplifies these principles by integrating a focus on transferable skills and personal branding in

176、to the curriculum.This approach prepares students for an AI-driven world through dynamic and interactive activities,equipping them with the tools needed to thrive in a technologically advanced society.Belinda Sartori,Head of Futures,Charterhouse Head of the Futures department at Charterhouse school,

177、responsible for our Higher Education,Careers and FutureU programmes.Joined Charterhouse in 2018 as Head of Careers,winning the 2022 Independent School of the Year award for Best Student Careers Programme.Prior to this,Belinda spent 15 years in Investment Banking for NatWest Markets,Deutsche Bank and

178、 then Goldman Sachs,working as an Executive Director in the European Equity Telecoms team.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 27 Below is an edited version of a conversation between Bill,Christie and Citi in May 2024.The full video can be found here.What work skil

179、ls do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Theres not a single answer to the question because it depends on the business context,but the skills gap and skill scarcity is costing the global economy$85 billion a year.Three out of four employers s

180、ay they dont have the right skills to execute on their business strategy.AI competency obviously is a significant skill need knowledge of AI,how to use it and in what context to use it.A key AI skill will be defining and structuring a problem,as consultants do.That does not just mean using tools or

181、a playbook,but problem solving and critical thinking.Leaders also need to be insatiably curious and have contextual knowledge in the age of AI.Leadership increasingly is managing a distributed workforce.There are four expectations of employees today of leaders around power skills:1.making sure that

182、they are creating and living to the purpose and values that they espouse in the marketplace;2.agency,giving employees the ability to work when and where they want to on their own terms;3.wellness,including mental health;4.connection.People skills and emotionally intelligent leadership has never been

183、 more important.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?We need to reskill at a faster pace than has been taking place.This means companies stepping back and examining what skills they have today,what skills they need in the future and how do they fill the gaps.This is not as perva

184、sive in companies today as it needs to be.AI based tools can help with this process as we move to a skills-based economy.Redeployment of existing employees rather than bringing new employees requires organisations to know what your employees can do and upskilling them.But this has to be cost effecti

185、ve for organisations and wanted by employees.Related,the structure of work today includes more pressures to get work done.People are ripping through a to do list at pace which leaves them less time to actually spend on developing and teaching their people.We need to create time.In our pursuit of sel

186、f-paced learning we are in danger of making people more like machines and we have lost part of our thinking skills.There is also a concern that we ask machines to do lower end work tasks that make up parts of apprenticeship.It is a necessity that people have gone through the ability to think critica

187、lly about issues to solve problems and take on leadership roles.The role of leaders and CEOs has shifted dramatically since the pandemic and AI may extend this.In addition to more employee choice,we have seen a massive erosion in trust in the institutions,as shown by both Gallop and Edelman.More dis

188、tributed work includes less in person time together,less formal structured time together,and more quasi vendor like relationships.It is easy to go to an economic exchange at work,not a social exchange.However,the very thing that was supposed to give us meaning outside of our core relationships of ho

189、me and family has eroded.We must repair the social fabric at work.Bill Schaninger,PhD Modern Executive Solutions Bill specializes in advising senior executives on how to strengthen their business performance through enhanced culture,values,and talent.Previously,Bill spent 23 years at McKinsey&Compan

190、y where he was a Senior Partner Emeritus,led the Global Talent Practice and was the Global Knowledge Leader of the Org Practice.Bill is an international speaker,author,and thought leader on the future of work including contributions to Forbes,Fortune,Economist,BBC,Harvard Business Review,and Axios.H

191、is book,Power to the Middle,provides actionable insights for leaders to empower and develop their most valuable asset.Bill holds a BA,MBA,MS and PHD.Christie Smith,PhD Modern Executive Solutions Christie leads Moderns Integrated Solutions Business.Previously Christie was a member of the Global Manag

192、ement Team at Accenture where she was the Global Leader of the Talent&Organization Practice that focused on serving clients on issues of leadership&culture.Before joining Accenture,Christie was the Chief Diversity Officer at Apple and prior to Apple,she was a Managing Principal at Deloitte,LLP.Chris

193、tie is a frequently speaker on leadership and talent and has been covered by The NY Times,WS Journal,Harvard Business Review,Fortune,Forbes,and CNN.Christie has a PhD in Industrial Organizational Psychology.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 28 What work skills d

194、o you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Lets break skills into three broad categories a)foundational,b)leadership and managerial skills/attributes,and c)role-specific/technical.Looking forward,a strong foundation in philosophy,history,literature

195、,critical and systems thinking,and the natural sciences will lay the groundwork for success in many future endeavors.This has always been the case but will become more important as our lives become increasingly intertwined with AI.These areas of knowledge help us to synthesize and contextualize the

196、output of AI.As it relates to core leadership/managerial skills/attributes,these tend to be durable across a range of professional roles and tend to be better indicators of future success than head knowledge alone.Given this one might consider hiring for and cultivating these types of skills/attribu

197、tes more prominently in the future.As it relates to role-based technical skills,the impact of Generative AI will vary.Fields such as writing,research,data analysis,or programming are being dramatically impacted,which change the types of skills needed for these roles.For example,if one begins to writ

198、e code via natural language,you may not need as much technical/programming skills,however youll still be required to understand the accuracy and utility of the code you write.One must consider all three types of skills/attributes in the context of the role for which you are hiring.How can we best pr

199、epare for the skills you describe above?I am surprised by how leadership/managerial skills are either categorized as soft and/or are thought to magically manifest in an individual as they progress through their career.“Soft”still denotes less important,not directly correlated to customer delight and

200、 bottom-line results.Its a very old way of thinking.Leadership/managerial skills and attributes must be cultivated deliberately.They are hard to acquire and maintain.We should treat these skills accordingly,approaching them with the same level of reverence and rigor as any hard skill.Acquiring the c

201、ore liberal arts skills mentioned previously is also a lifelong pursuit there is no quick path to acquiring these perspectives.My general advice is zoom out,introduce new learning methods and topics into your repertoire,and be suspicious of what you deem conventional wisdom.Cameron Hedrick Head of L

202、earning Citi Cameron serves as the Head of Learning&Culture for Citi,based in New York City.His current responsibilities include enterprise learning programming and technology,and culture philosophy,strategy,and measurement.Cameron also sits on Citis HR Operating Committee.Prior roles include Citis

203、Head of Performance Management,and Sr Human Resource Officer roles for Citis Global Commercial,and US Consumer Banks.Prior to his twenty-year Citi tenure,he held various leadership positions at Fidelity Investments in Boston,Massachusetts May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024

204、 Citigroup 29 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?The short answer is the things that AI is not very good at.One such domain is in-person communication.As chatbots continue to improve,the ability to communicate effectively

205、face-to-face will emerge as a highly prized skill in numerous roles,including management,professional services,and customer engagement.Individuals who excel at creating a compelling physical presence and building personal connections,thereby inspiring and persuading others,will thrive in the AI era.

206、Another domain is creativity.While AI systems are adept at remixing and reassembling music or text based on given prompts,their capacity for creativity has limits.For example,blending the styles of Mozart and Schubert through AI doesnt yield compositions that echo the distinctiveness of Arvo Prt.Sim

207、ilarly,training an algorithm on a database of impressionist art doesnt result in the creation of conceptual art.Consider Marcel Duchamps Fountaina urinal from a plumbing supply store turned art objectas a case in point.The genesis of Duchamps revolutionary idea didnt come from an analysis of impress

208、ionist art;it was sparked by his observations of the real world.Moreover,the reward functions driving such breakthroughs remain elusive.AI shines in contexts with clear goals,like games where success metrics are easily defined.But when it comes to doing something genuinely new,what do you maximize f

209、or?AIs ability to generate Shakespeare-like texts relies on Shakespeares pre-existing works.Impressive as it may look,it is not very novel.Finally,as Hans Moravec observed in 1988,computers can easily match or surpass adults in intelligence tests or games like checkers but endowing them with the per

210、ceptual or mobility abilities of a one-year-old proves to be much more challenging.This is still true today,meaning that humans still hold the comparative advantage in many manual tasks done in unstructured environment.Cleaners and plumbers,for example,will still be needed in the future.How can we b

211、est prepare for the skills you describe above?I think we need to change the ways in which we teach.The best way of fostering social and creative skills,for example,is through tutorial-style teaching where students write essays and discuss them.Classes can be watched online,at least when it comes to

212、teaching older students.In addition,we should think more about incentives for learning.Roland Fryers work,for example,focusing on schools,shows that financial rewards for students can lead to improved test scores,particularly when incentives are tied directly to specific actions or behaviors that co

213、ntribute to learning,such as reading books or attending class.But the design of such incentives is always highly context specific.Carl Benedikt Frey Dieter Schwarz Associate Professor of AI&Work at the Oxford Internet Institute and a Fellow of Mansfield College,University of Oxford Carl-Benedikt Fre

214、y is the Dieter Schwarz Associate Professor of AI&Work at the Oxford Internet Institute and a Fellow of Mansfield College,University of Oxford.He is also Director of the Future of Work Programme and Oxford Martin Citi Fellow at the Oxford Martin School.In 2013,Frey co-authored The Future of Employme

215、nt:How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerization.With over 12,000 citations,the studys methodology has been used by President Barack Obamas Council of Economic Advisors,the Bank of England,the World Bank,as well as the popular automation risk-prediction tool of the BBC.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspec

216、tives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 30 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Unlike tasks that can be automated or performed by AI,human skills involve a depth of understanding,intuition,emotional nuance,and adaptability

217、that are currently beyond the reach of machines.These human skills include:1.Emotional Intelligence:fundamental for building relationships,resolving conflicts,and fostering an inclusive work environment.2.Creativity:this skill includes innovative solutions,the unique ability to think abstractly and

218、envision what does not yet exist.3.Critical Thinking:this skill is crucial for strategic decision-making,problem-solving,and navigating ethical dilemmas.4.Adaptability:the skill that enables humans to adjust to new conditions,learn from experiences,and apply knowledge flexibly across different conte

219、xts.5.Interpersonal Skills:the ability to communicate,collaborate,and build relationships with others is a core human skill.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?The foundation for human skill is lifelong learning.This is not just a concept;its a necessity for staying relevant an

220、d fulfilled in a rapidly changing world.From the moment we start our education to the various stages of our careers,continuous learning helps us adapt,grow,and thrive.It includes adopting a proactive approach to personal development.Its about seeking out opportunities to learn new things,via both fo

221、rmal education and everyday experiences.Its about embracing change and viewing challenges as opportunities to learn and grow.This mindset enhances our career prospects and also enriches our personal lives,helping us navigate the complexities of modern living with resilience and empathy.Companies pla

222、y a crucial role in fostering lifelong learning.By investing in training programs that enhance human skills,organizations not only boost their competitiveness but also contribute to a more dynamic,innovative,and cohesive workplace culture.Encouraging a culture where learning and personal growth are

223、valued makes employees feel supported and valued,leading to better performance and job satisfaction.Educators,too,have a critical role in laying the groundwork for lifelong learning.Integrating human skills development into the curriculum from the early years ensures that students not only excel aca

224、demically but also develop the soft skills essential for success in life and work.Teaching methods that encourage collaboration,creativity,and critical thinking prepare students for the realities of the future job market and foster a love for learning that will stay with them for life.Policymakers c

225、an support lifelong learning by creating educational policies and frameworks that prioritize human skills development,ensuring that individuals are equipped to succeed in an AI-augmented world.Lifelong learning is a continuous form of personal upskilling and will be the key to harnessing our human p

226、otential in the age of AI.By continually developing our human skills,we not only enhance our employability and productivity but also deepen our understanding of ourselves and others,leading to more fulfilling lives and a more settled society.Chris Butt,Founder Cognisess and Yondur Chris Butt is the

227、founder behind Cognisess and Yondur,leading companies at the intersection of HR technology and education,powered by the proprietary AI engine,Deep Learn.Chris has dedicated his career to how we understand and optimize human potential in both the workplace and educational environments.Through the app

228、lication of Deep Learn,Cognisess offers unbiased,data-driven insights into cognitive abilities and behaviors,enabling more equitable talent assessment and management practices.This innovative approach ensures that talent is recognized and nurtured based on true potential,making strides toward a more

229、 inclusive and fair job market.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 31 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Several emerging technologies are becoming general purpose at the same time.We ca

230、n call these frontier technologies.These include AI,quantum computing,immersive technologies/metaverse,additive manufacturing,and the merging of computers and biological material.Alone each one represents a powerful force to transform many of our roles and functions.In combination,however,frontier t

231、echnologies have the power to completely transform our industries and our foundational layers such as governance,health,economics and society.This makes it extremely difficult to forecast with any accuracy the skills that we will require for such a technology-first world.What we can be more sure of

232、is that the education systems and skills that we have created and learnt for an industrialized world,coming out of the Industrial Revolution,are unlikely to be suitable in this new world.Roles that are heavily process-oriented,data driven or dependent on base level analytics are likely to be quickly

233、 surpassed by technology.Many creative roles,such as in the entertainment industries,are also highly susceptible.However,roles that require a combination of skills especially soft skills and those with a physical,relationship or trust element are likely to be more secure.But in an uncertain future,t

234、he most important skills will be adaptability and flexibility,at which fortunately human history has shown us to be adept.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?As these technologies become“smarter”and integrated into ever more aspects of our world and functions,there will likely

235、be two overlapping trends.The first is transformation,already underway,where our industries,companies,educational requirements and skills,will be transformed to hopefully better versions.The second will be disruption where the underlying foundations of our world and our functions are completely rewr

236、itten to be managed in a technology-first manner.Preparing for transformation is easier for us.Our education systems will need to instill in us greater flexibility and adaptability to be ready for an ever-changing world,and also the skills to operate with these new technologies.Our companies will ne

237、ed to work heavily on retaining their culture,increasing employee trust,promoting flexibility,and rapid training and retraining skills for roles that may disappear and appear.And our policymakers need to learn the new skill of resisting the temptation to rush in with regulations that attempt to pres

238、erve the present or direct a future,causing unintended consequences and more likely disruptions,rather than transforming and safeguarding it.Predicting and planning for the disruption process is much harder for us.However,the same skills of adaptability and flexibility coupled with the knowledge tha

239、t many things are likely to change,alongside actions to promote opportunities and mitigate threats,will give us the best chance for a sustainable,responsible,and better future world.Daniel Doll-Steinberg Cofounder&Partner EdenBase Daniel invests in the convergence of AI,Quantum Computing,Blockchain

240、and Immersive Tech that are rapidly becoming general purpose.He has specialized in disruptive technologies and change agency for 30 years.He has built disruptive tech startups,managed large-scale corporate change and advised governments and supranational organizations on policy and regula9on.His boo

241、k,Unsupervised(Wiley,13 September 2023),a Bloomberg Book of the Year focusses on the Cognitive Revolution that AI,Quantum Computing and other frontier technologies are triggering,their impacts on society and everything we know,and the need for everyone to act now.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspective

242、s&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 32 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Even before the recent wave of Generative AI,the conclusion from my book Head,Hand,Heart was that we may have already reached peak head.Over the las

243、t 40 years we have become a kind of monoculture that has accentuated one form of human aptitude cognitive ability.As a result,we may already be processing too many people through higher education.In the UK a third of graduates working 5 years after graduating are in non-grad jobs.Graduate pay premiu

244、m is dwindling to almost nothing for non-elite universities.In the 1970s 9%of school leavers went to university.Now nearly half go on to some form of higher education.The surge in supply of students is also coming from other countries.For example,China is graduating three times more students per yea

245、r than the US.Add in the rise of Artificial Intelligence and thinking jobs will increasingly be taken over by machines.AI will cut many white-collar jobs in the same way automation substituted for blue collar jobs.The areas of human comparative advantage will increasingly be in heart,or caring,roles

246、 where humans will prefer dealing with humans.These involve social skills,empathizing or managing people in the same room.The skill shift for several decades has been one way into head,over hand and heart,but this maybe about to go in reverse.In addition,a lot of hand and heart jobs cannot be export

247、ed.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?There are several implications if we are at peak head.We should improve alternative paths to tertiary education,such as apprenticeships,technical skills,or vocation courses.Accountants are now doing this.We also need to credentialise in ot

248、her ways.The sorting hat of higher education has created a treadmill and credential inflation.We dont need janitors with PHDs,or a quarter of higher education students to get a first,or 40%of jobs to be just for graduates.We do need more ways to assess peoples strengths and skills that dont require

249、doing a 34-year degree that is neither used nor retained much.We need to teach and recognize a diversity of aptitudes,to allow many little ladders up into success,not a single ladder based on passing cognitive tests.For example,a lot of people who have high IQ scores do not also have high social int

250、elligence scores.Schools should make sure heart and hand skills are taught alongside head,including arts,sports,creativity,and practical life skills such as emotional stability and wellbeing.Universities need to shift to be multi-versities that cater for lifelong learning,not for a fixed period of e

251、ducation then work.This will include multi-entry points along both age and skill spectrums,with more flexible,agile,short courses that business needs.Lastly but most importantly,we all need to better recognize and value heart and hand roles that computers cannot do.Recognition includes pay,condition

252、s,training and autonomy,but also in prestige and respect.So much of our politics,education policy,social policy,and economic policies have been based on the idea of this ever-expanding cognitive professional class.Change is coming and we need to recognize and value hand and heart roles more going fo

253、rward.David Goodhart,Head of Demography,Immigration&Integration,Policy Exchange David is a journalist,writer and thinker.He worked for the Financial Times for 12 years before setting up Prospect magazine in 1995.He has been involved with issues relating to equality and discrimination for 20 years.In

254、 his current role as Head of the Demography Unit at the Policy Exchange think tank he has contributed to most of the policy debates on race including cowriting a report Bittersweet Success,on ethnic minority people in elite jobs.In 2013 he published a book on race and immigration,The British Dream(r

255、unner up for the Orwell prize).His two most recent books are The Road to Somewhere:The New Tribes Shaping British Politics(2017)and Head,Hands,Heart:The Struggle for Dignity and Stats in the 21st Century(2020).May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 33 What work skill

256、s do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?AI is a real disruptor and will continue to shape our future.As Stanford adjunct professor and former Baidu scientist Andrew Ng said,“AI is the new electricity,expected to transform everything,just as e

257、lectricity did 100 years ago.”While it is challenging to predict the future accurately,AI will likely revolutionize every sector,transforming the work environment,the skills required,and organizations.At the foundation of globally successful professionals will remain core skills,including English an

258、d computer skills proficiency,project management,data and analytics,solid IT and digital skills,as well as AI literacy.As the pace of technological advancement accelerates,the ability to learn and pivot will be critical,with adaptability,continuous skilling-reskilling-upskilling at the epicenter of

259、personal and professional development.Further,for any professional to excel,the need to balance soft and hard skills will remain.Soft skills including communication,a customer-centric mentality,teamwork,problem-solving,critical thinking,and emotional intelligence will remain vital.For hard skills,in

260、 addition to the technical expertise that will continue to be required per job,quickly and effectively adopting cutting-edge AI tools will itself be a game changer.To remain competitive,professionals will need to invest in continuous learning and obtain certifications to substantiate their skills.Li

261、kewise,organizations that invest in the right talent and embrace global best practice frameworks for efficiency and growth will thrive.Professionals and organizations that leverage AI more effectively,innovatively,and swiftly will emerge as leaders.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe

262、 above?To effectively navigate the transformative impact of AI,stakeholders across various sectors must adopt specific,proactive strategies.The imperative for all is clear:remain vigilant and continuously adapt.Professionals need to embrace a mindset of flexibility and perpetual learning.They should

263、 focus on continuously developing and certifying their skills,improving their performance using all available tools including AI,and staying well-connected to secure early insights into emerging trends and technologies.Organizations must rigorously assess their current states and plan their digital

264、transformation journeys.This involves sourcing the right talent,investing significantly in learning and development,embracing innovation,and adopting global best practice frameworks to align with proven standards and enhance global competitiveness.Selecting the right AI tools,investing in appropriat

265、e technologies and methodologies,and continuously optimizing their processes are also critical steps.Academic institutions need to revolutionize both how and what they teach.Recent surveys indicate that approximately 50%of university graduates feel unprepared for the workplace,a sentiment echoed by

266、approximately 50%of hiring managers regarding graduate readiness.Academic institutions should frequently update their courses to match the job market needs,help students develop both hard and soft skills,recommend certifications that can serve as job openers,and more importantly,help students cultiv

267、ate the mentality that will ignite their future success.Eleni Nicolaides Chief Corporate Development Officer,PeopleCert Over a fifteen year period,Eleni has been involved in the transformation of PeopleCert into a global leader in exam and certification management and delivery.In her current role,El

268、eni leads Corporate Development,Product Development(for Business&IT Products),and ESG initiatives.Her background is in the investment banking and venture capital industries,with a focus on the Technology,Media,and Telecommunications sector.She holds a BSc in Business Administration from the American

269、 College of Greece,an MSc in Sociology from the University of Oxford,and is certified in Corporate Finance from London Business School.Eleni has also completed a gap year as a volunteer in Ghana,Africa,and in Mumbai,India.Eleni is committed to making a tangible difference in the lives of others and

270、making a positive impact on the world.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 34 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?The shift to skills-first hiring is forcing companies to change the way th

271、ey think about onboarding and cultivating their talent.Cognitive skills will become increasingly critical in this new labor landscape,particularly creative thinking and analytical thinking.In fact,the World Economic Forums latest Future of Jobs report lists these as the two leading emerging skills.T

272、echnological literacy will also be a key skill as AI becomes more integrated into every facet of our work lives.A working understanding of Generative AI will give any employee an advantage in the coming years.This can include knowledge of Gen AI models,AI engineering tools,enablement techniques and

273、infrastructure,and AI risk and security management.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?The labor market is tightening across the board as the focus on skills sharpens.As it stands now,1 in every 2 employees is either watching for or actively seeking a new job.Compounding this p

274、roblem,only 28%of employees would recommend their current employer as a great place to work.However,there is an emerging answer to this retention crisis.94%of workers would choose to stay longer with companies that actively invest in their career development.This places the impetus on organizations

275、to properly cultivate their employees and give them ample reason to continue their career development.Rather than using archaic job descriptions or rigid qualifications,employers need a holistic understanding of skills to map the right candidates to the right open roles,and then cultivate them once

276、on board.AI enables companies to analyze the skills they have,the skills they need to have,and the skill gaps they should bridge.With this actionable data on hand,employers can then properly upskill and reskill their employees.Isabelle Bichler-Eliasaf COO&Co-Founder retrain.ai Isabelle Bichler-Elias

277、af is the Co-founder and COO of retrain.ai.Prior to launching retrain.ai in 2020,Isabelle was the co-founder&CEO of Tohar,an Israeli placement company that pioneered how to leverage technology to source,screen,and find the best fit candidates.After its successful acquisition,Isabelle served as a wea

278、lth management executive,overseeing investments in multiple tech companies,focusing on early stage startups.Isabelle holds an LLB from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,an MBA specializing in Taxation from the College Of Management in Israel,and a MSc in Risk Management from the NYU Stern School of

279、 Business,where her research focus was DEI risk and Responsible AI.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 35 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?How can we best prepare for the skills you de

280、scribe above?To understand which skills will be valuable in the GenAI/AI age,it is vital to comprehend where GenAI/AI will hit first.Many studies have talked about knowledge work changing,but we need a more precise definition.My lawyer and my carpenter are both knowledge workers yet the lawyer will

281、be much more impacted by GenAI/AI.At GAI Insights we created a new category of work we call WINS work that is work that is made up of the creation and improvement of words,images,numbers,and sounds(WINS)(See our September HBR article for more details on WINS work).Lawyers,educators,consultants,custo

282、mer service agents,software programmers are all WINS workers.There are many others.All these jobs will be utterly transformed in the next 12-36 months.This transformation is occurring because GenAI/AI provides power tools for knowledge work.Imagine hiring an electrician who uses a hand drill to make

283、 holes needed for new outlets.Youd be outraged.If you are a marketing professional,a pharmaceutical R&D scientist,or an HR professional and youre not using GenAI/AI,youre like a carpenter using a hand saw instead of a skill saw.The most critical skill for every employee is to understand and learn to

284、 use the major categories of GenAI/AI models for personal productivity especially if you are a WINS worker.Just as everyone had to learn to use Excel,PowerPoint and Word processors,every person will need to learn to use GenAI/AI.This skill is foundational.The next and perhaps more important foundati

285、onal skill is to learn to use these models to make you smarter.The original education system was based on tutoring,the way Aristotle tutored Alexander the Great.Tutoring is the very best way to learn.With the industrial revolution we scaled the model with large classrooms,a teacher in front,and test

286、s at the end to provide the needed volume of educated workers.With GenAI/AI everyone can return to the tutorial model.Tell the model to teach you the matrix mathematics that underlies these models.Command it to tutor you in negotiation techniques to help you get a better salary.Beg it to do mock int

287、erviews for that great new job you want.Play with it to simulate that next big presentation.Cajole it to help you close a big sale with that difficult customer.As many pundits have said,you wont lose your job to GenAI/AI,youll lose your job to someone who knows how to use GenAI/AI.In this new world,

288、you must learn the tools and task them to teach you.These are foundational skills for all workers and if you are a WINS worker the race began six months ago so get moving!Dr.John J.Sviokla Chairman and Co-Founder,GAI Insights Dr.John J.Sviokla is co-founder of GAI Insights a firm dedicated to helpin

289、g organizations,communities,and individuals understand the power of GenAI/AI and ethically create value with it.John started his professional career at Harvard Business School where he did his doctoral thesis on the economic impact of AI.Dr.Sviokla then co-taught the first AI course at HBS,worked at

290、 Diamond Technology Partners,a leading digital consultancy,and led The Exchange,a world class think tank aimed at understanding the digital and AI revolutions.He continued that work at PwC as a senior partner before starting GAI Insights.He has worked as a consultant,board member,senior executive co

291、ach and investor with hundreds of companies public and private across the globe and has over 90 publications in the Harvard Business Review alone including Where Should Your Company Start With GenAI,and Your Organization is Not Designed to Work with GenAI.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Soluti

292、ons May 2024 2024 Citigroup 36 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Artificial Intelligence(AI)is described as a field of computer science focused on the theory and development of tools that automate tasks that require simul

293、ating human behavior and decision-making.And thats exactly how AI is helping workers reduce the time tasks take,such as using ChatGPT for research and writing copy.The human skills that AI is currently unable to replicate are Soft skills-these skills will continue to be in demand as the use of AI in

294、 our day-to-day work life increases.Skills such as management of teams,strong communication,leadership as well as teamwork,are all skills that are valuable to an organization and will continue to be so.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?Learning and Development should be at th

295、e heart of an organizations employee development plan,ensuring that employees are up to speed with the latest AI advances that they will no doubt use in the near future.New programmes mean new training,so investing knowledge and time in employees will best prepare them.Management training will conti

296、nue to be important as organizations look to train the next generation of managers who work with AI on a day-to-day basis.This is where Soft skills come into play,so leadership training is key,along with developing managers to have strong communication skills.However,employers must remember that the

297、se Soft skills need to be nurtured from the beginning,so all employees need to be developed in this area,regularly.Employers must embrace AI to help employees develop the right skills to thrive alongside AI.The employee experience platform that I founded,WorkL,has Instant Action Software which insta

298、ntly analyses large complex data sets to pinpoint development areas for employees.We then provide action plans with uniquely tailored resources for managers at all levels as well as team members,if required,to improve performance.Results are personalized with AI Technology giving us the ability to a

299、nalyze millions of data points in seconds.The software delivers clear actions and insights immediately,recommending steps,measures and processes to improve employee retention and minimize Wellbeing Risk.Lord Mark Price Founder of WorkL and WorkL for Business Mark Price is a businessman,writer and fo

300、rmer government Minister of Trade.A former Managing Director of Waitrose,Deputy Chairman of the John Lewis Partnership and Chairman of Business in the Community,Mark has spent over forty years unlocking the power of people in organizations.Mark is the president of the CMI(Chartered Management Instit

301、ute)and a board member of Coca Cola European Partners.He is passionate about creating engaged and happy workforces who in turn create longer-term sustainable success for organizations.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 37 Below is an edited version of a conversat

302、ion between Marshall Goldsmith and Citi in March 2024.The full video can be found here.What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?Firstly,recognize the value of providing advice to people could be heading towards zero.My legacy pr

303、oject gift is an AI coaching bot MarshallGoldsmith.ai.My goal was for this bot to answer any question you asked me as well or better than I could have 75%of the time,but it has way surpassed my expectations.It can now answer 100 times as many questions you might ask me and generally much better than

304、 I can.Right now,its very good on text,next is audio and by the end of the year you are going to be able to talk to an avatar that looks like me and sounds like me,which can answer in virtually any language around the world,instantaneously,for free.The capability is already way above anything I ever

305、 dreamed of.I cannot compete with this tool now and use it with my own coaching clients.And its only going to get better and faster from here.If your role as a coach is to provide information,you are done.The same is probably true for advice giving such as lawyers if they spend a lot of time reviewi

306、ng legal journals and looking stuff up.Yes,this will create anxiety,but the AI train has left the station and whether you like it or not,its going to keep going.In terms of what skills will be more valuable,a lot of coaching is about follow up.Research has shown the same is true of doctors complianc

307、e in taking medicine themselves.Often the problem is not lack of information or knowledge.Also an AI bot cannot make you take medicine or eat healthily.A key skill is execution for oneself or for others.This is even harder when behavior change is needed.Strong follow up and accountability matters to

308、 bridge the gap between knowing and doing to make change happen.Another key skill is acting as a facilitator to ask the right questions,both of AI bots and of people.The leader of the future is going to be a facilitator of continuous learning of themselves and their teams.Allen Mullaly,the CEO of Bo

309、eing(1998-2006)and Ford(2006-14)was a good example of these skills.He did not pretend to know the answers to many questions and would seek those out who could do so better than him.He was also great at accountability and follow up.EQ is probably more important than IQ for people at the top of organi

310、zations.Going forward AI is going to get better and better at IQ.I am not a stupid guy,but already I cannot compete on answers with my own AI bot.So increasingly important attributes or skills include:EQ,including inspiration and motivation;follow up,including accountability,execution and behavioral

311、 change;and facilitation to ask the right questions and foster continuous learning.How can we best prepare for the skills you describe above?Change is hard,so we need to get better at it.We are also going to have to get better at measuring non-IQ skills.This may not be easy,but as Peter Drucker said

312、,if you cant measure it,you cant manage it.Marshall Goldsmith The worlds leading executive coach and award-winning leadership author Dr.Marshall Goldsmith has been recognized as one of the Top Ten Business Thinkers in the World and the top-rated executive coach at the Thinkers50 ceremony in London s

313、ince 2011.Published in 2015,his book Triggers is a Wall Street Journal and New York Times#1 Bestseller!Hes also the author of New York Times best seller and#1 Wall Street Journal Business Book What Got You Here Wont Get You There,winner of the Harold Longman Award as Best Business Book of the Year.W

314、ith a PhD from UCLA,Marshall is a pioneer 360-degree feedback as a leadership development tool.His early efforts in providing feedback and then following-up with executives to measure changes in behavior were precursors to what eventually evolved as the field of executive coaching.Citi GPS:Citi GPS:

315、Global Perspectives&Solutions May 2024 2024 Citigroup 38 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intelligence continues to advance?In the swift march of Artificial Intelligence,the debate surrounding the future of education is undergoing a profound transformati

316、on.While the development of knowledge,skills and understanding remains pivotal,the limelight is increasingly falling upon the importance of school children cultivating that character traits that will continue to distinguish them as uniquely human in an era dominated by automation.How can we best pre

317、pare for the skills you describe above?The EduReach family of schools is thus embracing a range of initiatives that go well beyond traditional academic pursuits to nurture the holistic development of our pupils.For instance,the participation of many of our pupils in the Model United Nations initiati

318、ve is not only sharpening their oracy skills but is also fostering their geopolitical empathy.By engaging in debates on global issues and negotiating solutions,our young people are learning to articulate their perspectives cogently while appreciating diverse viewpoints-a testament to the enduring im

319、portance of human diplomacy in an age of technological advancement.We have also implemented a Kindness Pledge across our schools to inform the manner in which our children interact with one another,as well as stressing the importance of each pupil being kind to himself or herself.This clear emphasis

320、 on the value of compassion is designed to instill in our students a deep-seated understanding of the interconnectedness of humanity.Daily acts of kindness are rewarded in our schools,whether it be lending a helping hand to a peer or practicing self-care,encouraging our pupils to embody the essence

321、of what it means to be human-a quality that transcends the algorithms and data sets of AI.Critical thinking is another cornerstone of our educational ethos,exemplified in initiatives such as interdisciplinary projects and problem-based learning.Through programmes like Destination Imagination,where o

322、ur pupils work collaboratively in teams to solve open-ended STEAM challenges,they are not only engaging in the creative process but also learning to navigate ambiguity and persevere in the face of setbacks.By grappling with real-world problems and exploring multiple avenues of solution,they hone the

323、ir ability to ask better questions,devise innovative strategies,and embrace failure as a steppingstone to success.As they celebrate their achievements,whether in the form of a breakthrough solution or a valuable lesson learned,they cultivate a resilience and tenacity that will serve them well in an

324、ever-changing landscape in which adaptability will remain front and center.In short,EduReach understands that while technology may evolve at breakneck speed,the essence of what it means to be human remains constant.As a global schools group,we will continue to invest in the development of character

325、traits that will stand the test of time,shaping not just careers but lives of purpose and meaning in this ever-changing world.Mike Seaton Principal Kings College Doha Mike is a senior principal at EduReach Education.EduReach is a global school operator whose team have opened and operated schools acr

326、oss three continents.Mike has been a school Principal for over 10 years including positions in the United Kingdom,China and The Middle East.May 2024 Citi GPS:Citi GPS:Global Perspectives&Solutions 2024 Citigroup 39 What work skills do you think will be most important or valuable as Artificial Intell

327、igence continues to advance?After graduating from Cambridge with a double first in Social and Political Sciences,Nell joined Goldman Sachs.In 2001 Nell was Managing Director and member of the Board of Investec Securities UK where she led the institutional sales and trading side of the business.AI is

328、 revolutionizing every industry on the planet,and in the world of healthcare and psychiatry,it has already made significant breakthroughs.We believe AI will provide solutions to the ever-increasing demand for healthcare and will enable us to leverage doctors and clinicians to focus on the areas wher

329、e they can add the most value,while removing much of the friction of administration and logistics.Psychiatry UK is fully embracing AI to support our doctors and clinicians to improve the quality of the patient experience and effectiveness of clinician time.From providing effective treatment plans,to

330、 analyzing vast datasets and recognizing patterns to aid diagnosis,AI will be a game-changer.In fact,we are already using AI to deliver clinical letter writing,which can free up at least 20%of doctors time to focus on their patients.That is a huge win when clinician time is so valuable,doctor capaci

331、ty is limited and increasing numbers of patients require our intervention.In the not-so-distant future,AI will become advanced enough to be able to support doctors in diagnosis and prescribing.However,at Psychiatry UK we dont believe AI will be able to replicate or replace the essential elements of

332、the human-to-human interaction between patient and doctor,any time soon.If anything,the skills needed from doctors and clinicians now requires more empathy,compassion,and critical thinking than ever before.For example,clinicians are responsible for helping patients navigate the inevitable trade-offs

333、 they face when making decisions about their treatment.All treatments can have unpredictable,positive,and negative effects,which varies for each patient.Navigating the decision of which drug to take will be less daunting for the patient if they are supported by a clinician who has a comprehensive understanding of both the positive and negative aspects of treatment.Therefore,only a doctor at this s