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1、 Technical Report AP-T371-23 Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Prepared by Warwick Keating,Indra Sadeli,John Birch Publisher Austroads Ltd.Level 9,570 George St

2、reet Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Phone:+61 2 8265 3300 .au .au Project Manager Tony Mazzeo Abstract This report outlines a detailed and contemporary review of in-tunnel aesthetic features applied and tested,and how such features can be considered throughout the project lifecycle:planning,design,procur

3、ement,operation,maintenance,testing and benefit realisation.The inclusion of aesthetic features within a tunnel may cause distraction or overstimulation to drivers,impacting safety and operational flow.Designers,practitioners,asset owners and operators must be cautious of cognitive load and the plac

4、ement of aesthetic features.The planning,design and installation phase of projects must also consider the challenges,implications and limitations faced by operators and maintainers.The methodology outlines a best practice procedure through which the purpose and objectives of in-tunnel aesthetic feat

5、ures are determined,the design approach which should be undertaken,and the identification of procurement considerations.The types of testing practices which can be undertaken at each stage of the project lifecycle are identified,including the factors which should guide maintenance and operations act

6、ivities to ensure that aesthetic features contribute to an enhanced driver experience and safer tunnel environment while avoiding the creation of challenges for maintenance and operations teams.Further investigations are required to identify additional types of aesthetic features.Testing at each sta

7、ge of the project lifecycle,as a means of capturing stakeholder feedback and qualitative and quantitative data,should be undertaken so asset owners or operators can measure the benefits and impacts of aesthetic features.About Austroads Austroads is the peak organisation of Australasian road transpor

8、t and traffic agencies.Austroads purpose is to support our member organisations to deliver an improved Australasian road transport network.To succeed in this task,we undertake leading-edge road and transport research which underpins our input to policy development and published guidance on the desig

9、n,construction and management of the road network and its associated infrastructure.Austroads provides a collective approach that delivers value for money,encourages shared knowledge and drives consistency for road users.Austroads is governed by a Board consisting of senior executive representatives

10、 from each of its eleven member organisations:Transport for NSW Department of Transport and Planning Victoria Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads Main Roads Western Australia Department for Infrastructure and Transport South Australia Department of State Growth Tasmania Department of I

11、nfrastructure,Planning and Logistics Northern Territory Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate,Australian Capital Territory Department of Infrastructure,Transport,Regional Development,Communications and the Arts Australian Local Government Association Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency.Keywor

12、ds In tunnel aesthetics,aesthetic features,driver experiences,road safety,customer experience,asset owner,project owner,ISBN 978-1-922700-71-1 Austroads Project No.ART6334 Austroads Publication No.AP-T371-23 Publication date January 2023 Pages 29 Acknowledgements The project team wish to acknowledge

13、 the support and input received from the Austroads Project Manager and Project Working Group in collating and reviewing the information included in this report.Austroads 2023 This work is copyright.Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968,no part may be reproduced by any process

14、without the prior written permission of Austroads.This report has been prepared for Austroads as part of its work to promote improved Australian and New Zealand transport outcomes by providing expert technical input on road and road transport issues.Individual road agencies will determine their resp

15、onse to this report following consideration of their legislative or administrative arrangements,available funding,as well as local circumstances and priorities.Austroads believes this publication to be correct at the time of printing and does not accept responsibility for any consequences arising fr

16、om the use of information herein.Readers should rely on their own skill and judgement to apply information to particular issues.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page i Summary Road tunnels are a familiar and at times integral featu

17、re of the road network,yet the existing infrastructure in Australia and New Zealand can have adverse impacts on driver behaviour and therefore traffic flow.The proliferation of road tunnels to ease congestion in metropolitan cities across Australia and New Zealand has led to greater emphasis on the

18、operation and safety of these tunnels.As substantial assets,it is vital to make best use of the tunnels by improving traffic flow and safety and reducing the number of incidents.Stress inducing tunnel design can produce hyper-vigilant and distracted drivers.Anxieties can impair a drivers judgement a

19、nd influence route choices.Some drivers may feel that they need to concentrate more and are more anxious when driving through tunnels.Drivers also tend to stay in the same lane and keep greater distance from other vehicles.These adjustments to driving behaviours,together with Australia delivering so

20、me of the worlds longest and most complex road tunnel networks,mean that tunnel designs need to incorporate measures to assist drivers.In-tunnel aesthetics can be used to induce calmer and less preoccupied drivers more receptive to perceive and focus on relevant road information.However,in Australia

21、 and New Zealand,there has been limited practical application of technologies and innovations in tunnel aesthetics.The purpose of project ART6334 is to provide best practice guidance for the design,delivery and testing of in-tunnel aesthetic design features to improve tunnel safety and the customer

22、experience.This Technical Report outlines a detailed and contemporary review of in-tunnel aesthetic features applied or tested,and how such features can be considered throughout the project lifecycle:planning,design,procurement,operation,maintenance,testing and benefit realisation.The methodology ou

23、tlines a best practice procedure through which the purpose and objectives of in-tunnel aesthetic features is determined,the design approach which should be undertaken,and the identification of procurement considerations.The types of testing practices which can be undertaken at each stage of the proj

24、ect lifecycle are identified,and the factors which should guide maintenance and operations activities to ensure that aesthetic features contribute to an enhanced driver experience and safer tunnel environment,rather than creating challenges for maintenance and operations teams.It is important for pl

25、anners,designers and contractors to consider the placement of tunnel aesthetics features and ensure they are fit for purpose.Theming can be incorporated into the design process to deliver a connection to traditional owners,nearby historical built form icons,and geographical attributes.The planning,d

26、esign and installation phase of projects which include aesthetic features must consider the challenges,implications and limitations faced by operators and maintainers.The inclusion of aesthetic features within a tunnel may cause distraction or overstimulation to drivers.Designers,practitioner,asset

27、owners and operators must be cautious of cognitive load and the placement of aesthetic features.Wall coatings which are lightly coloured can be used to maximise reflections,generate feelings of spaciousness,and ensure that driver attention remains focused on the road ahead.Incorporation of paintings

28、,contrasts,brightness and light can be used to reduce monotony and increase optical density.Further investigations are required to identify additional types of aesthetic features.Testing at each stage of the project lifecycle,as a means of capturing qualitative and quantitative data,should be undert

29、aken so asset owners or operators can measure the benefits and impacts of aesthetic features.Furthermore,it was identified that in-tunnel aesthetic features are not a well-studied field and therefore traditional Road Safety and Safe System practitioners may not have the specialist expertise in exami

30、ning in-tunnel aesthetics.The identification of human factors issues associated with aesthetic features may be more suitably achieved through evaluation of prototypes(physical or virtual)by end users and human factors practitioners to gain a detailed insight into human behaviour prior to major desig

31、n and construction works.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page ii Contents Summary.i 1.Introduction.1 1.1 Purpose.1 1.2 Scope.1 1.3 Methodology.2 1.3.1 Literature and Project Review.2 1.3.2 Project Working Group Review.2 1.3.3 Upda

32、ting the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels.3 1.3.4 Compilation of a Technical Report.3 1.4 Abbreviations.3 2.About the Guide to Road Tunnels.4 2.1 Overview of the Guide to Road Tunnels.4 2.1.1 Part 1:Introduction to Road Tunnels.4 2.1.2 Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning.4 2.1.3 Part 3:Operation

33、s and Maintenance.4 2.1.4 Part 4:Retrofitting Tunnels.5 2.2 Application of In-Tunnel Aesthetics Content.5 3.In-Tunnel Aesthetics.6 3.1 Why Austroads required an update to include it in the AGRT.6 3.2 Intent and Type of Aesthetics.6 4.Literature Review.7 4.1 Summary.7 4.2 Strengths.7 4.2.1 Theming.7

34、4.2.2 Systems Integration.8 4.2.3 Considerations of Human Factors.8 4.2.4 Types of Aesthetic Features.8 4.3 Weaknesses.9 4.4 Challenges.9 4.4.1 Maintenance Activities.9 4.4.2 Transition to Maintenance Teams.9 4.5 Gaps.10 4.5.1 Type of Aesthetics.10 4.5.2 Location Validation.10 4.5.3 Testing.10 5.Met

35、hodology.11 5.1 Identifying Purpose and Objectives.11 5.2 Design Approach.12 5.2.1 General.12 5.2.2 Road Safety.12 5.2.3 Human Factors.12 Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page iii 5.2.4 Lighting.13 5.2.5 Portal Design.17 5.2.6 Sign

36、age and Information Displays.17 5.2.7 Location Validation.18 5.3 Procurement.18 5.3.1 Expertise.18 5.3.2 Contractors.19 5.3.3 Stakeholder Engagement.19 5.4 Testing.19 5.4.1 Planning Stage.20 5.4.2 Design Stage.20 5.4.3 Installation.21 5.4.4 Operation.21 5.5 Maintenance and Operations.21 5.5.1 Mainte

37、nance Activities.21 5.5.2 Lifespan.21 5.5.3 Transition to Maintenance Teams.22 6.Updating the Guide to Road Tunnels.23 6.1 Updates to the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels.23 7.Conclusions and Recommendations.27 7.1 Conclusions.27 7.2 Suggestions for Further Research.28 8.References.29 Tables Table 1.

38、1:Organisations represented in the PWG.2 Table 1.2:Abbreviations.3 Table 6.1:Updates to Part 1:Introduction to Road Tunnels.23 Table 6.2:Updates to Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning.24 Table 6.3:Updates to Part 3:Operation and Maintenance.25 Table 6.4:Updates to Part 4:Retrofitting Tunnels.26

39、 Figures Figure 5.1:Pacemaker lighting in the Tokyo Bay Aqua Line Expressway,Japan.14 Figure 5.2:Pacemaker lighting in the Eurasia Tunnel,Turkey.15 Figure 5.3:Location of pacemaker lighting with the cable trays and illumination of the tunnel ceiling in the Eurasia Tunnel,Turkey.15 Figure 5.4:Wall wa

40、shing lighting and ceiling illumination in the NorthConnex Tunnel in Sydney.17 Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 1 1.Introduction 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this project is to identify best practice guidance for the design,deli

41、very and testing of in-tunnel aesthetic design features,with the aspirations to improve tunnel safety and the customer experience.The project has reviewed recent projects,literature and current practices relating to driver behaviour in tunnels,and the planning,design,delivery and testing of in-tunne

42、l aesthetic design features.In recent years across Australia,projects have been undertaken which have examined driver behaviour within tunnels and how tunnel design affects driver behaviour.Driver behaviour in tunnels differs from driver behaviour on open roads,with tunnels generally exhibiting bett

43、er safety outcomes than open roads as they are a more controlled environment.This is a result of infrastructure design,the psychological demands of driving in a tunnel,absence of adjacent roadside obstacles,and an increase in the presence of safety features.When in tunnels,drivers also tended to sta

44、y in the same lane and maintain a greater distance from other vehicles.These adjustments to driving behaviours,coupled with Australia delivering some of the worlds longest and most complex road tunnel networks,mean that tunnel designs should be adapted to incorporate measures to improve tunnel safet

45、y and the customer experience.In-tunnel aesthetic design features have been examined to identify how they can contribute to:Reducing monotony and provide reassurance to drivers Ensuring a consistent driving experience on the approach,inside and exiting the tunnel,which will support the optimisation

46、of traffic flows Enhancing customer experience without distraction Guiding testing practices of aesthetic designs prior to installation to ensure functional and operational requirements are met during the project life cycle Demonstrating positive driver feedback on implemented designs.This report se

47、eks to define a best practice process through which in-tunnel aesthetic design features are designed,delivered,and tested.The content within this report will support amendments to each part of the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels.1.2 Scope This project investigates a best practice for the design,deli

48、very and testing of tunnel aesthetic design features for road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand.Through the analysis of local tunnel projects that have recently been delivered and tunnels which are currently in the design and construction phase,factors associated with intent,design,testing,instal

49、lation,operation and maintenance have been considered.Coupled with the analysis of road tunnel projects was the examination of complementary Austroads studies,including the assessment of perceptual countermeasure treatments to reduce crash risk in tunnels.In conjunction with the analysis of local pr

50、ojects and Austroads publications,academic and industry literature and publications were reviewed to establish the intent,type,purpose and benefits of the tunnel aesthetic features.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 2 1.3 Method

51、ology The proliferation of road tunnels to ease congestion in metropolitan cities across Australia and New Zealand has led to greater emphasis on the operation and safety of these tunnels.As substantial assets,it is vital to make best use of the tunnels by improving traffic flow and safety and reduc

52、ing the number of incidents.Tunnel designers,operators and academia are increasingly recognising the impact of tunnel aesthetics on driver behaviour.These groups have begun to use integrative tools to better understand driver behaviour and response to aesthetics and how this impacts safety and effic

53、iency in tunnels.It is also clear that all tunnels face differing challenges.Worldwide road tunnel aesthetic design challenges include safety,congestion and flow breakdown,fatigue and driver attention.Different countries have different design and construction standards,which can influence the design

54、,installation and use of in-tunnel aesthetics.1.3.1 Literature and Project Review A Literature and Project Review was undertaken to identify,evaluate and synthesize the use and testing of in-tunnel aesthetics.It highlighted design features,testing practices,road safety impacts,and operational and ma

55、intenance considerations.1.3.2 Project Working Group Review A Project Working Group(PWG)was assembled at the start of the project,for the purpose of obtaining information and opinions to help drive the direction of the technical investigations and contribute to achieving the desired outcomes of the

56、project.The PWG consisted of individuals who have experience in the development,delivery and operation of tunnels,who represent academia,asset owners,consultants,government jurisdictions and tunnel operators.Having a diverse group with a broad range of experience and knowledge relating to tunnels en

57、sured the project team was able to ascertain different perspectives through consultation and feedback provided on the Literature and Project Review.The PWG also reviewed this Technical Report and updates to the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels(AGRT).The organisations which were represented in the PWG

58、 are listed in Table 1.1 below.Table 1.1:Organisations represented in the PWG Organisation Jurisdiction Active involvement Austroads-Yes Ventia(Operator)VIC Yes Sydney Harbour Tunnel Company NSW Yes Transurban(Asset Owner)VIC and NSW Yes SMEC(representing consultancy)NSW and NZ Yes Transport for New

59、 South Wales NSW No Representatives of the Department of Transport and Main Roads(QLD)and Monash University Accident Research Centre(VIC)were initially included in the PWG,but withdrew their involvement due to availability and suitability to contribute.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aest

60、hetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 3 1.3.3 Updating the Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels Using the information sourced as part of the Literature and Project Review,coupled with the methodology detailed in this Technical Report,updates to the AGRT were developed.The updates co

61、nsisted of the inclusion of content relating to in-tunnel aesthetic features,detailing how to identify,evaluate and synthesize the purpose,design,use and testing.It seeks to highlight design features,testing practices,road safety and human factors impacts,and operational and maintenance consideratio

62、ns throughout all four parts of the AGRT,where relevant.The updates have been provided in draft form for the publication of the revised parts of the AGRT,subject to approval from the Austroads Road Tunnels Taskforce and endorsement by the Austroads Board.1.3.4 Compilation of a Technical Report In co

63、njunction with making updates to the AGRT,a Technical Report(this report)was developed which summarises the work undertaken as part of the project.This report provides a detailed and contemporary review of in-tunnel aesthetic features applied or tested nationally and internationally,and how such fea

64、tures can be considered throughout the project lifecycle:procurement,design,operation,maintenance,testing and benefit realisation.1.4 Abbreviations Table 1.2 lists the abbreviations used throughout this report.Table 1.2:Abbreviations Abbreviation Expansion AGRT Austroads Guide to Road Tunnels fMRI F

65、unctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging HFI Human Factors Integration ITS Intelligent Transport Systems LED Light-emitting diode NSW New South Wales NZ New Zealand PWG Project Working Group RMS Road and Maritime Services VIC Victoria Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Pr

66、actice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 4 2.About the Guide to Road Tunnels The AGRT provides high-level guidance on the planning,design,operation and maintenance of road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand.The AGRT consists of four parts:introduction to road tunnels;planning,design and commissioning

67、;operations and maintenance;retrofitting tunnels.It is designed to be used by engineers,planners,contractors,tunnel operators and technical specialists in tunnel technology,proponents of road tunnel solutions,senior decision makers,and regulators in the various jurisdictions associated with the cons

68、truction of tunnels.The principles and standards provided are based on experience across Australasia and other countries where tunnels have been operated over a long period of time.Practices provided from other countries have been considered in the context of Australian and New Zealand conditions,ex

69、perience and legislative requirements,and adopted with due consideration to these factors.An overview of each section of AGRT is provided in Section 2.1.2.1 Overview of the Guide to Road Tunnels 2.1.1 Part 1:Introduction to Road Tunnels Part 1 of the AGRT outlines the structure of the AGRT,while als

70、o introducing road tunnel planning.It provides an overview of the requirements for new road tunnels,outlining key factors that need to be considered in the planning,design,operation and maintenance of road tunnels.It does not provide specific guidance on the issues but refers to the relevant part of

71、 the guide for further information.2.1.2 Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning Part 2 sets out Austroads expectations regarding appropriate design for road tunnels.Principles and standards identified are based on both Australasian and international experience.It discusses all aspects of the plann

72、ing,design and commissioning of road tunnels including structural and geotechnical requirements,sustainability considerations,human factors considerations,fire and life safety,ventilation,lighting,traffic monitoring and control,plant monitoring and control,electrical power supply and the requirement

73、s for associated building structures.Part 2 also discusses the expected approach to the design of the elements of the tunnel project and,where appropriate,defines acceptable standards for those elements.2.1.3 Part 3:Operations and Maintenance Part 3 provides guidance on the management of operation a

74、nd maintenance of road tunnels,including the factors to be considered in setting appropriate performance standards and considerations of environmental,financial and operational sustainability.Guidance is provided on stakeholder engagement relevant to the operation and maintenance of the tunnel,inclu

75、ding the establishment of protocols required to ensure effective coordination.In addition,guidance has been provided on how to consider sustainability in these processes.The operation and maintenance of road tunnels is sometimes integrated with other road network infrastructure such as arterial/feed

76、er road networks,bridges,and/or tolling systems.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 5 2.1.4 Part 4:Retrofitting Tunnels Part 4 examines the reasons for deciding to retrofit,refurbish or undertake a major renewal of some or all el

77、ements of an existing tunnel,using the results of an appropriate inspection regime,examination of operational performance,and considering asset functionality and sustainability.Guidance is provided on the process to be used in developing the project to achieve the required objectives.The types of re

78、trofit,refurbishment,or major renewal are described,and the requirements and standards for those projects are established.An important issue addressed in all project types is the appropriate traffic management arrangements,such as managing traffic to minimise the disruption to road users.2.2 Applica

79、tion of In-Tunnel Aesthetics Content Due to the growing demand for tunnels in Australia and New Zealand and the lack of content relating to the design,delivery,testing and operation of in-tunnel aesthetics in the AGRT,an update to the relevant sections of the AGRT is required.Austroads Guides detail

80、 principles and standards which are informed by the learnings and conclusions from relevant projects in Australia and New Zealand and feedback compiled from road users.Without up-to-date information,there is a significant risk that the Austroads Guides lose practicality and relevance.It is essential

81、 that the Austroads Guides are updated to include content relating to in-tunnel aesthetic features,reflecting the adaption and evolution in road transport network operations and planning practices which are occurring locally and internationally.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Fe

82、atures:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 6 3.In-Tunnel Aesthetics 3.1 Why Austroads required an update to include it in the AGRT Tunnels are a familiar and at times integral feature of the road network,yet the existing infrastructure in Australia can have adverse impacts on driver behavio

83、ur and therefore traffic flow.As a dominant customer-facing interface,it is important to have a solid understanding of tunnel aesthetics,their influence on infrastructure performance and the transport challenges affecting them.Stress inducing tunnel design can produce hyper-vigilant and distracted d

84、rivers,such anxieties can impair their judgement and influence their route choices.Instead tunnel aesthetics can be used to induce calmer and less preoccupied drivers more receptive to perceive and focus on relevant road information.The current challenges facing drivers in road tunnels presents an o

85、pportunity to optimise traffic flow and produce better outcomes for customer experience and safety performance.However,in Australia and New Zealand there has been limited practical application of technologies and innovations in tunnel aesthetics.The objective of this project is to define a best prac

86、tice process through which in-tunnel aesthetic design features are designed,delivered,and tested.The success of the project will see this best practice methodology being applied to new and existing road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand.3.2 Intent and Type of Aesthetics Tunnel designers,operators

87、 and academia are increasingly recognising the impact of tunnel aesthetics on driver behaviour.There is a need to understand how the application of in-tunnel aesthetic design features can be incorporated into tunnel design to improve road safety,enhance the driving experience and improve traffic thr

88、oughput.The types of aesthetic features which have been considered in the Literature and Project Review included:Wall Coatings Lighting*,including pacemaker lighting and feature lighting of tunnel walls Signage and information displays Location validation Portal design.*It is noted that road lightin

89、g and emergency lighting are not considered solely as tunnel aesthetics,as they also provide essential operational and safety functions within tunnels.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 7 4.Literature Review The Literature and P

90、roject Review focused on identifying,evaluating and synthesizing the purpose,design,use and testing of in-tunnel aesthetics.It highlighted design features,testing practices,road safety and human factors impacts,and operational and maintenance considerations.The Literature and Project Review elaborat

91、ed on how these attributes have evolved locally in Australia and internationally,as well as what is considered good and poor practice.A review of local and international literature,standards and industry guidelines was conducted.This was coupled with targeted consultations with asset operators and i

92、ndustry representatives with knowledge of existing tunnels and tunnels in design and upgrade phases.As In-tunnel aesthetic design is a broad topic,the Literature and Project Review examined the following key themes:Intent why and how aesthetics are used and applied in road tunnels Design what are th

93、e design considerations to ensure functional and operational requirements are met during the project life cycle Testing how are aesthetics tested by users and clients Operations and Maintenance what elements need to be considered to ensure that aesthetic features are safe to operate and maintenance

94、is minimal.4.1 Summary The findings from this review indicated the importance of planning and managing the placement of tunnel aesthetics features and ensuring it is fit for purpose.Wall coatings which are lightly coloured can be used to maximise reflections,generate feelings of spaciousness,and ens

95、ure that driver attention remains focused on the road ahead.Incorporation of paintings,contrasts,brightness,space and light can be used to reduce monotony and increase optical density in fields of view.The following sub-sections detail the strengths and weaknesses identified during the literature an

96、d project review associated with the application of different types of aesthetic features,and the challenges which need to be considered during the project lifecycle.Additionally,the gaps which were identified during the research have been documented.4.2 Strengths 4.2.1 Theming Theming can be incorp

97、orated into the design process to deliver a connection to traditional owners,nearby historical build form icons,and geographical attributes.Determining theming is undertaken during the planning phase of a project by the project owner,often in consultation with stakeholders and the community.Theming

98、should be undertaken in the planning phase of a project,with consideration made to the urban design implications of the project(Austroads,2021).The anticipated outcome of applying themes to the infrastructure is the provision of designs which are fit for purpose and integrated with the surrounding e

99、nvironment.The following local tunnel projects have incorporated theming in the form of in-tunnel aesthetics and portal designs:Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 8 NorthConnex colouring,patterns and silhouettes of native birds,

100、the nearby Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Park,and iconic Sydney Sandstone West Gate Tunnel Tunnel portals inspired by Aboriginal culture and heritage and connection to local landscape features North East Link Portal entries,transition lighting and colouring of vertical panels align with the history of

101、cosmology in local indigenous culture.4.2.2 Systems Integration Tunnel operators use Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS)and smart technologies to monitor traffic flow,the functionality of componentry,environmental emissions and safety mechanisms.The integration of aesthetic features which can be conn

102、ected to existing systems(such as feature lighting or messaging signs)is beneficial to tunnel operators,however this must not diminish the functionality of the existing systems.4.2.3 Considerations of Human Factors In-tunnel aesthetic features should enhance the users driving experience by reducing

103、monotony,enhancing wayfinding,improving perceived and actual safety,alleviate pinch points or problem locations,or improve traffic throughput.Human Factors Integration(HFI)can be achieved through the use of principles outlined in International Standard for Ergonomics of Human System Integration(ISO9

104、241-210:2019)and their subsequent adaptation to the scope and scale of the design.At a high level,integrating human factors into engineering design can be achieved by:Understanding and specifying the context of product,system or equipment use Specifying user and organisational requirements Producing

105、 design solutions to meet end user needs Evaluating designs against requirements.4.2.4 Types of Aesthetic Features Ceiling and Sidewall Markings Several research studies have investigated the effects of tunnel environments on driver performance and attention.A consistent finding is that changes in t

106、he visual environment(e.g.tunnel wall visual design,road visual design,ceiling fixtures and lighting,safety barrier visibility)can influence driver performance.Kircher and Ahlstrom(2012)found that when tunnel walls are painted a lighter colour,drivers focus more on the road ahead than when the walls

107、 are a darker colour.Furthermore,having light-coloured tunnel walls was found to be more important than strong illumination in keeping drivers visual attention focused forward.Chen et al(2020)conducted research to examine the influence of decorated sidewalls in road tunnels on drivers using fMRI tec

108、hnology.Results indicated that sidewall markings increased visual stimulation and improved spatial awareness,resulting in enhanced tunnel driving performance.Wall markings may also function to break up feelings of fatigue due to cognitive underload and monotonous environments.Design,Delivery and Tes

109、ting of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 9 Lighting The colour and level of illuminance of lighting in tunnels can influence the aesthetic feel,sense of space and perceived level of safety.Other forms of feature lighting,when coupled with road lighting,can

110、become an aesthetic feature through the illumination of different colours or moving light.This can be further optimisied to provide pacemaker functionality,to aide with speed regulation and assist with regulating traffic flow within a tunnel.Optimal lighting in road tunnels should not be uniform thr

111、oughout the length of the infrastructure.Different tunnel zones should have different lighting features to optimise driver performance and traffic flow throughout the tunnel.4.3 Weaknesses The inclusion of aesthetic features within a tunnel may cause distraction or overstimulation to drivers.Designe

112、rs,practitioner,asset owners and operators must be cautious of cognitive load when considering the application of in-tunnel aesthetic features,which only convey what is essential.4.4 Challenges Since tunnels are important links in the road network which cater for large traffic flows,it is imperative

113、 that they operate at maximum efficiency without such potential disruptions(Standards Australia,2014).Tunnel operators often have limited opportunity to undertake preventative maintenance,corrective maintenance,or major refurbishment and replacement due to traffic volumes.The planning,design and ins

114、tallation phase of projects which consist of the inclusion of aesthetic features must consider the challenges,implications and limitations faced by operators and maintainers.Discussions with tunnel operators in Australia regarding the application of in-tunnel aesthetic features identified that the f

115、ollowing factors be considered.4.4.1 Maintenance Activities Maintenance activities when undertaken clear of traffic can enable tunnel operations to be more efficient with fewer disruptions(Austroads,2021).Tunnel operators often have limited opportunity to undertake preventative maintenance,correctiv

116、e maintenance,or major refurbishment and replacement due to traffic disruptions.The occurrence of maintenance activities can differ between tunnels and operators,with full tunnel closures occurring as infrequently as bi-monthly,and partial lane closures more regularly.Consideration of whole-of-life

117、maintenance requirements is critical when planning and designing aesthetics features.Furthermore,it is noted that general tunnel maintenance activities such as wall washing should consider the implications of impacts to aesthetic features,so no adverse impacts are caused.4.4.2 Transition to Maintena

118、nce Teams Asset owners sometimes use external contractors to undertake maintenance activities.If aesthetic features require specific details to maintain the asset,clear instructions such as technical specifications,user guide and data sheets are to be made available from the asset owners to the main

119、tenance contractors.It is also important to ensure that maintenance staff are aware of why the aesthetic features are in place and the frequency which they should be maintained.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 10 4.5 Gaps The

120、following items were identified to be gaps in the literature and projects which were reviewed.These items are to be considered for further investigation.4.5.1 Type of Aesthetics Information on different types of aesthetic features such as olfactory stimuli,audible stimuli,vegetated green walls and l

121、ighting projections were not investigated.Investigation into the use of these types of aesthetics in road tunnels could be valuable to consider in future,as they could provide a connection to a design theme or to project objectives.4.5.2 Location Validation Location validation aesthetics were identi

122、fied in the New South Wales Road and Maritime Services(RMS)Tunnel Urban Design Guideline as something which can assist drivers in determining their actual location and distance to the end of a tunnel.However,there were no details on whether distance markings can be applied to road surfaces.Examinati

123、on of if distance markings can be used on road surfaces whilst being compliant with national signage standards.4.5.3 Testing Whilst it is evident that the use of Virtual Reality models are an effective tool to test aesthetic concepts early in the project lifecycle,further investigation is required t

124、o understand if Augmented Reality and other digital applications are valuable to use during the testing process,in conjunction with conventional design validation processes.Furthermore,while the use of Virtual Reality models are a valuable use of technology and datasets,conventional scaled models co

125、nstructed for user interaction may also provide benefit to asset owners and operators during the testing phase of a project.Additional investigation of experiences of the application of scaled construction replicating proposed aesthetic treatments should be considered.As the incorporation of in-tunn

126、el aesthetics is a relatively recent addition to new road tunnels in Australia and New Zealand,there has been no data ascertained or reviewed to assess the benefits and impacts of driver behaviour,traffic flow and customer experience,before and after installation and implementation.Qualitative and q

127、uantitative assessments following the installation and implementation of in-tunnel aesthetics would be beneficial to measure their benefits and impacts,from a user and asset operators perspective.This should occur as a minimum,with the use of technological aides to be incorporated where possible.Des

128、ign,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 11 5.Methodology The following methodology outlines a best practice procedure through which in-tunnel aesthetic design features are developed,designed,procured and tested.5.1 Identifying Purpose a

129、nd Objectives During the planning stage of a project,an asset owner(existing or future)should clearly articulate the purpose for including in-tunnel aesthetic features into a road tunnel and define the objectives of having aesthetic features present within a tunnel.Establishing a reason and determin

130、ing the role to which in-tunnel aesthetics undertake within a road tunnel is an important foundation for measurement of their success.The purpose for incorporating in-tunnel aesthetic features will differ from tunnel to tunnel.Examples as to why in-tunnel aesthetic features can be incorporated into

131、road tunnels include,but are not limited to:Reduce monotony and provide reassurance to drivers,such as the need for mild diversion from a monotonous driving task Improve driver behaviour and road safety Ensure a consistent driving experience on the approach,inside and exiting the tunnel,which will s

132、upport the optimisation of traffic flows Enhance customer experience without distraction Improve the need for wayfinding Contribute to tunnel identity and driver location awareness Act as perceptual countermeasures to supplement the driver task.Factors which may influence defining the purpose includ

133、e the location of the tunnel(e.g.an urban or rural location),length of tunnel,road type,vehicle mix and likelihood of congestion.Once the purpose has been established,the objectives for the in-tunnel aesthetic features can be defined.Objectives should be specific and measurable.Example objectives ca

134、n be,but not limited to:Improve vehicle throughput and regulate traffic speed Reduce congestion at conflict points(e.g.merges,points of ascension,portals)Lower instances of crashes Increase toll revenue(where applicable)Illustrate variations to the line and geometry of the tunnel Create interior var

135、iation through lighting or graphics to reduce monotony Maintain driver attention and enable safer driving Enable traffic flow that reduces emissions and crash potential.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 12 5.2 Design Approach 5

136、.2.1 General The design of in-tunnel aesthetics must be fit for purpose and align with the operations of the tunnel.Designers of in-tunnel aesthetics need to ensure that their designs reflect the fundamental objective of the design process as outlined in Part 2 of the AGRT which is to“achieve a desi

137、gn where the risk of failure or damage to the tunnel works or to a third party from all reasonably foreseeable causes,including health and safety considerations,is acceptably low during the construction and design life of the tunnel works”(Austroads,2021).Coupled with this is the compliance with rel

138、evant standards and codes for the various elements of tunnel design,as a means of minimising risk and increasing system integration.Complementary design objectives have been identified in RMS Tunnel Urban Design Guideline.Design objectives which support the successful design of any tunnel,regardless

139、 of its location or size,include:Providing a safe,comfortable,attractive and enhanced driving experience Providing a legible,self-explaining journey which enables awareness of location Being cognisant to its context Delivering a high-quality asset that requires minimal maintenance(RMS,2017).The inte

140、rnal appearance of the tunnel should reassure the drivers as to the safety of the tunnel,be well signed both for general navigation requirements and for emergency conditions and have surfaces conducive to good lighting conditions(Austroads,2021).From a design perspective,aesthetic features must not:

141、Inhibit the sight lines of drivers Create significant distraction Diminish or impair visibility(e.g.due to sudden changes in light intensity)Contribute to driver fatigue Provide misleading dynamic visual cues of driver speeds Disrupt traffic flows.5.2.2 Road Safety It is critical to consider how the

142、 presence of aesthetics within a tunnel environment can support safe driver and vehicle performance.Stress inducing tunnel design,or design of in-tunnel aesthetic features,can produce hyper-vigilant and distracted drivers,such anxieties can impair their judgement and influence their route choices.Tu

143、nnel aesthetics can be used to induce calmer and less preoccupied drivers more receptive to perceive and focus on relevant road information.Through the design process,designers should consider the road safety and safe system principles relevant to their jurisdiction and the Austroads Guide to Road S

144、afety,to ensure that road safety is not adversely impacted as a result of the presence of aesthetic features.Consideration of in-tunnel aesthetic features should be considered as part of quantitate and qualitative risk assessments,such as Road Safety Audits and Safe System Assessments in order to pr

145、ovide decision makers with an understanding of the potential risks associated with aesthetic features and how they can be mitigated.5.2.3 Human Factors A human-centered approach should be considered when designing and delivering in-tunnel aesthetic features,to ensure positive psychological and physi

146、ological responses from road users.Designers,practitioner,asset owners and operators must be cautious of cognitive load when considering the application of in-tunnel aesthetic features.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 13 Cogni

147、tive load relates to the amount of information that working memory can hold at one time.In a road tunnel environment,it is important that the design only conveys what is essential and does not unnecessarily overwhelm a driver,through the provision of excessive information or stimuli.Aesthetic featur

148、es should be suitable for the location and type of tunnel,as a one-tunnel solution may not be appropriate.By integrating human factors into the systems engineering processes,the identification of end user requirements can be captured,designed and maintained accordingly.HFI can be achieved through th

149、e use of principles outlined in ISO9241-210 and their subsequent adaptation to the scope and scale of the design.As detailed in Section 4.2.3 Consideration of Human Factors,integrating human factors into engineering design is an important consideration and can contribute to establishing the context,

150、user and organizational requirements,designing a solution which meets the needs of the end user and evaluating the design against the aesthetics purpose and objectives.5.2.4 Lighting Lighting can be used in a road tunnels to reveal critical visual information,such as the road,the way ahead,boundarie

151、s,furniture,surface imperfections,other road users and inanimate objects on the carriageway(Standards Australia,2014).The use of lighting to influence the aesthetic of a tunnel can be achieved through the application of colours,levels of luminance and movement of light.This can contribute to changes

152、 to the sense of space within the tunnel,perceived level of safety,regulation of traffic flow and reduction in monotony.The design and use of lighting as an aesthetic feature within a tunnel must consider the factors outlined in Australian/New Zealand Standard 1158 Lighting Designs for Roads and Pub

153、lic Spaces(AS/NZS-1158)-Part 5(Tunnels and Underpasses).Designers must consider the lighting objectives outlined in the AS/NZS-1158,including but not limited to:Average luminance and luminance uniformity of the carriageway,wall linings and other structures Glare control Flicker limitation to within

154、specified limits Minimization of energy use Lifetime,reliability and maintainability over the service life of the selected hardware components Ability to complement or enhance the visual amenity of the road element by the aesthetics of the lighting scheme and its environment(e.g.the use of white lig

155、ht or wall decoration)(Standards Australia,2014).Furthermore,lighting colour should not conflict with colours used for regulatory signage within a tunnel or emergency vehicle identification.Functional Lighting Functional lighting is an emerging lighting system which utilises dynamic lighting control

156、s to illuminate sections of tunnels with different colours.A functional lighting system can facilitate undertake different functions,including:Pacemaker lighting-where lighting is used to guide drivers to the desired speeds for vehicles to travel in the tunnel Wall wash lighting illuminating the tun

157、nel walls a solid colour Ceiling illumination improved ceiling illuminance to provide drivers with a greater sense of tunnel volume/scale and in-tunnel visibility.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 14 Pacemaker Lighting Pacemake

158、r lighting is a system of flashing light or a running light system,based on the theory of Phototaxis,that encourages and guides a driver to maintain or achieve a managed specified speed by providing either something to follow or a measure of driver speed comparison(Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2).A contr

159、ol system is used to regulate the speed,colour,and length of light,at specific locations within a tunnel.The control system could also be used to provide alternative functionality,in the form of wall washing,which is the display of static colouring of walls.The type and placement of luminaires withi

160、n the tunnel is to be defined by the designer,in accordance with an asset or project owners specifications.Luminaires could be fixed directly to wall panelling,plant or cable trays(Figure 5.3),enabling light to be projected up to the tunnel ceiling and down onto the tunnel walls.Electrical supply an

161、d cabling is to be determined by an electrical engineer,in collaboration with the asset or project owner.Cabling and power usage should be optimised to ensure energy efficiency of the aesthetic features.Figure 5.1:Pacemaker lighting in the Tokyo Bay Aqua Line Expressway,Japan Source:Kato,et al.(2015

162、)Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 15 Figure 5.2:Pacemaker lighting in the Eurasia Tunnel,Turkey Source:ATAS,2022 Figure 5.3:Location of pacemaker lighting with the cable trays and illumination of the tunnel ceiling in the Eura

163、sia Tunnel,Turkey Source:ATAS,2022 Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 16 Operation of pacemaker lighting and wall washing may be integrated with other systems present within a tunnel,such as variable speed limit signage,control

164、and monitoring systems,and traffic data collection sensors.Drivers may find some colours difficult to perceive,which would impact the efficacy of a pacemaker lighting system.It is recommended that technical assessments of designs and programs from either Road Safety Auditors,Safe System Assessors,or

165、 Human Factors specialists be undertaken during the design stage of the project.Representatives from these disciplines should work collaboratively to identify which colours and colour combinations are appropriate to use,to ensure that the functionality of the pacemaker lighting system does not inhib

166、it road safety or cause driver confusion.Examples of colours which may have an adverse impact on drivers,road safety and the purpose of pacemaker lighting include:Red lights may conflict with vehicle brake lights and variable speed limit signs,whilst also increasing driver anxiety Amber lighting typ

167、ically signals drivers to slow down or displays a warning A combination of red and blue colours together as they are typically associated with emergency services Green lighting may conflict with emergency exit signs It is noted that primary colours(red,green,blue)will result in a greater intensity o

168、f light compared with non-primary colours.However,if a pacemaker lighting system is programmed to operate during emergency situations to assist with a tunnel evacuation process,colours such as red and green can be used to communicate hazards and evacuation messages.The operational elements of a pace

169、maker lighting system,such as algorithms,controls,programming and software are not covered in this Technical Report.Wall Wash Lighting Wall wash lighting can be used to illuminate wall panelling in colour(Figure 5.4).Wall wash lighting that can be used dynamically to provide a pace-maker effect to a

170、ssist drivers cognitive awareness of speed changes and to manage vehicle travel speeds within the geometry of the existing tunnel configuration.Static lighting can also be used to illuminate the wall panelling in colour.Wall wash lighting is a function of the down lighting of a functional lighting s

171、ystem Ceiling Illumination Upwards directional lighting,illuminating the upper section of the tunnel walls and ceiling can be used to create a better sense of space for road users by illuminating the ceiling(Figure 5.4).This can contribute to removing a sense of claustrophobia and anxiety in some ro

172、ad users.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 17 Figure 5.4:Wall washing lighting and ceiling illumination in the NorthConnex Tunnel in Sydney Source:Transurban(2021)5.2.5 Portal Design Tunnel portal design can serve as important

173、statement piece in the public realm.The high visibility of tunnel portals provides an opportunity for a distinctive and neat design that is welcoming to motorists and integrated within the surrounding built environment.To minimise the physiological and psychological impacts to drivers,aesthetic feat

174、ures around tunnel portals should consider the physiological and psychological impacts which may be experienced by some drivers.It is recommended that designers refer to the RMS Tunnel Urban Design Guideline(RMS,2017)for design considerations associated with aesthetic design of tunnel portals.Additi

175、onally,an Austroads report titled Crashes in and near Tunnels was prepared to examine safety issues near tunnel portals.This report should also be considered as it was found that tunnel portals should be decluttered so that drivers can concentrate on the driving task.5.2.6 Signage and Information Di

176、splays Signage and information displays convey messages to tunnel users,typically relating to direction of travel,driving behaviour,speed regulation,route choice,location validation and emergency egress.Signage and information displays can be fixed to walls or overhead infrastructure,be static or dy

177、namic,painted or projected onto a surface to identify road delineation.The placement of signage should consider the needs of drivers alongside their mental state at the time of driving(World Road Association(PIARC),2008).Austroads(2021)suggests that drivers require at least six seconds to adapt to t

178、he changed environment within a tunnel and that the experience of entering a tunnel portal can result in elevated driver stress levels and workload.Kline and Dewar(2004)recommend that signage and information display design considerations should acknowledge:Providing high-level,low-glare illumination

179、 on roadways,markers,and signs,especially at intersections Employing bright,high-contrast materials for all traffic control devices,including lights,signs,and lane markers Using large luminance contrast steps on signs,especially for those that require short-wavelength discriminations among blues and

180、 greens Using large simple fonts and symbols with proven legibility Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 18 Using symbology as opposed to only words Avoiding visual clutter in the vicinity of signs.Equally as critical as the desig

181、n of in-tunnel aesthetic features is their positioning within the tunnel environment and the impact of this positioning on the drivers ability to process the aesthetic feature to a point that will positively influence their driving behaviour.Designers should not put unnecessary cognitive load on dri

182、vers as this may result in a reduction of their visual field resulting in suboptimal driving performance.To achieve a less cognitively loading environment for tunnel drivers,designers can reduce signage within the tunnel,spread out tunnel infrastructure(including aesthetic features)sufficiently,and

183、lump task-relevant stimulus together.Designers are referred to with jurisdictional standards in each State or Territory for further information relating to design considerations and the application of signage and information displays.5.2.7 Location Validation Location validation can inform drivers o

184、f how far until the exit of a tunnel or their position underneath specific landmarks on the surface.Graphics or text can be used to indicate at various points the location of the tunnel with respect to the surface level environment,or information about the drivers progress within the tunnel(RMS,2017

185、).The application of road marking text in the form of signage should be designed in accordance with jurisdictional standards in each State or Territory.5.3 Procurement The purpose and objectives of in-tunnel aesthetic features will ultimately guide the procurement of expertise in the design process,

186、suitability of pre-implementation testing,acquisition of componentry,and award of contractors to install and maintain the aesthetic features.The procurement of experts which possess the knowledge and experience in identifying,designing,and maintaining aesthetic features is critical to assisting asse

187、t owners and operators achieve their project aspirations.5.3.1 Expertise An asset or project owner should engage with consultants which have a comprehensive understanding of the technical aspects of planning and design of road tunnels.It is important that consultants also have an understanding of th

188、e nuances associated with working on major transport infrastructure assets or asset renewal projects.The types of expertise which could be engaged to assist in the planning,design and monitoring of in-tunnel aesthetics features include,but not limited to:Engineers(specifically those with road design

189、 expertise such as civil,structural and electrical engineers)Human Factors advisors Architects Urban designers Wayfinding specialists Planners.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 19 5.3.2 Contractors The procurement of contractor

190、s to install and/or maintain aesthetic features should be guided by their experience and ability to work on major transport infrastructure projects and working in a constrained operating environment.As the types of aesthetic features can vary,the level of expertise required by a contractor may be su

191、bject to the type of aesthetic which is proposed for the tunnel,such as an electrician to install and maintain lighting aesthetics.It is important that an asset or project owner ensures that a contractor understands the purpose of the proposed aesthetic features and is provided with the relevant inf

192、ormation associated with the aesthetics features,such as product specifications and user guides,This information will be valuable for the contractor to understand the interaction with existing systems within the tunnel and to develop their installation and/or maintenance methodologies prior to enter

193、ing the tunnel.These tasks are critical in the event of an operational environment,where time and space within an operational road tunnel is limited.Furthermore,a contractor should collaborate with design consultants to advise an asset or project owner on the suitability of componentry and materials

194、 to be used for the aesthetic features.The suitability of componentry and materials should consider whole-of-life-costs,lifespan,procurement lead times,maintainability,reliability,and energy efficiency.5.3.3 Stakeholder Engagement Effective engagement with stakeholders can allow an asset or project

195、owner to understand the support or opposition of a project.As in-tunnel aesthetics features are a relatively new concept,it is important to engage with users,user groups,jurisdictional road agencies,emergency services and industry to inform them of the purpose of incorporating in-tunnel aesthetic fe

196、atures into a road tunnel,what their objective is,and in what form they may be present.Obtaining knowledge of stakeholder support or opposition to in-tunnel aesthetic features can assist an asset or project owner to understand their motivations,influences and behaviours associated with a stakeholder

197、s position.This information could then be used to refine the placement,design,function and operation of in-tunnel aesthetic features.Furthermore,it can allow asset or project owners to prepare targeted marketing and public relations campaigns to inform the general public of the presence of in-tunnel

198、 aesthetic features within a road tunnel and provide information of what to expect and how to behave when driving through an enhanced road tunnel.5.4 Testing Testing of in-tunnel aesthetic features can be a valuable exercise to understand the suitability and effectiveness of an aesthetic feature.Dif

199、ferent methods of testing and the time to which testing occurs can be beneficial to the asset owners,designers,contractors and maintenance teams prior to the ongoing operation of the tunnel.Measuring the effectiveness of in-tunnel aesthetic features can be undertaken in different stages of the proje

200、ct lifecycle,including during product selection,pre-installation testing and installation.This could include,but not limited to,different qualitative and quantitative measures such as:Energy efficiency of lighting products Reflectivity and cost of panelling,paint or signage Lifespan of attributes Im

201、provements to installation and maintenance Driver throughput Safety benefits(perceived and actual)Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 20 Driver alertness and enhanced speed control Increases to utilisation.The effectiveness of th

202、e features identified prior to the start of operation can then be used to validate if the chosen solution addresses the challenge it was identified to address.5.4.1 Planning Stage The types of testing practices that could be used as part of the planning stage on a project include,but not limited to:

203、Basic visual mediums and supporting engagement(such as videos/illustrations supported by data and instructions).Using immersive technologies such as virtual reality models or augmented reality applications.Testing undertaken during the planning stage of a project can allow people to understand and e

204、xperience in-tunnel aesthetic features prior to a considerable design process commencing.Feedback and data ascertained during the planning stage can be used to guide the development of the aesthetics.During the Planning Stage,it may also be valuable to review qualitative and quantitative data from t

205、unnel operators or asset owners locally and abroad(if possible)which have tunnels that include similar types of aesthetic features,to understand the potential benefits and impacts of the aesthetic features,prior to progressing further in the design process.The project owner should develop a testing

206、strategy,outlining an indicative process for testing the suitability,safety,functionality and maintenance processes of aesthetic features.This should be a starting point,for both designers and contractors to develop further to suit their proposed designs and implementation.5.4.2 Design Stage The typ

207、es of testing practices that could be used during the design stage on a project include,but not limited to:Using immersive technologies to allow people to use and experience in-tunnel aesthetic features(such as virtual reality models or augmented reality application)Scaled model construction for use

208、r interaction Basic visual mediums and supporting engagement(such as videos/illustrations supported by data and instructions).Testing undertaken during the design stage of a project can allow assets owners,consultants,contractors and stakeholders to further refine the type,function and location of p

209、roposed aesthetic features within a tunnel.Findings can be measured against the objectives and feedback ascertained during the planning stage of the project.Further refinement of the design can be undertaken to further optimise the benefits,functionality,installation and maintenance of the aesthetic

210、 features.The project owner should outline any testing requirements for design as part of any project scope and technical requirement documentation for the project.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 21 5.4.3 Installation The typ

211、es of testing practices that could be used during the installation stage on a project include,but not limited to:Development of a prototype Prefabrication and offsite mock installation testing may allow for efficiencies to be identified and implemented during the actual installation process.The inst

212、allation procedure should be documented by the contractor and retained by the asset owner.This information may be useful for future maintenance activities or as a reference in the event of failure of the asset or future asset upgrades.The project owner should define any delivery and installation req

213、uirements for design as part of any project scope and technical requirement documentation for the project.5.4.4 Operation The types of testing practices that could be used during the operation of a tunnel,but not limited to:Measuring the output of aesthetic features,such as light levels,noise levels

214、,energy efficiency Examining the physical attributes of the aesthetic feature,such as ware and tare,structural integrity and functionality Connection and interaction with external systems within the tunnel.Information obtained during the testing of aesthetic features should be documented by the cont

215、ractor and retained by the asset owner,in particularly relating to incidents adjacent to aesthetic features.5.5 Maintenance and Operations The maintenance and operation of in-tunnel aesthetics should be guided by the asset operator and the product manufacturers.The product specifications should outl

216、ine a maintenance and operation guide,which should be aligned with the asset owners maintenance regimes and schedules.Furthermore,the operation of specific in-tunnel aesthetic features will need to align with existing or proposed systems within the tunnel,such as ITS,communication,electrical,fire an

217、d life safety.5.5.1 Maintenance Activities Cleaning is a core activity which asset management teams undertake in-tunnels.Vehicle emissions,surface deterioration,accidents and lost vehicle loads make the interior of tunnels dirty,impacting the natural and intended appearance of components within the

218、tunnel.The effectiveness of cleaning practices should not be inhibited by the presence of aesthetic features,nor require additional time and effort to keep clean.Maintenance activities may be minimised if design features use materials or products which are already in use in a tunnel.5.5.2 Lifespan A

219、s outlined in Section 3.4.1 of Part 2 of the AGRT,the design life of the various elements in the tunnel structure and ancillary infrastructure should be determined during the planning of the tunnel.The replacement cycle for products and costs involved in achieving that cycle should be considered by

220、asset management teams.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 22 The following design life of in-tunnel aesthetic features should be considered,as per the time periods outlined in Part 2 of the AGRT:Architectural panels 35 years Ina

221、ccessible elements of the tunnel drainage,fire protection,lighting,mechanical,electrical,traffic management and control systems that are not readily accessible 100 years Roadside furniture 50 years Luminaires,signage and other electrical equipment housings and supports 15 years Tunnel lights and sen

222、sors Luminaires 34 years LED luminaires 15 years Batteries 57 years Lighting controllers 10 years Control systems and sensors(hardware and software)5 to 10 years as appropriate for each device or system.It is also recommended that any electronic products used as aesthetic features within a tunnel pr

223、ovide reliability data,such as Mean Time Between Failure data,so that the asset owner can appreciate the true whole-of-life costs of the components.5.5.3 Transition to Maintenance Teams If aesthetic features require specific details to maintain the asset,clear instructions such as technical specific

224、ations,user guide and data sheets are to be made available from the asset owners to the maintenance contractors.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 23 6.Updating the Guide to Road Tunnels Austroads Guides provide transport agenci

225、es with a valuable reference and promote national consistency and coordination.The Guides outline all aspects of the road network,delivering high-quality,practical and impartial advice,information,tools and services so practitioners can deliver efficient,reliable and safe mobility.This section detai

226、ls how the AGRT was updated,based on the research into in-tunnel aesthetic features undertaken.By revising the AGRT,users of the guide will be informed of what to consider and the process involved with planning,designing,testing,constructing and maintaining in-tunnel aesthetic features.The target au

227、dience for the AGRT is practitioners involved in decision making for the planning,design,operation and maintenance of tunnels.It is also asset owners and tunnel operators deliver an affordable and sustainable level of service appropriate for road users and the community.6.1 Updates to the Austroads

228、Guide to Road Tunnels This section details the updates to the AGRT,and how the Literature and Project Review findings have been applied to the AGRT.In developing the changes to the four parts,it was critical to highlight the actions and consideration for the inclusion of in-tunnel aesthetics feature

229、s at each stage of the project lifecycle,where relevant.The discussion is presented in four parts,based on the Parts of the AGRT:Part 1:Introduction to Road Tunnels(Table 6.1)Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning(Table 6.2)Part 3:Operation and Maintenance(Table 6.3)Part 4:Retrofitting Tunnels(Tab

230、le 6.4).The following tables provide an overview of the changes which have been incorporated into the updates of each part of the AGRT.Table 6.1:Updates to Part 1:Introduction to Road Tunnels Section Application of literature findings and recommendations for updates Document Control Edition updates

231、prepared by,current version,acknowledgements 1.5 Emerging Issues Paragraph added noting the inclusion of aesthetic features becoming more common in tunnels,detailing that tunnel designers,owners and operators should have an understand of their purpose,performance and the challenges associated with t

232、hem.2.1 Providing a Safe System Updated reference to New Zealands road safety strategy and inclusion of additional words relating to safe system principles.2.5 Design of Road Tunnels Added dot point application of aesthetic features.Addition of words relating to design objectives.3.1 Overview Added

233、and transparently to overview paragraph.3.2 Operating Procedures Minor wording amendments.4.2.2 Infrastructure Sustainability Table 4.1 amendment to wording to include New Zealand Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 24 Section Ap

234、plication of literature findings and recommendations for updates 4.3 Interaction of the Sustainability Pillars Minor wording amendment.5.1.2 Process Scope and Outputs Added dot point understanding how the application of in-tunnel aesthetic design features can be incorporated into tunnel design to im

235、prove road safety,enhance the driving experience and improve traffic throughput 5.2 Issues for Consideration Added dot points type,purpose,placement,function,operation and maintenance of tunnel aesthetic features and Failsafe system management.Minor wording amendments.5.5.2 Constructability Added de

236、mands to third dot point.6.5 Human Factors Paragraph and dot points added detailing the findings of a World Road Association 2016 publication-Human factors guidelines for a safer man-road interface.Deletion of content which is obsolete.6.7 Traffic Considerations Additional sentence added detailing h

237、ow aesthetic features may be used to enhance traffic performance.8.1 Introduction Minor wording amendments.11.8 Operations Minor wording amendments.12.2 Considerations during the Planning and Design Stage of Road Tunnel Removal of of Road Tunnel from subheading and changing the term developers to de

238、signers Table 6.2:Updates to Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning Section Application of literature findings and recommendations for updates All Formatting-alignment of subheadings Document Control Edition updates prepared by,current version,acknowledgements 1.2 Purpose of the Guide Added constr

239、uction to paragraphs one and two.Added and record those finding transparently to enable continuous improvement and the alignment with transportation aspirational goals and objectives.To first sentence of last paragraph 1.3 Scope of the Guide to Road Tunnels Included aesthetic features 2.5.1 Needs As

240、sessment and Concept Definition Minor wording amendments to dot points.2.5.3 Concept of Operations Minor wording amendments to dot points and last paragraph.2.6.1 System Requirements Definition for continuous improvement over the design life of the tunnel added to last sentence of last paragraph.2.6

241、.2 Requirements Management Included under incremental improvements and as mitigated and align with over time to last sentence of second paragraph.2.8 System Integration Included government agencies,industry groups and public transport operators 2.10 Human Factors Added dot point Consideration of vis

242、ual adaptation requirements for tunnel requirements and reference to AS/NZS 1158.5:2014.Minor wording change to first sub-point under second point and to third paragraph.2.10 Human Factors Included reference to supplementary material to inform human factors requirements 2.11 Reliability,Availability

243、,Maintainability and Safety(RAMS)identified and added to last sentence.3.1 Road Tunnel Characteristics Added words to dot points.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 25 Section Application of literature findings and recommendation

244、s for updates 3.2.1 General Added dot point provision of aesthetic features and minor wording amendment to last dot point.3.2.3 Human Factors Considerations within the tunnel environment Three paragraphs added referencing literature relating to colour of walls and wall markings.Various single word a

245、dditions throughout the section.Sub-point added informing potential users upstream of the tunnel of an incident 3.2.4 Ingress and Egress at Tunnel Portals with Consideration to Human Factors Language changes to dot points 3.3.1 The Planning Phase Added dot point the suitability and purpose of aesthe

246、tic features 3.3.2 The Design Phase Added words to dot points.5.1 General Added incidents and to third dot point.5.2 Sight Distance and Tunnels Text added to fourth paragraph providing more details on safety in tunnels where curvature cannot be improved.5.3 Operating Speed Paragraph added relating t

247、o application of pacemaker lighting to help regulate traffic speed.5.6.6 Emergency Stopping Lanes First sentence amended to clarify differences in standards between Australian and New Zealand.5.6.10 Escape Routes Paragraph added detailing how a functional lighting system can be programmed to be used

248、 in an emergency,directing people towards escape routes.7.1.1 The Portal Four paragraphs added on tunnel portal design,risk,impacts and themes.7.2 Internal Tunnel Design Words added to first paragraph(aesthetic features)and sixth paragraph(and is distracting to drivers).7.2 Internal Tunnel Design Pa

249、ragraph and figure added relating to themed designs.8.2.1 General Considerations Two paragraphs added referencing literature relating to psychological responses within tunnel and physical attributes influencing driver behaviour.12.1 Overview Paragraphs and dot points relating to feature lighting 12.

250、5.6 Functional Lighting New section added detailing high level design requirements for functional lighting 14.3.14 Functional Lighting New section added detailing how a control system and concept of operations is needed to operate a functional lighting system.References Reference added Table 6.3:Upd

251、ates to Part 3:Operation and Maintenance Section Application of literature findings and recommendations for updates Document Control Edition updates prepared by,current version,acknowledgements 1.3.2 Maintenance Added dot point tunnel aesthetics 2.1 Providing a Safety System and Safe System Requirem

252、ents Updated reference to New Zealands road safety strategy 2.4.2 Scope of Inspections Subheading added Aesthetic features within a tunnel with subsequent dot points detailing types of aesthetic features 2.5 Risk Analysis Added dot point public education on the purpose of aesthetic features within a

253、 tunnel,where relevant(such as pacemaker lighting)3.5 Performance Added dot point contribution to improving traffic throughput and road safety 4.4 Maintenance Manual Words added aesthetic features 5.1 Introduction Additional reference added to second paragraph 5.2.1 Normal Conditions-Drivers Additio

254、nal sentence and paragraph added delating to aesthetic features,their purpose,and potential distraction Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 26 Section Application of literature findings and recommendations for updates 5.3.1 Drive

255、r Awareness Education Two paragraphs added discussing the importance of driver awareness education when implementing aesthetic features and the benefits to using different types of software and hardware as a means of obtaining data and communication.5.3.3 Communication During Incidents Added sentenc

256、e to dot point three If a tunnel has a functional lighting(or pacemaker lighting)system in place,it can be programmed to direct pedestrians towards the nearest exit point in the event of an emergency.6.1 Introduction Words added to first dot point References Reference added Table 6.4:Updates to Part

257、 4:Retrofitting Tunnels Section Application of literature findings and recommendations for updates Document Control Edition updates prepared by,current version,acknowledgements 2.2 Providing a Safe System Updated reference to New Zealands road safety strategy and minor wording amendments to second p

258、aragraph.3.1 Introduction Added dot point traffic throughput being below theoretical levels 4.5.2 Design Requirements Sentence added detailed New Zealand standards.5.1.1 Signs Sentence added The placement of permeant regulatory or warning signs is also dependant on the vehicle speed limit environmen

259、t to enable appropriate recognition,warning,identification and behaviour responses by drivers to be undertaken.5.1.2 Lighting Sentence added about functional lighting and pacemakers as a means to regulate traffic flow 5.2 Traffic Management System And asset owner added to second sentence in second p

260、aragraph 11.3.1 Lighting equipment New paragraph added regarding LED lights.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 27 7.Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1 Conclusions The purpose of project ART6334 was to provide best practice guid

261、ance for the design,delivery and testing of in-tunnel aesthetic design features to improve tunnel safety and the customer experience.This Technical Report outlined a detailed and contemporary review of in-tunnel aesthetic features applied or tested,and how such features can be considered throughout

262、the project lifecycle:procurement,design,operation,maintenance,testing and benefit realisation.This has been completed in conjunction with an update to the AGRT.The updates will provide asset owners,operators,designers and contractors with the improved guidance on how to consider,include and maintai

263、n aesthetic features during the life cycle of road tunnels.Lighting,wall coating,signage and information displays are examples of aesthetic features.These can undertake different forms and functions,both in a static and dynamic form,to portray messages and draw the attention of drivers.During the pl

264、anning stage of a project,an asset owner(existing or future)should clearly articulate the purpose for including in-tunnel aesthetic features into a road tunnel and define the objectives of having aesthetic features present within a tunnel.Establishing a reason and determining the role of in-tunnel a

265、esthetics within a road tunnel is an important foundation for measurement of their success during operation.Designers of in-tunnel aesthetics need to ensure that their designs reflect the fundamental objective of the design process as outlined in Part 2 of the AGRT.Wall coatings which are lightly co

266、loured can be used to maximise reflections,generate feelings of spaciousness,and ensure that driver attention remains focused on the road ahead.Conversely,wall coatings should be distinguishable to drivers to be effective.Incorporation of paintings,contrasts,brightness and light can be used to reduc

267、e monotony and increase optical density in fields of view.It is critical to consider how the presence of aesthetics within a tunnel environment can support safe driver and vehicle performance.Through the design process,designers should consider the road safety and safe system principles relevant to

268、their jurisdiction and the Austroads Guide to Road Safety,to ensure that road safety is not adversely impacted as a result of the presence of aesthetic features.A human-centered approach should be considered when designing and delivering in-tunnel aesthetic features,to ensure positive psychological

269、and physiological responses from road users.The procurement of experts which possess the knowledge and experience in identifying,designing,and maintaining aesthetic features is critical to assisting asset owners and operators achieve their project aspirations.The maintenance and operation of in-tunn

270、el aesthetics should be guided by the asset operator and the product manufacturers.Furthermore,the operation of specific in-tunnel aesthetic features will need to align with existing or proposed systems within the tunnel,such as ITS,communication,electrical,fire and life safety.If aesthetic features

271、 require specific details to maintain the asset,clear instructions such as technical specifications,user guide and data sheets are to be made available from the asset owners to the maintenance contractors.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroad

272、s 2023|page 28 7.2 Suggestions for Further Research The Literature and Project Review identified gaps in the types and applications of aesthetic features which could be integrated into a tunnel as means of enhancing the user experience and improving road safety.Key areas for further investigation,wh

273、ich are elaborated below,include:Additional types of aesthetics features and their connection to a design theme or project objective,such as olfactory stimuli,audible stimuli,vegetated green walls and lighting projections The application of location validation aesthetics,in the form of signage and r

274、oad surface markings particularly whether:they comply with national signage and line marking standards regular users of the tunnel are likely to understand the relative position of the tunnel infrequent or first time drivers may not know the surface landmarks and confusion is caused.Other means of t

275、esting at each stage of the project lifecycle,as a means of capturing stakeholder feedback and qualitative and quantitative data,which can be used by asset owners or operators to measure the benefits and impacts of aesthetic features.Investigation of these elements would lead to a more comprehensive

276、 understanding of the suitability and types of aesthetic features,and a different means to assessing their appropriateness.Furthermore,it was identified that in-tunnel aesthetic features are not a well-studied field and therefore traditional Road Safety and Safe System practitioners may not have the

277、 specialist expertise in examining in-tunnel aesthetics.The identification of human factors issues associated with in-tunnel aesthetic features may be more suitably achieved through evaluation of prototypes(physical or virtual)by end users and human factors practitioners to gain a detailed insight i

278、nto human behaviour prior to major design and construction works.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 29 References Austroads.(2021),Guide to Road Tunnels Part 2:Planning,Design and Commissioning,AGRT02-21,Austroads.Chen,P.,Chen,F

279、.,Zhang,L.,Ma,X.,&Pan,X.(2020),Examining the influence of decorated sidewall in road tunnels using fMRI technology,Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology,99,1-6.Kircher,K.,&Ahlstrom,C.(2012),The impact of tunnel design and lighting on performance of attentive and visually distracted drivers,Acc

280、ident and Analysis Prevention,47,153-161.Kline,K.,&Dewar,R.E.(2004),The aging eye and transport signs,The Human Factors of Transportation Signs,8,116-130.Roads and Maritime Services New South Wales(2017),Tunnel urban design guideline:Design guideline to improve the customer and community experience

281、of road tunnels.Standards Australia,AS/NZS 1158.5:2014 Lighting for roads and public spaces-Part 5 Tunnels and underpasses,Sydney,NSW:Standards Australia,2014,in SAI Global World Road Association(PIARC)(2008),Human factors and road tunnel safety regarding users(ISBN:2-84060-218-0),World Road Association PIARC.Design,Delivery and Testing of Road Tunnel Aesthetic Features:Best Practice Approaches Austroads 2023|page 30