《粮食安全信息网络(FSIN)：2024年全球粮食危机报告（英文版）（198页）.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《粮食安全信息网络(FSIN)：2024年全球粮食危机报告（英文版）（198页）.pdf（198页珍藏版）》请在三个皮匠报告上搜索。

1、FSINJoint analysis for better decisionsFood Security Information NetworkCONTENTS F iiRequired citation FSIN and Global Network Against Food Crises.2024.GRFC 2024.Rome.When citing this report online please use this link https:/www.fsinplatform.org/grfc2024All rights reserved.Reproduction and dissemin

2、ation of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial uses are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged.Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purp

3、oses is prohibited without written permission.Applications for such permission should be addressed to the Food Security Information Network Secretariat,email:fsin-secretariatwfp.orgThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of a

4、ny opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food Security Information Network(FSIN),its constituent parties and its partners concerning the legal or development status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.FSIN 2024.CON

5、TENTS F i i iAcknowledgementset Nutritionelleet Nutritionellede la scurit alimentairede la scurit alimentairey Nutriciny Nutricinen Fases en Fases Clasifcacin Integrada de la Seguridad Alimentaria en FasesClasifcacin Integrada de la Seguridad Alimentaria en FasesCLUSTERGlobalNUTRITIONThis report wou

6、ld not have been possible without the generous support of the European Union.The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.This eighth edition of the Global Report on Food Crises(GRFC)continues the collaboration established in 2

7、016between the Food Security Information Network and the 16 GRFC partner agencies.While the drafting and review process are facilitated by the FSIN Secretariat,the robust and comprehensive content relies on the contribution of data,technical expertise and content from our partners.Special thanks in

8、particular are extended to the FSIN team who once again worked tirelessly to produce the document,listen to reviewers and enrich the product based on their feedback;to the GRFC Senior Committee who provided guidance and support through complex decisions;to the GRFC Technical Working Groups who broug

9、ht their knowledge and expertise to deepen the analysis;and to our partners communications teams who ensured that the findings of the GRFC 2024are widely disseminated and known.Thanks are also extended to all the individuals based in regions and countries who brought their expertise to the product.T

10、he names listed below are by no means exhaustive for a product of this nature:FSIN Secretariat Federica Carfagna,Evan Carr,Lynn Clark,Carlos Manuel Estevez Reyes,Giulio Fabris,MariaPaolaGuerra,Sara Mchattie,Emily Olsson,Claudio Ribotta,Ziad Rizkallah and Katy Williams.GRFC partners Hassan Ali Ahmed,

11、Jonathan David Andrews,Lavinia Antonaci,Vicente Anzellini,Lilian Barajas,SimonaBortolotti,HeleneBerton,EricBranckaert,GiuliaCaivano,Alice Clough,GemmaConnell,SophieChotard,CristinaCoslet,AlessandroCostantino,Anne-CelineDelinger,EveSuzyClaraLeDem,NanaDlamini,AntenehDobamo,StefanoFedele,AbdiFidar,Gwen

12、aelleGarnier,ValerieGatchell,RodrigoGil-Quintana,ShannonHayes,NikkiAlexandraHerwanger,LenaHohfeld,ArifHusain,KahinIsmail,BaouaIssoufou,SallyJames,DouglasJayasekaran,DamienJoud,JustinKabuyaya,JanetKimani,Marie-HeleneKyprianou,NaouarLabidi,BrendaLazarus,JosLopez,OliverMaes,HamadounMahamadou,AbdulMajid

13、,WilliamsMassaoud,AurlienMellin,QuraishiaMerzouk,Nicholas Minot,NaserMohmand,SiphokaziMoloinyane,CinziaMonetta,Susana Moreno Romero,MoctarMoussa,GiampieroMuci,CharityMumbua,AnuradhaNarayan,MaryNjenga,TerryNjeri-Theuri,Marta Ortiz,CinziaPapavero,HyunjuPark,ElisePolak,BenedettaPompili,JonathanPound,Sa

14、miaRahman,HasinaRakotomanana,FelixRembold,BrendanRice,JosRuizEsp,MohamedSalem,DuncanSamikwa,CharitySammy,BrittaSchumacher,EdgarScrase,AlmudenaSerrano,JungEunSohn,AhmedSulaiman,FeliciaTakavarasha,GaolatheThobokwe,Philippe Thomas,LauraTosi,MonikaTothova,JoseManuel VeigaLopez-Pena,RoosmarijnVerstraeten

15、,JoseluisVivero,RobVos,AnneWagner,MassaoudWiliams,FleurWouterse,LisamarieZammit and MarioZappacosta,Hein Zeelie.In memoriam:Ricardo Sibrin and Djim Adoum.CONTENTS F vContentsForeword .viiKey findings .ixAcronyms.xGlossary.xiIntroduction .1CHAPTER 1GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISES .5Spotlight|Displacem

16、ent.18CHAPTER 2CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AFRICA .25Angola.33Central African Republic .34Congo.35Democratic Republic of the Congo .36Eswatini .37Lesotho.37Madagascar(specific areas).38Malawi .39Mozambique(specific areas).40Namibia.41United Republic of Tanzania(specific areas).42Zambia(specific areas).43Zi

17、mbabwe .44EAST AFRICA .45Focus|Conflict in the Sudan .53Burundi .55Djibouti.56Ethiopia.57Kenya(specific areas).58Somalia .59South Sudan .60Sudan .61Uganda.62Additional countries of concern.63WEST AFRICA AND THE SAHEL .65Benin.73Burkina Faso .74Cameroon.75Chad .76Cte dIvoire.77Guinea.78Liberia.79Mali

18、.80Mauritania.81Niger.82Nigeria.83Senegal.84Sierra Leone.85Togo.86Additional country of concern.87ASIA .89Afghanistan .97Bangladesh(specific areas).98Myanmar .99Pakistan(specific areas).100Sri Lanka.101Additional countries of concern.102EUROPE .103Focus|The far-reaching impact of the war in Ukraine

19、.104Ukraine.107Additional country of concern.108LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN .109Colombia.116Dominican Republic.117ElSalvador.118Guatemala.119Haiti.120Honduras .121Nicaragua.121Migrant and refugee populations.122Additional countries of concern.123MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA .125Focus|Palestine(G

20、aza Strip).133Lebanon.136Palestine.137Gaza Strip.137West Bank.137Syrian Arab Republic.138Yemen.139Refugee populations.140Additional countries of concern.141APPENDICES .1431|Trend graphs showing numbers of people by phase of acute food insecurity.1442|Table of acute food insecurity estimates,20222024

21、.1543|Table of forcibly displaced populations.1584|Indicators.161TECHNICAL NOTES .165BIBLIOGRAPHY .176CONTENTS F v i iThis Global Report on Food Crises is a roll call of human failings.In a world of plenty,children are starving to death.War,climate chaos and a cost-of-living crisis combined with ina

22、dequate action mean that almost 300 million people faced acute food crisis in 2023.The number of people on the brink of famine rose to over 700000 almost double the number of 2022.The conflicts erupting over the past 12 months compound a dire global situation.TheGazaStrip has the highest number of p

23、eople facing catastrophic hunger ever recorded by the Global Report on Food Crises,even as blocked aid trucks line up at the border.Conflict in the Sudan has created the worlds largest internal displacement crisis,with atrocious impacts on hunger and nutrition,particularly for women and children.Thi

24、s crisis demands an urgent response.Using the data in this report to transform food systems and address the underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition will be vital.So will finance.Funding is not keeping pace with need.Governments must boost the resources available for sustainable develop

25、ment by putting our proposals for an SDG Stimulus in support of developing countries into action,and fully funding humanitarian operations.Humanity can and must do better.Together,with commitment and concerted action,we can create a world where hunger has no home.Antnio Guterres Secretary-General of

26、 the United NationsForewordUN PHOTO/MARK GARTENCONTENTS F i xThe overall share of the analysed population facing high levels of acute food insecurity was marginally lower than in 2022,but still higher than pre-COVID-19.Nearly 24M more people faced high levels of acute food insecurity than in 2022 ex

27、plained by expanded analysis coverage as well as deteriorating acute food insecurity in some countries/territories outweighing improvements in others.Acute food insecurity deteriorated in 12countries with comparable data between 2022and 2023,where 13.5M more people needed urgent assistance,mostly in

28、 the Sudan.Food security improved in 17countries with comparable data between 2022and2023,resulting in 7.2M fewer people facing high levels of acute food insecurity.Over 36M people in 39countries/territories faced Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4),with more than a third of them in the Sudan and Afghanistan.A

29、round 165.5M people in 41countries/territories faced Crisis(IPC/CH Phase 3).Around 292M people in 40countries faced Stressed(IPC/CH Phase2).Key findingsDrivers of acute food insecurityDrivers are interlinked and superimposed on structural vulnerabilities that make it more difficult to respond and re

30、cover from a shock.Conflict/insecurity was the primary driver in 20countries/territories with 135M people facing high levels of acute food insecurity.It was the main driver in most of the ten largest food crises(by number or share).Weather extremes were the main driver for 18countries with over 72M

31、people facing high levels of acute food insecurity.Many countries were grappling with prolonged recovery from drought or flooding.The ElNio event and climate change-related weather phenomena made 2023the hottest year on record.Economic shocks were the main driver in 21countries with over 75M people

32、facing high levels of acute food insecurity.Decreasing global food prices did not transmit to low-income,import-dependent countries.Continued high public debt limited government options to mitigate the effects of high prices.Bleak outlook for 2024Conflict/insecurity especially in Palestine(Gaza Stri

33、p),the Sudan and Haiti will continue to be the main drivers of acute food insecurity throughout 2024.While ElNio peaked in early 2024,its full impact on food security including flooding and poor rains in parts of East Africa,and drought in Southern Africa,especally Malawi,Zambia and Zimbabwe are lik

34、ely to manifest throughout the year.Some of the impacts of ElNio may be positive,including better harvests in parts of East Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean.Net food-importing,low-income countries,especially those with weakening currencies,are still grappling with high domestic food prices

35、 and weak household purchasing power.Decreasing humanitarian funding and increasing costs of delivery pose a further threat,already resulting in reduced beneficiary numbers and food assistance rations among many food-insecure populations.In 2023,281.6 million people or 21.5 percent of the analysed p

36、opulation faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 59 food-crisis countries/territories.Food crises escalated alarmingly in conflict hotspots in 2023 notably Palestine(Gaza Strip)and the Sudan.TheGaza Strip became the most severe food crisis in IPC and GRFC history.The number of forcibly displa

37、ced people reached 90M in the 59countries/territories the highest in eight years of GRFC reporting showing the high correlation between displacement and acute food insecurity.The Sudan became the worlds biggest internal displacement crisis.By the end of 2023,almost 80%of the population of the Gaza S

38、trip was internally displaced.Acute malnutrition among children and women continued to deteriorate,especially in conflict-affected areas.In 2023,over 36M children under 5years old were acutely malnourished in 32food-crisis countries with data,of whom nearly 10M had severe acute malnutrition.Some 60%

39、of these children were in the ten largest food crises.Data gaps remain a concern.While food security analyses expanded coverage to an additional 177.6M people,particularly in vulnerable areas,data gaps remain a challenge with populations in 14food-crisis countries not accounted for due to lack of da

40、ta or data not meeting GRFC technical requirements.Populations projected to face Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)About 0.7M people 0.6M of them in Palestine(Gaza Strip)were projected to face Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)in five countries/territories in 2023.More than a quarter of the population of the Gaza S

41、trip were projected to be in this phase from December 2023 to March 2024,with the risk of Famine increasing each day that the intense conflict and restricted humanitarian access persisted.By MarchJuly 2024,over half the population of the Gaza Strip(1.1M people)were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC

42、Phase5),rising to 70%in northern governorates where Famine was imminent.Burkina Faso,Somalia,South Sudan and Mali also had populations facing catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity in 2023.CONTENTS F x 3RP Regional Refugee and Resilience Plan ACAPS Assessment Capacities Project ACLED Armed Con

43、flict Location and Event Data Project ALG LiptakoGourma Authority(Autorit de Dveloppement Intgr de la Rgion du Liptako Gourma)AMN Acute malnutrition AML African migratory locusts ARI Acute respiratory infection ASAL Arid and semi-arid lands ASAP Anomaly Hotspots of Agricultural Production AWD Acute

44、watery diarrhoea BAY Borno,Adamawa and Yobe states(Nigeria)CADC Central America Dry Corridor CARI Consolidated Approach to Reporting Indicators of Food Security CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CEPAL United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean CFS Committee o

45、n World Food Security CH Cadre Harmonis CILSS Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control CONASUR Conseil National de Secours dUrgence et de Rhabilitation (National Emergency Response and Rehabilitation Council),Burkina Faso COVID-19 Coronavirus disease 2019 CPI Consumer Price Index DEVCO Int

46、ernational Cooperation and Development of the European Commission DGPC Direction Gnrale de la Protection Civile(Haiti)DHS Demographic and Health Survey DRC Danish Refugee Council DRPIA Direction Rgionale de la Protection Industrielle et Animalire DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix ECHO European Civil

47、Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations of the European Commission EC-JRC European Commission Joint Research Centre ECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States(Communaut conomique des tats de lAfrique de lOuest(CEDE

48、AO)EFSA Emergency Food Security Assessment ENCOVI Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida EIU Economist Intelligence Unit ENA Essential Needs Assessment E-VAC Emergency Vulnerability Assessment Committee FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FAO-GIEWS FAO Global Information and Early Warning System

49、 on Food and Agriculture FCS Food Consumption Score FCT Federal Capital Territory FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FSC Food Security Cluster FIES Food Insecurity Experience Scale FSIN Food Security Information Network FSNAU Food Security and Nutrition Assessment Unit FSNMS Food Security

50、and Nutrition Monitoring System FSNWG Food Security and Nutrition Working Group GAM Global acute malnutrition GDP Gross domestic product GFA General food assistance gFSC Global Food Security Cluster GHO Global Humanitarian Overview GNAFC Global Network Against Food Crises GNC Global Nutrition Cluste

51、r GRFC Global Report on Food Crises HDI Humanitarian Development Index HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immune deficiency syndrome HLPE High Level Panel of Experts HNAP Humanitarian Needs Assessment Programme HNO Humanitarian Needs Overview HRP Humanitarian Response Plan IASC

52、 Inter-agency Standing Committee ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross IDMC Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre IDP Internally displaced persons IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute IFRC International Federation of the Re

53、d Cross IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development(in Eastern Africa)ILO International Labour Organization IMF International Monetary Fund INFORM Index for Risk Management INGD National Institute for Disaster Management(Mozambique)IOM International Organization for Migration IPC Integrated Food

54、 Security PhaseClassification IPC FRC Integrated Food Security PhaseClassification Famine Review Committee IRG Internationally recognised government ISCG Inter Sector Coordination Group(Bangladesh)IYCF Infant and young child feeding JME Joint Malnutrition Estimates JMP Joint Monitoring Programme JRP

55、 Joint Response Plan LGA Local government area MAD Minimum Acceptable Diet MAM Moderate acute malnutrition MCNA Multi-Cluster Needs Assessment MDD Minimum Dietary Diversity MENA Middle East and North Africa MFB Minimum Food Basket MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey MoH Ministry of Health MPI Mul

56、tidimensional poverty index MUAC Mid-upper arm circumference NFSS Nutrition and Food Security Surveillance NGCA Non-Government-Controlled Area(Ukraine)NNS National Nutrition Survey NRC Norwegian Refugee Council OAS Organization of American States OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Hu

57、manitarian Affairs OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights OIP Other people in need of international protection PCBS Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics PDM Post-distribution monitoring PiN People in Need

58、PBW Pregnant and breastfeeding women R-ARCSS Revitalized Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan REVA Refugee influx Emergency Vulnerability Assessment RMRP Refugee and Migrant Response Plan RPCA Food Crisis Prevention Network(Rseau de Prvention des Crises Alimenta

59、ires)RRM Rapid Response Mechanism(Yemen)SADC Southern African Development Community SAM Severe acute malnutrition SBA Sanaa-based Authority(Yemen)SDG Sustainable Development Goal SEFSEC Socio-Economic&Food Security Survey(Palestine)SENS Standardised Expanded Nutrition Survey SFSA Seasonal Food Secur

60、ity Assessment SICA Sistema de la Integracin Centroamericana SISAAP Systme dInformation sure la Scurit Alimentaire et dAlerte Prcoce SMART Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions SMEB Survival Minimum Expenditure Basket SNNP Ethiopian Southern Nations,Nationalities,and Peopl

61、es Region SOFI The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World TWG Technical Working Group UBOS Uganda Bureau of Statistics UEMOA Union conomique et montaire ouest-africaine UN United Nations UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refu

62、gees UNICEF United Nations Childrens Fund UNRWA UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States dollar VAC Vulnerability Assessment Committee VASyR Vulnerability Assessment of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon WAS

63、H Water,sanitation and hygiene WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WoAA Whole of Afghanistan Assessment ZimVAC Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment CommitteeAcronymsCONTENTS F xiAcutely food-insecure people The number of people in Stressed or worse(IPC/CH Phase2or above

64、)are considered“acutely”food insecure.Those in Crisis or worse(IPC/CH Phase3or above)require urgent action to decrease food gaps and protect and save lives and livelihoods.This might not necessarily reflect the full population in need as some households may only be classified in IPC/CH Phase1or 2bec

65、ause they receive assistance and need continued action.In many countries,the number in Crisis or worse(IPC/CH Phase3or above)refers to populations in need of action further to that already taken.Acute food insecurityAcute food insecurity is any manifestation of food insecurity at a specific point in

66、 time that is of a severity that threatens lives,livelihoods or both,regardless of the causes,context or duration.These acute states are highly susceptible to change and can manifest in a population within a short amount of time,as a result of sudden changes or shocks that negatively impact the dete

67、rminants of food insecurity and malnutrition(IPC,2019).Transitory food insecurity is a short-term or temporary inability to meet food consumption requirements related to sporadic crises,indicating a capacity to recover.Asylum-seekersAsylum-seeker is a general term for any person who is seeking inter

68、national protection.In some countries,it is used as a legal term referring to a person who has applied for refugee status or a complementary international protection status and has not yet received a final decision on their claim.It can also refer to a person who has not yet submitted an application

69、 but may intend to do so,or may be in need of international protection.Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee,but every refugee isinitially an asylum-seeker.Chronic food insecurityChronic food insecurity refers to food insecurity that persists over time,largely due to str

70、uctural causes.The definition includes seasonal food insecurity that occurs during periods with non-exceptional conditions.Chronic food insecurity has relevance in providing strategic guidance to actions that focus on the medium-and long-term improvement of the quality and quantity of food consumpti

71、on for an active and healthy life(FAO et al.,2021).FAO defines this as“undernourishment”and it is the basis for SDG indicator 2.1.1published in the SOFI report.Moderate chronic food insecurity refers to the level of severity of food insecurity,based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale(FIES),in w

72、hich people face uncertainties about their ability to obtain food and have been forced to reduce,at times during the year,the quality and/or quantity of food they consume due to lack of money or other resources.It thus refers to a lack of consistent access to food,which diminishes dietary quality,di

73、srupts normal eating patterns,and can have negative consequences for nutrition,health and wellbeing.Severe food insecurity refers to the level of severity of food insecurity in which people have likely run out of food,experienced hunger and,at the most extreme,gone for days without eating,putting th

74、eir health and well-being at grave risk,based on the FIES(FAO et al.,2021).According to the SOFI report,between 691and 783million people in the world faced hunger in 2022 or 122million more people than in 2019,before the global pandemic.The prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity at the glo

75、bal level(SDG Indicator 2.1.2)remained unchanged for the second year in a row after increasing sharply from 2019to 2020.About 29.6percent of the global population 2.4billion people were moderately or severely food insecure in 2022,of which about 900million(11.3percent of people in the world)were sev

76、erely food insecure.Coping strategiesActivities to which people resort in order to obtain food,income and/or other essential goods or services when their normal means of livelihood have been disrupted or other shocks/hazards affect their access to basic needs.Export prohibitions and restrictionsMeas

77、ures that have a limiting effect on the quantity or amount of a product being exported.They can take the form of a tax or a quantitative restriction.The latter is generally prohibited with some exceptions,notably those applied to prevent or relieve critical shortage of foodstuffs.GlossaryFamineAn IP

78、C/CH area classification and is the highest phase of the IPC acute food insecurity scale.It suggests that starvation,death,destitution and Extremely Critical levels of acute malnutrition are or will likely be evident.A Famine classification is attributed when at least 20 percent of households in a g

79、iven area face an extreme lack of food,at least 30 percent of children are suffering from acute malnutrition,and two people or four children for every 10 000 are dying each day due to outright starvation or to the interaction of malnutrition and disease(IPC,March 2024).Food accessAccess by household

80、s/individuals to adequate resources for acquiring appropriate foods for a nutritious diet.Food availabilityThe availability of enough food of appropriate quality,supplied through domestic production or imports.Food crisisThe GRFC defines a food crisis as a situation where acute food insecurity requi

81、res urgent action to protect and save lives and livelihoods at local or national levels and exceeds the local resources and capacities to respond.Food crises are more likely among populations already suffering from prolonged food insecurity and malnutrition,and in areas where structural factors incr

82、ease their vulnerability to shocks.They can occur anywhere and can have global ramifications.For instance,the war in Ukraine also has food security impacts outside its own borders since the country is a major food exporter.Furthermore,the capacity of governments to respond can influence the magnitud

83、e and severity of food crises.Food inflationMonthly food inflation,as measured by a price index,reflects the year-on-year percentage change in the cost of purchasing a basket of commonly consumed food items(WFP).Food securityThis exists when all people,at all times,have physical,social and economic

84、access to sufficient,safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life(HLPE,2020).For people to be food secure,food must be both consistently available and accessible in sufficient quantities and CONTENTS F xiidiversity,and households must be

85、 able to utilize(store,cook,prepare and share)the food in a way that has a positive nutritional impact.Forced displacementForced displacement is the movement of people who have been obliged to leave their homes,particularly to avoid the effects of armed conflict,generalized violence,violations of hu

86、man rights or natural or human-made disasters.Displacement is often a side-effect of conflict,food insecurity and weather shocks.High levels of acute food insecurityThis refers to populations in Crisis or worse(Phase3or above)according to the IPC/CH classification or moderate and severe acute food i

87、nsecurity categories in CARI,and HNO/HRP food security People in Need(PiN)number as an approximation of IPC/CH Phase3or above.These are the populations who face high levels of acute food insecurity and are in need of urgent assistance.Humanitarian,Development and Peace(HDP)NexusRefers to the interli

88、nking of efforts by humanitarian,development and peace actors.This approach advocates for improved coordination between actors and alignment around common goals to address crises,food security and overcome conflict.INFORMThe INFORM Risk Index is a global,open-source risk assessment for humanitarian

89、crises and disasters.It can support decisions about prevention,preparedness and response.Internally displaced persons(IDPs)IDPs are those forced to flee their homes as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict,situations of generalized violence,violations of human rights,or natu

90、ral or human-made disasters,and who have not crossed an international border.International Recommendations on Internally Displaced Persons Statistics(IRIS)Internationally agreed framework for countries and international organizations to improve production,coordination and dissemination of high-quali

91、ty official statistics on IDPs that are consistent over time and comparable between regions and countries.Lean seasonThe period of the year when food access is most difficult and food prices are typically at their highest.It typically corresponds with a time of reduced food stores prior to harvest a

92、fter the previous harvest has been exhausted.It occurs at different times of the year in different locations,depending on local climate conditions and agricultural practices.LivelihoodsPeoples capabilities,assets both material and social and activities required for a means of living linked to surviv

93、al and future well-being and the policies and institutions that shape or constrain access to assets and choices about activities.MagnitudeMagnitude refers to the total number of people experiencing acute food insecurity in a reference population.Major food crisisA food crisis is defined as“major”if

94、more than 1million people or more than 20percent of the total country population is estimated to be facing IPC/CH Phase3or above or equivalent,or if at least one area is classified in Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4)or above,or if the country is included in the IASC humanitarian system-wide emergency respon

95、se level 3.MalnutritionAn umbrella term that covers undernutrition and overweight,obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases such as heart disease,stroke,diabetes and cancer.See https:/www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition.In food-crisis countries/territories,this term usuall

96、y refers to undernutrition.Undernutrition is a consequence of inadequate nutrient intake and/or absorption,and/or illness or disease.Acute malnutrition(wasting,thinness and/or bilateral pitting oedema),stunting,underweight(a composite of stunting and wasting)and micronutrient deficiencies(e.g.defici

97、encies in vitamin A,iron)are all forms of undernutrition.Malnutrition has immediate and long-reaching consequences,including stunting childrens growth,increasing susceptibility to disease and infections,and contributing to 45percent of deaths among children under 5years old(WHO).The determinants of

98、malnutrition also include inadequate access to healthcare,poor water and sanitation services,and inappropriate child-feeding and care practices,as described in the UNICEF framework.MigrantsAccording to IOM,“migrant”is an umbrella term,not defined under international law,reflecting the common lay und

99、erstanding of a person who moves away from their place of usual residence,whether within a country or across an international border,temporarily or permanently,and for a variety of reasons.The term includes a number of well-defined legal categories of people,such as migrant workers;persons whose par

100、ticular types of movements are legally defined,such as smuggled migrants;as well as those whose status or means of movement are not specifically defined under international law,such as international students.A migrant with the intention to settle is someone who has reached a final destination countr

101、y,where they wish to remain permanently.An in-transit migrant is someone who is temporarily staying in one or more countries with the objective of reaching a further and final destination country.A pendular migrant is someone who regularly commutes or travels between their country of residence and a

102、nother country,typically for work or economic reasons.These migrants often maintain a pattern of back-and-forth movement,crossing international borders frequently but without necessarily establishing permanent residence in the destination country.Nutritional statusThe physiological state of an indiv

103、idual that results from the relationship between nutrient intake and requirements and the bodys ability to digest,absorb and use these nutrients.Nutritious foodsSafe foods that contribute essential nutrients,including carbohydrates,lipids,vitamins,proteins(macronutrients)and minerals(micronutrients)

104、,fibre and other components to healthy diets that are beneficial for growth,and health and development,guarding against malnutrition.Other people in need of international protection(OIPs)Other people in need of international protection refers to people who are outside their country or territory of o

105、rigin,typically because they have been forcibly displaced across international borders,who have not been reported under other categories(asylum-seekers,refugees,people in refugee-like situations)but who likely need international protection,including protection against forced return,as well as access

106、 to basic services on a temporary or longer-term basis.The terminology was first introduced in mid-2022reporting by UNHCR.CONTENTS F xi i iPastoralists Pastoralists are people whose primary means of livelihood involves raising livestock,such as cattle,sheep,goats,camels or yaks.These communities typ

107、ically rely on animal husbandry as their main source of sustenance and often lead a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle,moving their herds seasonally in search of water and pasture.Peak period/numberThe GRFC reports on the period with the highest number of people facing high levels of acute food insec

108、urity in the year in question as reported by endorsed sources.It does not necessarily reflect the latest analysis available,and it often,but not always,coincides with the lean season.People in Need(PiN)People in Need,used in HNOs,is based on analysis that estimates who needs assistance,regardless of

109、 whether or not assistance is already provided.There are multisectoral and sectoral PiN.The GRFC only contains the sectoral PiN specific to people who are estimated to be highly acutely food insecure.PrevalencePrevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of a population that exhibits a particul

110、ar characteristic or condition at a specific point in time or over a specified period.In the context of food insecurity and/or malnutrition,prevalence indicates the extent of the food insecurity or wasting condition within a given country or population group.It is calculated by dividing the number o

111、f individuals with the characteristic or condition of interest by the total reference population,expressed as a percentage or a rate.Primary driver Although acknowledging that drivers are often interlinked and mutually reinforcing,the GRFC identifies the primary driver as the most prominent trigger

112、of acute food insecurity for each country/territory in terms of number of people affected.This term is used interchangeably with“most significant driver”in the GRFC.Protracted food crisis A food crisis is defined as“protracted”if included as such in all eight editions of the GRFC.If the food crisis

113、met the criteria to be defined as a“major”food crisis in all editions then it is defined as a“protracted major”food crisis.RefugeesRefugees are persons outside their countries of origin who are in need of international protection because of feared persecution,or a serious threat to their life,physic

114、al integrity or freedom in their country of origin as a result of persecution,armed conflict,violence or serious public disorder.The International Recommendation on Refugee Statistics provides a statistical definition of refugees.RemittancesThe term refers to the transfer of money or resources by mi

115、grants to their families or communities in their countries of origin.These transfers are typically sent by migrants who have moved to another country for employment or other reasons,and they serve as an essential source of financial support for their families back home.ResilienceThe capacity to abso

116、rb,prepare for,and prevent humanitarian disasters,crises and long-term stresses.It also contributes to the adaptation and transformation of livelihoods and food systems,progressing along a pathway out of the protracted crisis situation.Stateless personsSomeone who does not have a nationality.Some pe

117、ople are born stateless,but others become stateless due to a variety of reasons,including sovereign,legal,technical or administrative decisions or oversights.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights underlines that“Everyone has the right to a nationality”(UNGA,1948,article 15).Survival Minimum Expe

118、nditure Basket(SMEB)While the MEB is defined as the minimum amount of money that a household requires to meet their essential needs,on a regular or seasonal basis,at its average cost,the SMEB is the absolute minimum amount required to cover life-saving needs,which could involve the deprivation of ce

119、rtain rights as health or education.https:/docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000074198/download/TranshumanceTranshumance refers to the seasonal movement of people along with their livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.This traditional practice is common in pastoral communities and is ofte

120、n driven by the need to find suitable grazing areas and water sources for livestock,which may vary with changing seasons.VulnerabilityRefers to the conditions determined by physical,social,economic and environmental factors or processes that increase the susceptibility of an individual,community,ass

121、ets or systems to the impacts of hazards.Vulnerability to food insecurity is the range of conditions that increases the susceptibility of a household to the impact on food security in case of a shock or hazard.Acute malnutritionPregnant and breastfeeding womenMap disclaimerThe boundaries and names s

122、hown and the designations used on all the maps in this document do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been

123、 agreed upon by the parties.Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined.Final status of the Abyei area is not yet determined.A dispute exists between the governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

124、 concerning sovereignty over the Falkland Islands(Malvinas).Acutely food-insecure peopleMajor food crisisConflict/insecurityInfectious diseasesWeather extremes/droughtWeather extremes/floodingInadequate health and nutrition servicesFood insecurity/lack of foodInadequate maternal and child-feeding pr

125、acticesNutritionEconomic shocksAgricultural pestsLivestockDisplacement returneesDisplacement refugeesDisplacement IDPsKey to icons INTRODUCTIONWhat constitutes a food crisis?The GRFC defines a food crisis as a situation where acute food insecurity requires urgent action to protect and save lives and

126、 livelihoods at local or national levels and exceeds the local resources and capacities to respond.Food security(is)a situation that exists when all people,at all times,have physical,social and economic access to sufficient,safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences

127、 for an active and healthy life(HLPE,2020).Food insecurity arises when one,some or all of these dimensions availability,access,utilisation and stability is disrupted,whether by shocks or other factors.It can be chronic,which is when food insecurity persists over time,largely due to structural causes

128、,or acute,which means that it occurs at a specific point in time and of a severity that threatens lives,livelihoods or both,regardless of the causes,context or duration.Chronic and acute food insecurity are overlapping concepts(see box,right).Food crises are more likely among populations already suf

129、fering from prolonged food insecurity and malnutrition,and in areas where structural factors increase their vulnerability to shocks.They can occur anywhere and have global ramifications,such as the crisis in Ukraine a major food exporter that has had ripple effects globally.The capacity of governmen

130、ts to respond can influence the magnitude and severity of food crises in a country/territory.Addressing the interconnected root causes of food crises demands comprehensive strategies that promote economic stability,climate resilience and conflict prevention,aligning activities with the Humanitarian

131、Development Peace Nexus.IntroductionAcute food insecurity refers to a situation in which populations face food deprivation that threatens lives or livelihoods,regardless of the causes,context or duration.Action becomes a matter of life or death when the situation is particularly severe,such as in IP

132、C/CH Phase4or5.Chronic food insecurity is defined as the persistent or cyclical inability to consume adequate diets for a healthy and active life and it is mainly due to structural causes(e.g.poverty,marginalization,lack of access to basic services).The concepts are therefore interlinked and not mut

133、ually exclusive.Understanding their overlaps and linkages is important to develop more integrated and better coordinated response planning.Food gaps and unsustainable coping strategies deserve equally urgent action whether they are transitory or persistent/seasonal.Acute food insecurity analyses con

134、sider the indicators at a specific point in time,but as they are replicated at near-regular intervals it is possible to identify the protractedness or cyclical nature of acute food insecurity.One of the most common chronic food insecurity forms found in the acute analyses are the cyclical recurring

135、hunger seasons.In areas where there is a high reliance on subsistence agriculture as the principal livelihood,food reserves from own production often do not last until the following harvest and households must rely on market purchases to cover food needs at a time when income-generating opportunitie

136、s are limited,and food prices reach a seasonal peak due to increased demand and reduced local grain supplies.Households that experience recurrent hunger face a double-edged sword:on the one hand they eat inadequate diets,which potentially impacts their lives and livelihoods,while on the other they a

137、re unable to build resilient livelihoods,which makes them more vulnerable to future food crises.Estimates state that around 310million people are employed in agriculture,fishing and forestry across the 59GRFC 2024countries/territories with data meeting GRFC requirements.They are at risk of entering

138、the vicious cycle of seasonal hunger(FAO,2023).In an acute food insecurity analysis,people facing Crisis or worse(IPC/CH Phase3or above)or equivalent during the lean season,even under non-exceptional circumstances,should not only be assisted with the short-term objectives of covering food gaps,but a

139、lso with the medium to long-term objective of addressing the underlying factors and improving the quality and quantity of their food consumption.The United Nations Committee on World Food Security(CFS)categorizes possible structural factors underlying chronic food insecurity as:Governance,Economic a

140、nd Production issues,Demographic and Social issues,and Climate/Environment.The GRFC does not provide a detailed analysis of the structural issues that determine chronic food insecurity but it does identify which are the immediate drivers of the food crises and reports on the main structural vulnerab

141、ility indicators available at country level in each of the regional chapters.Together these two pieces of information offer valuable insights for informing broader initiatives related to climate change adaptation,conflict prevention and resolution,economic development,and resilience.Persistent and s

142、easonal acute food insecurity as a form of chronic food insecurityThe foundation of the GRFC:an evidence-based public goodA strong partnership A highly consultative process A compilation of multiple consensus-based food security and nutrition analyses A technical document of reference on food crises

143、 About the reportThe Global Report on Food Crises 2024provides analysis and evidence on acute food insecurity and malnutrition in countries/territories identified as being in food crisis in 2023.It is a document of reference that consolidates data from various sources using rigorous methodologies an

144、d a transparent and consultative multi-agency process.The purpose of the GRFC is to:provide consensus-based analysis of countries/territories with food crises for humanitarian and development stakeholders and policymakers;present underlying and immediate drivers of acute food insecurity and malnutri

145、tion and analyse the evolution of food crises for countries/territories included in past editions;contribute to maintaining food security and nutrition as priority sectors for policymakers and donors;advocate for timely responses to food crises,offer insights into immediate and medium-term risks to

146、food security and nutrition status of populations.CONTENTS F 1INTRODUCTIONThe GRFC is based on partnership,consultation and consensus The production of the GRFC is coordinated by the Food Security Information Network(FSIN)in support of the Global Network Against Food Crises(GNAFC).It is the product

147、of a collaboration among 16partners consisting of regional intergovernmental bodies,donors,technical bodies,clusters and United Nations agencies:Comit permanent inter-tat de lutte contre la scheresse au Sahel(CILLS),the European Union(EU),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO),Food Security Cluster(

148、FSC),Global Nutrition Cluster(GNC),Intergovernmental Authority on Development(IGAD),International Food Policy Research Institute(IFPRI),International Organization for Migration(IOM),Integrated Food Security PhaseClassification(IPC),Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs(OCHA),Southern A

149、frican Development Community(SADC),Sistema de la Intergracin Centroamericano(SICA),United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR),United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF),United States Agency for International Development(USAID)and the World Food Programme(WFP).The result is an independent refere

150、nce document presenting a consensus-driven analysis validated and endorsed by global and regional experts in food security,nutrition and forced displacement.All 16partners participate in the following:Technical Working Groups(displacement,food security,nutrition)consisting of technical experts from

151、partner agencies who contribute data and analysis,participate in the review of content and make recommendations to the Senior Committee for endorsement.The Senior Committee consisting of senior representatives from each partner agency who make the final decision on content and coordinate institution

152、al clearance.PRE-SELECTION OF QUALIFYING COUNTRIES/TERRITORIESSELECTION AND GROUPING OF COUNTRIES/TERRITORIESIDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR/PROTRACTED FOOD CRISES 46countries/territories that required external assistance for food and/or faced shocks as assessed by FAO-GIEWS in 20234additional countries tha

153、t had a Humanitarian Response Plan(HRP)in 202323additional low-or middle-income countries/territories were not selected for analysis by FAO-GIEWS,but requested external assistance as a result of:hosting refugee populations who were assisted by UNHCR and WFP having over 1million or at least 20percent

154、 of its population forcibly displaced having populations affected by conflict and insecurity,weather extremes and/or economic shocksHigh-income countries were excluded as they were deemed able to cope with shocks without requesting external assistance of the selected countries/territories were ident

155、ified as major food crises in 2023based on meeting one or more of the following criteria:at least 20percent of the country population in Crisis or worse(IPC/CH Phase3or above)or equivalent at least 1million people in Crisis or worse (IPC/CH Phase3or above)or equivalent any area in Emergency(IPC/CH P

156、hase4)or above included in the IASC humanitarian system-wide emergency response level 3 of the selected countries/territories were identified as protracted food crises in 2023as they required emergency assistance and had evidence of populations facing acute food insecurity in all eight editions of t

157、he GRFC.of the selected countries/territories were identified as protracted major food crises in 2023.food-crisis countries/territories identified7312314of the 73countries/territories identified had data gaps or did not meet GRFC partners technical requirements to produce estimates of people in Cris

158、is or worse(IPC/CH Phase3or above)or equivalent.The remaining 59food-crisis countries/territories have data available for Q42022and 2023using GRFC-accepted methodologies.Countries/territories are grouped into 7regions:Central and Southern Africa East Africa West Africa and the Sahel,and Cameroon Asi

159、a Europe(Ukraine)Latin America and the Caribbean Middle East and North Africacountries/territories identified5944The GRFC follows the process defined in the table below to identify food-crisis countries/territories through the application of multiple,agreed-upon criteria established by the GRFCs Tec

160、hnical Working Group and endorsed by its Senior Committee(see table,below).Following a review of the available data and evidence,the GRFC Technical Working Groups validate acute food insecurity estimates,malnutrition indicators and displacement figures for food-crisis countries/territories.Endorseme

161、nt of data is based on their relevance for the Country/territory selection and inclusiontimeframe of the report,their source and whether the methodology meets the GRFC partners technical requirements,further described in the Technical Notes.3619CONTENTS F 2INTRODUCTION*A Famine classification requir

162、es evidence on food security,nutrition and mortality at or above IPC Phase5thresholds.Depending on the quality and quantity of evidence available,Famine can be classified as IPC Phase5(Famine)with solid evidence or as IPC Phase5(Famine)with reasonable evidence.IPC/CH acute food insecurity phase desc

163、ription and response objectivesPhasePhasedescription and priority response objectivesPhase1 None/MinimalHouseholds are able to meet essential food and non-food needs without engaging in atypical and unsustainable strategies to access food and income.Action required to build resilience and for disast

164、er risk reduction.Phase2 StressedHouseholds have minimally adequate food consumption but are unable to afford some essential non-food expenditures without engaging in stress-coping strategies.Action required for disaster risk reduction and to protect livelihoods.Phase3CrisisHouseholds either:have fo

165、od consumption gaps that are reflected by high or above-usual acute malnutrition;or are marginally able to meet minimum food needs but only by depleting essential livelihood assets or through crisis-coping strategies.URGENT ACTION required to protect livelihoods and reduce food consumption gaps.Phas

166、e4EmergencyHouseholds either:have large food consumption gaps which are reflected in very high acute malnutrition and excess mortality;or are able to mitigate large food consumption gaps but only by employing emergency livelihood strategies and asset liquidation.URGENT ACTION required to save lives

167、and livelihoods.Phase5 Catastrophe/FamineHouseholds have an extreme lack of food and/or cannot meet other basic needs even after full employment of coping strategies.Starvation,death,destitution and extremely critical acute malnutrition levels are evident.(For Famine classification,area needs to hav

168、e extreme critical levels of acute malnutrition and mortality.)*URGENT ACTION required to revert/prevent widespread death and total collapse of livelihoods.Methodology at a glance Data sourcesAcute food insecurity dataThe main data sources for acute food insecurity are the Integrated Food Security P

169、haseClassification(IPC)and the Cadre Harmonis(CH).These are multistakeholder,consensus-based processes that result in a classification of the magnitude and severity of acute food insecurity based on a convergence of evidence and that are comparable across countries.For countries where these analyses

170、 are not available,acute food insecurity estimates are derived from IPC-compatible Famine Early Warning Systems Network(FEWSNET)analyses,or categorization of WFPs Consolidated Approach to Reporting Indicators of Food Insecurity(CARI),where populations that face moderate acute food insecurity and sev

171、ere acute food insecurity as per this methodology are reported as an approximation to populations facing IPC/CH Phase3or above.The number of people in need(PiN)for the food security sector provided by OCHA assessments(HNO/HRP)can also be used as a proxy for high levels of acute food insecurity(see T

172、echnical Notes).Projection data for 2024IPC,CH and FEWSNET methodologies project the acute food insecurity situation based on the most likely scenario by developing assumptions on the evolution of food security drivers and their impacts on food security outcomes.All data presented in the GRFC 2024ar

173、e the latest available as of 7January 2024,with the exception of the off-cycle analyses of Palestine(Gaza Strip)and Haiti.Malnutrition data Acute malnutrition burden estimates are collected from IPC acute malnutrition analyses,HNOs and estimates by UNICEF and WFP.Acute malnutrition prevalence data a

174、re collected from Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions(SMART)surveys,Demographic and Health Surveys(DHS),or national nutrition surveys.Displacement dataPopulation statistics on forcibly displaced populations primarily come from the UNHCR through nowcasting figures for the

175、 end of the year 2023,and on internally displaced persons through the IOM,the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre(IDMC)and governments data,based on figures available as of February 2024.Peak estimatesThe GRFC 2024 reports the highest(or peak)estimates of people facing high levels of acute food

176、insecurity,malnutrition and displacement in 2023.In three cases(migrants in Colombia and Ecuador,and refugees in Congo),acute food insecurity data from the second half of 2022are still deemed relevant for 2023because more recent data are not available.As acute food insecurity can be seasonal or the

177、consequence of a shock,the peak figure may not reflect the situation throughout the year in that country and can be based on a projection.When the analysis spans two calendar years,the peak estimate may straddle late 2022and early 2023,or late 2023and early 2024.Data gaps Some food-crisis countries

178、are not analysed in the GRFC 2024because they face data gaps,such as the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Eritrea,or do not have data that meet GRFC technical requirements or lack partner consensus.Data gaps can be driven by lack of processes to systematically collect information,lack of fun

179、ding to conduct assessments,as well as lack of access due to insecurity.Countries that are not analysed are discussed at the end of each regional chapter.Acute food insecurity in upper-middle-income countriesSeven countries/territories in the GRFC 2024 were classified by the World Bank as upper-midd

180、le-income,but their populations can still experience chronic and/or acute food insecurity.These countries/territories were mainly in Latin America and the Caribbean(Colombia,Dominican Republic,ElSalvador,Guatemala and Peru)but also included Namibia and,until recent events,Palestine.These countries/t

181、erritories present very different contexts where levels of income are higher and living standards and livelihoods are different,including the strategies adopted by households to cope with food insecurity.Colombia lacks an IPC analysis and concerns regarding the approximation of CARI levels 3 and 4 t

182、o IPC Phase 3 or above in these contexts resulted in the reporting of only the most severe category of CARI level 4 acute food insecurity for resident populations.Since 2016,insecurity has led to internal displacement which,when combined with an influx of migrants from neighbouring countries,has res

183、ulted in pockets of the population facing acute food insecurity.CONTENTS F 3INTRODUCTIONBOLIVIA(Plurinational State of)HAITIDOMINICAN REPUBLICGUATEMALAELSALVADORNICARAGUAECUADORPERUCOLOMBIAHONDURASERITREADJIBOUTIMALINIGERCHADSUDANSOUTH SUDANCENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLICLIBYAALGERIANIGERIAEGYPTBANGLADESHI

184、RAN(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)PAKISTANTAJIKISTANKYRGYZSTANAFGHANISTANUKRAINETRKIYEREPUBLIC OF MOLDOVAARMENIAIRAQJORDANSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICPALESTINELEBANONYEMENSOMALIAETHIOPIAUGANDARWANDABURUNDIUNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAKENYAMADAGASCARMALAWIMOZAMBIQUELESOTHONAMIBIAANGOLAZIMBABWEZAMBIACONGOCAMEROONESWATINI

185、MAURITANIASENEGALGUINEASIERRA LEONELIBERIATOGOBENINGHANACTE DIVOIREBURKINA FASODEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGOSRI LANKAMYANMARDEMOCRATIC PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF KOREALAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICmap 0.1 Food-crisis countries/territories included in the GRFC 2024Source:GRFC Food Security TWG,2024.Refu

186、gee populations(colour coding as legend)Low or upper/lower-middle-income countries/territories not selected for analysis by FAO-GIEWS,but who either:requested external assistance in response to experiencing a shock or shocks to food security from conflict/insecurity,weather extremes and/or economic

187、shocks;had an influx of refugees;or had over 1 million or 20 percent of the country population forcibly displaced.Countries/territories that required external assistance for food and/or faced shocks as assessed by FAO-GIEWS in 2023.Countries that had a Humanitarian Appeal/Humanitarian Response Plan(

188、HRP).VANUATUThe boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir

189、 has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined.CONTENTS F 4CHAPTER 1 WFP/EULALIA BERLANGAOver 281.6million people in the 59countries/territories with data meeting GRFC technical requirements faced

190、high levels of acute food insecurity in 2023.This fifth consecutive annual increase is mostly attributed to expanded analysis coverage.At 21.5percent,the prevalence was marginally lower.Among countries with comparable data between 2022and 2023,the situation worsened in 12,driven by conflict/insecuri

191、ty,weather extremes and/or economic shocks,but it improved in 17.Escalating conflicts in Palestine(Gaza Strip)and the Sudan drove extraordinarily high levels of acute food insecurity.The Gaza Strip became the most severe food crisis in IPC history.Thirty-six countries/territories are considered prot

192、racted food crises in the GRFC,having been included in all eight editions.Among them,19are protracted major food crises and accounted for up to 80percent of the total population facing high levels of acute food insecurity across food-crisis countries/territories each year.Global overview of food cri

193、sesCHAPTER 1|A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISESBOLIVIA(PLURINATIONALSTATE OF)DEMOCRATIC PEOPLESREPUBLIC OF KOREADEMOCRATICREPUBLICOF THE CONGOLAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICCENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLICUNITED REPUBLICOF TANZANIAREPUBLIC OFMOLDOVASYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICDOMINICAN REPUBLICBURKINAFASOCTEDIVOIREMAD

194、AGASCARSOUTHSUDANAFGHANISTANMOZAMBIQUEBANGLADESHSIERRA LEONEEL SALVADORKYRGYZSTANGUATEMALAMAURITANIANICARAGUACAMEROONHONDURASWEST BANKGAZA STRIPCOLOMBIAZIMBABWEMYANMARTAJIKISTANSRI LANKAECUADORLEBANONPAKISTANARMENIAESWATINISOMALIALESOTHOSENEGALBURUNDIUGANDAETHIOPIADJIBOUTIANGOLAUKRAINENAMIBIAMALAWIE

195、RITREANIGERIACONGOZAMBIAGUINEASUDANLIBERIAYEMENKENYANIGERBENINCHADTOGOPERULIBYAHAITIMALIIRAN(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)EGYPTARAB REPUBLICRWANDAJORDANALGERIATRKIYEGHANAIRAQAcute food insecurity overview,20232024map 1.1 Why were an additional 23.8million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity be

196、tween 2022and 2023?Increase due to greater analysis coverage and country inclusionIn 14countries,there was a significant change in geographical coverage.Five additional countries included in the GRFC 2024were not in GRFC 2023.On the other hand,four that were in GRFC2023are not in GRFC 2024.The popul

197、ation analysed increased from 1.1billion in 2022to 1.3billion in 2023.Overall,changing coverage explains a net increase of 17.5million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity(see Technical Notes for comparability issues).Source:GRFC Food Security TWG,2024.Indicates migrants/refugee popula

198、tions(colour coding as this key)Country not selected for analysisData gap/data not meeting GRFC technical requirements1%to 14.99%15%-1%to-14.99%-15%1%change/same peak for 2022and 2023Percentage change in number of people facing high levels of acute food insecurityIncrease in coverage/new countriesDe

199、crease in coverage/change in methodology281.6M people,or 21.5%of the analysed population,faced high levels of acute food insecurity in 59countries/territories with data meeting GRFC technical requirements in 2023.The share of analysed population facing high levels of acute food insecurity was margin

200、ally lower than in 2022,when it was 22.7percent.However,the number of people affected increased by 24 million since 2022,marking the fifth consecutive year of rising numbers.This year-on-year increase is mainly explained by increased analysis coverage,as well as deterioration in some countries/terri

201、tories outweighing improvements in others.The Sudan faced the biggest deterioration due to the devastating impacts of the conflict since April 2023,with an additional 8.6million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity bringing the total to 20.3million.It had the highest number of people i

202、n the world facing Emergency(IPC Phase4)levels of acute food insecurity.The escalation of hostilities in Palestine(Gaza Strip)in late 2023created the most severe food crisis in IPC and GRFC history with the entire population of 2.2 million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity,including

203、 26percent in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)from December 2023 to February 2024.An IPC analysis published in March 2024warned of a further devastating deterioration,with Famine imminent between March and May 2024in the northern governorates of Gaza and North Gaza and a risk of Famine across the rest of the

204、 Gaza Strip.Half of the population(about 1.1million people)were estimated to be experiencing catastrophic acute food insecurity(IPC Phase5)(IPC Global Initiative,December 2023and March 2024).Improvements in 17countriesIn 17of the 36countries with comparable year-on-year data,there were notable impro

205、vements since 2022.This resulted in 7.2million fewer people facing high levels of acute food insecurity in these countries.Non-comparable data due toIncrease due to deteriorations in 12countriesIn 12of the 36countries with comparable year-on-year data,there were notable deteriorations since 2022due

206、to conflict/insecurity,weather extremes or economic shocks,or a combination of these shocks.This resulted in an additional 13.5million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity in these countries.The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endo

207、rsement or acceptance by the United Nations.Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic

208、of South Sudan has not yet been determined.VANUATUCONTENTS F 6CHAPTER 1|A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISES165.40.736.5High acute food insecurity 281.6M people202.6M in IPC/CH Phase3or above202.633.944.50.6Source:FSIN,GRFC 2024.HNOFEWSNET WFP CARIIPC/CH3-Crisis5-Catastrophe4-Emergencyfig.1.1 Population

209、 facing high levels of acute food insecurity in 2023(millions)Severity of acute food insecurity,2023Out of 281.6million people facing high levels of acute food insecurity,203million were in 41countries/territories with IPC/CH analyses and had data disaggregated by phase.Around 79million were in 18co

210、untries with FEWSNET,HNO or WFP CARI data with no phase disaggregation.Over 705000people in five countries were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)in 2023 the highest number in GRFC reporting and almost double that of 2022 In this phase of acute food insecurity,people are facing extreme la

211、ck of food and exhaustion of coping capacities leading to starvation,acute malnutrition and death.They require urgent action to avoid more widespread extreme outcomes.Famine(IPC/CH Phase5)categorizes an area evidencing critical levels of acute food insecurity,acute malnutrition and mortality rates a

212、bove a given threshold.While no area was classified in Famine in 2023,there was a tangible risk of Famine in Palestine(Gaza Strip)(IPC,December 2023).Around 0.6million people were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPCPhase5)in Palestine(Gaza Strip)A quarter(26percent)of the population of the Gaza Strip

213、,corresponding to 576600people,were estimated to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)between early December 2023and early February 2024due to intense hostilities,sharply reduced access to food,basic services and life-saving assistance,and the extreme concentration or isolation of people in inadequate shelt

214、ers or areas without basic services.This is the highest share of population in this phase in any country/territory in IPC history.As of late December 2023,the risk of Famine was expected to increase for each day that intense conflict and restricted humanitarian access persisted or worsened(IPC,Decem

215、ber 2023).Around 43000people were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)in SouthSudanIn Jonglei and Unity states,43000people were estimated to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)during the AprilJuly 2023lean season(IPC,November 2022).For the same lean period of 2024,the number was projected to increas

216、e to 79000,of whom 28000were South Sudanese returnees from the Sudan who faced economic destitution(IPC,November 2023).Source:IPC TWGs,2023;IPC Global Initiative,2023;CH,2023.fig.1.2 Countries/territories with populations projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)in 20232 50040 40042 70043 000576

217、 600MALISOMALIABURKINA FASOSOUTH SUDANPALESTINE(GAZA STRIP)Famine imminent in Palestine(Gaza Strip)in MarchMay 2024An IPC analysis released on 18March 2024warned of further deterioration in the Gaza Strips catastrophic food crisis,driven by relentless hostilities,besiegement,mass displacement,destru

218、ction of infrastructure indispensable to survival,and severely restricted humanitarian access.Since the IPC analysis of December 2023,the conditions necessary to prevent Famine an immediate cessation of hostilities and sustained access to essential supplies and services for the population have not b

219、een met.Famine was projected to occur anytime between mid-March and May 2024in the governorates of Gaza and North Gaza where the Famine threshold for acute food insecurity has already been far exceeded and the steeply increasing trend in malnutrition data indicates that it is highly likely that the

220、Famine threshold for acute malnutrition has also been exceeded.The upward trend in non-trauma mortality is also expected to accelerate,resulting in all famine thresholds likely to be passed imminently.Through July 2024,the entire population in the Gaza Strip(2.2million)are facing high levels of acut

221、e food insecurity.Half of the population(about 1.1million people)are expected to experience catastrophic levels of acute food insecurity(IPC Phase5),an increase of 530000since the December 2023February 2024period.For the northern governorates,the share of population in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)increas

222、ed from 30percent to 70percent.While the governorates of Deir al-Balah,Khan Younis and Rafah were still classified in IPC Phase4,in a worst-case scenario,these areas face a risk of Famine through July 2024(IPC Global Initiative,March 2024).Early 2024 analyses and alerts raise concernsBY METHODOLOGYB

223、Y IPC/CH PHASEIn Haiti,nearly 5million people or half the population face high levels of acute food insecurity from March to June 2024,a stark increase since the August 2023projection.Some 1.6million people face Emergency(IPC Phase4),reflecting the surge in armed gang violence severely limiting move

224、ment of goods and people,causing internal displacement and driving up food prices.In the Artibonite valley the countrys breadbasket armed groups have taken over farmland and stolen harvested crops.Also of concern are the West department,rural parts of GrandAnse in the South,and poor parts of the cap

225、ital,including Cit Soleil where pockets of the population faced Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)in late 2022(IPC,March 2024).In the Sudan,the escalation of conflict and violence,especially in central,southern and western regions,is expected to exacerbate acute food insecurity and malnutrition,according to a

226、March IPC alert.Khartoum,Gezira,Greater Darfur and Greater Kordofan are at risk of catastrophic outcomes in the absence of a cessation of hostilities and significant humanitarian assistance.Immediate action is needed to prevent famine during the upcoming 2024leanseason(IPC,March 2024).In West Africa

227、 and the Sahel,the late March CH analyses projected a worrying rise in high levels of acute food insecurity in Chad,Guinea,Mali,Mauritania,the Niger,Nigeria and Sierra Leone,driven by persistently high food prices and conflict disruptions to markets and livelihoods.About 2 500 people were projected

228、to face Catastrophe(CH Phase 5)in Mali(CH,March 2024).The FSIN CILSS Regional Report to be published in June 2024 will include this data.In Southern Africa,ElNio-driven drought conditions led Malawi,Zambia and Zimbabwe to declare national disasters in February/March 2024 due to the impact on crop pr

229、oduction.CONTENTS F 7CHAPTER 1|A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISESAround 42700people were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)in BurkinaFaso In JuneAugust 2023,around 42700people were projected to be in Catastrophe(CH Phase5)in the regions of Boucle du Mouhoun and,mostly,the Sahel due to the inte

230、nsity of conflicts that impeded the proper functioning of markets and left populations under siege,severely constraining population movements,access to fields and the delivery of humanitarian assistance(CH,March 2023).Over 40300people were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)in SomaliaOver 403

231、00people were projected to face Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)in AprilJune 2023among IDPs in Mogadishu,Baidoa and Burhakaba due to the lingering impacts of drought,breakdown of livelihoods,impact of high food prices and protracted conflict(IPC,April 2023).However,this is a significant decrease from 214000p

232、eople in 2022,attributable to the positive impact of the 2023Gu rains and sustained humanitarian assistance(IPC,September 2022).In the last quarter of 2023,no populations were estimated in IPC Phase5despite large numbers remaining in IPC Phase4(IPC,February 2024).Around 2500people were projected to

233、be in Catastrophe(CH Phase5)in Mali An estimated 2500people were projected to be in Catastrophe(CH Phase5)over the JuneAugust period in Mnaka as conflict impeded agricultural and market activities while also hindering the movement of populations and the delivery of humanitarian aid.About 37percent o

234、f the affected population were IDPs(CH,March 2023).Update on countries with recent populations in Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)In Afghanistan and Nigeria,people previously found to be in Catastrophe(IPC/CH Phase5)in 2022were no longer facing these severe conditions in 2023.In Haiti,the population proje

235、cted in this phase in CitSoleil in September 2022February 2023 no longer faced these conditions for the remainder of 2023.There was no IPC analysis for Ethiopia,but FEWSNET declared that,in the aftermath of the 20202023drought and the 20202022conflict,some households were facing Catastrophe(IPCPhase

236、5)in southern,southeastern and northern areas,especially before the start of the Meher harvest in September and Deyr rainy season in October(FEWSNET,August 2023).There was increasing concern for localized areas of Tigray and Amhara where the Meher harvest failed and households had limited food stock

237、s(FEWSNET,January 2024).Disaggregated data were not available in 2023for Yemen where 31000people were projected to be in Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)during the first months of 2022.Over 36 million people in 39countries/territories experienced Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4)in 2023Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4)is an e

238、xtremely severe situation where urgent action is needed to save lives and livelihoods.Households face large food gaps,which are either reflected in high acute malnutrition levels and excess mortality or mitigated by use of emergency coping strategies,which may entail households selling their last br

239、eeding animal or their land or house.Among the 39countries/territories with populations in this phase,28are comparable between 2022and 2023(see Technical Notes,page165).The 4percent increase in the total number of people facing IPC/CH Phase4between 2022and 2023is largely due to the increase in sever

240、ity in the Sudan crisis in the midst of deteriorating conflict fig.1.3 Countries/territories with over 1million people in Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4),20231.1 M1.2 M1.2 M1.4 M1.8 M1.9 M2.2 M2.2 M2.9 M3.4 M6.1 M6.3 MNIGERIAPALESTINE(GAZA STRIP)KENYAMYANMARHAITISOMALIAPAKISTANBANGLADESHSOUTH SUDANDEMOCRAT

241、IC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGOAFGHANISTANSUDAN(with an additional 3.2million people in this phase).More than a third of the 36.4million people in IPC/CH Phase4were in two countries alone:Afghanistan and the Sudan(see figure 1.3).Palestine(Gaza Strip)had by far the highest share of its population(53percent

242、)in IPC Phase4,followed by South Sudan(23percent)and Haiti(18percent).More than 10percent of the population of Afghanistan,Central African Republic,Somalia and the Sudan were in this phase.Over 165million people in 41countries/territories experienced Crisis(IPC/CH Phase3)in 2023Populations in Crisis

243、(IPC/CH Phase3)either face food consumption shortfalls or make the choice to protect food consumption by engaging in coping strategies that will harm their ability to access food and sustain their livelihoods in the future.In 2023,165.5million people faced Crisis(IPC/CH Phase3).At 18percent,the shar

244、e of the analysed population in this phase was on a par with 2022.Democratic Republic of the Congo and Nigeria each had more than 20million people in this phase,while Afghanistan,Bangladesh,Myanmar,Pakistan and the Sudan each had over 9million.More than 30percent of the population of Afghanistan,Cen

245、tral African Republic,Haiti,Lebanon,Madagascar and South Sudan were in IPC Phase3.Almost 292million people in 40countries experienced Stressed(IPC/CH Phase2)in 20231Populations in Stressed(IPC/CH Phase2)have minimally adequate diets but resort to coping strategies to afford non-food needs.They are v

246、ulnerable to shocks and require support to reduce risks related to disasters and to protect their livelihoods.Thirty-five out of the 40countries had more than 20percent of their analysed population in this phase.The prevalence reached 45percent in Democratic Republic of the Congo.In Burundi,Liberia

247、and Senegal,the significant increase in the number of people in this phase coincided with a decrease in people in Minimal(IPC/CH Phase1),suggesting a deterioration in food security.In Eswatini and Namibia,the increase in the number of people in this phase mirrored a decrease in the number of people

248、facing higher levels of acute food insecurity,suggesting an improvement in food security.1 The number of countries with data in this phase is 40(not 41)because El Salvador is not included among the countries with populations in IPCPhase2since IPC Phases 1and 2are merged.Source:IPC TWGs,2023;Myanmar

249、pre-analysis conducted under the HNRP;IPC Global Initiative 2023;CH 2023.CONTENTS F 8CHAPTER 1|A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISESMajor food crises in 2023Of the 59countries/territories meeting GRFC technical requirements,44were identified as major food crises.Major food crises have more than 1million

250、people or 20percent of their total population facing high levels of acute food insecurity(IPC/CH Phase3or above),an area classified in Emergency(IPC/CH Phase4)or above,or were included in the Inter Agency Standing Committee humanitarian system-wide emergency response Level 3.The number of major food

251、 crises in the GRFC has almost doubled since the first GRFC edition in 2017.Nineteen countries are classified as protracted major food crises,having been classified as major food crises in all eight editions(refer to Technical Notes for full list).Of these 19,Afghanistan,Democratic Republic of the C

252、ongo,Ethiopia,Nigeria,the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen have been among the ten largest food crises in terms of numbers of people facing high acute food insecurity in all editions of the GRFC.Colombia(residents),Congo(residents),Cte dIvoire and Senegal became major food crises for the first time in

253、 the GRFC 2024either because data became newly available(Congo and Colombia residents)or levels of acute food insecurity increased to the extent that they met the inclusion thresholds(CtedIvoire and Senegal).Mauritania and Guinea,which were major food crises in the GRFC 2023,were no longer so in the

254、 GRFC 2024as their situations improved.BOLIVIA(PLURINATIONALSTATE OF)DEMOCRATIC PEOPLESREPUBLIC OF KOREADEMOCRATICREPUBLICOF THE CONGOLAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICCENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLICUNITED REPUBLICOF TANZANIAREPUBLIC OFMOLDOVASYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICDOMINICAN REPUBLICBURKINAFASOCTEDIVOIREMADAGASCA

255、RSOUTHSUDANAFGHANISTANMOZAMBIQUEBANGLADESHSIERRA LEONEEL SALVADORKYRGYZSTANGUATEMALAMAURITANIACAMEROONNICARAGUAHONDURASWEST BANKGAZA STRIPCOLOMBIAMYANMARZIMBABWETAJIKISTANSRI LANKAECUADORLEBANONPAKISTANARMENIAESWATINISOMALIALESOTHOSENEGALBURUNDIETHIOPIAUGANDADJIBOUTIANGOLAUKRAINENAMIBIAMALAWIERITREA

256、NIGERIACONGOZAMBIAGUINEASUDANLIBERIAYEMENKENYANIGERBENINCHADTOGOPERULIBYAHAITIMALIIRAN(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)EGYPTARAB REPUBLICRWANDAJORDANALGERIATRKIYEGHANAIRAQmap 1.2 Numbers of people facing high levels of acute food insecurity in 59food-crisis countries/territories,2023 15million34.9million59.9mil

257、lionData gapCountry not selected for analysisMigrants/refugee populations(colour coding as this key)Data not meeting GRFC technical requirementsSource:GRFC Food Security TWG,2024.Ten largest food crises by number of people facing high levels of acute food insecurityAround 176million people or 62.5pe

258、rcent of the total number of people facing high levels of acute food insecurity in 59countries/territories were in ten food crises,each with more than 10million acutely food-insecure people needing urgent humanitarian assistance(see figure 1.4).The list of the ten largest food crises has changed lit

259、tle since the GRFC 2023.Bangladesh is listed for the first time due to increased analysis coverage.Ukraine was among the ten largest food crises in 2022,but not in 2023.fig.1.4 Countries/territories with the largest number of people facing high levels of acute food insecurity,202310.7M11.8M11.9M12.9

260、M18.0M19.7M19.9M20.3M24.9M25.8MMYANMARPAKISTANBANGLADESHSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICYEMENETHIOPIAAFGHANISTANSUDANNIGERIADEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGOSources:IPC TWGs(Bangladesh,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Pakistan,Sudan);CH(Nigeria);FEWSNET(Ethiopia,Yemen);HNO(Afghanistan,Syrian Arab Republic);pre-a

261、nalysis conducted under the HNRP,as a basis for generating results for the 2024projection used by the Myanmar HNRP 2024(Myanmar).The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.Dotted line represents approxima

262、tely the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan.The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties.Final boundary between the Republic of Sudan and the Republic of South Sudan has not yet been determined.VANUATUNIGERIAETHIOPIACONTENTS F

263、9CHAPTER 1|A GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD CRISESBOLIVIA(PLURINATIONALSTATE OF)DEMOCRATIC PEOPLESREPUBLIC OF KOREADEMOCRATICREPUBLICOF THE CONGOLAO PEOPLES DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICCENTRAL AFRICANREPUBLICUNITED REPUBLICOF TANZANIAREPUBLIC OFMOLDOVASYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICDOMINICAN REPUBLICBURKINAFASOCTEDIVOIREMADAG

264、ASCARSOUTHSUDANAFGHANISTANMOZAMBIQUEBANGLADESHSIERRA LEONEEL SALVADORKYRGYZSTANGUATEMALAMAURITANIANICARAGUACAMEROONHONDURASWEST BANKGAZA STRIPCOLOMBIAMYANMARZIMBABWETAJIKISTANSRI LANKAECUADORLEBANONPAKISTANARMENIAESWATINISOMALIALESOTHOSENEGALBURUNDIUGANDAETHIOPIADJIBOUTIANGOLAUKRAINENAMIBIAMALAWIERI

265、TREANIGERIACONGOZAMBIAGUINEASUDANLIBERIAYEMENKENYABENINNIGERCHADTOGOPERULIBYAHAITIMALIIRAN(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)EGYPTARAB REPUBLICRWANDAJORDANALGERIATRKIYEGHANAIRAQmap 1.3 Share of analysed population facing high levels of acute food insecurity in 59countries/territories,2023Country not selected for

266、analysisData gapIndicates migrants/refugee populations(colour coding as this key)Data not meeting GRFC technical requirementsSource:GRFC Food Security TWG,2024.30percent)due to the multi-season drought.In Yemen,where the coverage of the 2023IPC AMN analysis was reduced due to conflict-related access

267、 constraints,areas classified in Extremely Critical(IPC AMN Phase5)in 2022were not analysed in 2023.Fifteen of the 18countries Afghanistan,CentralAfrican Republic,Chad,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Djibouti,Kenya,Mali,Mozambique,the Niger,northern Nigeria,Pakistan,Somalia,South Sudan,Uganda and Y

268、emen all had areas classified in Critical(IPC AMN Phase4)(1530percent of children with acute malnutrition).In only three countries was Serious(IPC AMN Phase3)the most severe classification:Burkina Faso,where the analysis did not cover northern areas severely affected by conflict,Burundi,and southern

269、 and southeastern Madagascar.According to other nutrition sources on outcome levels,the prevalence of acute malnutrition for children under 5years old was concerning in several countries.In Ethiopia,SMART surveys conducted in August 2023in rural areas and IDP sites across the Tigray region indicated

270、 a Very High/Critical prevalence of acute malnutrition,with the highest prevalence among IDPs(26.5percent).Some 61percent of pregnant and breastfeeding women were suffering from acute malnutrition(MUAC23cm),indicating an Extremely Critical situation(SMART,August2023).In the Sudan,before the escalati

271、on of conflict in April 2023,64localities had a Very High acute malnutrition prevalence of 15percent or more,including five localities with levels over 30percent.*These figures are not based on country-wide analysis coverage.Source:HNO/HRP;IPC TWGs(Afghanistan,Chad,Democratic Republic of the Congo,N

272、igeria and South Sudan).fig.1.17 The ten food crises with the highest number of pregnant and breastfeeding women with acute malnutrition,2023(millions)0.3M0.4M0.5M0.5M0.6M0.8M0.9M0.9M1.0M2.2MCHADSOMALIA*HAITISYRIAN ARAB REPUBLICNIGERIA*AFGHANISTANSOUTH SUDANSUDANETHIOPIADEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CO

273、NGO*In the Syrian Arab Republic,it varied regionally,with the Northwest and parts of Damascus at 5percent(considered Low/Medium),while some northeastern areas reached 12percent,surpassing the WHO High threshold.SMART surveys also indicated prevalence above the WHO Very High threshold of 15percent in

274、 parts of Mauritania.In Haiti,the Severe Acute Malnutrition(SAM)prevalence was estimated at 2.1percent,reaching a highly concerning 3percent in Port-au-Princes metropolitan area.fig.1.18 UNICEFs conceptual frameworkOutcomes for childrenand womenMATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITIONImproved survival,health,ph

275、ysical growth,cognitive development,school readiness and school performance in children and adolescents;improved survival,health,productivity and wages in women and adults;and improved prosperity and cohesion in societiesImmediate determinantsUnderlyingdeterminantsEnabling determinantsDIETSGood diet

276、s,driven by adequate food and dietary practices for children and womenCAREGood care,driven by adequate services and practices for children and womenRESOURCESSufcient resources including environmental,financial,social and human resources to enable childrens and womens right to nutritionNORMSPositive

277、social and cultural norms and actions to enable childrens and womens right to nutritionFOODAge-appropriate,nutrient-rich foods including breastmilk in early childhood with safe and palatable drinking water and household food securityPRACTICES Age-appropriate feeding and dietary practices from early

278、childhood,with adequate food preparation,food consumption and hygiene practicesSERVICESAdequate nutrition,health,education,sanitation and social protection services,with healthy food environments that support good dietsGOVERNANCEGood governance including political,financial,social and public and pri

279、vate sector actions to enable childrens and womens right to nutritionSource:UNICEF,2021.CONTENTS F 17Spotlight|Displacement WFP/ARETE/ABOOD AL SAYDAvailable data on acute food insecurity and malnutrition on displaced populations paint a dire picture.The situation will likely continue to deteriorate

280、in 2024without concerted action among governments and the international community to meet funding requirements as conflict,and economic and climate shocks drive increased displacement.Failing to meet global burden-sharing commitments can increase protection risks for displaced people,drive engagemen

281、t in harmful coping strategies,trigger further displacement and amplify acute food insecurity.While tools are evolving to support robust,disaggregated and systematic data collection and analysis on displaced populations,more work needs to be done to harmonize indicators and methods of analysis.The v

282、ulnerabilities faced by displaced populations protection risks,limited access to employment,livelihoods,food and shelter,and reliance on dwindling humanitarian assistance need to be captured in food security and nutrition analyses.Spotlight|DisplacementCHAPTER 1|SPOTLIGHT ON DISPLACEMENTSpotlight|Di

283、splacementNew,escalating and protracted conflicts,extreme climatic events and economic shocks resulted in another year of increasing numbers of people forced to flee their homes in 2023.In 59food-crisis countries/territories,the number of displaced people reached 90.2million.1 This Spotlight aims to

284、 highlight the link between acute food insecurity and displaced populations in food-crisis contexts globally and through four country-level case studies,two covering internally displaced populations(IDPs)and two refugee populations.1 Globally there were 110million forcibly displaced people by the en

285、d of 2022(UNHCR Mid-Year Trends,October 2023).Most forcibly displaced people remain in their country of origin as IDPsMost displaced people in the 59food-crisis countries/territories with data meeting GRFC technical requirements were displaced internally,amounting to 64.3million IDPs(IOM,2023).The r

286、emaining 26million fled across international borders,mainly to neighbouring countries,and reside as refugees,asylum-seekers or others in need of international protection(UNHCR Nowcasted estimate,December 2023;UNRWA,2023).Rapidly increasing numbers of displaced people in last decadeConflict in many o

287、f the 59food-crisis countries/territories including Afghanistan,Burkina Faso,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Ethiopia,Palestine,Nigeria,Somalia,the Sudan,the Syrian Arab Republic,Ukraine and Yemen has contributed to rapidly increasing numbers of displaced people over the last ten years.Climate disa

288、sters in countries such as Ethiopia,Kenya,Malawi,Pakistan,Somalia and South Sudan,and economic hardship including in countries of South America,have also been contributing factors.Refugee flows into food-crisis countries over the last decade reached over 3million in 2017(when 0.8million refugees ent

289、ered Trkiye and 0.7million Rohingya refugees entered Bangladesh)and in 2018largely due to migrants entering Colombia,Ecuador and Peru.Lower numbers were observed during 2020and 2021when COVID-19movement restrictions were in place.Higher numbers in 2013and 2014were largely driven by the conflict in t

290、he Syrian Arab Republic,with refugees seeking safety in Egypt,Jordan,Iraq,Lebanon and Trkiye(see figure 1.21).The Sudan and Uganda have received continually high numbers of refugees,especially in 2016 2018.A sharp increase in IDPs in 2023Of the people newly internally displaced in 2023,the largest n

291、umbers were in the Sudan followed by Democratic Republic of the Congo,Palestine(Gaza Strip),Somalia and Myanmar(UNHCR Mid-Year Trends,October 2023;IDMC,2024).Who do the numbers in this Spotlight refer to?The figures in this Spotlight refer to people who have been forcibly displaced by the end of 202

292、3.Forced displacement is involuntary or coerced movement of people away from their home or home region as a result of or to avoid the effects of events or situations such as armed conflict,generalized violence,human rights abuses,or natural or human-made disasters(UNHCR).The data include refugees(un

293、der UNHCRs and UNRWAs mandate);asylum-seekers;internally displaced persons(IDPs);and“other people in need of international protection”(OIPs),a category introduced by UNHCR in mid-2022to refer to people forcibly displaced outside their country or territory of origin including for economic reasons.Thi

294、s Spotlight uses the term“displaced populations”to cover all these population groups.fig.1.19 Number of forcibly displaced people in 59food-crisis countries/territories,202390.2Mdisplaced people64.3M IDPs in 38countries/territories26.0M refugees and asylum-seekers in 56countriesSources:IOM,2023;UNHC

295、R Nowcasted estimate December 2023;UNRWA,2023.02040608020002120222023The data in this figure refer to the 59food crises with data meeting GRFC technical requirements for 2023.Sources:20132022,UNHCR,IDMC,UNRWA;2023,UNHCR nowcasted estimate,December 2023,IOM,UNRWA.fig.

296、1.21Number(millions)of displaced people in 59food-crisis countries/territories,20132023The Sudan became the largest internal displacement crisis in the world in 2023with millions of people internally displaced between the onset of hostilities in April and the end of the year,bringing the total numbe

297、r of IDPs to over 9million(IOM,January 2024).In Palestine,the Gaza Strip saw 85percent of its population or 1.9million people displaced between early October and December 2023,some multiple times(UNRWA,January 2024).Displacement and food crises are linked and mutually reinforcingDisaggregated data r

298、eveal that high levels of acute food insecurity and malnutrition are particularly prevalent in displaced communities.This is linked to insecurity and protection risks,limited access to employment and livelihood opportunities,unreliable access to food and shelter,and reliance on dwindling humanitaria

299、n assistance to meet their basic needs.Failing to address these vulnerabilities can drive use of harmful coping strategies,leading to further displacement and amplifying acute food insecurity(see box on page 20).2.7M2.9M1.9M1.7M3.1M3.2M1.6M0.8M1.2M1.6M2000022The data

300、 in this figure refer to the 59food crises with data meeting GRFC technical requirements for 2023.Source:UNHCR.fig.1.20 New refugee,migrant and asylum-seeker flows in 59food-crisis countries,20132022MILLIONSCONTENTS F 19CHAPTER 1|SPOTLIGHT ON DISPLACEMENTIDP populations are experiencing dire food in

301、security and malnutrition levelsAlthough food security data specifically on IDP populations are fairly scant,the data in the GRFC 2024reveal a strong link between internal displacement and high levels of acute food insecurity.In Palestine(Gaza Strip),where 7585percent of the population are displaced

302、(UNRWA,January IDPs in the tenfood-crisis countries that had at least 2million IDPs in 2023.In most countries,rising levels of acute food insecurity go hand-in-hand with increasing IDPs.All ten countries/territories with more than 2million IDPs in 2023 are among the ten worst food crises by number a

303、nd/or share of people facing high acute food insecurity.Assistance is often targeted to camp settings because vulnerable displaced populations living outside camps are often difficult to locate and account for,but they also face significant challenges to economic and social integration with host com

304、munities,leading to higher levels of acute food insecurity compared with their host counterparts(IOM,2023).There is also a strong correlation between acute malnutrition and internal displacement.The highest number of children suffering from acute malnutrition were in countries with the largest Food

305、availability Restrictive policies in some refugee-hosting countries might limit access to land for food production.Displaced populations are less likely to own livestock and farmland than residents,especially when they experience repeated displacements.Markets may be strained to respond to a sudden

306、or sustained increased demand due to weak local food systems.Displaced people are therefore often heavily reliant on food assistance,yet severe underfunding has resulted in cuts whether in quantity or a decreasing number of households receiving them leading to a reduction in the quantity and quality

307、 of food received.Food access While some countries have made significant progress in expanding legal access to work for refugees,the majority of refugees struggle to find decent employment or access livelihoods that allow them to generate a sustainable income,particularly those living in camp settin

308、gs.Restrictive policies prevent displaced populations from accessing livelihoods/generating income,including accessing credit and bank accounts and being permitted to open a business,which restricts entrepreneurship and engaging in business.Displaced populations may face labour market competition in

309、 and with host communities.Employment tends to be unpredictable,high risk and low paid.Faced with low incomes,inflation,food price rises and volatility,they are often unable to meet their food and other basic needs without resorting to harmful coping strategies.Food utilization Most displaced popula

310、tions live in marginalized or high-risk areas,exposed to natural disasters or crowded into dense camps or poor urban centres with limited access to social or health services.Access to clean water,improved sanitation and cooking facilities can be limited,increasing the risk of disease and malnutritio

311、n,particularly among women and children.Displacement can break down social networks and disrupt but sometimes strengthen community support systems.The stressors associated with being displaced and finding oneself in unfamiliar places exposed to unfamiliar food sources can affect mental and physical

312、health,and compromise infant and young child-feeding practices.Food stability Lack of predictable and stable income,and poor access to livelihoods,shelter and basic services can make it difficult for displaced households to predictably or stably meet their food needs.Colombia,with 6.9million IDPs in

313、 2023,is not included in this graphic because no data were available for 20202022.Source:IOM;OCHA;UNHCR.fig.1.22Four-year trends in food-crisis countries with more than 5million IDPs in 20232024),the entire IDP population are facing high levels of acute food insecurity,with 25percent estimated to be

314、 facing Catastrophe(IPC Phase5)(IPC,December 2023).Some 60percent of IDPs in Burkina Faso,67percent in Somalia,and 100percent of IDPs living in camps in northwest Syrian Arab Republic faced high levels of acute food insecurity(GRFC 2024)(see table 1.1on page24).Figures 1.22 and 1.23above show the ch

315、ange over the last four years in the number of 9.1MSUDAN5.7MAFGHANISTAN6.6MSYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC6.9MDEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGOfig.1.23Four-year trends in food-crisis countries with 25million IDPs in 20233.7MUKRAINE3.5METHIOPIA2.6MMYANMAR2.0MSOUTH SUDAN2.8MYEMEN3.4MNIGERIADisplaced populations f

316、ace particular vulnerabilities pertaining to the four pillars of food insecurity 202020246802220230246NUMBER OF IDPS(MILLIONS)NUMBER OF IDPS(MILLIONS)CONTENTS F 20CHAPTER 1|SPOTLIGHT ON DISPLACEMENTIDP populations including northeastern and northwestern Nigeria,Ethiopia,Afghani

317、stan,the Sudan and Democratic Republic of the Congo.For the Sudan,a revised analysis after the April 2023start of the conflict projected a 15percent increase in the number of children suffering from wasting in states hosting large IDP populations.In Ethiopia,SMART surveys conducted in August 2023in

318、IDP sites across the Tigray region indicated a Critical prevalence of acute malnutrition among IDP children under 5years old(26.5percent)(SMART,August 2023).More than 60percent of refugees,asylum-seekers and migrants face high levels of acute food insecurity in multiple countriesOut of the 59food-cr

319、isis countries/territories with data in 2023,44host more than 5000refugees,asylum-seekers and migrant populations.These countries are themselves suffering structural vulnerabilities and repeated shocks.In 2023,particularly high levels of acute food insecurity existed among refugee and migrant popula

320、tions in Colombia,Congo,Bangladesh,Ecuador,Egypt,Jordan and South Sudan(GRFC 2024)(see table 1.2on page24).Furthermore,High(1015percent)or Very High(above 15percent)levels of acute malnutrition among children under 5years old were found in refugee camps in Algeria,Bangladesh,Cameroon,Chad,Djibouti,E

321、thiopia,Kenya,the Niger,South Sudan and Uganda,according to UNHCR SENS surveys carried out in these operations(GRFC 2024).“Returning home”may not mean safety or stabilityMany returnees face extreme hardship,continued displacement and acute food insecurity.They are not always able to return to their

322、place of origin or they find that their communities have changed,including loss of access to their homes,lands and livelihoods,which can also directly impact food insecurity.There are several illustrative examples of this in the GRFC.In 2023,the Government of Pakistan announced plans to repatriate“i

323、llegal foreigners”.Following this,many Afghans made the decision to leave Pakistan,although some deportations were also recorded.From mid-September to the end of 2023,0.5 million returned.People arriving at the border were exhausted,requiring urgent assistance and psychosocial support.Many Afghan re

324、turnees,including women and children,are vulnerable,especially in harsh winter conditions if left without adequate shelter(UNHCR,January 2024).Many are returning to a situation of internal displacement,joining the countrys 5.7million existing IDPs(IOM,December 2023).In Cabo Delgado,Mozambique,a redu

325、ction in conflict allowed around 0.6million IDPs to return to safe areas in 2023,but largely without access to land or the means to restart their subsistence activities(IPC,November 2023).The South Sudanese refugees in the Sudan provide another example:by February 2024,the conflict had forced nearly

326、 0.5million refugees to return to South Sudan.Their coping strategies to meet their food and other basic needs have been exhausted by repeated displacements,low ownership of assets and little engagement with subsistence livelihoods,with around 28000of them projected to face catastrophic levels of ac

327、ute food insecurity(IPC Phase5)in AprilNovember 2024(IPC,November 2023).Out of the 7.3 million Ukrainians facing moderate or severe acute food insecurity in 2023,about 1 million were returning refugees and nearly 1 million were internally displaced(HNRP,January 2024).Funding shortfalls hit displaced

328、 populations hardWhile the scale of both acute food insecurity and forced displacement continues to grow,resource constraints and other factors result in a reduction in the number of people assisted and/or the amount of assistance provided.Over USD57billion in funds were required to meet the worlds

329、humanitarian needs in 2023,but as of November 2023about a third or USD20billion had been raised against this target(Global Humanitarian Overview 2024).As a result of these shortfalls,exacerbated by rising commodity and logistics costs,as well as access and security challenges,life-saving food assist

330、ance to many of the worlds worst food crises is being reduced.This is contributing to increased adoption of negative coping strategies to ensure food consumption in the short term,and eventually,a deterioration in food consumption(WFP,forthcoming 2024).Lack of investment in resilience,as well as lim

331、ited employment and livelihood opportunities and high dependency on food assistance,have made displaced populations even more vulnerable to these reductions.fig.1.24 Food-crisis countries hosting at least 1million refugees,migrants or asylum-seekers,20231.0 M1.0 M1.0 M1.1 M1.5 M1.6 M2.1 M2.5 M3.5 M3

332、.6 MSUDANBANGLADESHETHIOPIACHADPERUUGANDAPAKISTANCOLOMBIAIRAN(ISLAMIC REPUBLIC)TRKIYESource:UNHCR Nowcasted estimates,December 2023.Data challenges Food security data on displaced populations are often difficult to compare across populations or aggregate because of the use of different indicators or

333、 methods of analysis.Specific vulnerabilities limiting access to food(including access to land and productive resources,freedom of movement,financial inclusion,etc.)for displaced populations are not always adequately captured.Accurate assessment is hampered by displaced populations being in hard-to-access areas or because the dynamic nature of displacement means that populations may not be present