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1、epo.orgInnovation trends in additive manufacturingPatents in 3D printing technologiesSeptember 2023epo.orgINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|02Foreword The rise of additive manufacturing(AM)more commonly known as 3D printing is one of the most fascinating developments of the Fourth I
2、ndustrial Revolution.Drawing on the most advanced digital technologies to craft objects of unmatched complexity in an ever-growing variety of materials ranging from concrete to living cells this revolutionary approach to manufacturing is quickly maturing from a niche market to a disruptive force imp
3、acting value chains in a wide range of sectors.As the patent office for Europe,the EPO is uniquely positioned to report on the scope and implications of this technology trend for Europes economy.We started to do so in 2020 with the first ever landscaping study on patents and AM,offering unique insig
4、hts into the fast growth of European patent applications in this field.Three years later,our new study takes a global perspective on the 3D printing revolution,using international patent data to highlight the latest developments in AM from around the world and the relative position of European indus
5、try in this fast-evolving field.Overall,the findings point to a world in which the pace of innovation in AM technologies has accelerated dramatically over the past years.Between 2013 and 2020,global patent filings in 3D printing technologies grew at an average annual rate of 26.3%nearly eight times
6、faster than for all technology fields as a whole!This trend is visible in sectors as diverse as health and medical technologies,transportation,energy and machine tooling,with increasing impact also in electronics,consumer goods,construction or food.The study reveals a technology leadership amongst c
7、ompanies based in Europe in the global race of AM innovation,alongside those from the United States.This is clearly reflected in the list of the top 20 AM applicants,which features seven European companies from a diverse range of industries.Our patent data further shows that Europe secured four of t
8、he top ten spots for research institutions in AM innovation.This bodes well for the future,since technical progress in AM often stems from cutting-edge research performed in universities and public research organisations.These results confirm the strong dynamics of AM innovation and its ever-growing
9、 impact on a broad range of industry sectors.While Europe may not always lead in other areas of digital innovation,our study reveals its strength in additive manufacturing.This is rooted in a vibrant research-industry ecosystem and has the potential to reinforce the long-established industrial pilla
10、rs of its economy.In additive manufacturing,Europe can be proud to have such a bright future.Antnio Campinos President,European Patent OfficeTable of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|03Table of contentsForeword 02 List of tables and figures.03List
11、of abbreviations.07List of countries.08Executive summary 091.Introduction 141.1 What is additive manufacturing?.141.2 A maturing technology with disruptive potential .151.3 Why this study?.151.4 Outline of the study .162.The rise of additive manufacturing 172.1 Short history of AM .172.2 The disrupt
12、ive potential .192.3 AM adoption .202.4 Adoption and innovation challenges .232.5 Cartography of additive manufacturing technologies .242.5.1.Machines and processes .252.5.2 Materials .262.5.3 Digital .282.5.4 Application domains.283.Patenting trends in additive manufacturing technologies 323.1 Gene
13、ral trends .323.2 Trends in AM technology sectors .35CASE STUDY:ROBOZE 514.Global and European AM innovation centres 534.1 Global perspective .534.2 European perspective .58CASE STUDY:DyeMansion 61Table of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|045.The a
14、pplicants behind AM innovation 635.1 Top applicants .635.2 The role of universities and PROs .66CASE STUDY:CUBICURE 70References 72Table of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|05List of tables and figuresTables Table 1 Use cases of AM technology for t
15、he production of final parts by industry.21FiguresFigure E.1 Trends in IPFs in all additive manufacturing technologies,by earliest publication year.09Figure E.2 Trends in IPFs in AM application domains,20012020.10Figure E.3 Trends in IPFs in AM technologies by country of origin,20012020.11Figure E.4
16、 Top 20 applicants in AM technologies,20012020.12Figure E.5 Share of universities and PROs in selected AM technologies,20012020.13Figure 1 Market size and forecast of AM products and services.18Figure 2 Geographical distribution of the adoption of AM technologies measured by the installation of indu
17、strial AM systems.22Figure 3 Illustration of the four additive manufacturing technology sectors.24Figure 4 Trends in IPFs in all additive manufacturing technologies,2001-2020.32Figure 5 Share of AM IPFs in all technologies,20012020.33Figure 6 Trends in IPFs in AM technology sectors,20012020.34Figure
18、 7 CAGR in AM technology sectors,20132020.35Figure 8 Trends in IPFs in AM materials,20012020.37Figure 9 Trends in IPFs in AM application domains,20012020.40Figure 10 Trends in IPFs in health and medical applications,2001-2020.41Figure 11 Top applicants in selected health and medical applications,200
19、12020.43Figure 12 Share of universities and PROs in health and medical,20012020.44Figure 13 Trends in IPFs in transportation applications,20012020.45Figure 14 Top applicants in selected transportation applications,20012020.46Figure 15 Trends in IPFs in AM machines and processes,20012020.48Figure 16
20、Trends in IPFs in digital AM technologies,20012020.50Figure 17 Origin of IPFs in AM technologies,20012020.53Figure 18 Trends in IPFs in AM technologies by country of origin,20012020.54Figure 19 Share of IPFs in AM technology sectors by country of origin,20012020.55Figure 20 Share of IPFs in AM appli
21、cation domains by country of origin,20012020.56Figure 21 Share of IPFs in AM materials by country of origin,20012020.57Figure 22 Origins of IPFs in AM technologies by EPO member state,20012020.58Figure 23 Trends in IPFs in AM technologies by top EPO member state,20012020.59Figure 24 IPFs in AM techn
22、ology sectors by EPO member state,20012020.60Figure 25 Top 20 applicants in AM technologies,20012020.63Figure 26 Patenting trends of top applicants in AM technologies,20012020.64Figure 27 Technology profiles of top five applicants in AM technologies,20012020.65Figure 28 Share of universities and PRO
23、s in AM technology sectors,20012020.66Figure 29 Share of universities and PROs in AM application domains,20012020.66Figure 30 Share of universities and PROs in AM materials,20012020.67Table of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|06Figure 31 Top resear
24、ch institution in AM technologies,2001 2020.68Figure 32 AM technology profiles of top five research institutions,2001-2020.69Table of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|07List of abbreviations3D printing Fabrication of objects through the deposition
25、of a material using a print head,nozzle or other printer technology(ISO/ASTM 52900 standard definition).Term often used in a non-technical context synonymously with additive manufacturing.Previously associated in particular with machines that are low-end in price and/or overall capability.ABS Acrylo
26、nitrile butadiene styreneAl2O3 Aluminium oxide or alumina AM Additive manufacturing.Process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data,usually layer upon layer,as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative methodologies(ISO/ASTM 52900 standard definition).Historical terms include
27、additive fabrication,additive processes,additive techniques,additive layer manufacturing,layer manufacturing,solid freeform fabrication and freeform fabrication.ARIPO African Regional Intellectual Property OrganizationBJ Binder jettingCAD Computer-aided design.Use of computers to design real or virt
28、ual objects.CAGR Compound average growth rateCAM Computer-aided manufacturing.Typically refers to systems that use surface data to drive CNC machines,such as digitally driven mills and lathes,to produce parts,moulds and dies.CNC Computer numerical control.Computer-controlled machines include mills,l
29、athes and flame cutters.DED Directed energy depositionEAPO Eurasian Patent OrganizationEPO European Patent OfficeESPACENET Free online service from the European Patent Office for searching patents and patent applications.Includes more than 140 million documents.FDA US Food and Drug AdministrationFFF
30、 Fused filament fabricationGCCPO Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the GulfIoT Internet of thingsIP Intellectual propertyIPF International patent family.Each IPF covers a single invention and includes patent applications filed and published at several patent offices.It
31、is a reliable proxy for inventive activity because it provides a degree of control for patent quality by only representing inventions for which the inventor considers the value sufficient to seek protection internationally.The patent trend data presented in this report refer to numbers of IPFs.IPR I
32、ntellectual property rightISO International Organization for Standardization.International standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organisations.OAPI African Intellectual Property OrganizationOEM Original equipment manufacturerPBF Powder bed fusionPC Polycar
33、bonatePEEK Polyether ether ketonePET Polyethylene terephthalateTable of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|08PLA Polylactic acid or polylactidePOC Point of carePP PolypropylenePRO Public research organisationSiC Silicon carbideSLA Stereolithography a
34、pparatusSLS Selective laser sintering.Trade name used by 3D Systems for the companys polymer powder bed fusion technology.SLM Selective laser meltingTPU Thermoplastic polyurethaneTTO Technology transfer officeUV UltravioletZrO2 ZirconiaList of countriesAT AustriaBE BelgiumCH SwitzerlandCN P.R.ChinaD
35、E GermanyDK DenmarkES SpainEU27 27 member states of the European Union(post-Brexit)FR FranceIE IrelandIT ItalyJP JapanKR R.KoreaLI LiechtensteinNL NetherlandsRoW Rest of worldSE SwedenTW Chinese TaipeiUK United KingdomUS United StatesTable of contents|Executive summary|ContentINNOVATION TRENDS IN AD
36、DITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|09Executive summary Additive manufacturing(AM),also known as 3D printing,is a revolutionary process that builds three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer.In just a decade,it swiftly evolved from a niche use for prototyping to a disruptive force impacting
37、 value chains in a growing number of industries.On-going progress in AM technologies keeps expanding the range of opportunities for enhanced customisation,improved production efficiencies and complex designs in those industries.This study uses patent data to shed light on those innovations,thus prov
38、iding early insights into the forces shaping the future of AM;moreover,the data is vital for understanding the progress of AM and identifying key players driving advancements.Data from patent applications provides valuable insights into AM innovation trends,and this innovation study analyses interna
39、tional patent families(IPFs)to shed light on the current state of AM innovation.1 1.Impressive rise of AM innovation Patent applications from over 50 000 international patent families(IPFs)related to AM technologies have been filed across the world since 2001.Since 2013,their number has surpassed th
40、e 2 000 mark annually,with a remarkable compound annual growth rate(CAGR)over 26%over that period(that is eight times the CAGR for patenting overall).Patent applications for more than 8 090 AM-related IPFs were published in 2020 alone,accounting for over 2%of all IPFs.9 0008 0007 0006 0005 0004 0003
41、 0002 0001 0000200042005200620072008200920000192020Source:EPOFigure E1 Trends in IPFs in all additive manufacturing technologies,by earliest publication year8 090CAGR of+26.3%9491 0331 140 1 146 1 117 1 267 1 340 2 210 3 330 4 469 6 5747 5846433
42、5 718 1 576 1 Each IPF covers a single invention and includes patent applications filed and published at several patent offices.It is a reliable proxy for inventive activity because it provides a degree of control for patent quality by only representing inventions for which the inventor considers th
43、e value sufficient to seek protection internationally.The patent trend data presented in this report refer to numbers of IPFs.See further explanation of IPFs and their usefulness as a metric on page 31.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|102
44、.Adoption highest in health and medical,and transportationWhile AM has long been instrumental in prototyping,it is now increasingly viable for mass customisation and even serial production.It has gained significant traction in sectors such as health and medical,and transportation(including both aero
45、space and automotive).In the health and medical sector alone,there were nearly 10 000 IPFs published between 2001 and 2020,as AMs capabilities prove particularly advantageous for patient-specific implants,anatomical models and dental applications.With over 7 000 IPFs,the transportation sector is als
46、o witnessing the benefits of AM for product development and advancing toward serial production.Furthermore,valuable applications are emerging in industries like fashion,electronics,construction and even food.Figure E2 Trends in IPFs in AM application domains,20012020Number of IPFs1 5001 4001 3001 20
47、01 1001 0009008007006005004003002002200320042005200620072008200920000192020Earliest publication year Health and medical Transportation Machine tooling Energy Electronics Consumer goods Construction FoodSource:EPOTable of contents|Executive summary|Key find
48、ings|Content|AnnexINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|113.Europe and the US are driving AM innovationEurope and the US are leading the global race for AM innovation.The US holds the top spot,with 40%of all IPFs related to AM recorded between 2001 and 2020.Europe(EU countries and EPO m
49、ember states)closely follows with a 33%share.Together,these regions account for an impressive 73%of worldwide AM innovation.In comparison,China and South Koreas contributions remain relatively small at 4%and 3%,respectively.Within Europe,Germany is the strongest contributor,representing 41%of Europe
50、s share,while France has emerged as a notable player with a 12%contribution.Number of IPFs3 0002 8002 6002 4002 2002 0001 8001 6001 4001 2001 0008006004002000200042005200620072008200920000192020Earliest publication year United States EU27 Japan Other Europ
51、e P.R.China R.Korea Source:EPOFigure E3 Trends in IPFs in AM technologies by country of origin,20012020Table of contents|Executive summary|Key findings|Content|AnnexINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|124.US,European and Japanese companies are in the leadThe analysis reveals that the
52、list of top 20 applicants in AM innovation consists of six US players,seven European companies,six Japanese and one Korean company.Among them,General Electric,Raytheon Technologies,and HP stand out as the companies with the highest number of IPFs between 2001 and 2020.Siemens secures fourth position
53、 and emerges as the strongest player from Europe,boasting almost 1 000 IPFs.Although the list of top applicants is dominated by large,international companies from various industry sectors,it also includes several established 3D printing firms and emerging start-ups further down the list.This composi
54、tion illustrates the rich and diverse landscape of contributors that are actively shaping AM innovation.General Electric(US)Raytheon Technologies(US)HP(US)Siemens(DE)Fujifilm(JP)3M(US)Rolls Royce(UK)BASF(DE)Epson(JP)Boeing(US)Xerox(US)Safran(FR)Mitsubishi Corp(JP)Airbus(NL)Siemens Energy(DE)Ricoh(JP
55、)Canon(JP)MTU Aero Engines(DE)Samsung Electronics(KR)Hitachi(JP)05001 0001 5002 000Source:EPO1 7931 36299678557343383263253083072982762372321 441448Figure E4 Top 20 applicants in AM technologies,20012020Table of contents|Executive summary|Key findings|Content|AnnexINNOVATION TRENDS IN ADD
56、ITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|135.Strong presence of universities and PROsA remarkably high share(approximately 12%)of IPFs in AM technology have universities and public research organisations(PROs)as applicants,indicating their substantial involvement in advancing the field.However,the presence of uni
57、versities and PROs varies across different AM technology areas.Particularly in the application domains related to health and medical,their contributions are noteworthy.A university or PRO is behind one in three IPFs associated with biomaterial developments and one in two IPFs for 3D printing of orga
58、ns and artificial tissue.Their involvement not only enriches the knowledge base,but also fosters ground-breaking advancements in materials,processes and applications within the AM domain and provides a basis for technology start-ups with high growth potential.BiomaterialsTeaching materialOrgans and
59、artificial tissueMedical equipmentImplants and prosthesesDrugs and pharmaceuticalsDental0%20%40%60%Source:EPOFigure E5 Share of universities and PROs in selected AM technologies,2001202031.9%33.8%56.3%20.4%26.5%36.0%17.2%Table of contents|Executive summary|Key findings|Content|AnnexINNOVATION TRENDS
60、 IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|141.Introduction Few advancements have generated as much excitement and potential as additive manufacturing(AM),commonly known as 3D printing.This revolutionary technology has swiftly progressed from its early stages of prototyping to become a disruptive force impac
61、ting value chains across various industries.As the field of AM continues to evolve at a rapid pace,it is becoming increasingly crucial to conduct studies on the latest developments within this dynamic sector.Using patent data as a measure of innovation,this study by the European Patent Office is int
62、ended to inform decision-makers in both the private and public sectors and the broader public about the technology landscape and most recent trends in additive manufacturing.The study focuses on the technologies underpinning the rise of AM and provides a window into the latest AM inventions that wil
63、l shape tomorrows economy.1.1 What is additive manufacturing?Additive manufacturing,also known as 3D printing,is a revolutionary process that builds three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer.Unlike traditional manufacturing techniques,which often involve subtractive processes like
64、cutting or shaping material,additive manufacturing starts with a digital design and directly creates the final product by adding material in a controlled manner.This technology allows for the creation of complex and intricate geometries that may be challenging or impossible to produce using traditio
65、nal methods.One key difference between additive manufacturing and traditional techniques is the level of design freedom it offers.With additive manufacturing,designers have greater flexibility and can easily create intricate structures,internal channels,and organic shapes without the constraints imp
66、osed by traditional manufacturing processes.This allows for the production of highly customised and personalised products that meet specific requirements or individual preferences.Another differentiating factor is the reduction in waste and material usage.Traditional manufacturing techniques often i
67、nvolve significant material wastage due to the need for cutting,machining,or shaping raw materials.In contrast,additive manufacturing builds objects layer by layer,using only the necessary amount of material required for the final product.This not only reduces material waste but also has potential c
68、ost savings in terms of raw material usage.Furthermore,additive manufacturing enables rapid prototyping and shortens the product development cycle.Traditional manufacturing techniques typically involve lengthy setup times,tooling,and production processes,which can delay the availability of prototype
69、s or new products.Additive manufacturing,on the other hand,allows for quick design iterations and on-demand production,enabling faster product development and time-to-market.Additive manufacturing is a digital technology because it relies on digital design files and computer-controlled processes to
70、create physical objects.The entire workflow,from initial design to the final production,is based on digital data.Designers use computer-aided design(CAD)software to create 3D models,which are then converted into machine-readable instructions that guide the additive manufacturing machines.This digita
71、l nature allows for customisation,complex geometries,and rapid prototyping.Additive manufacturing is therefore a significant driver of the Fourth Industrial Revolution(EPO,2020(b).It is a key enabler of the digital transformation in manufacturing,bridging the gap between the physical and digital wor
72、lds.By integrating additive manufacturing into the production processes,companies can achieve greater efficiency,agility and responsiveness.It enables on-demand manufacturing,reducing inventory and logistics costs.Additionally,additive manufacturing can be integrated with other digital technologies
73、like artificial intelligence,internet of things(IoT)and data analytics to create smart factories that optimise production,enable predictive maintenance and facilitate the customisation of products.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|151.2 A
74、maturing technology with disruptive potentialAdditive manufacturing has the potential to be highly disruptive from both an economic and business perspective.One of the key advantages is its ability to reduce costs associated with traditional manufacturing techniques.This is because additive manufact
75、uring eliminates the need for tooling,reduces material waste and enables more efficient production processes.These cost savings can have a profound impact on businesses by improving their competitiveness,enabling them to offer more affordable products and potentially reshoring manufacturing operatio
76、ns.Moreover,additive manufacturing allows for greater design freedom and customisation.This opens up new business opportunities,especially in the realm of personalised products.Companies are increasingly using additive manufacturing to produce customised products,especially in the healthcare and spo
77、rts industries.This capability not only enhances customer satisfaction,but also enables companies to differentiate themselves on the market.By leveraging additive manufacturing,businesses can tap into niche markets,create unique product offerings and establish themselves as innovators in their respe
78、ctive industries.The disruptive potential of additive manufacturing is also evident in its impact on supply chains.Traditional manufacturing often relies on complex and lengthy supply chains,involving multiple suppliers and logistics operations.However,additive manufacturing can streamline the suppl
79、y chain by enabling local production and on-demand manufacturing.This reduces lead times,eliminates the need for excess inventory and enables a more agile and responsive production system.AM has the power to transform industries,challenge traditional business models and drive innovation.As the techn
80、ology continues to advance and become more accessible,its impact on the economy and businesses is expected to grow significantly.According to available estimates,sales of 3D printed components and related services have been growing at an average rate of 25.6%over the last 34 years,with the market si
81、ze of the AM industry passing the USD 18 billion(EUR 16.17 billion)mark in 2022(Wohlers Associates,2023).An increasing amount of materials are available with increasing properties,with the quality of some AM parts already matching or even surpassing the quality of parts produced by conventional meth
82、ods.While it is a rapidly evolving technology,it has already made significant advancements and gained widespread adoption in various industries.AM technology is widely applied in prototyping,speeding up product development,but is also used for industrial production of end-parts in aerospace,medical
83、industries,power and energy,and some consumer markets(architecture,footwear,sport equipment,and eyewear).In addition,it still has a strong untapped potential in automotive,fashion,food and electronics.As the technology further expands to new materials,printing systems,and applications,it is expected
84、 to generate enormous growth opportunities throughout the manufacturing industry,which has a market size of$16.38 trillion(14.72 trillion)(World Bank).Even if AM were to capture a low percentage share of this market,it could still amount to a revenue of hundreds of billions of US dollars.1.3 Why thi
85、s study?Additive manufacturing has already demonstrated its transformative power by enabling the creation of complex geometries,reducing lead times and even customising products on-demand.From aerospace and automotive industries to healthcare and consumer goods,additive manufacturing has permeated a
86、 wide range of sectors,revolutionising traditional manufacturing processes.The continual emergence of new materials,enhanced printing techniques and innovative applications necessitates in-depth research to understand and harness the full potential of this technology.AM has the potential to drive fu
87、ture economic growth and competitiveness.As countries and industries strive to establish themselves as leaders in the global market,staying at the forefront of technological advancements becomes paramount.Moreover,additive manufacturing can help address critical issues related to sustainability and
88、environmental impact.As the world increasingly recognises the importance of sustainable practices,additive manufacturing offers the potential for reduced waste,optimised material usage,and localised production.As additive manufacturing continues to shape the future of production,conducting comprehen
89、sive studies becomes an imperative step towards unlocking its full Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|16potential and reaping the benefits it offers across diverse sectors.This report,which covers a period until 2020,is a follow-on study an
90、d builds on the methodology developed in the first EPO study on patents and additive manufacturing(EPO,2020).In contrast to the previous report,which considered only EP patent applications,the primary objective of this new study is to offer a comprehensive global perspective on AM innovation.Moreove
91、r,the new report places a stronger emphasis on the most important application domains:health and medical,and transportation,while also exploring various AM systems.The study provides valuable insights on the AM ecosystem that were derived from patent information and complemented with market and indu
92、stry research,such as the latest Wohlers Report 2023.It will enable businesses and policymakers to make informed decisions and implement strategies that leverage AM technology effectively and to the highest benefit to society.1.4 Outline of the studyChapter 2 discusses the current state and expected
93、 development of the industry and sets out a methodology to study technology trends in AM based on patent data.Chapter 3 provides an overview of the main patenting trends in AM technologies over the last two decades.Chapter 4 focuses on the origin of AM innovation,while Chapter 5 presents the top pat
94、ent applicants involved in AM.The study also contains case studies of three European high-growth technology companies innovating in AM technologies.Box 1:Patents support innovation,competition and knowledge transferPatents are exclusive rights that can only be granted for technologies that are new,i
95、nventive and industrially applicable.High-quality patents are assets which can help attract investment,secure licensing deals and provide market exclusivity.Inventors pay annual fees to maintain those patents that are of commercial value to them.Once they lapse,the technical information in them beco
96、mes free for everyone to use.A patent can be maintained for a maximum of 20 years.In exchange for these exclusive rights,all patent applications are published,revealing the technical details of the inventions in them.Patent databases therefore contain a wealth of technical information,much of which
97、cannot be found in any other source,which anyone can use for their own research purposes.The EPOs free Espacenet database(https:/ more than 140 million documents from over 100 countries,and comes with a machine translation tool in 32 languages.Most of the patent documents in Espacenet are not in for
98、ce,so the inventions are free to use.The legal status of the patent document can easily be checked within Espacenet.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|172.The rise of additive manufacturing 2.1 Short history of AMAM integrates various techn
99、ologies,some of which have been in existence since the 1950s.These technologies include computer-aided design(CAD),computer-aided manufacturing(CAM),laser and electron energy beam technology,and computer numerical control(CNC)machining.By applying these technologies to a wide range of materials,a ne
100、w industry emerged in the late 1980s with significant inventive activity,leading to an increase in patent applications.The commercial adoption of AM began in 1987 when 3D systems introduced stereolithography(SLA),a process that utilises a laser to solidify thin layers of UV light-sensitive liquid po
101、lymer.SLA was developed by Chuck Hull,who is considered the pioneer of 3D printing and co-founder of 3D systems.2 Chuck Hulls invention of SLA was a major breakthrough that laid the foundation for the development of 3D printing technology as we know it today.Over the past three decades,AM has experi
102、enced remarkable growth,transforming into a fully established industry.Initially,AM was primarily used for prototyping purposes,but it has significantly evolved since then.Today,AM has expanded its applications to the production of end-products,showcasing its substantial growth potential in various
103、sectors.With the capability to manufacture complex intermediate components and final products that were traditionally made by hand or through multiple manufacturing steps,AM has emerged as a disruptive force in manufacturing.Its ability to produce nearly any geometric shape has made it particularly
104、well-suited for small-scale production of highly intricate components.However,the transition from prototyping to end-product manufacturing requires continuous advancements in hardware,such as printers and printing methods,as well as the development of sophisticated and fast design,data analysis and
105、print software.Additionally,the materials used in the printing process play a crucial role in enabling the production of functional and durable end-products.Ongoing research and development efforts are focused on enhancing these aspects of AM to unlock its full potential in end-product manufacturing
106、.By addressing these challenges,AM can further revolutionise the manufacturing industry,enabling the efficient and cost-effective production of complex and customised components on a larger scale.2 For his contributions to stereolithography,Charles Hull received the European Inventor Award 2014 in t
107、he category Non-European countries from the European Patent Office.See https:/new.epo.org/en/news-events/european-inventor-award/meet-the-finalists/charles-w-hull Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|18The market for additive manufacturing ha
108、s experienced significant growth,as highlighted by data from the Wohlers Report 2023.In just six years,the industry revenue has tripled,soaring from approximately$6 billion in 2016 to$18 billion in 2022(see Figure 1).This revenue includes all aspects of the AM market,encompassing AM systems,material
109、s,software,lasers and AM services,such as parts production from independent service providers,system maintenance contracts,and consulting directly associated with AM processes.Despite facing challenges in 2021,the AM market showed resilience,with the volume of sold AM products and services growing b
110、y 18.3%in 2022.Interestingly,in the more recent period,AM services emerged as the most dynamic segment,representing$10.7 billion in 2022,outpacing AM products,which accounted for$7.3 billion in the same year.This can be interpreted as a sign of increased adoption of AM.Looking ahead,numerous factors
111、 can influence the future trajectory of the AM market,including global economic conditions,political changes,and technological advancements.For example,the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative effects on the AM market.The overall economic slowdown during the pandemic affected several
112、 industries,leading to a decrease in demand for AM products and services.At the same time,the urgent need for medical equipment during the pandemic highlighted the agility and rapid production capabilities of additive manufacturing.Amid global transportation and logistics challenges,AM provided a wa
113、y to locally produce goods,reducing dependency on international supply chains.Overall,experts anticipate that the remarkable pace of growth will persist in the next decade.Projections suggest that the AM market could surpass the$50 billion mark within the next five years,by 2028,and even exceed$100
114、billion by 2032.Figure 1 Market size and forecast of AM products and servicesRevenue(USD billion)02000222023202420252026202720282029203020312032 Actual ForecastCopyright Wohlers Report,20236.19.812.825.551.272.5102.718.036.2Table of contents|Executive summary|Content
115、 INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|192.2 The disruptive potentialThe economic benefits of additive manufacturing are substantial and diverse.From cost savings through reduced tooling and inventory requirements to enhanced customisation,accelerated product development,and simplified
116、maintenance,AM offers manufacturers a competitive edge.One of the key advantages of AM is the freedom it provides to designers that is not possible with conventional manufacturing methods.AM can create nearly any 3D shape.By leveraging advanced design tools and techniques,such as generative design,d
117、esigners can automatically generate multiple variations of a design based on specific inputs,such as material type and load requirements.This creative freedom allows for the optimisation of strength,stiffness,weight,manufacturability,and other parameters,resulting in parts that perform better or are
118、 less expensive than their conventionally manufactured counterparts.AM also enables cost-efficient production of custom products,opening the door to mass customisation.This capability is particularly beneficial in sectors like healthcare,where individualised solutions for patients are crucial.By tai
119、loring each part,such as a bone replacement or a hearing aid,to specific interests and needs,AM enhances consumer satisfaction and reduces the reliance on one-size-fits-all approaches.AM also revolutionises inventory management.The consolidation of many parts into one through AM reduces inventory re
120、quirements,both on-site and in off-site warehouses.This consolidation,coupled with on-demand manufacturing,minimises the need for extensive storage,freeing up capital and providing companies with more flexibility to invest in other areas.Furthermore,reducing the number of parts in an assembly not on
121、ly lowers manufacturing and production management costs but also decreases assembly time,labour,and transportation costs.AMs on-demand production capability is especially valuable for spare parts,where thousands of unique components can be required.Instead of maintaining costly inventories and facin
122、g logistical challenges,AM allows for the fabrication of spare parts as needed from digital inventory,eliminating physical storage and transportation bottlenecks.Digital files can be transmitted and printed on-site,reducing costs and ensuring timely availability.Another significant economic benefit
123、of AM is the elimination of tooling requirements.Unlike traditional manufacturing processes that heavily rely on moulds and fixed tooling,AM does not require these time-consuming and expensive components.This results in reduced production delays,as AM can quickly adapt to design changes and variatio
124、ns.Manufacturers can react more swiftly to changing market conditions,and production rates can be adjusted to match demand.This can also significantly reduce product development times and shortening time to market.Moreover,AM technologies can contribute to environmental sustainability.By minimising
125、material waste and utilising sustainable feedstock,such as recyclable and energy-efficient materials,AM reduces environmental impact.The ability to produce lightweight parts reduces energy consumption,and on-demand and local manufacturing further reduces transportation costs.Box 2:Intellectual prope
126、rty rightsA further area impacted by AM and one which also needs to adjust and adapt to accommodate the shift in paradigm is intellectual property(IP).In future,the production of a vast array of decorative and functional articles will be in the hands of the broader public.This democratisation of pro
127、duction will not only disrupt supply and distribution patterns,but impact many IP rights too.Designers of new products will be able to license their designs directly to the consumer,who can then print the object locally.Just as new digital platforms for streaming video and music have led to a boom i
128、n creativity and new commercial opportunities,sharing of 3D design files for printing anywhere in the world is likely to create new business models.At the same time,legislators must ensure that IP regimes adapt to ensure fair protection and remuneration for designers.Additive manufacturing provides
129、a fascinating example of how different intellectual property rights(IPRs)can overlap.Printers execute instructions from digital files that are protected by copyright.The 3D printed objects created thanks to AM may be registered for design protection,although some of them,such as a figurine or vase,a
130、re also aesthetic and therefore protected by copyright.Other products such as tools or components with functional features could be eligible for patent protection of novel and inventive technical aspects.However,the majority of applications so far has addressed the hardware,i.e.the additive manufact
131、uring machines and the processes for producing the products.As illustrated by this study,patent applications for the technologies enabling AM have seen a dramatic growth over the last 20 years,involving a wide variety of innovations in machines,materials and processes.Table of contents|Executive sum
132、mary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|202.3 AM adoption Use cases Additive manufacturing has found various applications in the manufacturing industry,as highlighted by recent surveys and studies.Prototyping continues to be the leading use case for AM,providing users with fa
133、ster product development,lead times and greater design freedom.A survey by Hubs(Hubs,2023)found that 66%of participants identified prototyping as their primary use of 3D printing,emphasising its role in accelerating the product development process.This aligns with Sculpteos study(Sculpteo,2022),whic
134、h revealed that a quarter of their surveyed users utilise AM to speed up their product development by creating proof of concepts and prototypes.However,as users gain more experience with the technology,AM is also being recognised as a viable solution for tooling and end-use part production.Tooling a
135、pplications enable users to enhance production lines and minimise machine downtimes,while end-use production,encompassing custom parts,low-batch production,and serial production,was cited in Hubs(2023)by 21%of respondents as their primary application and was mentioned as a goal of their AM activitie
136、s by almost 50%of respondents in Sculpteo,2022.According to research by Materialise,an AM company,a majority of businesses expect their use of 3D printing to remain consistent over the next five years,focusing on visual prototypes,personalised parts,and spare parts.With further advancements in AM te
137、chnology and access to qualified experts,however,companies can leverage 3D printing to create new business opportunities and advance their manufacturing operationsIndustries The primary sectors driving the advancement and utilisation of this technology include aerospace,automotive and medical.The ae
138、rospace industry has been an early adopter of additive manufacturing,leveraging its benefits for low-volume production and design freedom.Aerospace OEMs have embraced 3D printing to produce lightweight components,improving aircraft fuel efficiency.Jet engines,structural aircraft parts,and interior c
139、abin components are among the many parts manufactured using 3D printing technology in the aerospace sector.In the automotive industry,additive manufacturing has evolved significantly over the years.Various 3D printing processes are now employed for rapid prototyping,tooling,customisation,spare-part
140、manufacturing,and even series production.Advancements in digitalised workflows and automation are enabling the exploration of 3D printing for serial mass production.The medical field has witnessed significant advancements in diagnostic and treatment solutions through additive manufacturing.Patient-s
141、pecific implants,prosthetics,surgical guides and instruments,anatomical models,dental products and more are now being produced using 3D printing technology.Additive manufacturing allows for easy customisation based on a patients medical scans,and it has the potential for point-of-care production,whi
142、ch allows manufacturing directly at the point where the products are needed for patient care.However,several other industries are also exploring additive manufacturing and are ready for transformation(see Table 1 for different examples).Food printing,though still in its early stages,has shown promis
143、e in revolutionising the food industry.From printed pizzas and chocolates to meat substitutes and cultivated meat,3D printing has the potential to reduce reliance on intensive animal farming.Custom nutrient profiles can be embedded in printed food to benefit medical patients or the elderly.The impac
144、t of 3D printing is also being felt in the fashion industry,particularly in footwear.Companies like Adidas have brought running shoes with 3D printed midsoles to the market,pushing the boundaries of innovation and customisation.AM could also make a significant impact in the construction sector,which
145、 is utilising AM to revolutionise building processes,enabling the creation of complex architectural designs and reducing material waste.With 3D printing technology,it is possible to construct customised structures,prefabricated building components,and even entire houses.This innovative approach allo
146、ws for faster construction times,cost savings,and enhanced design possibilities.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|21Aerospace Metal fuel nozzles Plastic brackets,clips Integrated hydraulic systems,actuators Pipe elbows for fuel systems(Tur
147、bine)blades In-cabin separation walls Cable stays RF filters for communication satellitesEnergy Rotors,stators,turbine nozzles Down-hole tool components and models Fluid/water flow analysis Flow meter parts Mud motor models Pressure gauge pieces Control-valve components and pump manifoldsHealth and
148、medical Titanium-alloy orthopaedic devices(hip implants)Implants for facial and skull disorders Copings for crowns and bridges Hearing aidsConsumer goods Midsoles Heels Insoles Ski boots Head protectionAutomotive Body shell parts Chassis joints Ventilation systems Brake cooling ducts Pedal spacersFo
149、od Meat Customised chocolatesConstruction Customised facades 3D printed buildings and bridges Architectural modelsTable 1 Use cases of AM technology for the production of final parts by industry Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|22Geograph
150、y AM adoption varies also across different regions.Research by Wohlers(Wohlers Associates,2023)indicates that approximately 34.9%of all industrial AM systems installed worldwide are located in North America(see Figure 2).Europe follows closely,with 30.7%of industrial systems installed,while the Asia
151、-Pacific region accounts for 28.4%of installations.The remaining 6%of systems are distributed across Central America,South America,the Middle East,and Africa.Interestingly,if compared to 2019(Wohlers Associates,2019),North America and Asia-Pacific regions shares declined by a few percentage points,w
152、hile the shares of AM systems installed in Europe and other regions increased over the same period.On the country level,the US maintains its dominance on the AM market,accounting for 33%of the total installations.P.R.China,with 10%of installations,holds the second-largest installation base,followed
153、by Germany at 8.5%and Japan at 8.2%.In Europe,Italy(4.7%),UK(3.5%)and France(3.4%)also have notable shares.These statistics highlight the concentration of AM systems in certain regions,with the US taking the lead in terms of installed machines.However,the Asia-Pacific region and Europe also demonstr
154、ate significant adoption and are home to substantial numbers of industrial AM systems.As the technology continues to advance and adoption increases globally,it will be interesting to observe how these regional trends evolve and how other countries and regions contribute to the growing AM market.Copy
155、right Wohlers Report,2023North America 34.9%Europe30.7%Asia-Pacific 28.4%6.0%OtherFigure 2 Geographical distribution of the adoption of AM technologies measured by the installation of industrial AM systems Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org
156、|232.4 Adoption and innovation challengesAM is already the standard technology for prototyping and product development.However,it also holds enormous potential for end-use part production.Several innovation challenges are being addressed for its widespread adoption.For AM to become a common method o
157、f end-use part production,systems need to become significantly faster,which will help reduce the production cost per part.The build time of AM processes is a major contributor to part cost and its reduction will improve break-even points from hundreds or thousands of parts to tens or hundreds of tho
158、usands,making it more attractive for the industry.AM systems also need to increase machine throughput to drive adoption.This can be achieved not only through faster operating speeds,but can also be achieved with larger built volumes,optimised part packing,and automated part removal processes.For exa
159、mple,continuous production techniques,such as using a conveyor belt,can improve throughput and enable the production of extremely long parts(Wohlers Associates,2023).The concept of replacing inventories with a digital version,combined with on-demand manufacturing,holds great potential.However,the ad
160、option of this approach has been weak thus far.Overcoming barriers related to supply chain integration of AM processes,their standardisation,and logistics around them is necessary to successfully integrate AM machines into existing production workflows.The cost of industrial AM machines and material
161、s remains significant.Both machines and materials are getting cheaper,but remain relatively expensive,especially when compared to conventional manufacturing methods.In particular,material costs impact manufacturing costs when part volumes increase.Also,AM equipment often relies on vendor-specific ma
162、terial and control software,with limited integration between different machines or with wider plant production-control systems.Obtaining consistent quality and stable productivity can be challenging due to the technology and know-how required,too.The effort and cost involved in pre-and post-processi
163、ng of AM are often underestimated.Post-processing of AM parts,including the removal of support structures and finishing operations,can account for a significant part of the total cost of an AM part.Additionally,upfront labour,especially for low-volume manufacturing,can be expensive,affecting the ove
164、rall cost-effectiveness of AM.Qualification and certification processes associated with AM poses another obstacle to its widespread adoption.The industry requires adherence to specific standards and regulations to ensure part quality,safety,and compliance.Therefore,the development of international s
165、tandards on the application of AM technologies in different industry sectors will likely have a significant impact on the uptake of AM technologies.3However,the main non-technical obstacle to AM adoption is that manufacturers struggle to understand how AM can benefit them.Design engineers often lack
166、 knowledge of the capabilities of AM systems and how to design for AM effectively.The true benefits emerge when designers exploit the unique capabilities of AM,such as combining multiple features into a single component,reducing the overall number of parts,or eliminating subsequent fabrication steps
167、,and not by just changing an existing component from conventional manufacturing to AM(see McKinsey,2022).According to a recent survey,the two main challenges to adoption of AM are difficulty to recruit an expert workforce and the lack of experience and knowledge inside the company,even before the sp
168、eed and cost considerations(Materialise,2023).The AM market is still in a developing phase and remains highly R&D-intensive.Many AM system manufacturers are spending over 30%of their annual revenue on R&D(Wohlers Associates,2023).While AM will not replace conventional manufacturing entirely,it is se
169、en as a complementary technology.It is well suited for producing difficult,expensive or customised parts,but conventional manufacturing is more efficient for other components.The cost of AM parts is expected to decline in the future,but it may remain more expensive for high quantities or low-value p
170、roducts with simple shapes.Additionally,the complexity of AM parts requires significant time investment by designers,and producing high-quality parts demands talent,effort and expertise.It is also unlikely that AM will make widespread adoption in 3 According to the website of the technical committee
171、 on additive manufacturing ISO/TC 261 of the International Organization on Standardization,there are 27 published standards and there are 32 standards under development at the time that this report is published(see https:/committee.iso.org/home/tc261).Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNO
172、VATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|24private homes,since operation of AM machines requires specialised training and knowledge,and requires ongoing maintenance.However,it is beyond doubt that AM has the potential to revolutionise the way products are designed,manufactured and distributed.
173、Its impact will be significant,shaping the future of manufacturing across various sectors and unlocking new possibilities for innovation,customisation,sustainability,and supply chain resilience.2.5 Cartography of additive manufacturing technologies AM is a technology that spans different disciplines
174、,incorporating a wide range of technical expertise.At its core,it is a digital manufacturing process that begins with a digital representation of the desired product.This involves working with digital files and instructing machines to operate in a manner that transforms the design into a physical ob
175、ject.The choice of material is crucial,as it must possess the necessary structure and properties suitable for the specific product application.Considering the intricate nature of AM,all the technologies that contribute to these aspects are taken into account when mapping out the landscape of AM tech
176、nologies.4 The AM cartography,which is presented in Figure 3 and builds upon the methodology developed in the previous EPO study on patents and additive manufacturing (EPO,2020),comprise four technology building blocks.The building blocks Machines and processes,Materials,and the Digital infrastructu
177、re together enable additive manufacturing.The fourth building block Application domains contains all inventions that are pertinent to the specific application field depending on the industry where it is used.It is a transversal category covering the applications of AM technologies and denotes the ma
178、in field of use of the manufactured product.Source:EPOMaterialsDigitalMachines and processesApplication domainsApplication domainsApplication domains4 Screen printing(seriography)has not been considered part of additive manufacturing.Although the technique has been explored for micro-3D printing in
179、some areas,it has mainly been applied for 2D printing.The field of 2D printers has been excluded as well,as its inclusion would lead to too many false positive hits.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content Figure 3 Illustration of the four additive manufacturing technology sectorsINNOVATION TREND
180、S IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|252.5.1 Machines and processes Machines and processes refers largely to printers that bring the digital design to reality,the energy source used to shape or solidify the material,but also to other peripheral devices that have been developed for the different AM tec
181、hniques.In general,it covers all AM techniques described in the ISO/ASTM52900:2021 standard,namely binder jetting,directed energy deposition,fused filament fabrication,material jetting,powder bed fusion,sheet lamination and vat photopolymerisation.Almost all of the commercially available AM systems
182、fit into one of these categories.According to the standard,each AM process can differ in several aspects:Material and material form:This criterion refers to the type of materials and their physical state used in the AM process,i.e.nature of the feedstock.It differentiates for example between powder-
183、based processes(binder jetting,powder bed fusion),filament-based processes(fused filament fabrication),liquid-based processes(material jetting,vat photopolymerisation)and sheet-based processes(sheet lamination).Energy source:This criterion focuses on the type of energy used to shape or solidify the
184、material.Typical energy sources are lasers,electron beams,ultrasound,LED or IR lamps.Depending on the technique and the material,one or several energy sources are used for the consolidation of the material.Layering approach:This criterion refers to the method by which the material is deposited and b
185、uilt up layer by layer.It differentiates between processes that use a powder bed and selectively bind or fuse the powder(binder jetting,powder bed fusion),processes that extrude or deposit material in a continuous path(fused filament fabrication,material jetting,directed energy deposition),and proce
186、sses that bond and stack sheets of material(sheet lamination).Support structure:This criterion addresses the need for support structures during the printing process to provide stability or anchor overhanging features.It differentiates between processes that use sacrificial materials(such as soluble
187、supports in material jetting or vat photopolymerisation)and processes that require additional structures or supports(such as binder jetting,powder bed fusion and fused filament fabrication).More detailed aspects related to integral components such as laser optics,electron beam design and extruder he
188、ads,have been considered as well.AM process categories explained:5 Binder jetting:this technique involves depositing a liquid binding agent onto a powdered material bed to selectively bind the particles and create a solid object Directed energy deposition:uses focused thermal energy sources,such as
189、lasers or electron beams,to melt and fuse materials while they are deposited layer by layer Fused filament fabrication(or material extrusion):melts and extrudes a filament,which is selectively dispensed through a nozzle Material jetting:involves selectively jetting droplets of feedstock material,whi
190、ch are then solidified layer by layer Powder bed fusion:uses a thermal high-energy source,such as a laser or electron beam,to selectively melt and fuse regions of a powder bed Sheet lamination:involves layering and bonding sheets of material together to form a part Vat photopolymerisation:uses a vat
191、 of liquid photopolymer resin and a light source to selectively cure and solidify the resin layer by layer5 See ISO/ASTM 52900:2021 for exact definitions of the AM process categories.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|26 2.5.2 Materials Mat
192、erials are the input for the AM process and utilised to create objects and structures.They can vary depending on the specific additive manufacturing process,desired properties of the final object and application requirements.They are often produced as solids,in powder form,in wire or sheet feedstock
193、,or as a liquid or slurry,and may differ in their mechanical,thermal,chemical,optical or electrical properties,dependent on the specific application and requirements.Materials include core materials,but also assisting and support materials.Core materials,also known as build materials or primary mate
194、rials,are the main materials used to create the desired object or structure through additive manufacturing.These materials form the bulk of the printed part and provide its primary characteristics,such as strength,durability and functionality.For example,in fused filament fabrication(FFF),the core m
195、aterial is typically a thermoplastic filament melted and extruded layer by layer to build the object.In powder bed fusion(PBF),metal or polymer powders serve as the core material,which is selectively fused together using heat or a laser.Support structures or support materials are temporary structure
196、s used to provide stability and prevent deformation or collapse during the printing process.These structures are necessary when printing objects with overhangs,complex geometries or intricate features that would otherwise be unsupported during the building process.Assisting materials often have diff
197、erent properties from the core material,such as being water-soluble or breakable.The specific assisting material used depends on the AM technique and the core material being printed.For example,in material jetting,support structures are typically printed using a different material that can be easily
198、 removed manually or dissolved in a solvent.In powder bed fusion processes,such as selective laser sintering of polymers,the surrounding unconsolidated powder in the bed can act as a self-supporting material during printing.It is worth noting that the materials used in additive manufacturing continu
199、e to expand as research and development efforts advance,enabling the use of new materials with unique properties and capabilities.However,this cartography distinguishes between the five currently most common types of materials used in AM:polymers,metals and alloys,ceramics and glass,cements,concrete
200、 and artificial stones,and biomaterials.6 6 For all of these types of materials,the compositional aspects of patented inventions have been evaluated for the selection.For example,if the invented product was made of a metal alloy,then it was only considered as relevant for the material“metal alloy”if
201、 the composition itself was an integral part of the invention,i.e.is reflected in its patent classification.In contrast,if an inventive medical implant uses a trivial metal alloy,the material will not be reflected in the patent classification,so it will not be considered for that material group of t
202、he cartography.Machines and processesAM processEnergy sourceBinder jettingDirected energy depositionFused filament fabricationMaterial jettingPowder bed fusionSheet laminationVat photopolymerisationAM MaterialsBiomaterialsCeramics and glassMetals and alloysPolymersCements,concrete,and artificial sto
203、neTable of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|27 Polymers7:Various types of polymers and plastics are widely used in AM.These include acrylonitrile butadiene styrene(ABS),polylactic acid(PLA),polyamide(nylon),polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyprop
204、ylene(PP)and many others.Polymer-based materials are often used in filament-based processes like fused filament fabrication(FFF).This category comprises both the synthesis and the modification of compositions.In addition,the production and modification of artificial fibres or textiles is also includ
205、ed.Photo-sensitive materials were also considered.Metals and alloys8:Additive manufacturing techniques such as powder bed fusion(PBF),directed energy deposition(DED)and binder jetting(BJ)can work with metals.Common metal materials include stainless steel,aluminium,titanium,nickel alloys,cobalt-chrom
206、e alloys and precious metals like gold and silver.This field covers pure metals,alloy compositions of metals,and combinations of metals and non-metals,such as e.g.,in cermets or metal matrix composites.Single crystals were also included.Ceramics9:Comprise oxides,non-oxides as well as the ceramic-bas
207、ed composites.Ceramics are used in AM for applications requiring high-temperature resistance,chemical inertness,or specific electrical properties.Materials like alumina,zirconia,silica and hydroxyapatite(used in biomedical applications)are commonly used in ceramic-based additive manufacturing proces
208、ses.Glass compositions were also included.Biomaterials10:Additive manufacturing plays a significant role in biomedical applications,where biocompatible and bioresorbable materials are used to create implants,tissue scaffolds,and medical devices.This field includes only materials for the soft tissues
209、 and scaffolding,i.e.(living)cell cultures,polypeptides and polysaccharides.Compositions of cements11,concrete or artificial stone are the basis for the last subcategory.7 The selection of polymers for AM purposes is determined mainly by the type of AM technology.For material extrusion methods,a ran
210、ge of thermoplastic polymers can be used.These are melted before application and harden on cooling.Resins based on PLA,PC and styrenics are most commonly used in this field.Acrylates,epoxy resins and polyurethanes,on the other hand,are the preferred resins for photopolymerisation techniques and bind
211、er jetting.In powder bed fusion technology,polyamide resins are usually applied(e.g.PA6,PA11,PA12),as well as other polymer materials such as PEEK or TPU.These polymers are usually specially developed for use in AM.They are also the subject of much research,since the end products currently suffer fr
212、om drawbacks compared with those produced using traditional manufacturing methods-especially when it comes to dimensional stability,mechanical properties,porosity,speed requirements and resolution.8 Different types of metallic powder have been developed for additive manufacturing:steels,particularly
213、 stainless steels and tool steels;aluminium alloys for aerospace applications;nickel and cobalt based alloys for turbine parts;titanium alloys for implants;copper alloys for heatsinks and heat exchangers;and noble metal alloys for jewellery.Material optimisation focuses on two distinct aspects:(a)th
214、e fine-tuning of alloy compositions to improve interaction between the powder alloy and the energy beam,and(b)powder rheology optimisation in particular powder morphology,particle size,size distribution and flowability to simplify and speed up the deposition of even powder layers and adjust the dens
215、ity of the final product.Furthermore,additively manufactured parts do not require a final sintering step when produced using powder bed fusion and direct energy deposition,for example.Therefore,they have a different microstructure from parts produced by conventional techniques such as casting,forgin
216、g or injection moulding.This means that specific heat treatments are currently under development to tailor the properties of the final AM parts to specific product requirements.9 In the field of ceramics,selective laser sintering(SLS)is the most common technique for creating a 3D form.The most commo
217、n ceramic material in additive manufacturing is zirconia(ZrO2),which is used for making teeth,crowns and other tailor-made dental objects.Alternatively,alumina(Al2O3)can be used for these purposes.Ceramic bone-like materials are generally made of phosphate-or silica-based materials.Silicon carbide(S
218、iC)is the most commonly used non-oxide ceramic material in AM.It mainly features in high-temperature turbine components exposed to high temperatures.10 The field of biomaterials centres on the chemical aspects of implants.The materials and products involved must have certain mechanical,degradation o
219、r stability properties as well as a desired shape or ability to be processed.They must also interact appropriately with proteins,cells and tissues,and often be conducive to releasing drugs too.Biocompatible compositions used for the additive manufacture of tissues are called“bio-inks”and comprise ma
220、terials that mimic natural cellular matrix components.These form three-dimensional porous or hydrogel structures that support or stimulate tissue regrowth.In hydrogel materials,the cells intended to form the new tissue are also often part of the bio-ink.Additive manufacturing allows these gels to be
221、 printed in complex shapes.In porous materials,the cells are seeded after the structure is formed or the cells grow into the structure after implantation.One of the 3D printing techniques used here is stereolithography,which uses bio-inks based on known biocompatible polymers that are functionalised
222、 to allow photo-crosslinking.These bio-inks can form structures with a high porosity and interconnectivity that are appropriately shaped to fill the tissue defect.It is even possible to provide structures with a printed capillary network to ensure that the cells in such scaffolds have enough nutrien
223、ts and oxygen to grow into a new tissue.The chemical aspects of bandages,dressings or absorbent pads,materials for surgical articles and for prostheses as well as their coatings have been considered in Health/medical.11 With binder jetting technology,a layer of reactive material such as Portland cem
224、ent can be deposited over a layer of sand.Portland cement or calcium aluminate cement can be used as the powder bed with an aqueous solution of lithium carbonate as the binder.Alternatively,3D printed powder structures in a geopolymer system have been developed,wherein the powder bed consists of gro
225、und blast furnace slag,sand and ground anhydrous sodium silicate(an alkali activator).The 3D printing of wet concrete poses several challenges.These include regulating the pumpability and properties of the fresh concrete to have sufficient workability and open time for extrusion,as well as developin
226、g its structural properties and strength in particular.Such properties are of major importance when it comes to the complexity and size of the objects printed.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|282.5.3 Digital Additive manufacturing relies
227、heavily on digital aspects throughout the entire process,from design to production.It comprises not only the digitalised design of the product to be manufactured,but also the monitoring and control of the printing process and the printing machine.Any process of additive manufacturing starts from a d
228、igital representation of a product.Computer-aided design(CAD)software is used to create or import digital 3D models of objects to be printed.Designers and engineers utilise CAD tools to define the geometry,dimensions and other specifications of the desired part.These digital models serve as the foun
229、dation for the entire additive manufacturing process.The digital design is then transformed into a build volume,sliced into layers.Slicing software takes the digital 3D model and converts it into a set of instructions that the 3D printer can understand.This process involves slicing the model into th
230、in horizontal layers and generating toolpaths,which determine the movement and deposition of material for each layer.Slicing software also allows for adjusting parameters like layer thickness,infill density,support structures and print speed.While the object is being manufactured,the printing proces
231、s can be monitored and controlled.The machine control software operates the 3D printer.It interprets the sliced data and coordinates the movements of the print head or platform.This software controls critical parameters such as deposition speed and the positioning of the print head.It ensures precis
232、e and accurate material deposition based on the instructions derived from the digital model.The process control is particularly important for high-end products requiring certification.Another aspect of the digital character of AM is the possibility to manufacture remote from the place of design.Also
233、,several digital services related to the AM process are emerging as the technology continues to advance.Additive manufacturing enables on-demand production and decentralised or even remote manufacturing,where parts can be printed through contractual agreements.Digital aspects come into play in manag
234、ing digital inventories,where digital models of parts can be stored,organised and accessed when needed.Digital distribution platforms are also emerging that facilitate the sharing,selling and downloading of 3D printable designs,enabling a global network of digital manufacturing capabilities.As a res
235、ult,cyber protection also becomes essential for safeguarding data files used for design and manufacturing instructions.All these aspects are also encompassed within the realm of AMs digital landscape.2.5.4 Application domains Over time,the use cases and application areas for AM have experienced a re
236、markable evolution,driven by technological advancements and expanding possibilities.Initially,AM was primarily used for rapid prototyping,enabling engineers to quickly validate and iterate designs.However,its potential soon extended far beyond prototyping,leading to a broadening range of application
237、s.As AM technologies matured and materials improved,industries began to embrace AM for end-use production.It found its place in sectors such as aerospace,automotive and medical,where complex geometries,lightweight structures and customisation were highly valued.The medical field witnessed significan
238、t advancements through AM,with personalised implants,prosthetics and surgical guides becoming a reality.AMs impact spread to the consumer market as well.From customised jewellery and fashion accessories to home decor and artistic creations,AM turns design concepts into physical objects with ease.As
239、AM technology continued to advance,new materials and multi-material capabilities expanded the range of applications even further.Functional prototypes,electronics,embedded sensors and even food and bioprinting became areas of exploration.The evolution of AM continues with advancements in materials,p
240、rocess speed,scalability and digital integration and other industries,like construction,electronics and energy are embracing the potential of additive manufacturing.AMs ability to integrate multiple materials and functionalities into a single part will open doors to innovative designs and novel appl
241、ications in more industries.DigitalImage dataprocessingCADControl andmonitoringBusinessmethodsTable of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|29To reflect these possibilities,but also taking the latest developments and current limitations into considera
242、tion,eight different application domains have been identified:transportation,machine tooling,health and medical,food,energy,electronics,consumer goods and construction.Application domainsTransportationMachinetoolingHealth andmedicalConstructionEnergyElectronicsConsumergoodsFoodFootwearJewelleryFurni
243、tureSports equipmentLand vehiclesAerospace and aeronauticsNaval engineeringRailwaysMedical equipmentImplants and prosthesisDrugs and pharmaceuticalsOrgans and artificial tissueTeaching materialDrugs and pharmaceuticalsDental1.Transportation:In aerospace and aeronautics,AM is utilised to produce ligh
244、tweight,complex geometries that were previously unachievable.Aircraft engine components,such as fuel nozzles,turbine blades,and brackets,are being 3D printed using high-performance materials,resulting in enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.In the automotive industry,AM is employed for pro
245、totyping,tooling and production of end-use parts.This includes interior components,customised vehicle accessories,and even structural elements like chassis and brackets.AM enables design optimisation,weight reduction and functional integration,leading to improved performance and energy efficiency.Ad
246、ditionally,AM finds applications in the railway sector for producing lightweight and durable components,such as train interiors,seat structures and even custom spare parts.In the naval sector,AM is utilised for applications such as prototyping of complex ship components,rapid production of spare par
247、ts and even the creation of lightweight,custom-designed naval structures.2.Machine tooling:AM is increasingly finding applications in machine and industrial tooling.It is being used to create complex and lightweight tooling components,such as jigs,fixtures and moulds,which can be customised for spec
248、ific manufacturing needs,reducing lead times and costs.AM enables the production of intricate internal cooling channels,conformal cooling and optimised tool geometries enhancing tool performance and efficiency.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo
249、.org|303.Health and medical:AM has made significant strides in the health and medical sector,revolutionising patient care and advancing medical technologies.Customised implants,such as cranial and orthopaedic implants,are now produced with precise patient-specific geometries,enhancing fit and functi
250、onality.Additive manufacturing enables the production of complex anatomical models that aid in surgical planning and education.In the field of prosthetics,AM allows for personalised and lightweight designs,improving comfort and mobility for individuals.Moreover,bioprinting techniques have shown prom
251、ise in tissue engineering,with the ability to create artificial organs,skin grafts and even functional blood vessels.Additionally,AM plays a vital role in creating patient-specific surgical instruments and guides,ensuring accuracy and efficiency during procedures.4.Construction:Additive construction
252、 is developing as an AM application field.A notable application is the 3D printing of architectural structures,where large-scale printers deposit concrete or other construction materials layer by layer,enabling the creation of complex geometries and customised designs.Additionally,AM is being used t
253、o fabricate prefabricated components and building modules,streamlining construction timelines and reducing waste.5.Energy:Applications range from prototyping to end-use parts.One prominent application is in the production of complex geometries for gas turbine components,enabling enhanced efficiency
254、and performance.Additionally,AM is being utilised for the manufacturing of customised parts for renewable energy systems,such as wind turbine blades and solar panels,enabling improved energy capture and optimisation.Furthermore,the energy sector is exploring AM for the production of lightweight stru
255、ctures and heat exchangers,contributing to reduced weight and increased energy efficiency in various energy systems.6.Electronics:AM enables the production of complex,lightweight and miniaturised components such as antennas,connectors and sensor housings with intricate geometries that are challengin
256、g to achieve using traditional manufacturing methods.Additionally,additive manufacturing allows for the integration of circuits,conductive traces and even embedded sensors directly into 3D-printed parts,enabling the development of innovative electronic devices and smart objects.7.Consumer goods:AM h
257、as found widespread applications in the consumer goods sector,revolutionising industries such as footwear,sports equipment,jewellery,furniture and more.In the footwear industry,AM enables the production of custom-fit shoes with intricate designs and optimised performance.Sports equipment manufacture
258、rs leverage AM to create lightweight and highly customisable products,such as personalised bike helmets and tennis racquets.In the realm of jewellery,AM allows for intricate and unique designs,empowering artisans to bring their creative visions to life.8.Food:AM is utilised to create intricate and c
259、ustomised food designs,such as chocolate sculptures,cake decorations and confectionery with complex geometries.Additionally,3D printing technology is enabling the development of personalised nutrition,where tailored food products,such as nutrient-rich snacks or dietary supplements,can be produced to
260、 meet individual dietary needs and preferences.Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|31Box 3:Patent metricsThe identification of patent applications related to the various parts of the AM cartography was carried out using knowledge of EPO expe
261、rt examiners,together with scientific publications and studies published by various consultants specialising in AM.This in-house knowledge has been built up over many years of working within the core AM technology fields across all technologies and collected through a network of AM technology specia
262、lists within the EPO.Published international patent families(IPFs)are used in the study as a uniform metric to measure patenting activities in the different categories of AM technologies.Each IPF identified as relevant for AM technologies is assigned to one or more technology sectors,or fields of th
263、e cartography,depending on the technical features of the invention.Each IPF covers a unique invention and includes patent applications targeting at least two countries.More specifically,an IPF is a set of applications for the same invention that includes a published international patent application,
264、a published patent application at a regional patent office or published patent applications at two or more national patent offices.12 It is a reliable proxy for inventive activity because it provides a degree of control for patent quality by only representing inventions for which the inventor consid
265、ers the value sufficient to seek protection internationally.The reference year used for all statistics in this report is the earliest publication year of each IPF,which usually is 18 months after the first application within the patent family.The dataset was further enriched with information about t
266、he applicants of the IPFs.In particular,data was retrieved from Bureau van Dijks ORBIS database,Crunchbase and other internet sources,which was used to harmonise and consolidate applicant names and identify their type.12 The regional patent offices are the African Intellectual Property Organization(
267、OAPI),the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization(ARIPO),the Eurasian Patent Organization(EAPO),the European Patent Office(EPO)and the Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf(GCCPO).Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE
268、 MANUFACTURINGepo.org|323.Patenting trends in additive manufacturing technologies3.1 General trendsFigure 4 Trends in IPFs in all additive manufacturing technologies,2001-20209 0008 000 7 0006 0005 0004 0003 0002 0001 00002000420052006200720082009200001920
269、20Earliest publication yearSource:EPO9491 0331 140 1 146 1 117 1 267 1 340 1 576 2 210 3 330 4 469 6 5747 5848 09064335 718 Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|33As the field of AM continues to evolve,patent data provides valuable
270、 insights into the technological landscape and areas of innovation within the industry.The trends in patenting in AM that are presented in Figure 4 reveal significant growth and a rising prominence in the field.Between 2001 and 2020,an impressive total of over 51 000 inventions were subject to IPFs
271、related to AM.Notably,the number of IPFs in AM has been consistently increasing since the early 2000s.While the annual IPF count merely doubled between 2001 and 2012,it experienced an exceptional five-fold increase from 2013 to 2020.The number of IPFs surged from 1 576 in 2013 to over 8 000 in 2020,
272、showcasing a remarkable growth trajectory.Moreover,during this later period,AM technologies witnessed significantly faster growth in IPFs compared to overall patenting activity across all technology fields.The share of AM international patent families out of the total IPFs escalated from less than 0
273、.5%before 2013 to surpass 2%by 2020,indicating a growing significance and interest in protecting AM innovation(see Figure 5).2.2%2.0%1.8%1.6%1.4%1.2%1.0%0.8%0.6%0.4%0.2%0200042005200620072008200920000192020Earliest publication yearSource:EPO0.4%0.4%0.4%0.4
274、%0.4%0.4%0.4%1.0%1.8%2.0%0.3%0.3%0.3%0.5%0.5%0.5%0.7%1.3%1.7%2.1%Figure 5 Share of AM IPFs in all technologies,20012020Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|34The two largest AM technology sectors based on the number of IPFs are the applicatio
275、n domains,and machines and processes(see Figure 6).Between 2013 and 2020,both sectors exhibited remarkable growth,with a compound annual growth rate(CAGR)close to 27%(see Figure 7).These sectors have been at the forefront of innovation,driving advancements in diverse applications and the development
276、 of efficient AM machines and processes.The materials sector is the third largest in terms of IPFs.With over 15 000 IPFs recorded since 2002,the materials sector has been instrumental in expanding the range of materials available for AM.However,its growth rate has been comparatively lower than the o
277、ther sectors during the specified period,with a CAGR of 23%.On the other hand,the digital sector,although the smallest among the four technology sectors,demonstrated the strongest growth since 2013,with a CAGR of 37%.The digital sector encompasses technologies related to software,data processing,and
278、 digital design tools that enable and enhance the AM printing process.While the growth rate has slowed down in more recent years,it still retains considerable momentum and continues to contribute to the overall advancement of AM technologies.Figure 6 Trends in IPFs in AM technology sectors,20012020N
279、umber of IPFs4 0003 5003 0002 5002 0001 5001 0005000200042005200620072008200920000192020Earliest publication year Application domains Machines and processes Materials DigitalGrand totalApplication domainsMachines and processesMaterialsDigitalSource:EPO51 2
280、6324 82115 81810 33127 105Figure 6 Trends in IPFs in AM technology sectors,20012020Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|353.2 Trends in AM technology sectorsThis section presents the patenting trends within each of the four technology sectors
281、 of additive manufacturing in the period 2001 to 2020.In terms of materials,polymers emerged as the largest field,accumulating over 8 500 IPFs throughout the entire period(see Figure 8).The pace of developments started to accelerate in 2013,as the number of IPFs per year surged from around 300 to ne
282、arly 1 100 in 2020.Indeed,polymers have always been the major area of AM materials.Polymers,be it as powder,photopolymers or filaments,is the largest materials market segment.There is a wide and expanding range of polymer options available,although the selection is still relatively smaller compared
283、to conventional manufacturing methods.Polymer materials for AM can be chosen based on various factors such as tensile strength,rigidity,biocompatibility or colour.They are classified into two groups based on their behaviour at high temperatures.Thermoplastics are a type of polymer that becomes pliab
284、le when heated and solidifies upon cooling.They can be melted and re-melted multiple times without significant degradation.Thermoplastic filaments are widely used in fused filament fabrication(FFF)or material extrusion-based additive manufacturing processes.Photopolymers are light-sensitive polymers
285、 that undergo a chemical reaction,such as curing or solidification,when exposed to specific wavelengths of light,typically ultraviolet(UV)light.They are commonly used in vat photopolymerisation-based additive manufacturing techniques.AM polymers still tend to be more expensive compared to equivalent
286、 materials used in conventional manufacturing due to several factors.The production of feedstock for AM is typically carried out in low volumes,which increases costs compared to mass-produced conventional plastics.Additionally,the processing of polymers for AM is more involved compared to convention
287、al plastics processing.Notably,prices for additive manufacturing feedstock have remained relatively stable for over two decades,due to low competition from third-party material suppliers.Recently,there is a growing interest in developing more sustainable polymers with improved chemical resistance an
288、d advanced mechanical properties for additive manufacturing,reflecting the industrys focus on creating more durable and high-performance parts.Biomaterials boast over 3 600 IPFs and represent an active and rapidly evolving field,with continuous advancements aimed at improving biocompatibility,functi
289、onality and customisation.Even before 2013 it was the second largest field according to the number of IPFs.Biomaterials can be used in a range of medical applications,such as in tissue/organ repair,drug delivery,clinical medicine,tissue engineering and prosthetic implants specifically designed for t
290、he patient.Nevertheless,while some materials are more mature in terms of technological readiness,others are still in an Figure 7 CAGR in AM technology sectors,2013202040%30%20%10%0%All AM technologiesApplication domainsMachines and processesMaterialsDigitalSource:EPO26%27%27%23%36%Table of contents|
291、Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|36exploratory phase.Advanced biomaterials,like tissue-specific scaffolds,bio-printable hydrogels and bioactive ceramics,are still in the developmental stage and has been slow to transition to the commercial sector.They ofte
292、n require further research and optimisation to reach widespread implementation.Bio-inks composed of living cell cultures enable the direct printing of cells,allowing for the creation of complex 3D structures with cellular functionality with the goal to fabricate functional tissues for organ transpla
293、ntation and tissue engineering.Researchers are still exploring various techniques and formulations to enhance cell viability,improve printing resolution,and optimise bio-inks mechanical and biological properties.Polypeptides and polysaccharides are also gaining attention as biomaterials for AM,since
294、 they offer unique characteristics such as biocompatibility,biodegradability and the ability to regulate cellular responses.Ongoing advancements in materials science,bioprinting techniques and tissue engineering approaches are driving the field forward,and patents support collaborations between acad
295、emia,industry and medical professionals for translating these technologies into practical applications.Although smaller in size,the market for AM metal applications has been growing even faster than the market for AM polymers and innovation has followed suit.Metals and alloys experienced very rapid
296、growth in the past decade,reaching over 2 500 IPFs overall,catching up to biomaterials with 538 IPFs in 2020 alone.The range of metals and alloys,such as steels,titanium,nickel,cobalt,aluminium,copper or gold,is continuing to grow for AM.The market for metal powder and alloys in AM is the second lar
297、gest after polymers and experiencing significant growth and intensifying competition.After an increase from 3 000 tons to 5 600 tons between 2019 and 2021,AM consultancy Ampower13 predicts a more than 30%annual sales increase over the next four years,with metal 3D printing powder demand expected to
298、rise to 22 456 tons in 2026.As the number of powder manufacturers is rising,the sector is becoming more competitive.Since metal powders are increasingly becoming a commodity that can be obtained from many manufacturers in a very good quality,falling prices have been observed in some materials,which
299、will further drive the expansion of AM printing in this area.Special alloys and materials development remain areas of focus for further innovation and market growth.For example,refractory metals,known for their high structural integrity at elevated temperatures,are of particular interest for hyperso
300、nic applications.Powder-based AM processes offer an attractive alternative to conventional manufacturing,expanding the design possibilities for refractory metal parts.Additionally,the emergence of powder recycling is another significant recent advancement in metal AM,contributing to sustainability a
301、nd cost-effectiveness in the industry.On the other hand,ceramics and glass,as well as cements,concrete or artificial stone,represented the smallest material fields,each with less than 1 500 IPFs.Notably,both fields appeared to have reached a saturation point following strong growth between 2013 and
302、2018.Ceramic and glass materials are offered by a growing number of companies.Ceramic powders or glass filaments are used as feedstock in various industries such as aerospace,automotive,biomedical and electronics due to ceramics desirable properties like high temperature resistance,wear resistance a
303、nd chemical stability.Glass 3D printing,on the other hand,enables intricate glass structures to be fabricated with high transparency and unique optical properties.Recent developments are exploring new ceramic and glass formulations that exhibit improved printability,allowing for finer resolution and
304、 improved control over the printed structures.Cement-based materials are particularly useful in construction-related applications,allowing for the rapid and efficient production of architectural components,building facades and even entire houses.Concrete mixtures are often optimised for 3D printing
305、to ensure the material flows smoothly through the printer nozzle while maintaining its structural integrity and strength.Recent developments are exploring novel cement formulations with improved workability,setting times and mechanical properties.Additionally,efforts are also being made to incorpora
306、te sustainable and eco-friendly additives into the mixtures,such as recycled materials or alternative binders,to reduce environmental impact.13 See Fiercely Contested and Full of Opportunities().Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|37Figure 8
307、 Trends in IPFs in AM materials,20012020Number of IPFs1 1001 0009008007006005004003002002200320042005200620072008200920000192020Earliest publication year Polymers Biomaterials Metals and alloys Ceramics and glass Cements,concrete or artificial stoneGrand t
308、otalPolymersBiomaterialsMetals and alloysCeramics and glassCements,concrete or artificial stoneSource:EPO1 4142 5183 6058 57215 8181 494Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|38Many new and exciting applications of 3D printing have appeared in
309、different industry sectors.The following trends provide insights into the evolving nature and potential areas of innovation in the application domains of additive manufacturing.The food industry represents the smallest domain with just 264 IPFs filed between 2001 and 2020(see Figure 9).However,there
310、 has been a noticeable increase in food-related IPFs,particularly from 2016 to 2020,with 50 IPFs filed in 2020 alone.Customised chocolate confections,candy or vegetarian protein alternatives are just a few examples.AM allows for unique and visually appealing creations that mix various food materials
311、,including sugar,dough or even mashed potatoes,and are difficult to achieve through traditional manufacturing methods.3D printing technology is utilised to produce personalised nutritional supplements,tailoring the composition and dosage of vitamins,minerals and other nutrients based on individual n
312、eeds.This enables precise and targeted supplementation for specific dietary requirements.Despite the potential of AM in the food industry,there are several technology challenges that are being tackled,such as identifying suitable food-grade materials that are safe for consumption,can be processed by
313、 3D printers,and retain their properties during printing and storage.Achieving high printing resolution and speed while maintaining food safety standards is another challenge,and often cost-effectiveness and scalability of AM processes is an issue.Besides technical challenges,consumer acceptance and
314、 trust are critical for the widespread adoption of 3D-printed food.The health and medical sector is emerging as the largest application domain,with nearly 10 000 IPFs over the 20-year period.Healthcare is recognised as one of the most significant user industries for additive manufacturing,and its im
315、pact continues to expand.With ongoing advancements in AM technologies and materials,patient care is being increasingly influenced by this disruptive technology.According to market research institute Research and Markets,the market for 3D printing in healthcare is projected to grow from$2.08 billion
316、in 2021 to$5.59 billion by 2027,with an annual growth rate of approximately 18%(Research and Markets,2023).Already,3D printing is being utilised in a multitude of medical applications,such as the development of surgical incisions,drill guides,prostheses,and patient-specific replicas of bones,organs
317、and blood vessels.Additionally,it enables customisation and personalisation of medical products,drugs and devices.The expansion of 3D printing in healthcare will be fuelled by societal and technological trends,including the ageing global population and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases l
318、ike cancer,respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses.Liver modelling,tissue engineering and the production of bone and medical implants are among the areas where 3D printing is expected to find broader applications in the future.Trends within the health and medical sector are provided in Box 4.Howeve
319、r,in recent years,the transportation sector has posed a challenge to the dominance of health and medical applications.In 2020,the transportation sector nearly matched the health and medical sector with 1 366 IPFs compared to 1 453 IPFs in health and medical applications,and totalling 7 177 IPFs betw
320、een 2001 and 2020.AM is not new to the transportation sector.Aerospace companies are using AM to produce lightweight and complex parts,leading to improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.Automotive manufacturers are leveraging AM for rapid prototyping,customised parts and production of lightwe
321、ight structures.Additionally,the transportation sector benefits from AM in supply chain management,enabling on-demand manufacturing,reducing inventory costs and facilitating spare parts availability.High upfront production costs,limited material options and the need for industry-wide standards and c
322、ertifications pose hurdles to widespread implementation in transportation.However,recent innovation trends aim to address these challenges.Ongoing advancements in AM technologies,such as multi-material printing and metal AM,expand the range of applications and improve part quality and performance.Mo
323、reover,research focuses on developing sustainable materials and processes,as well as enhancing automation and post-processing techniques.Trends within the transportation sector are provided in Box 5.Machine tooling,with approximately 7 000 IPFs,and the energy sector are two other robust application
324、domains for AM.These domains have witnessed significant growth since 2013,although their growth dynamics have slowed in recent years.Machine tooling often involves complex geometries and low production quantities,making additive manufacturing a suitable choice.One of the long-standing applications o
325、f 3D printing in machine tooling has been the production of master patterns for mould creation.Any AM technology can be employed to Table of contents|Executive summary|Content INNOVATION TRENDS IN ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGepo.org|39generate these master patterns.Moreover,AM also enables the integration
326、 of conformal cooling channels within tooling,allowing for efficient heat dissipation.These channels lead to shorter moulding cycle times,increased tool lifespan and improved part quality.Examples of tools benefiting from AM include jigs,fixtures,gauges,as well as drilling and cutting guides.Recent
327、advancements in multi-material printing enable the production of tooling with integrated functionalities,such as incorporating sensors or heat-resistant properties.Metal AM technologies,such as powder bed fusion and directed energy deposition,are being utilised to create high-performance tooling com
328、ponents with improved durability and precision.These recent innovations in AM for machine tooling are driving its adoption by manufacturers,offering cost-effective and time-efficient solutions for producing complex and customised tooling equipment.While the energy sector has been utilising AM for re
329、pairing worn and broken parts and creating prototypes,recent innovation developments have expanded its potential.As the focus shifts towards a greener future,AM is being leveraged to enhance renewable technologies such as wind turbines and batteries.The power and energy industry finds AM appealing d
330、ue to its ability to reduce physical inventories and accelerate production.AM enables spare parts to be created on demand and facilitates digital inventory management,providing enhanced flexibility and efficiency.These advancements in AM are enabling the power and energy sector to optimise its opera
331、tions,enhance sustainability and drive innovation in renewable technologies.In contrast,the electronics industry,which was on par with machine tooling and energy sectors a decade ago,has not experienced the same growth dynamics in AM-related patent filings with just under 2 000 IPFs between 2001 and
332、 2020.While the initial hype around 3D printing in the field of electronics has cooled,gradual progress is being made towards industrial use.The applications of 3D-printed electronics are diverse and expanding,ranging from efficient electric motors to antennas for spaceflight.Despite challenges,such
333、 as the complex manufacturing process involved,progress is being made.Companies and research institutes are exploring the incorporation of electronic components into the 3D printing process itself,allowing for greater flexibility in product customisation and the integration of functional elements.As the technology matures and becomes more polished,the market for 3D-printed electronics is expected
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