1、?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?China?Unicom?February?2023?Foreword?5G?networks?are?now?integrated?with?new-generation?technologies,?such?as?cloud?computing,?big?data,?and?Artificial?Intelligence?(AI),?empowering?all?industries?and?thereby?advancing?the?digital?transformation?of

2、?society.?As?the?industrial?Internet?is?a?cornerstone?of?the?Fourth?Industrial?Revolution,?the?in-depth?integration?of?5G?technologies?and?industrial?Internet?will?significantly?improve?technological?convergence?and?innovation,?accelerate?the?digital?transformation?of?the?manufacturing?industry,?and

3、?provide?valuable?use?cases?for?industrial?applications?of?5G?technologies.?The?rapid?acceleration?of?industrial?digitalization?is?facilitating?the?transformation?and?upgrading?of?traditional?industries,?and?encouraging?the?emergence?of?new?services.?This?requires?networks?to?provide?differentiated?

4、services?with?deterministic?Quality?of?Service?(QoS)?in?complicated?scenarios.?Therefore,?deterministic?networks?become?an?inevitable?trend.?5G/5G-Advanced(5G-A)?networks?not?only?provide?a?deterministic?transmission?mechanism?with?ultra-low?latency?and?jitter,?and?ultra-high?reliability,?but?also?r

5、ealize?wireless?connection?and?flexible?deployment?for?enhanced?mobility.?These?advantages?promise?the?wide?applications?of?5G/5G-A?networks?in?industry?scenarios,?for?example,?smart?factories.?Based?on?China?Unicoms?practices?of?applying?5G?deterministic?networks?to?core?processes?of?manufacturing,

6、?this?white?paper?starts?by?discussing?the?technical?challenges?of?filed?applications?of?5G?networks,?and?provides?a?full?description?of?the?capabilities?set?of?5G?deterministic?industrial?Internet?including?delay,?time?and?position,?reliability,?services,?security,?and?system.?Specifically,?it?demo

7、nstrates?the?innovative?project?of?Mideas?Smart?Factory?in?Anhui.?Through?this?white?paper,?China?Unicom?is?willing?to?work?with?industry?partners?to?promote?the?development?of?5G?deterministic?networks?in?industries?and?accelerate?the?industrial?digitalization.?Contents?1?5G:?Enabler?for?the?Digita

8、l?Transformation?of?Industries?.?1?2?5G?Industrial?Internet?Architecture?and?Application?Challenges?.?2?2.1?5G?Industrial?Internet?Architecture?.?2?2.2?Challenges?from?Industrial?Applications?of?5G?Industrial?Internet?.?4?3?5G?Deterministic?Industrial?Internet?Capabilities?.?5?3.1?Deterministic?Dela

9、y?.?5?3.2?Deterministic?Time?and?Position?.?7?3.3?Deterministic?Reliability?.?9?3.4?Deterministic?Services?.?10?3.5?Deterministic?Security?.?12?3.6?Deterministic?System?.?13?4?Smart?Factory?Built?for?Midea?.?15?5?The?Way?Forward?.?19?Annex?.?22?Abbreviation?.?22?Acknowledgement?.?23?1?5G/5G-A?Determ

10、inistic?Network?Empowering?Industries?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?1.5G:?Enabler?for?the?Digital?Transformation?of?Industries?With?high?reliability,?low?latency,?massive?connections,?and?other?capabilities,?5G?technology?can?be?used?in?vertical?industries?to?improve?the?mobili

11、ty,?networking?flexibility,?and?deployment?efficiency?of?services.?After?being?integrated?with?Information?Technology?(IT)?and?Operation?Technology?(OT),?5G?networks?have?more?service?capabilities?such?as?deep?sensing,?fast?computing,?and?data?integration,?creating?opportunities?for?industry?private

12、?networks?and?their?services.?Among?all?application?scenarios,?the?industrial?scenarios?set?higher?requirements?for?availability,?security,?and?reliability?of?communication?networks?to?cope?with?the?access?of?massive?devices,?diversified?service?requirements,?and?complicated?industrial?protocols?and

13、?access?protocols.?Therefore,?a?solution?of?5G+Industrial?Internet?has?become?an?important?exploration?direction?for?5G?industrial?applications.?By?taking?the?industrial?Internet?as?an?example,?this?white?paper?shows?how?5G?deterministic?networks?empower?industries.?Specifically,?5G?networks?have?ov

14、ercome?many?limitations?of?the?wireless?technologies?in?the?manufacturing?industry,?in?terms?of?reliability,?connection?density,?transmission?capability,?and?security.?The?introduction?of?5G?technologies?enables?large-scale?data?collection,?ubiquitous?connection,?real-time?analysis,?remote?control,?

15、and?other?functions?in?production?and?manufacturing,?contributing?to?digital?management?with?centralized?operations,?automation,?and?remote?Operation?and?Maintenance?(O&M)?services.?Therefore,?telecom?operators,?manufacturers,?and?device?vendors?have?attached?great?importance?to?the?5G+Industrial?In

16、ternet?and?actively?carried?out?pilot?projects.?As?can?be?seen?from?the?projects?in?the?China?5G?Application?Competition?from?2018?to?2022,?the?maturity?of?industrial?projects?is?increasing.?By?2022,?90%?of?projects?2?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?have?entered?the?demonstration

17、?and?commercialization?phases?(including?further?application?solutions),?and?more?than?10%?of?the?projects?have?provided?further?application?solutions?with?use?cases?in?different?enterprises.?Figure1?Project?Maturity?in?the?Industrial?Field?in?China?5G?Application?Competition?(2018?2022)?2.?5G?Indus

18、trial?Internet?Architecture?and?Application?Challenges?2.1 5G?Industrial?Internet?Architecture?In?the?Industrial?Internet?Architecture?(Version?2.0),?Chinas?Alliance?of?Industrial?Internet?(AII)?has?proposed?the?implementation?architecture?of?a?5G?industrial?Internet?with?system?designs?at?the?devic

19、e,?edge,?enterprise,?and?industry?levels.?At?the?device?level,?5G?has?brought?innovations?in?industrial?control?and?further?promoted?the?applications?of?cloud-based?robots?and?Programmable?Logic?Controllers?(PLCs).?At?the?edge?level,?5G?technology,?featuring?low?latency,?high?reliability,?and?high?s

20、ecurity,?removes?constraints?of?wired?connections?between?traditional?devices?and?enables?more?scenarios?with?wireless?connections.?At?the?enterprise?level,?5G?can?realize?integrated?networking,?and?support?multiple?services,?such?as?non-real-time?IT?services?and?real-time?OT?services?in?one?single?

21、network.?Besides,?the?flat?network?architecture?can?increase?the?service?compatibility?and?reduce?the?network?deployment?costs.?At?3?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?the?industry?level,?5G?brings?cloud?computing?and?real-time?networks,?laying?a?solid?foundation?for?the?intelligent

22、?and?flexible?production.?To?achieve?reliable?and?consistent?experience?inside?and?outside?of?factories,?manufacturers?can?take?full?advantage?of?5G?technology?to?connect?humans,?machines,?products,?and?systems,?building?a?new?manufacturing?and?service?system?that?covers?the?whole?industrial?chain?a

23、nd?value?chain.?Figure2?Implementation?Architecture?of?Industrial?Internet?Source:?Alliance?of?Industrial?Internet?(AII),?Industrial?Internet?Architecture?(Version?2.0)Many?manufacturers?have?proposed?to?accelerate?the?transformation?of?the?industry?private?networks?with?5G?technology,?implementing?

24、5G+Industrial?Internet?in?core?processes?of?manufacturing.?In?September?2022,?the?concept?of?5G?fully-connected?factories?came?up?in?China.?Based?on?the?new?infrastructure?of?industrial?Internet,?5G?and?other?new-generation?IT?can?facilitate?the?construction?and?reconstruction?of?production?field,?f

25、rom?the?production?line?to?the?workshop?and?even?the?whole?factory.?These?5G-enabled?factories?aim?to?achieve?an?extensive?connection?of?production?units,?in-depth?IT/OT?convergence,?full?use?of?data,?and?innovative?applications?with?enhanced?efficiency.?In?these?factories,?product?lines?can?fulfill

26、?advanced?capabilities,?including?device?connection,?data?collection,?and?5G-enabled?production?control.?Workshops?can?realize?collaborative?production,?data?exchange,?and?improved?system?4?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?integration?among?multiple?production?lines?and?systems.?W

27、ithin?a?factory,?workshops?can?connect?with?each?other?and?production?units?of?different?levels?can?also?collaborate,?contributing?to?the?improved?production,?operation,?and?management?capabilities.?2.2 Challenges?from?Industrial?Applications?of?5G?Industrial?Internet?At?present,?only?a?few?5G?indus

28、trial?projects?cover?key?production?processes.?Considering?the?industrial?development?trend,?the?wireless?technologies?should?be?applied?to?production?processes?gradually.?Furthermore,?5G?technologies?should?meet?service?requirements,?such?as?simplified?networking,?reliable?communication,?security?i

29、solation,?and?service?enhancement,?so?that?5G?technologies?can?be?integrated?into?production?processes?as?the?most?important?infrastructure?of?factories.?l Simplified?networking:?As?for?a?factory,?a?production?network?is?required?in?workshops?mainly?for?the?connections?between?Manufacturing?Executio

30、n?System?(MES)?and?Supervisory?Control?and?Data?Acquisition?(SCADA)?systems,?and?an?industrial?control?network?is?required?in?production?lines?mainly?for?the?connections?between?PLCs?and?between?a?PLC?and?its?Input/Output?module.?To?build?the?two?networks?based?on?5G?networking,?transmission?devices

31、?have?to?be?deployed?for?layer-2?and?layer-3?communication.?This?not?only?increases?costs?and?deployment?difficulty,?but?also?fails?to?meet?the?requirements?for?flexible?production.?Therefore,?a?simpler?and?standardized?networking?solution?is?required?to?adapt?to?market?changes?and?meet?market?requi

32、rements.?l Reliable?communication:?Deterministic?reliability?is?the?core?requirement?of?industrial?services,?especially?industrial?control.?For?one?thing,?consistent?low?latency?needs?to?be?ensured?for?services,?such?as?10?ms?with?99.9999%?availability?for?PLC?services.?For?another,?the?maximum?late

33、ncy?needs?to?match?the?requirement?of?takt?time.?In?some?cases,?a?large?latency?fluctuation?will?cause?service?logic?errors,?resulting?in?shutdown?of?the?subsequent?processes?and?even?the?entire?production?line.?However,?the?current?5G?networks?can?only?guarantee?20?ms?end-to-end?latency?with?99.99%

34、?availability?for?commercial?use.?Considering?the?existing?5G?capabilities,?it?remains?a?challenge?to?provide?a?reliable?5?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?communication?network?with?ensured?spectrum?efficiency?to?match?higher?service?requirements.?l Security?isolation:?Different?

35、from?traditional?industry?private?networks,?5G?networks?have?enabled?network?collaboration,?service?customization?and?other?capabilities,?resulting?in?higher?demands?on?security?in?terms?of?isolation?capability?and?service?guarantee.?The?introduction?of?5G?technologies?has?also?brought?software?and?

36、hardware?security?threats?to?the?industrial?Internet,?and?the?User?Plane?Function?(UPF)?in?the?5G?Core?Network?(5GC)?has?been?deployed?closer?to?users?which?blurs?the?network?boundaries.?These?issues?relating?to?security?isolation?need?to?be?dealt?with.?l Service?enhancement:?Existing?5G?application

37、s?in?industrial?scenarios?fail?to?fully?meet?service?requirements,?such?as?high-precision?positioning,?deterministic?transmission,?and?private?network?O&M.?Corresponding?to?these?requirements,?solutions?are?needed?to?ensure?sub-meter-level?positioning?accuracy?on?the?deployed?base?stations,?develop?

38、an?end-to-end?assurance?system?for?deterministic?5G?networks,?and?provide?convenient?and?efficient?O&M?services?for?private?5G?networks.?3.5G?Deterministic?Industrial?Internet?Capabilities?In?the?industrial?scenarios,?the?production?fields?are?complicated?with?various?devices?connected?to?5G?network

39、s?and?diverse?service?requirements.?Therefore,?5G?networks?are?supposed?to?provide?deterministic?quality?assurance?for?different?services.?The?5G/5G-A?network?enables?a?set?of?deterministic?capabilities?including?delay,?time?and?location,?reliability,?services,?security,?and?system,?providing?end-to

40、-end?deterministic?assurance?for?communications?in?smart?factories.?3.1 Deterministic?Delay?The?most?important?contribution?of?the?5G?technology?to?the?industrial?Internet?is?the?assurance?of?deterministic?delay?by?lowering?transmission?latency?and?jitter?and?6?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empoweri

41、ng?Industries?improving?the?consistency?level?of?delay?.?For?different?services,?different?policies?should?be?adopted?to?minimize?the?consumption?of?radio?resources.?1)Low?Latency?The?end-to-end?latency?of?industrial?services?can?be?lowered?by?reducing?the?latency?in?connected?industrial?devices,?th

42、e?Radio?Access?Network?(RAN),?the?5GC,?or?the?transport?network.?With?the?Ultra-Reliable?Low-Latency?Communications?(uRLLC)?technology,?5G?RAN?uses?more?flexible?scheduling?strategies?with?flexible?granularity?and?grant-free?scheduling,?smaller?scheduling?units,?and?flexible?Hybrid?Automatic?Repeat?

43、Request?(HARQ)?and?Automatic?Repeat?Request?Acknowledgement?(ARQ-ACK)?feedback?mechanisms.?In?this?way,?the?air?interface?latency?on?the?user?plane?can?be?lower?than?1?ms,?and?the?estimated?transmission?reliability?can?reach?99.999%.?As?the?UPF?is?deployed?closer?to?users?and?the?Multi-Edge?Computin

44、g?(MEC)?technology?is?used,?the?transmission?path?of?services?on?the?5GC?and?transport?network?can?be?shortened?to?realize?latency?reduction.?The?field?services?that?require?less?computing?capacity?can?be?deployed?in?the?MEC?infrastructure?that?is?fully?integrated?into?base?stations,?further?reducin

45、g?the?latency.?2)Low?Jitter?Integration?of?5G?with?Time-Sensitive?Networking?(TSN)?can?be?used?to?provide?end-to-end?deterministic?industrial?services?through?accurate?time?service,?traffic?scheduling,?QoS?mapping,?and?other?technologies.?Specifically,?TSN?translators?are?deployed?on?the?5G?User?Equ

46、ipment?(UE)?side?and?network?side,?and?a?5G?system?that?consists?of?UEs,?RAN,?and?5GC?acts?as?a?virtual?bridge?in?the?TSN?network?in?a?transparent?manner,?where?the?Centralized?User?Configuration/?Central?Network?Controller?(CUC/CNC)?is?responsible?for?decision-making.?Further,?the?Time?Sensitive?Co

47、mmunication?and?Time?Synchronization?Function?(TSCTSF)?is?available?in?the?5G-TSN?network.?This?function?adds?the?Time?to?Live?(TTL)?to?further?describe?the?TSN?service?traffic,?and?makes?the?5G-TSN?network?independent?of?external?TSN?networks,?thereby?realizing?more?accurate?and?deterministic?data?

48、forwarding.?So?the?5G-TSN?networks?can?help?implement?industrial?control?services?that?are?sensitive?to?delay?and?jitter,?such?as?differential?protection?for?the?power?industry?and?PLC?control?for?factories.?5G?also?plays?an?important?role?in?improving?the?deterministic?transmission?capability?acros

49、s?Wide-Area?Networks?(WANs),?which?will?further?extend?the?scope?of?5G?deterministic?7?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?networks.?3)Priority?Guarantee?To?fulfill?specific?requirements?of?different?services,?5G?networks?provide?different?Service-Level?Agreements?(SLAs)?through?netw

50、ork?slicing,?and?support?flexible?networking?of?multiple?sharing?types?to?enable?isolation?and?QoS?guarantee?for?high-priority?services.?With?slice?capability?exposure,?applications?can?obtain?the?information?about?UE?status?and?configure?network?slice?policies?for?UEs.?Therefore,?various?technologi

51、es,?including?flexible?QoS?policies?based?on?the?Deep?Packet?Inspection?(DPI),?customized?parameters?of?network?functions,?and?personalized?network?slicing?and?traffic?path?management,?help?enable?the?5G?network?to?meet?the?service?requirements?for?different?vertical?industries?in?a?finer?and?more?i

52、ntelligent?manner.?Figure3?Diverse?Design?of?Network?Slices?3.2 Deterministic?Time?and?Position?5G?networks?are?able?to?provide?deterministic?time?and?position?to?ensure?high?precision?for?industrial?networks?and?services.?In?terms?of?time,?5G?networks?provide?a?high-precision?time?service?for?UEs.?

53、In?8?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?combination?with?TSN,?5G?networks?support?multiple?clock?protocols?and?flexible?clock?synchronization,?while?enhancing?the?reliability?of?clock?sources.?As?multiple?clock?sources?are?supported,?the?Device-Side?TSN?Translator/Network-Side?TSN?T

54、ranslator?(DS-TT/NW-TT)?can?be?used?as?a?new?clock?source?if?any?clock?source?is?faulty,?so?as?to?maintain?high-precision?clock?synchronization?in?the?TSN?network.?In?this?way,?the?5G-TSN?network?can?provide?a?synchronization?accuracy?of?300?ns.?This?capability?can?also?be?invoked?by?external?produc

55、tion?networks?through?capability?exposure.?In?terms?of?position,?5G?networks?are?able?to?implement?high-precision?positioning?and?identification.?Specifically,?the?positioning?accuracy?based?on?time?measurements?is?improved?by?leveraging?Massive?Multiple?Input?Multiple?Output?(MIMO),?high-precision?

56、synchronization,?and?lower?network?latency.?The?5G?networks?satisfy?the?requirements?of?positioning?accuracy?in?different?scenarios,?as?shown?in?the?following?table.?Table1?Positioning-Related?Specifications?for?Commercial?Scenarios?Defined?in?3GPP?Release?17?Horizontal?Accuracy?Vertical?Accuracy?En

57、d-to-End?Latency?Commercial?scenario?1?m?with?90%?availability?3?m?with?90%?availability?100?ms?IIoT?scenario?0.2?m?with?90%?availability?1?m?with?90%?availability?100?ms?Therefore,?the?5G?networks?can?provide?real-time,?continuous,?and?high-precision?positioning?services?for?workers?and?devices?wit

58、hin?smart?factories.?Table?2?shows?the?typical?positioning?scenarios?and?the?corresponding?requirements.?With?high-precision?5G?positioning,?5G-A?smart?factories?can?implement?precise?positioning,?seamless?tracking,?intelligent?allocation,?and?efficient?coordination?of?workers,?vehicles,?products,?a

59、nd?raw?materials?in?the?factories.?This?greatly?promotes?lean?production?and?management.?Table2?Typical?Positioning?Scenarios?and?the?Corresponding?Requirements?Industrial?Scenario?Horizontal?Accuracy?Availability?Orientation?UE?position?Latency?UE?Rate?Positioning?Service?Level?Movable?security?con

60、trol?panel?(in?5?m?99.9%?0.54?rad?1?s?N/A?L4?9?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?non-hazardous?areas)?Movable?security?control?panel?(in?hazardous?areas)?1?m?90%?N/A?5?s?N/A?L2?Process?automation?for?asset?management?in?manufacturing?1?m?90%?N/A?2?s?30?km/h?L3?Augmented?Reality?(AR

61、)?1?m?99%?0.17?rad?15?ms?10?km/h?L4?Modular?assembly?(of?autonomous?driving?vehicles)?50?cm?99%?N/A?1?s?30?km/h?L5?Inbound?logistics?(for?driving?course)?30?cm?99.9%?N/A?10?ms?30?km/h?L6?Inbound?logistics?(for?storage?of?goods)?20?cm?99%?N/A?1?s?30?km/h?L7?With?the?standardization?and?commercial?use

62、?of?technologies?such?as?Massive?MIMO,?millimeter?wave,?and?Ultra-Dense?Network?(UDN),?5G-A?networks?not?only?provide?high-speed?data?transmission,?but?also?have?the?potential?to?provide?high-precision?sensing?services,?such?as?speed?measurement,?distance?measurement,?and?object?identification.?In?a

63、ddition,?through?collaboration?among?wireless?sensing?and?other?sensing?methods?(for?example,?with?cameras),?5G-A?networks?will?further?improve?the?sensing?capabilities?of?the?entire?industrial?Internet?for?more?application?scenarios.?3.3 Deterministic?Reliability?The?core?services?of?the?production

64、?network,?such?as?industrial?control?and?remote?control,?impose?high?requirements?for?the?reliability?of?data?transmission.?To?match?the?requirements,?5G?networks?ensure?the?deterministic?reliability?from?two?aspects.?First,?the?success?rate?of?data?transmission?is?improved?in?the?5G?networks?throug

65、h?highly?reliable?transmission?protocols.?Second,?the?operation?stability?of?5G?network?devices?is?guaranteed?so?that?data?in?the?5G?industrial?Internet?can?be?sent?and?received?accurately.?1)Design?of?Highly?Reliable?Transmission?Protocols?10?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?To?i

66、mprove?transmission?reliability,?one?solution?is?to?perform?retransmission?to?achieve?gains.?At?the?link?layer,?5G?networks?support?repeated?data?transmission?on?a?service?channel?and?data?transmission?crossing?slots,?improving?reliability?and?reducing?the?latency.?And?Modulation?and?Coding?Schemes?

67、(MCSs)?with?a?low?code?rates?are?used?to?further?reduce?bit?error?rate?for?transmitting?data?over?the?air?interface.?At?the?Packet?Data?Convergence?Protocol?(PDCP)?layer,?redundant?transmission?is?implemented?by?using?either?carrier?aggregation?or?dual?connectivity.?This?helps?to?reduce?the?packet?l

68、oss?rate?on?the?air?interface?and?ensure?the?integrity?of?data?in?real?time.?On?the?user?plane,?with?the?dual-transmit?and?selective-receive?technology,?two?PDU?sessions?are?established?for?one?service?so?that?data?is?merged?after?being?carried?on?two?independent?paths.?Therefore,?service?damages?ca

69、used?by?packet?loss?during?the?processing?in?the?transport?network?and?5GC?network?can?be?reduced,?improving?the?reliability?of?end-to-end?data?transmission.?These?highly?reliable?transmission?protocols?effectively?improve?the?success?rate?of?packet?transmission?in?the?wireless?industrial?Internet.?

70、2)Enhancement?of?Device?Operation?Stability?In?the?5G?industrial?networks,?device?components?are?deployed?in?active/standby?modes,?such?as?1+1?mode?and?N+1?mode.?For?example,?hot?backup?is?performed?for?the?power?modules,?main?control?modules,?and?baseband?processing?modules?of?5G?base?stations.?If?

71、any?module?is?faulty,?the?system?performs?fast?active/standby?switchover?for?ongoing?services?so?that?services?will?not?be?interrupted.?If?universal?servers?are?deployed,?VMs?or?containers?with?the?same?functions?can?be?deployed?on?different?servers?to?ensure?high?reliability?of?function?components.

72、?In?addition,?stateless?design?is?used?to?decouple?operation?configurations?from?service?data,?reducing?the?impact?of?device?faults?on?services,?thereby?improving?the?operation?stability?of?devices?in?the?5G?industrial?networks.?3.4 Deterministic?Services?By?embracing?the?intelligence,?5G?networks?c

73、an?perform?accurate?evaluation,?dynamic?planning,?rapid?deployment,?and?full-lifecycle?monitoring?and?optimization?on?network?resources?in?accordance?with?service?features,?realizing?closed-loop?management.?So?11?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?the?user?experience?of?key?services

74、?can?be?guaranteed?during?the?whole?process?in?the?entire?network,?contributing?to?deterministic?services?for?users.?In?addition,?the?efficient?and?standard?O&M?of?SLAs?in?5G?networks?further?extends?5G?capabilities?to?numerous?industries.?Figure4?Deterministic?Service?Assurance?System?1)Improvement

75、?in?Service?Perception?and?Scheduling?At?present,?5G?mainly?uses?network?slicing?and?a?QoS?system?to?provide?different?services?with?deterministic?QoS.?However,?as?network?slicing?is?not?widely?used?and?QoS?types?are?limited,?the?requirements?for?service?differentiation?fail?to?be?fulfilled.?So?two?

76、solutions?are?adopted?to?enhance?the?5G?network?capabilities.?One?is?to?establish?a?bidirectional?perception?mechanism?between?a?network?and?applications?or?UEs.?By?this?means,?the?network?is?able?to?realize?service?perception?in?a?finer?manner?based?on?information?reported?by?the?applications.?The?

77、other?is?to?analyze?data?transmission?characteristics?of?the?applications?and?then?perform?intelligent?scheduling?and?orchestration?of?services.?In?this?way,?5G?networks?can?guarantee?deterministic?services.?2)Improvement?in?Deterministic?Measurement?and?Feedback?Capabilities?In?the?current?5G?netwo

78、rks,?each?KPI?measurement?takes?a?long?time?and?has?coarse?granularities.?So?it?is?difficult?to?meet?the?requirements?for?accurate?and?efficient?measurement?in?industrial?scenarios.?To?ensure?accurate?visualization?of?SLA?and?efficient?fault?locating,?the?data?collection?and?statistical?system?requi

79、re?some?improvements.?On?the?one?hand,?latency,?bandwidth,?jitter,?and?other?KPIs?should?be?12?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?measured?and?reported?precisely.?On?the?other?hand,?these?KPIs?should?be?monitored?and?visualized?at?different?granularities?in?accordance?with?service?r

80、equirements.?Meanwhile,?based?on?the?deterministic?measurement?results?of?network?KPIs,?service?adaption?can?be?implemented?for?optimal?user?experience.?3)Introduction?of?AI?and?Other?New?Technologies?To?process?huge?amounts?of?data?during?deterministic?service?assurance,?the?AI?technology?is?introd

81、uced?to?realize?efficient?data?processing?and?implement?real-time?analysis?and?decision-making?for?deterministic?services.?3.5 Deterministic?Security?5G?networks?enhance?the?security?of?the?industrial?Internet?from?two?aspects.?First,?5G?networks?provide?basic?security?capabilities.?As?for?UEs,?mult

82、iple?access?authentication?methods?are?defined?in?5G,?from?basic?network-level?primary?authentication?to?detailed?slice-level?authentication?and?data?network?authentication.?Different?levels?of?authentication?policies?or?policy?combinations?can?be?flexibly?configured?in?accordance?with?the?service?r

83、equirements?for?security.?On?the?air?interface,?5G?networks?use?identity?encryption?to?provide?enhanced?user?privacy?protection?and?solve?the?problem?of?leakage?of?user?identities?in?4G?networks.?Besides,?5G?networks?also?provide?integrity?protection?of?user?data?and?support?the?128-bit?cryptographi

84、c?algorithms,?including?Advanced?Encryption?Standard?(AES),?ZUC?algorithm,?and?SNOW?3G?algorithm.?In?doing?so,?5G?networks?provide?improved?confidentiality?and?integrity?protection?solutions?to?prevent?user?data?from?being?tampered.?Considering?that?these?algorithms?may?be?cracked?with?the?future?qu

85、antum?computing,?the?5G-A?networks?will?also?support?the?256-bit?encryption.?Second,?5G?networks?with?enhanced?capabilities?in?network,?management,?and?security?can?enable?the?IT/OT?convergence?in?vertical?industries,?so?as?to?reach?the?SLA-level?security?for?different?applications?in?industrial?sce

86、narios.?When?enterprises?deploy?5G?industry?private?networks,?they?integrate?their?own?network?systems?with?5G?networks?through?the?5G?Local?Area?Network?(LAN)?technology.?After?the?network?integration,?enterprises?can?manage?and?plan?IP?addresses?of?enterprise?terminals?in?a?13?5G/5G-A?Deterministi

87、c?Network?Empowering?Industries?unified?manner.?The?virtual?groups?of?a?5G?LAN?implement?effective?isolation?between?industrial?private?networks?and?operators?public?networks?in?accordance?with?actual?requirements.?A?unified?network?management?and?monitoring?system?can?be?established?for?enterprises

88、,?where?all?data?accessed?by?private?networks?is?filtered?through?firewalls?to?ensure?that?sensitive?data?is?not?sent?out?of?the?campus.?Besides,?a?flat?network?architecture?integrating?OT,?IT,?and?Communication?Technology?(CT)?is?adopted?by?the?5G?industrial?Internet?to?decouple?physical?connection

89、s?from?networking?configurations?in?the?traditional?industrial?Internet.?This?promotes?the?rapid?deployment?of?enterprise?networks?with?increased?flexibility,?leading?to?flexible?data-driven?manufacturing.?Whats?more,?5G-A?network?slicing?is?used?to?achieve?deterministic?and?customized?network?inter

90、connection?for?enterprises,?while?logical?isolation?between?different?OT?services?can?be?implemented?in?the?flat?architecture.?Therefore,?OT?services?can?enjoy?different?levels?of?security?assurance?as?required.?3.6 Deterministic?System?For?an?enterprise,?a?stable?industrial?network?is?the?basis?of?

91、stable?production?and?profit?improvement.?At?the?production?sites,?manufacturers?need?to?obtain?device?control?information?and?production?status?information?in?a?reliable?and?timely?manner.?So?it?is?necessary?to?assure?the?continuous?connectivity?and?high?availability?of?wireless?networks?for?a?long

92、?time.?For?example,?an?unmanned?smart?factory?usually?requires?that?field?networks?ensure?uninterrupted?and?steady?production.?Through?the?high-availability?guarantee?mechanism,?5G?technologies?improve?the?stability?of?the?entire?communications?system.?With?the?service?capability?enhancement?of?edge

93、?and?LAN,?the?local?system?of?the?5G?industrial?Internet?can?operate?stably.?1)System?High-Availability?Guarantee?Network?faults?are?major?impediment?to?stable?network?operation.?Redundancy?and?backup?are?effective?methods?to?reduce?these?faults.?5G?industrial?networks?support?NE-level?disaster?reco

94、very?mechanisms,?such?as?load?sharing?and?active/standby?mechanism.?Specifically,?5G?networks?use?Bandwidth?Based?Unit?(BBU)?hot-standby,?Remote?Radio?Unit?(RRU)?backup,?and?convergence?of?transmission?links?for?disaster?recovery.?5G?networks?also?implement?active/standby?switchover?for?on-line?serv

95、ices,?14?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?and?use?remote?disaster?recovery?to?further?improve?system-level?reliability.?2)Edge?Determinism?Enhancement?As?the?UPF?is?deployed?closer?to?users?and?the?MEC?technology?is?used,?5G?networks?can?promote?the?convergence?of?wireless?network

96、s?and?central?cloud-based?networks,?so?as?to?provide?cloud?computing?and?wireless?network?capabilities?on?the?edge.?Deploying?application?services?and?contents?at?the?local?edge?can?reduce?data?transmission?hops?and?the?dependence?on?the?backhaul?network,?and?improve?the?reliability?of?UE?access?to?

97、campus?services.?In?terms?of?service?performance,?to?ensure?uninterrupted?industrial?production,?the?UPF?integrates?simplified?functions?of?the?AMF,?SMF,?and?UDM,?and?backs?up?network?function?configurations?and?data?related?to?private?network?users.?If?a?backhaul?link?to?5GC?is?faulty,?backup?netwo

98、rk?function?configurations?on?the?UPF?are?used?to?realize?inertial?operation?of?existing?services?and?support?the?new?access?for?private?network?users.?The?backup?network?function?configurations?at?the?local?end?are?periodically?sent?from?the?5GC?for?synchronization?at?a?configured?interval.?Meanwhi

99、le,?UPFs?within?a?campus?can?be?deployed?in?1+1?active/standby?mode?to?further?improve?the?network?availability.?MEC?then?enhances?the?edge?capabilities?for?five?scenarios,?that?is,?Internet?of?Things?(IoT)?in?the?smart?campus,?Augmented?Reality/Virtual?Reality?(AR/VR)?in?manufacturing,?machine?visi

100、on/video?analysis,?cloud-based?robots/Automatic?Guided?Vehicle?(AGV),?and?bidirectional?intercommunication?and?real-time?control.?With?operators?experience?and?knowledge?about?high-availability?networks,?the?deployment?and?O&M?of?MEC?can?be?greatly?simplified.?As?a?result,?smart?factories?can?enjoy?

101、greatly?improved?stability?and?reliability?at?lower?deployment?and?O&M?costs.?Figure5?Edge?Reliability?Enhancement?3)LAN?Determinism?Enhancement?15?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?Currently,?the?wired?LAN?and?Wi-Fi?technologies?are?widely?used?in?service?scenarios?of?the?industri

102、al?Internet,?such?as?production?monitoring,?automation?control,?and?remote?operation.?However,?the?wired?LAN?has?limited?mobility,?so?it?cannot?be?used?in?some?scenarios?like?flexible?production?and?moving?robots.?Similarly,?the?capabilities?of?Wi-Fi?technology?in?QoS?guarantee,?security?and?stabili

103、ty?fail?to?match?the?application?requirements?in?many?cases.?To?cope?with?these?limitations,?the?5G?LAN?technology?is?introduced?to?construct?LANs?based?on?5G?networks.?A?5G?LAN?can?provide?communication?services?of?Internet?Protocol?(IP)?(Layer?3)?or?Ethernet?type?(Layer?2)?for?specific?UE?groups,?

104、and?perform?point-to-point?and?multi-point?(broadcast?and?multicast)?communication.?Through?the?group?management?service,?third-party?applications?can?flexibly?form?different?Virtual?Networks?(VNs).?With?the?5G?LAN?technology,?mobile?terminals,?such?as?hand-held?terminals,?Customer?Premises?Equipmen

105、t?(CPE),?cameras,?and?sensors,?can?easily?access?a?5G?network?and?form?a?wireless?LAN?in?the?networks.?In?this?way,?these?mobile?terminals?can?collaborate?with?each?other?efficiently?and?users?can?enjoy?the?same?convenient?experience?as?using?Wi-Fi,?improving?mobility?and?QoS?guarantee.?The?5G?LAN?t

106、echnology?helps?enable?wireless?connections?for?industrial?devices?and?improve?the?stability?of?wireless?industrial?Internet.?4.Smart?Factory?Built?for?Midea?As?the?worlds?largest?manufacturing?base?of?kitchen?and?bath?appliances,?Wuhu?Midea?Kitchen?&?Bath?Appliances?Mfg.?Co.,?Ltd.,?located?in?Wuhu?

107、City,?Anhui?Province,?is?responsible?for?the?R&D,?manufacturing,?sales,?and?services?of?Midea?Groups?kitchen?and?bath?products?like?water?heaters?and?range?hoods.?In?July?2019,?Wuhu?Midea?and?China?Unicom?reached?a?strategic?cooperation?agreement?on?the?construction?and?application?of?the?5G?network

108、.?In?September?2021,?Wuhu?Midea?took?the?lead?in?private?5G?network?deployment?and?commercial?operations?in?the?whole?manufacturing?park?among?the?enterprises?in?Wuhu.?To?build?a?smart?factory?that?features?low?carbon?emissions?and?safety,?in?2022,?the?two?parties?strengthened?their?cooperation?in?p

109、roduction?and?operations?monitoring,?product?inspection,?warehousing?and?logistics,?building?a?data?collection?system?covering?production?equipment,?materials?and?environments,?and?materializing?12?scenarios?of?5G?+?production?and?operations?,?16?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?s

110、uch?as?automatic?quality?check,?Unmanned?AVG?logistics,?remote?control,?equipment?positioning?and?unmanned?patrol.?Figure6?Framework?of?Mideas?Smart?Factory?Figure7?Logical?Architecture?of?Mideas?5G?Industry?Private?Network?In?addition,?the?5G?base?stations?with?built-in?MEC?enables?LBO,?ultra-low?l

111、atency?data?transmission,?and?AI?services,?thus?providing?deterministic?communications?for?latency-sensitive?services,?such?as?weld?inspection?and?process?parameter?analysis.?17?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?The?following?are?the?typical?5G-A?use?cases?for?industrial?Internet?i

112、n?Wuhu?Mideas?smart?factory.?1)5G-A?Low?Latency?Solution?for?Energy?Saving?in?Enamel?Production?Line?Figure8?Energy?Saving?Enamel?Production?Line?During?the?production?of?kitchen?and?bath?appliances,?enamel?sintering?is?one?of?the?most?energy-consuming?procedures.?By?connecting?furnaces?to?the?5G?ne

113、twork?and?enabling?data?collection?and?control?on?the?MEC,?5G-A?enables?engineers?to?remotely?control?the?furnace?and?adjust?the?furnace?temperature?in?real?time,?thereby?improving?equipment?management?and?lowering?energy?consumption.?It?is?estimated?that?the?annual?energy?consumption?can?be?reduced

114、?by?over?12%?with?an?annual?cost?savings?of?0.44?million?US?dollars?and?a?reduction?in?annual?carbon?emissions?of?3656?tons.?2)5G-A?Low?Latency?Solution?for?Intelligent?Control?of?Air?Compressors?Figure9?Intelligent?Control?of?Air?Compressors?As?of?the?capability?limitation?of?traditional?industrial

115、?Internet,?air?compressors?are?switched?on?or?off?based?on?the?pressure?at?their?outlets.?But?things?are?different?in?5G-A-enabled?Midea.?The?intelligent?control?system?can?collect?data?from?all?the?pressure?gauges?and?flowmeters?on?air?compressors,?calculate?the?appropriate?number?of?air?compressor

116、s?to?operate?and?the?operating?frequency?through?MEC?in?real?time,?and?then?return?instructions?instantly?to?the?air?compressors.?This?enables?air?compressors?to?automatically?adjust?air?pressure?and?operating?frequency.?It?is?estimated?that?the?18?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries

117、?solution?can?reduce?annual?energy?consumption?by?over?10%,?annual?costs?by?approximately?0.32?million?US?dollars,?and?annual?carbon?emissions?by?2680?tons.?As?the?smart?park?continues?to?expand,?the?solution?will?be?further?promoted.?3)5G?Large?Bandwidth,?Built-In?Computing?Power,?and?AI?Solution?f

118、or?Intelligent?Process?Testing?Figure10?Intelligent?Process?Testing?Manual?hydrostatic?testing?in?traditional?processes?results?in?low?efficiency?and?a?high?error?rate.?Through?5G,?the?intelligent?control?system?can?collect?power?current,?voltage,?and?protective?gas?consumption?of?welding?at?a?frequ

119、ency?of?20?Hz?and?use?built-in?MEC?and?AI?algorithms?in?gNB?to?access?weld?quality?and?provide?early?warnings,?which?helps?increase?the?first-pass?yield.?4)Collaboration?Between?AGVs?and?Robotic?Arms?Figure11?Collaboration?Between?AGVs?and?Robotic?Arms?In?traditional?manufacturing?workshops,?robotic

120、?arms?place?materials?on?AGVs?at?specified?stops.?In?5G,?the?intelligent?control?system?uses?URLLC?+?TSN?technology,?while?built-in?computing?and?AI?in?gNB,?to?reduce?transmission?latency?and?jitter,?and?uses?the?dual-transmit?and?selective-receive?mechanism?to?guarantee?real-time?and?reliable?trans

121、mission?of?accurate?positioning?information?for?AGVs?and?control?19?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?information?for?robotic?arms.?So?the?AGVs?and?robotic?arms?can?be?precisely?and?cooperatively?controlled,?significantly?reducing?pause?time?between?procedures?and?increasing?produc

122、tion?efficiency.?In?the?three?workshops?where?5G?smart?applications?have?already?been?deployed,?5G?deterministic?services?have?significantly?enhanced?the?reliability?and?convenience?of?the?field?network,?and?have?created?considerable?value?for?Midea?Group.?Specifically,?there?has?been?a?20%?increase

123、?in?management?efficiency,?60%?decrease?in?customer?complaint?rate,?and?a?reduction?of?5.82?million?US?dollars?in?production?costs.?This?project?provides?a?demonstration?effect?in?Midea?Group.?5.The?Way?Forward?5G?defines?a?KPI?system?for?industrial?Internet?and?brings?about?a?more?deterministic?and

124、?applicable?network?with?technologies?such?as?URLLC+TSN,?sensing?enhancement,?5G?LAN,?UPF?sinking,?and?MEC.?With?the?standardization?of?5G-A?in?3GPP,?5G-A?deterministic?technologies?will?play?a?greater?role?in?the?industrial?Internet.?1)More?Elaborate?Priority?Rating?for?Troubleshooting?A?unified?tr

125、oubleshooting?rating?system?will?be?available?for?industries.?Response?and?processing?time?standards?vary?with?levels?of?failure?events,?so?high-priority?faults?can?be?handled?in?a?timely?manner.?Based?on?the?fault?impact?and?urgency,?there?are?four?levels?of?failure?events:?critical,?high,?medium,?

126、and?low.?Figure12?Priority?Matrix?of?Failure?Events?2)Low-Power?and?High-Precision?Positioning?and?Ranging?20?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?High-precision?positioning?and?ranging?require?frequent?locating?for?industrial?equipment.?The?5G-A?technologies?can?provide?all?dynamic?i

127、nformation?about?location,?relative?velocity,?and?angular?velocity,?facilitating?precise?coordination?among?equipment?and?complex?processing.?However,?frequent?high-precision?positioning?and?ranging?consume?much?power?while?batteries?of?industrial?equipment?are?unable?to?be?replaced?frequently.?Ther

128、efore,?high-precision?positioning?and?ranging?with?low?power?consumption?are?critical?in?5G?fully-connected?factories.?3)Communications?Services?with?Multi-Modal?Sensing?At?present,?the?industry?network?uses?various?types?of?sensors?to?obtain?extensive?production?information.?In?the?future,?wireless

129、?sensing?of?the?5G-A?will?be?integrated?with?existing?sensing?modes,?along?with?deterministic?capabilities?such?as?deterministic?latency,?ultra-high?reliability?and?security.?In?this?way,?communications?services?with?multi-modal?perception?can?be?provided?to?obtain?tremendous?and?deterministic?produ

130、ction?information?about?environment,?equipment,?and?products.?This?can?be?applied?to?multiple?scenarios?such?as?remote?equipment?control,?coordinated?equipment?operation,?flexible?manufacturing,?on-site?auxiliary?assembly,?quality?control?and?fault?diagnosis,?intelligent?logistics,?and?unmanned?patr

131、ol.?4)More?Guaranteed?Deterministic?End-to-End?Network?The?deterministic?network?uses?a?more?direct?data?transmission?mechanism,?higher?spectrum,?and?smaller?subcarrier?spacing?to?further?reduce?end-to-end?transmission?latency.?The?deterministic?network?enhances?the?TSN?function?to?support?ultra-lat

132、ency?transmission,?for?example,?the?service?network?can?obtain?the?scheduling?time?from?the?RAN?and?then?adjust?the?packet?interval?accordingly.?The?deterministic?network?uses?a?more?stable?time?synchronization?and?multi-link?transmission?mechanism?to?improve?the?reliability?of?data?transmission?and

133、?provide?an?effective?data?path?for?more?complex?coordinated?control.?With?elaborate?slicing?operations,?open?SLA?capabilities,?and?enhanced?uRLLC,?the?deterministic?network?guarantees?deterministic?services?in?a?more?precise?manner.?5)Wider?Deterministic?End-to-End?Network?The?integration?of?5G-TSN

134、?and?DetNet?can?improve?the?deterministic?capabilities?of?layer?3?networks,?and?expand?the?deterministic?scope?of?the?5G?industrial?Internet.?In?21?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?an?optimized?5G?LAN,?the?management?of?multiple?SMFs?and?UPFs?can?be?supported?in?VN?groups.?The?app

135、lication?scope?of?5G?LAN?can?be?expanded?and?the?interworking?between?VN?groups?can?be?strengthened,?and?a?wider?5G?LAN?will?become?a?reality.?The?interworking?of?multiple?domains?in?the?industrial?Internet?will?be?more?deterministic,?paving?the?way?for?the?large-scale?application?of?5G?in?the?indus

136、trial?Internet.?As?industrial?digital?transformation?accelerates,?both?traditional?services?and?new?services?pose?challenges?for?the?network?to?provide?differentiated?deterministic?guarantees?for?various?services.?The?5G/5G-A?deterministic?guarantee?system?has?extensive?application?prospect?in?indus

137、tries?represented?by?smart?factories.?As?an?old?Chinese?saying?goes,?a?huge?tree?grows?from?a?tiny?seedling.?China?Unicom?is?committed?to?innovation?and?is?willing?to?promote?the?vigorous?development?of?the?5G?industrial?Internet?together?with?industry?partners.?22?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empo

138、wering?Industries?Annex?Abbreviations?Abbreviations?Full?Names?5G-A?5G-Advanced?5GC?5G?Core?Network?AES?Advanced?Encryption?Standard?AGV?Automated?Guided?Vehicle?AI?Artificial?Intelligence?AII?Alliance?of?Industrial?Internet?AMF?Access?and?Mobility?Management?Function?AR?Augmented?Reality?ARQ?Automa

139、tic?Retransmission?Request?BBU?Building?Base?band?Unit?CNC?Central?Network?Controller?CPE?Customer?Premises?Equipment?CUC?Centralized?User?Configuration?CT?Communication?Technology?DPI?Deep?Packet?Inspection?DS-TT?Device-Side?TSN?Translator?HARQ?Hybrid?Automatic?Repeat?Request?IP?Internet?Protocol?I

140、T?Information?Technology?KPI?Key?Performance?Indicator?LAN?Local?Area?Network?LBO?Local?Break?Out?IoT?Internet?of?Things?Massive?MIMO?Massive?Multiple-Input?Multiple-Output?MCS?Modulation?and?Coding?Scheme?MEC?Mobile?Edge?Computing?MES?Manufacturing?Execution?System?NW-TT?Network-Side?TSN?Translator

141、?O&M?Operation?and?Maintenance?OT?Operational?Technology?PDCP?Packet?Data?Convergence?Protocol?PDU?Packet?Data?Unit?PLC?Programmable?Logic?Controller?QoS?Quality?of?Service?RAN?Radio?Access?Network?RRU?Remote?Radio?Unit?SCADA?Supervisory?Control?and?Data?Acquisition?SMF?Session?Management?Function?S

142、LA?Service?Level?Agreement?TSCTSF?Time?Sensitive?Communication?Time?Synchronization?Function?TSN?Time?Sensitive?Networking?TTL?Time?to?Live?UDM?The?Unified?Data?Management?UDN?Ultra-Dense?Network?UE?User?Equipment?UPF?The?User?plane?function?uRLLC?Ultra-Reliable?and?Low?Latency?Communications?VM?Vir

143、tual?Machine?VN?Virtual?Network?VR?Virtual?Reality?WAN?Wide-Area?Network?ZUC?Zu?Chongzhi?23?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?Acknowledgement?The?preparation?and?formulation?of?this?white?paper?are?strongly?supported?by?ZTE?Corporation,?Wuhu?Midea?Kitchen?&?Bath?Appliances?Mfg.?Co.

144、?Ltd.,?Kyland?Technology?Co.,?Ltd.,?and?University?of?Science?and?Technology?Beijing.?ZTE?Corporation:?Zhao?Xin,?Chen?Bingyi,?Chen?Xiangliu,?Li?Wei,?and?Sha?Yuanyang?Wuhu?Midea?Kitchen?&?Bath?Appliances?Mfg.?Co.?Ltd.:?Pan?Chaoyu,?and?Gao?Kun?Kyland?Technology?Co.,?Ltd.:?Chengyuan,?and?Zhou?Aiping?Un

145、iversity?of?Science?and?Technology?Beijing:?Wang?Jianquan,?Li?Wei,?Sun?Lei,?and?Ma?Zhangchao?24?5G/5G-A?Deterministic?Network?Empowering?Industries?Contributors?Dierctors?:?Fu?Qiang,?Ma?Hongbing,?Li?Hongwu,?Tang?Xiongyan,?Fan?Jian,?Wang?Lei?Chief?editor?:?Fan?Bin,?He?Gang,?Jing?Lei,?Pei?Xiaoyan,?Wan

146、g?Youxiang,?Huang?Rong,?Chen?Dan?Authors?:?Pei?Yushan,?Gao?Gongying,?Li?Xianda,?Fan?Tianwei,?Liang?Hui,?Liu?Qianren,?Li?Ruihua,?Huang?Qian,?Pang?Bo,?Wang?Liwen,?Liu?Shan,?Zhou?Wei,?Chen?Yaohua,?Zhang?Xuebei,?Han?Zhengxin,?Zhao?Xinglong,?Yang?Wencong,?Jia?Xueqin,?Wu?Yue,?Li?Le,?Chen?Gao,?Cheng?Aolin,?Deng?Haodong,?Liu?Huanhuan,Yao?Xuefeng,?Chen?Zhibiao,?Xiao?An,?Shang?Ting,?Chen?Jianling,?Zhang?Jing,?Guo?Quanquan,?Wu?Tao,?Ding?Qichen,?Wang?Shouhao?