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1、 JOINT WHITE PAPER Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking(时间敏感网络技术 赋能 5G 确定性数据传输)June 2023 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 2 White Paper Foreword The deterministic network is the core technology to support digital transformation,and it is also one of the most imp
2、ortant roadmaps for the future wireless communication networks.5G technology,as the most cutting-edge communication technology,should be integrated with the Time-Sensitive Networking(TSN)technology to be deterministic.With the continuous advancement of deterministic characteristics in the 5G standar
3、ds and specifications,as well as the continuous popularization of 5G network coverage and vertical industry applications,the integration of 5G technology and TSN technology has become particularly important.Applied Science and Technology Research Institute(ASTRI)and Peng Cheng Laboratory(PCL)are two
4、 of the largest R&D centers in the Greater Bay Area(GBA),with the strongest R&D background in networking and communications technologies.In this white paper,ASTRI and PCL have jointly developed and showcased the end-to-end 5G data plane integrating with TSN technology and have achieved high-precisio
5、n time synchronization with minimized jitter.The research results are positive and instructive to explore 5G vertical application scenarios,leading industrial evolution in smart manufacturing,power,and mining industries.Justin Chuang,PhD.Communications Technologies,Vice President,ASTRI Author:PCL:Ji
6、man Lv,Jingbin Feng,Jian Cheng,Chunlai Cui,Hua Wang,Rongjun Xu,Sen Ma,Shuangping Zhan,Weibin Ye ASTRI:Yolanda Tsang,Liang Dong,Jianjun Zhang,Andy Huang,Steve Li,William Xia,Lawrence Luo Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 3 White PaperTable of Contents Foreword.2 List of Figures.5
7、List of Tables.6 1.Introduction.7 1.1 Background&Market Needs.7 1.2 5G and TSN:IT/OT Convergence.7 1.2.1 5G Roadmap in 3GPP.7 1.2.2 IEEE-Standardized TSN.9 1.2.3 TSN-enabled 5G System.10 1.3 Collaborations.11 1.3.1 Peng Cheng Laboratory.11 1.3.2 Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Inst
8、itute.12 1.3.3 White Paper Highlight.12 2.Key Challenges.13 2.1 Requirements of Vertical Industries.13 2.2 End-to-End Time Synchronization Challenges.14 2.3 End-to-End Low Latency and Determinism.16 2.4 QoS Mapping for TSN Flows.17 3.3GPP Specification for TSN-enabled 5G system.20 3.1 Packet Data Un
9、it Session.20 3.2 5GS Acting as a Bridge in TSN.21 3.3 Time Synchronization.21 3.3.1 5GS Time Synchronization.22 3.3.2 End-to-End Time Synchronization.22 3.4 Enhancements for QoS Mappings.22 4.Data Service Solution.25 4.1 Architecture of End-to-End Synchronization Solution.25 4.1.1 Timestamp Modelli
10、ng.25 4.1.2 Solution of 5GS Time-Domain Synchronization.26 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 4 White Paper 4.1.3 TSN-enabled 5G End-to-End Synchronization Solution.27 4.2 End-to-end Deterministic Scheduling Scheme.29 4.2.1 5G and TSN QoS Mapping.29 4.2.2 End-to-End Deterministic
11、Traffic Scheduling.30 4.2.3 Supporting hold and forward buffering mechanism(DS-TT/NW-TT).31 5.Evaluation.32 5.1 Solution Architecture of TSN-enabled 5G Core Proof of Concept(PoC).32 5.2 Collaboration Results from Actual Deployment Evaluation Setup.33 5.3 Evaluation,Discussion&Results.35 5.3.1 End-to
12、-end time synchronization test.35 5.3.2 Jitter in end-to-end packet forwarding.38 5.3.3 Fail over testing.39 5.3.4 Simulated industrial use-case.41 5.3.5 Test result evaluations.42 6.Summary/Conclusion.43 6.1 Industrial Internet use cases.43 6.2 Whats next.45 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations.47 Re
13、ferences.50 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 5 White PaperList of Figures Figure 1 5G System as a time-aware system Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.27.1-1.10 Figure 2 5GS as a TSN bridge Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.28.1-1.11 Figure 3 QoS differentiation within a PDU Session source:.20 Fig
14、ure 4 QoS Mapping in TSN AF and PCF architecture Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.28.4-1.23 Figure 5 User data handling in the UPF Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.7.1.5-1.24 Figure 6 End-to-End Synchronization Solution.25 Figure 7 NW-TT Timing Algorithm.26 Figure 8 TSN-enabled 5G system End-to-End synchronization
15、demo solution.27 Figure 9 gPTP relay instance model.28 Figure 10 Traffic Scheduling.31 Figure 11 Complete PCL and ASTRI solution architecture with 5G Network Functions.32 Figure 12 Actual Architecture of TSN-enabled 5G system Demo Architecture Setup.34 Figure 13 5G System synchronization via direct
16、connection.36 Figure 14 5G System synchronization via GPS.37 Figure 15 Failover test with two CPEs and 2 gNB.40 Figure 16 Simulated industrial use case.41 Figure 17 Release 17 architecture of TSC.46 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 6 White Paper List of Tables Table 1 Examples o
17、f IEEE TSN Task group standards.9 Table 2 Examples of industrial automation in typical application scenarios of TSN-enabled 5G system Source:5G ACIA White Paper,“Integration of 5G with Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Communications”.14 Table 3 Clock synchronization service performance requi
18、rements for 5G System Source:TS22.104 v17.7.0 Table 5.6.2-1.15 Table 4 Standardized 5QI to QoS characteristics mapping Source:TS23.501 Table 5.7.4-1.19 Table 6 Jitter of 5G System synchronization via direct connection,with background flow(512 bytes,100Mbps).38 Table 7 Jitter of 5G System synchroniza
19、tion via GPS,with background flow(512 bytes,100Mbps).39 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 7 White Paper1.Introduction 1.1 Background&Market Needs In“Industrial Internet Innovation and Development Plan(2021-2023)”,it has clearly mentioned the technology“Time Sensitive Network(TSN)
20、over the Fifth Generation(5G)telecommunication technology”being one of the key innovative technologies.Previously,the TSN has been a wireline technology commonly used in factories for deterministic services.However,being a wireline technology,the wire has limited the usage scope as well as its appli
21、cation because of different considerations,such as space and connections needed between different devices.Industrial Internet,also known as the fourth industrial evolution(Industry 4.0),is well agreed to be the cornerstone for the revolution of the industry.Mobilized TSN becomes a way to go and 5G h
22、as been selected as the mobile technology which will be merging with the TSN to interconnect people,machines,things,systems,etc.,to form a new ecology.TSN-enabled 5G system does not only digitalize peoples living,but also creates a new era for the connected and digitalized industrial industry.In a r
23、ecent report from the China Academy of Information and Communication Technology,it has shown that,from only the first quarter of 2022,Chinas Industrial Internet industry has made over trillion yuan,an enticing result from the digital transformation of the industrial enterprises.On the other hand,the
24、 5G network is well known for its support of ultra-low latency communications and large bandwidth.The Industrial Internet is expected to be the killer application for 5G.It has been projected that the 5G vertical applications penetration rate will reach 35%in 2023 for mainland China alone.The integr
25、ation of 5G and the Industrial Internet is accelerating Chinas new industrialization process and serving as a breeding ground for Chinas economic development.1.2 5G and TSN:IT/OT Convergence 1.2.1 5G Roadmap in 3GPP The fifth-generation mobile communication technology(referred to as 5G or 5G technol
26、ogy)is the latest generation of mobile communication technology.It is a telecommunication and information technology(IT)defined by the 3rd generation partnership project(3GPP),evolving from the 4G,3G,and 2G systems.In 5G New Radio,or 5G NR,the enhancements of the multi-antenna enhancement technologi
27、es improve the spectrum diversity and efficiency,modulation and coding techniques Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 8 White Paper for better cell coverage,and slot time operations for system flexibility.As a result,5G provides a higher data transmission rate and yet ultra-low lat
28、ency services as comparing to 4G.There are three major deployment scenarios for 5G networks:-Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB):large bandwidth and moderate latency for use cases,such as emerging AR/VR media and applications,low bandwidth transmissions for machine-to-machine communication.-Massive Mach
29、ine Type Communications(mMTC):low cost,low power wide area for latency-sensitive applications,such as the Internet of Things(IoT)that connect all physical things(people to people,people to things,things to things,etc.)-Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications(URLLC):extremely low latency applicatio
30、ns,such as for vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications.3GPP Release 15 marks the beginning of the 5G era,the architecture has revolutionary change from the previous generation.The 3 major changes in the architecture include the Control and User Plane Separation(CUPS),Service-
31、based Architecture(SBA)infrastructure,and network slicing.In CUPS,the separation of control and user plane delocalizes the need of placing all the network entities nearby in the network,allowing a more flexible and expandible deployment.For instance,placing the user plane entity closer to the base s
32、tation allows edge computing with lower latency for application.The SBA infrastructure has modulated the network core into network functions(NFs),where the NFs are interconnected by HTTP2 protocols.The service-based interface has simplified the protocols between different NFs,allowing the deployment
33、,upgrades,and scaling to be more efficient,which in turn realizing faster time-to-market for new functions and features.The network slicing aims to create separation of the network into slices for different markets and needs.With each slice being isolated from the other slices,the resources can be s
34、hared but resource in each slice meeting different requirements.Evolving from Release 15,the 3GPP standards continue to evolve to connect virtually everything and everyone together,delivering higher data rates with lower latency,becoming more reliable have offering a better experience.With these per
35、formance enhancements and efficiency improvements,new user experiences and new industries are being enabled.Release 15 is known to be the 5G Phase 1,Release 16 being 5G Phase 2 and Release 17 being the 5G enhancements.Release 15 lays the foundation of the new architecture and security,and Release 16
36、 adds more features for additional use cases,for example enabling the applications for new verticals of deployment scenario which includes the Non-Public Networks(NPN),positioning services,NR Cellular IoT,URLLC,and TSN.Release 17 protocol freeze was in June 2022,supporting new use cases and vertical
37、s such as coverage and positioning enhancements,enhanced support of NPNs,supporting unmanned aerial systems,Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 9 White Papersupport for edge computing in 5G Core(5GC)and network automation for 5G(Phase 2).Release 18 has been named 5G Advanced as it
38、introduces intelligence(machine learning techniques)into the wireless networks at different levels of the network.1.2.2 IEEE-Standardized TSN IEEE Time Sensitive Networking Task Group is part of the IEEE 802.1 working group.It is an Operation Technology(OT)to provide deterministic services through I
39、EEE 802 networks,in time synchronization,bounded latency,reliability,and resource management.Some of the standards in the IEEE 802.1 are listed in Table 1.Table 1 Examples of IEEE TSN Task group standards IEEE Standards Description Information IEEE 802.1AS Timing and Synchronization Protocol and pro
40、cedures used to ensure that the synchronization requirements are met for time sensitive applications.IEEE 802.1Qbv Enhancements for Scheduled Traffic Time-aware queue-draining procedures,managed objects and extensions to existing protocols that enable bridges and end stations to schedule the transmi
41、ssion of frames based on timing derived from IEEE 802.1AS.IEEE 802.1Qbu Frame Pre-emption Provide reduced latency transmission for scheduled time-critical frames in a bridged local area network.IEEE 802.1CB Frame Replication and Elimination for Reliability Procedures,managed objects and protocols fo
42、r bridges and end stations to create and eliminate duplicate frames.One of the most important TSN task group standards is IEEE 802.1AS(time synchronization)which is based on the IEEE 1588 protocol.The IEEE 802.1AS precise clock synchronization protocol is commonly known as the generalized Precision
43、Time Protocol(gPTP)generalized clock synchronization protocol to distribute time across the network domain.The port in this time-aware system utilizes a master slave paradigm in which the master sends the time synchronization information to the slave port of a time-aware system,while the slave recei
44、ves that information from the master port.The one with all its ports in the master state is known as the Grandmaster(GM)and it is the time source of the network.In a network environment with a maximum of 7 hops,gPTP can theoretically ensure that the clock synchronization error is in units of nanosec
45、onds.Bounded latency or deterministic end-to-end latency is defined in IEEE 802.1Qbv for traffic scheduling and management of time.It defines the queuing management,gating,and traffic shaping to ensure the time-critical flows are scheduled based on Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networki
46、ng 10 White Paper service level,thus avoiding mutual interference between traffic of different priorities.1.2.3 TSN-enabled 5G System Starting from 3GPP Release 16,the 5G systems role has becoming like an industry-grade communication fabric.In Release 16,it has introduced the integration of the 5G s
47、ystem(5GS)with the Time-Sensitive Networking task group of the IEEE 802.1 working group in support of the industrial automation vertical,converging the IT and OT.In the liaison statement S2-1908630 from the 3GPP SA WG2(SA2)to the IEEE 802 workgroup,3GPP has integrated transparently as the 5G System
48、as a logical TSN bridge to support time-sensitive communication.In Release 16,it will support:IEEE 802.1Qcc:three TSN configuration models IEEE 802.1Qbv based QoS scheduling for interworking with TSN IEEE 802.1Q Annex Q.2(“Using gate operations to create protected windows”)for simplified traffic sch
49、eduling IEEE 802.1AS for the entire end-to-end 5G System as a“time-aware system”for TSN synchronization.In TSN-enabled 5G system,the 5G System is acting as a virtual gPTP time-aware system(IEEE 802.1AS)where the 5GC is acting as a TSN bridge port with time synchronization between the TSN system cloc
50、k and the 5G clock.The 5GS is perceived as an IEEE-compliant virtual Ethernet TSN bridge.At the edges of the 5GS,Network-Side TSN Translator(NW-TT)and Device-Side TSN Translator(DS-TT)are synchronized with the 5G GM clock(i.e.,the 5G internal system clock)to keep these network elements synchronized,
51、see Figure 1 for illustration.TETransp.t5G GMgNBUEPTP-compatible5G transportExternal networkBridgeEndStation(g)PTP GMEndStationUuDS-TT5G system can be considered as an 802.1AS time-aware system or IEEE 1588 Boundary or Transparent Clock5GS5GS5GSTSe5GSTSi5G TimeDomain(g)PTP timing direction5GS:5GS ti
52、me synchronization:(g)PTP time synchronization UPFNW-TT:5GS timing direction Figure 1 5G System as a time-aware system Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.27.1-1 Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 11 White PaperIn 3GPP,the data session is known as Packet Data Unit(PDU)Session between the use
53、r equipment(UE)and the data network(DN)via the User Plane Function(UPF)acting as a PDU Session Anchor(PSA).In the schematic diagram of the 5G bridge system,each 5G bridge consists of port on the UE/DS-TT sides,user plane tunnels(PDU session)between the UE and UPF,and ports on the UPF/NW-TT side.The
54、port on the UE/DS-TT side is bound to a PDU session,and the port on the UPF/NW-TT side supports connection with the external TSN network,as shown in Figure 2.In the 5GS,from NW-TT to DS-TT,is considered as a single bridge while there could be more than one UPFs involved in the end-to-end connection.
55、Each bridge will be assigned a unique bridge identifier for use in the TSN domain,e.g.,the configurations in CNC and TSN AF.Bridge BBridge ATSN Bridge/End StationUE1UPF-ANW-TTDS_TTTSN SystemUPF-BNW-TTTSN Bridge/End StationDS-TTUE2DS-TT Figure 2 5GS as a TSN bridge Source:TS23.501 Figure 5.28.1-1 1.3
56、 Collaborations 1.3.1 Peng Cheng Laboratory Peng Cheng Laboratory(PCL)is an advanced and innovative research institution in the field of network communications and artificial intelligence in China.It is focusing in solving strategic,forward looking,fundamental yet critical scientific problems.It is
57、a major contributor to this field,supporting national strategic science and technology efforts.PCL is a laboratory with a team of talented researchers and engineers to develop network communication projects to fully enable large-scale industrial use cases,such as smart manufacturing,smart city,Indus
58、trial Internet,and artificial Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 12 White Paper intelligence(AI).One of the research focuses of PCL is to facilitate the deterministic transmission requirements of the Industrial Internet and high-end equipment scenarios.PCL has been researching and
59、 developing TSN chips and platform equipment to achieve the deterministic network service capabilities with controllable bandwidth and delay.Through collaboration of innovative wired and wireless communication technologies,a fully connected“5G+Industrial Internet”factory could be achieved by integra
60、ting the key technologies of 5G and TSN.1.3.2 Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute Hong Kong Applied Science and Technology Research Institute(ASTRI)was founded by the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region in year 2000 with the mission of enhancing Hong Kon
61、gs competitiveness through applied research.The Communications Technologies(CT)Division of ASTRI delivers cutting-edge 5G network technologies and applications,and other next-generation network solutions.Its applications are helping manufacturers,operators,and solution providers to introduce faster
62、and more intelligent services for network users,benefiting both industries and the community.ASTRI is supporting Hong Kongs digital transformation,re-industrialization,and Industry 4.0 upgrade in terms of standards,solutions,and infrastructure,especially in 5G-related transformations with TSN techno
63、logies.ASTRI is developing open broadband wireless networks and applications,including 5G base stations and core networks,and focusing on creating new technology infrastructure and platforms for a wide range of sectors and applications.ASTRI also offers end-to-end system solutions(Easy 5G)with TSN-e
64、nabled for various players at different levels of the value chain in the industry ecosystem.1.3.3 White Paper Highlight The vision of this white paper is to support the mainland China Governments Action Plan for Industrial Internet Innovation and Development and The Guidelines for the Construction o
65、f 5G Fully Connected Factories and to support the Hong Kong Governments re-industrialization plan which emphasizes the requirements for TSN-enabled 5G infrastructure to support digital transformation and re-industrialization for smart manufacturing,power,and transportation industries locally in Chin
66、a and worldwide.The integration of 5G and smart manufacturing with TSN-related technologies to provide high-precision time synchronization,ultra-reliable network,high throughput,and low latency is undoubtedly the trend of future development.Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 13 Wh
67、ite PaperIn this white paper,we have demonstrated the capabilities of ASTRI together with PCL on this new solution of the TSN-enabled 5G network.ASTRI will further leverage the TSN-enabled 5G network and other cutting-edge networking technologies with the OT related industries and other innovations
68、such as smart manufacturing and Cellular Vehicle-To-Everything(C-V2X)for more tests and demonstrations in the near future.2.Key Challenges 2.1 Requirements of Vertical Industries In this section,several technical problems and challenges will be described for TSN-enabled 5G system architecture.It has
69、 been anticipated that the TSN-enabled 5G system technology is mainly used in vertical industry,where the vertical industry as defined by the 3GPP covers factory of the future,eHealth,smart city and so on.Different fields of the vertical industry have their own requirements,thus posing different cha
70、llenges in terms of latency,numbers of connection,quality of service,precision,speed,and degree of determinism.Taking the field of industrial automation as an example,it typically involves flexible manufacturing,remote equipment control,equipment collaboration,field auxiliary assembly,warehousing,lo
71、gistics,different kinds of quality control and safety monitoring,many of which require clock synchronization accuracy,delay control ability and transmission reliability of the communication network.TSN-enabled 5G system is committed in solving the challenges of such deterministic and low-latency com
72、munication with requirement in end-to-end time/frequency synchronization,reliability,delay,and jitter.Some business requirements of industrial automation in typical application scenarios of TSN-enabled 5G system are given in Table 2:Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 14 White Pape
73、r Table 2 Examples of industrial automation in typical application scenarios of TSN-enabled 5G system Source:5G ACIA White Paper,“Integration of 5G with Time-Sensitive Networking for Industrial Communications”2.2 End-to-End Time Synchronization Challenges In the 3GPP specifications,the 5GS has been
74、modeled as a TSN virtual switch.It takes the role of realizing the time synchronization of the 5G system itself,the time synchronization of the TSN system and the time synchronization signaling in the TSN system.Therefore,the 5G virtual TSN switch needs to maintain the clock synchronization of the 5
75、GS and TSN domains simultaneously,signaling of the TSN time synchronization information across the 5GS time domain,and ensures that the TSN time deviation after cross-domain shall not exceed 900 nanoseconds.In Table 3,it describes the clock synchronization service performance requirements for the 5G
76、S.Traffic types Periodic/Sporadic Typical period Data delivery Guarantee Tolerance to jitter Tolerance to loss Typical data size(byte)Criticality Isochronous P 100 s 2 ms Deadline 0 None Fixed:30 100 High Cyclic-Synchronous P 500 s 1 ms latency bound()None Fixed:50 1000 High Cyclic-Asynchronous P 2
77、ms 20 ms latency bound()1 4 Frames Fixed:50 1000 High Events:control S 10 ms 50 ms latency bound()N/A Yes Variable:100 200 High Events:alarm&operator commands S 2 s latency bound()N/A Yes Variable:100 1500 Medium Network control P 50 ms 1 s throughput Yes Yes Variable:50 500 High Configuration&diagn
78、ostics S N/A throughput N/A Yes Variable:500 1500 Medium Video P Frame Rate throughput N/A Yes Variable:1000 1500 Low Audio/Voice P Sample Rate throughput N/A Yes Variable:1000 1500 Low Best Effort S N/A None N/A Yes Variable:30 1500 Low Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 15 White
79、 PaperTable 3 Clock synchronization service performance requirements for 5G System Source:TS22.104 v17.7.0 Table 5.6.2-1 The underlying condition for achieving deterministic communication is to have end-to-end synchronization in place.The working clock domains require a precision of 1 s between the
80、sync master and any device of the clock domain as defined in 3GPP TS 22.104.In Table 3,it is shown that the most stringent 5GS synchronicity budget requirement within a working clock domain shall not exceed 900 nanoseconds.The requirement on the synchronicity budget for the 5G system is the time err
81、or contribution between ingress and egress of the 5G system on the path of clock synchronization messages.There are two time-domains in the TSN-enabled 5G system architecture,namely the 5GS time domain and the end-to-end TSN time domain.Therefore,the end-to-end synchronization includes the synchroni
82、zation of these two time-domains.1.TSN time-domain:Follow the IEEE 802.1AS or IEEE 1588 protocols.2.5GS time-domain:Require all the 5G components involving the data path,i.e.,the UE,next generation NodeB(gNB)and UPF to be time synchronized to the 5G internal system clock,also known as the 5G GM.For
83、instance,the synchronization of the 5GS time domain can be further divided into wired and wireless domains:1.Wired Network:The time synchronization of the gNB,UPF and 5G GM can be carried out through the wired network using the standard PTP IEEE 1588 or gPTP IEEE 802.1AS mechanism.2.Wireless Network
84、:The time synchronization between UE and 5G GM is realized through the air interface between the UE and the gNB.The User-specific clock synchronicity accuracy level Number of devices in one Communication group for clock synchronisation 5GS synchronicity budget requirements Service area Scenario 1 up
85、 to 300 UEs 900 ns 100 m x 100 m-Motion control -Control-to-control communication for industrial controller 2 up to 300 UEs 900 ns 1,000 m x 100 m-Control-to-control communication for industrial controller 3 up to 10 UEs 10 s 2,500 m2-High data rate video streaming 3a up to 100 UEs 1 s 10 km2-AVPROD
86、 synchronization and packet timing 4 up to 100 UEs 1 s 20 km2-Smart Grid:synchronicity between PMUs 5 up to 10 UEs 5G System-CPE1-TSN Gateway#2 Path 2:Network Emulator-5G System-CPE2-TSN Gateway#2 All packets received from the emulator at the TSN Gateway#1 will be duplicated and sent along the two p
87、aths,whereas TSN Gateway#2 will receive packets from the two paths and send to the emulator.The service data rate is 50Mbps.Figure 15 Failover test with two CPEs and 2 gNB The failover testing procedure is to evaluate when either CPE1 or CPE 2 lost connection to the network(power or connection failu
88、re),the failover capability could ensure there is no data packet loss.Here are the steps and observations:1.Establish PDU sessions for CPE1 and CPE2,make sure the TSN data forwarding on both CPEs are working without packet loss.2.Upon failure of either CPE1 or CPE2,the TSN end-to-end services are no
89、t affected,the active session has no packet loss.3.Re-establish the PDU session of the fail CPE,the TSN end-to-end services remain normal,no packet loss is being observed.From the above observations,it is shown that the IEEE 802.1CB Frame Replication and Elimination(FRER)itself could be providing re
90、liability in the end-to-end TSN network.Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 41 White Paper5.3.4 Simulated industrial use-case In the section,the industrial use case is studied in the TSN enabled 5G network,as shown in Figure 16.The evaluation includes enabling IEEE 802.1Qbv for det
91、erministic delay transmission,which resulting in significant improvement of the end-to-end delay jitter.Figure 16 Simulated industrial use case In the laboratory,the topology as shown in Figure 16 has been setup for the evaluation.The background traffic flow is being added to interfere in the downli
92、nk direction(on the network path for the Robotic Arm A)simulating network congestion.Different QoS priorities are applied to the service flows:robotics arm traffic with Q3,background traffic Q5 and surveillance camera traffic Q0(Q5 being the highest and Q0 the lowest).Two scenarios are being evaluat
93、ed:Scenario A:Dedicated bandwidth allocated for robotic arm,while others shared the remaining bandwidth 1.When IEEE 802.1Qbv is not enabled,the two robotic arms cannot be synchronized in their movement,the video streaming of the camera is interrupted.2.When IEEE 802.1Qbv is enabled,the two robotic a
94、rms are synchronized in their movement,the video streaming of the camera is interrupted.Scenario B:Dedicated bandwidth allocated for robotic arm and camera,while others shared the remaining bandwidth Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 42 White Paper 1.When IEEE 802.1Qbv is not ena
95、bled,the two robotic arms cannot be synchronized in their movement,the video streaming of the camera is interrupted.2.When IEEE 802.1Qbv is enabled,the two robotic arms are synchronized in their movement,the video streaming of the camera is normal.5.3.5 Test result evaluations From the above evaluat
96、ions,the results have shown that in the setup,the end-to-end synchronization accuracy of the TSN-enabled 5G System,is under 30ns when 5GS synchronizing via direction connection,whereas under 240ns(max value observed)when 5GS synchronizing via GPS.Both of them meet the end-to-end synchronization accu
97、racy requirements in the field of industrial automation as defined by 3GPP in TS 22.104.Before enabling the IEEE 802.1Qbv,the end-to-end jitter performance is poor,and the average delay jitter(average delay variation)is in the millisecond level.However,after it is enabled,the end-to-end jitter perfo
98、rmance is significantly improved,and the average delay jitter is less than 16ns in Scenario 1(5GS synchronization via Direct Connection)and less than 62ns in Scenario 2(5GS synchronization via GPS),which meets IEC/IEEE 60802 specification,where it defines extremely low jitter requirements in the fie
99、ld of industrial automation(Refer to Table 2).The realization of end-to-end TSN time synchronization is based on the internal time synchronization of the 5GS.It can be seen from the experiment that the end-to-end TSN synchronization accuracy of 5GS through GPS synchronization is worse than that of 5
100、GS through direct connection synchronization.Therefore,the end-to-end TSN synchronization accuracy depends on the wireless synchronization accuracy in the air interface.Considering the capabilities of the commercial gNBs and UEs that are 3GPP R15 based,thus dont support the time synchronization via
101、the signaling.In order to overcome this,two simplified solutions are adopted for achieving the 5GS internal synchronization.First,the direct connection synchronization method is used instead of the wireless synchronization over the air interface method for preliminary testing,and then a more feasibl
102、e commercial deployment scenario is simulated using GPS to realize the internal synchronization of 5GS.This test is to simulate the deployment of TSN-enabled 5G System for typical indoor application scenarios.The tests are carried out under relatively ideal conditions.However,the synchronization acc
103、uracy of GPS depends on the performance of GPS satellites,GPS receivers,and the stability of the wireless environment.To ensure the performance of GPS synchronization,it is required to deploy GPS antennas outdoors,which also increases the difficulty of Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Netw
104、orking 43 White Paperdeploying indoor industrial terminals.In addition,GPS is synchronized once every 1s.Compared with IEEE 1588,the time synchronization frequency is even lower,which also affects the synchronization accuracy.There are still room to improve in synchronization accuracy and 5G control
105、 plane.3GPP has supported time information transfer between base stations and terminals starting from R16.In the future,the support of 5GS devices will be updated from R15 to R16.Compared with the simplified solution using GPS for synchronization inside 5G system,it is expected to significantly impr
106、ove the end-to-end time synchronization performance.Moreover,3GPP R17 has further evolved in the air interface synchronization,showing that the 5G RAN time synchronization accuracy will be enhanced to meet the TSN requirement.Other than the 5GS time synchronization,in the evaluation,as the ethernet
107、PDU sessions are not readily available in the base station and in the user equipment.The IP PDU session with the VxLAN tunnel is used instead of the ethernet PDU session.It is expected that the performance will also be improved when ethernet PDU session is used as in the industrial scenarios.With th
108、e enhancement in 5G control plane solution,the end-to-end QoS guarantee will be more agile and reliable.6.Summary/Conclusion 6.1 Industrial Internet use cases 5G is a key enabling technology for the research and development of the Industrial Internet.The International Telecommunication Union(ITU)has
109、 defined three major application scenarios for 5G,including Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB),Ultra Low Latency and High Reliability(URLLC),and Massive Machine-type Communications(mMTC),the latter two scenarios are mainly designed for the needs of the Industrial Internet.5G technology can effectively
110、solve the problems of poor mobility and inflexible of industrial wired networking,and difficult deployment in special and high-risk environments,go beyond the limitations of existing industrial wireless technologies such as 4G and WIFI in terms of mobility,reliability,connection density,and throughp
111、ut,and effectively meet large-scale mission-critical data transmission,precise control,remote control,and assist innovations.The TSN-enabled 5G system could further fulfill the requirements of low and deterministic latency,high availability,sync accuracy,and low jitter in the industry internet use c
112、ases.TSN-enabled 5G System lays the foundation of the deterministic communication system for many Industrial Internet use cases such as smart manufacturing,smart grid,smart mining,smart port,and smart transportation.Automated Guided Vehicles(AGV):AGV has become more and more popular nowadays in the
113、manufacturing and transportation industries.It Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 44 White Paper could greatly increase efficiency and reduce manpower costs.However,a non-deterministic WIFI network could not maintain a stable connection for many vehicles in a large warehouse or fa
114、ctory area,where TSN-enabled 5G system is the perfect fit for supporting AGV.Drone inspection:In a high-risk work environment such as an underground mine,a controlled drone inspection for safety analysis is the key to improving the safe work environment and avoiding accidents.This is a mission-criti
115、cal use case with requirements of high availability and guaranteed transmission.TSN-enabled 5G system could help to identify and transmit multiple real-time sensor data including video,sound,infrared,and LiDAR data back to the data center for safety inspection.Remote control:In the smart port and ot
116、her similar scenarios,the crane could be remote controlled to improve efficiencies and work conditions.With TSN-enabled 5G system,bi-directional mission-critical control,and sensor data could be transmitted in the deterministic network,and the remote-control engineer could control 4 cranes simultane
117、ously in a much better working condition.Video Surveillance and Machine Vision:Factories could improve manufacturing efficiency,safety,and product quality with video surveillance and machine vision applications.TSN-enabled 5G system could assist real-time video transmission to 5G MEC for local machi
118、ne vision and AI program analysis,it helps to ensure the real-time video data could be transmitted with low and deterministic latency to increase video quality on the receiving end.Cloud-controlled PLC and Robot:In smart manufacturing,the cloud controller Programmable Logic Controller(PLC)and robot
119、are cutting-edge innovations for assisting automation.In traditional factories,where there are multiple hierarchies for non-deterministic wired or wireless networks,the latency could be varied in a very large range,and there is no high precision time synchronization supported.In the accuracy control
120、 PLC and robot use cases;the latency should be deterministic and high precision time synchronization should be supported to keep the movement and related control accuracy in the exact time frame.Augmented Reality(AR)/Virtual Reality(VR)assisted collaboration in the design,installation,and maintenanc
121、e of a complex system:In the design,installation,and maintenance of large and complex systems such as the production of commercial airplanes,requires a large group of engineers in different locations to collaborate.AR/VR applications could help to connect people and could greatly improve work effici
122、ency and reduce communication costs.The TSN-enabled 5G system could satisfy the requirement of real-time design,installation,and maintenance data transmission between two geographically located warehouses with many people and devices connected.Multi-equipment collaboration&automation,and Flexible au
123、tomation:In the manufacturing industry,the collaboration of multiple automation devices such as robot arms is critical to automation efficiency and accuracy.The time sequence of the movements and actions of a group of devices is Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 45 White Papercri
124、tical for the automation process.With one failed action or one wrong collaboration on the time sequence of equipment,the whole automation process might fail.TSN-enabled 5G system could assist a group of equipment in automation staying on the same time frame.Flexible automation could also benefit fro
125、m the TSN-enabled 5G system.Digital Twin:In the digital twin use cases,there are multiple sensors collecting a large volume of data with time sequence records.The time information is the key to constructing the digital twin.Without the TSN-enabled 5G system,the time and time sequence of the differen
126、t sensors may be incorrect.V2X Roadside Infrastructure:In smart transportation,the roadside infrastructure especially the smart poles require high-precision inter-pole time synchronization for LiDAR,radar,and camera sensor data fusion,or multi-pole UWB-assisted high-precision positioning.TSN-enabled
127、 5G system lay the foundation for inter-pole connection with the support of high precision time synchronization.Without the high precision time synchronization,the fusion data and positioning result could be incorrect with insufficient precision.6.2 Whats next The integration of 5G and TSN involves
128、changes in 5GS including 5G Core,5G base station and 5G UE.In this demonstration,we did not carry out excessive function development on 5G base station and 5G control plane according to the requirements of 3GPP Release 16,just to verify the possibility of integration of 5G technology and TSN on the
129、5G data plane.There is still a lot more to discuss and to test in the future research and development of the TSN-enabled 5G system.First of all,TSN is based on the Ethernet layer,ASTRI and PCL will work together to enable Ethernet PDU session on 5GS for TSN end-to-end testing at the next stage.Secon
130、d,as a logical TSN switch,TSN-enable 5GS should be managed by CNC,and the 5GS TSN bridge management and port management which is defined by TS23.501 section 5.28 should be supported.Third,a new 5G Network Function TSN-AF will be developed to interface with CNC for mapping and translation of the para
131、meters between the TSN domain and the 5G domain.Fourth,for the NW-TT module inside UPF,ASTRI and PCL will work together to develop a well-defined API between the NW-TT module and UPF,so the NW-TT configuration parameters could be sent from UPF to the NW-TT module.Finally,ASTRI and PCL will use URLLC
132、-enabled base station and UE to reduce the 5G end-to-end latency and jitter caused by the wireless network and base station,these replacements will further improve the TSN-enabled 5G system performance.Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 46 White Paper Figure 17 Release 17 architec
133、ture of TSC 3GPP Release 17 expands the support for Time Synchronization and Time Sensitive communications for any application.It has introduced new network function Time Sensitive Communication Time Synchronization function(TSCTSF)and the 5GS is now modelled as PTP instance for supporting time sync
134、hronization,in Figure 13.Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 47 White PaperList of Acronyms and Abbreviations 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 5G 5th Generation 5GS 5G System 5QI 5G QoS Identifier AF Application Function AMF Access and Mobility Management Function ARP Alloca
135、tion and Retention Priority AW Averaging Window BAR Buffering Action Rules BMCA Best Master Clock Algorithm CNC Centralized Network Function CQF Cyclic Queuing Forwarding CUPS Control and User Plane Separation DN Data Network DNN Data Network Name DS-TT Device-Side TSN Translator eMBB Enhanced Mobil
136、e Broadband FAR Forwarding Action Rule GBR Guarantee Bit Rate GCL Gate Control List GM Grand Master gNB 5G Base Station gPTP General Precise Time Protocol IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IoT Internet of Things MAR Multi-Access Rule Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Ne
137、tworking 48 White Paper MDBV Maximum Data Burst Volume MEC Multi-Access Edge Computing mMTC Massive Machine Type Communications NF Network Function NR New Radio NW-TT Network-Side TSN Translator PCC Policy Control and Charging PCF Policy Control Function PDR Packet Data Rule PDU Packet Data Unit PL
138、Priority Level PSA PDU Session Anchor QER QoS Enforcement Rule QFI QoS Flow Identifier QNC QoS Notification Control QoS Quality of Service RAN Radio Access Network RC Rate Estimation RTC Real Time Clock SBA Service Based Architecture SMF Session Management Function TAS Time Aware Shaper TSC Time Sen
139、sitive Communication TSCAI TSC Assistant Information TSCTSF Time Synchronization Function TSe Egress Timestamp TSi Ingress Timestamp Empowering 5G Data Path for Time Sensitive Networking 49 White PaperTSN Time Sensitive Network UAR Usage Reporting Rule UE User Equipment UPF User Plane Function URLLC
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