1、2020 ISSUE 3GNSS User Technology ReportEDITORS SPECIAL ON SPACE DATA FOR EUROPEMore information on the European Union is available on the Internet(http:/europa.eu).Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2020ISBN:978-92-9206-049-7ISSN:2467-3854doi:10.2878/565013Copyright European GNSS A

2、gency,2020.This document and the information contained in it is subject to applicable copyright and other intellectual property rights under the laws of the Czech Republic and other states.Third parties may download,copy,print and provide the document in its entirety to other third parties provided

3、that there is no alteration of any part of it.Information contained in the document may be excerpted,copied,printed and provided to third parties only under the condition that the source and copyright owner is clearly stated as follows:Source:GNSS User Technology Report,Issue 3,copyright European GN

4、SS Agency,2020.No part of this document,including any part of information contained therein,in whichever format,whether digital or otherwise,may be altered,edited or changed without the European GNSS Agencys prior express permission in writing to be requested under http:/www.gsa.europa.eu/contact-us

5、,clearly stating the element(document and/or information)and term of use requested.Should you become aware of any breach of the above terms of use,please notify the European GNSS Agency immediately,through the abovementioned contact site.Any breach of these terms of use may be made subject to legal

6、proceedings,seeking monetary damages and/or an injunction to stop the unlawful use of the document and/or any information contained therein.By downloading,forwarding,and/or copying this document or any parts thereof,in whichever format,whether digital or otherwise,the user acknowledges and accepts t

7、he above terms of use as applicable to them.GNSS User Technology ReportISSUE 3 2020 4GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 INTRODUCTIONHOW TO READ THIS REPORTThe GNSS User Technology Report is a continuously evolving publication that builds upon a similar structure and format used in previous iss

8、ues.This third issue of the GNSS User Technology Report is therefore structured into the following blocks:The opening section,GNSS User Technology Overview,presents a summary of recent developments and future trends in GNSS.Updates on Galileo,GPS,GLONASS,BeiDou and Regional Navigation Satellite Syst

9、ems are described in detail as well as latest developments in the area of GNSS augmentation.The chapter also gives a status update on multi-constellation and multi-frequency adoption in receivers.It presents different position processing methods and the latest innovations in signal processing and an

10、tenna technologies expected to deliver more accurate,less energy-hungry and more reliable PNT services.Specific focus is made on PNT vulnerabilities that affect GNSS and beyond.Relevant measures and means to get protected against the growing jamming and spoofing threats to GNSS are introduced.The ch

11、apter concludes with a description of EU GNSS downstream R&D programmes and examples of innovative technologies from members of Galileo Services organisation.The second part of the report consists of four sub-sections where technology solutions and their use cases are presented,grouped into four mac

12、rosegments.High-volume devices presenting devices(meaning chipsets,modules and receivers)manufactured in very large quantities primarily for con-sumer devices.Automotive(not safety critical),drones(limited to open category according to EASA categorisation),smartphones and specialised IoT devices fro

13、m mHealth to robotics are all covered.Safety-and liability-critical devices presenting devices built in accordance with standards to deliver such solutions.Automotive,rail,aviation,drones(others not belonging to the open category according to EASA categorisation),maritime and search and rescue solut

14、ions are all covered.High-accuracy devices presenting devices designed to deliver the highest accuracy(position or time)possible.Agriculture,surveying,mining,GIS solutions are all covered.Timing devices presenting devices delivering time and synchronisation solutions for the telecom,energy,finance o

15、r transport sectors.In this issue,the Editors special focuses on Space Data for Europe,and the role of flagship European Space Programmes,Copernicus and Gali-leo.It also provides a vision of major transformations underway within our society and our economy and the benefits that are expected from thi

16、s digital transformation,including the enablement of the European Data Strategy and Green Deal.The Editor explores the various technologies involved in the exploitation of this massive amount of data,as well as the challenges to fit with and exploit the full potential of up-coming digital age that l

17、ay ahead.Finally,annexes close the report with a general overview of GNSS constellations and frequencies(Annex 1),augmentation systems(Annex 2),the definition of key performance parameters(Annex 3),a summary of radio-frequency interference threats to GNSS(Annex 4),the list of acronyms(Annex 5),the m

18、ethodology used to write this technology report(Annex 6)and information about the authors(Annex 7).High-volume devicesSafety-and liability-critical devicesHigh-accuracy devicesTiming devices5FOREWORD GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020FOREWORDDear Reader,I am pleased to write my first foreword

19、to the GNSS User Technology issue 3 in the role of European GNSS Agency(GSA)Executive Director.The GSAs GNSS User Tech-nology Report Issue 3 takes an in-depth look at the latest state-of-the-art GNSS user and receiver technology,along with providing expert analysis on the evolutionary trends that ar

20、e set to define the global GNSS landscapes in the coming years.A touchstone for the GNSS industry,academia and policy makers,the report is released at a time of significant changes for the Industry and the EU Space Programme.The European GNSS Agency is currently in charge of managing operations,serv

21、ice provision,security,market development and user uptake for Europes Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS),Galileo and EGNOS.Soon,the Agency is slated to become the European Union Space Programme Agency(EUSPA).By providing state-of-the-art,secure services,keeping close ties with the user commun

22、ity and contributing to the latest technology trends and innovations within its projects,EUSPA will continue to serve and support the EU downstream industry including innovators and start-ups with its specific know-how.At the same time,EUSPA will foster synergies at user level with other EU Space Pr

23、ogramme components in Earth Observation and Satellite Telecommunications.The third edition of the GNSS User Technology Report arrives at an important time for GNSS and the Galileo constellation in particular.The GNSS industry is evolving at a rapid pace;new applications emerge,requiring customized,c

24、omplex receiver technology.Production costs are dropping and an increasing number of dual-frequency receivers become available for mass-market solutions.With numerous players coming from the fields of telecommunications,network operations and IT jumping in the GNSS technology arena,the industry has

25、already understood the potential of Galileo unique features.The future services will reinforce the opportunities to enhance positioning,navigation and timing solutions for businesses and citizens.The improvement of data technologies is changing the magnitude of data use.This is increasing the capaci

26、ty to build value-added services.Therefore,in this Editors special,we focus on the trends and the challenges connected to the data-driven revolution,on the specific space data contribution and on how the EU plans to shape its digital future.Galileo,EGNOS and Copernicus capabilities have a powerful r

27、ole to play within this new technological shift which will benefit the European Data Strategy and Green Deal.This publication became possible with contributions from leading downstream industry and SMEs players,including GNSS receiver and chipset manufacturers,and is meant to serve as a valuable too

28、l to support your planning and decision-making with regard to developing,purchasing and using GNSS user technology.We look forward to receiving your feedback and working with you in continuing this exciting evolution.Rodrigo da CostaExecutive DirectorThe European GNSS Agency(GSA)Prague,October 20206

29、GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYWith the recent completion of the BeiDou constellation and forthcoming launches of Galileo satellites,the two new GNSS are expected to reach their full operational capability shortly,increasing the number of global operationa

30、l systems to four.Meanwhile,the two historical GNSS(GPS and GLONASS)pursue their modernisation,whilst the three regional satellite navigation systems(NavIC,the regional component of BeiDou and QZSS)continue their development adding new navigation satellites in their respective coverage areas.Public

31、augmentation sys-tems follow suit with four new Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS)planned to be fully operational by 2023 and upgrade their services to support multiple frequency bands and multiple constellations in the years to come.The first chapter of the report focus on the common techno

32、logy trends for all types of GNSS devices.The GNSS world that embraced multi-constellation yesterday is now firmly adding multi-frequency to its major trends.As new signals become available from an ever larger number of satellites,GNSS receivers across all domains now commonly feature multi-frequenc

33、y support in order to deliver better performances to end users,primarily greater accuracy and robustness to interference.The increasing number of open signals in the E5 band mean that E5 is increasingly adopted in new receiver models as the second frequency and today is present in 20%of all receiver

34、 models on the market,while L2 adoption decreases.In 2020,the new generation of dual-frequency GNSS receivers is already spreading in the high-volume device macrosegment,and the receivers are being actively developed for traditionally long lifecycle regulated segments such as aviation and maritime.O

35、ne of the trends,already observed in the previous edition of the report,translates into a pleth-ora of high-accuracy services now available on the market to all categories of users.Demanding applications such as autonomous vehicles,mobile robots,and outdoor augmented reality benefit from this revolu

36、tion and trigger this paradigm shift.No longer the exclusive preserve of commercial services providers,high-accuracy services are also proposed by core GNSS(e.g.the free Galileo HAS and the QZSS CLAS)and in the plans of several SBAS service providers.Moreover,ensuring both safety and security of the

37、 PNT solutions remains a key driver of technol-ogy developments and innovations.Protection measures against GNSS jamming and spoofing are implemented through different combinations of technologies on both receivers and antennas,through the use of multiple sources of positioning information as well a

38、s the authentication of GNSS signals.The Galileo authentication capabilities(Open Service Navigation Message Authentication and Commercial Augmentation Service OS-NMA and CAS,respectively)are expected to provide good enhancements in this regard.Lastly,sensors of all types,optical,inertial and others

39、 continue to drop in price and increase in performance,and are now routinely integrated with GNSS receivers and their outputs fused.While largely propelled by the emerging world of autonomous things,this trend widely benefits other sectors.More than ever,we see GNSS at the heart of a metasystem,comb

40、ining various technologies that support ubiquitous localisation and timing,ubiquitous sensing,and ubiquitous connectivity,where each subsystem contributes to the performance of the others and where the seamless integration of space and ground components is paramount to achieving truly global ubiquit

41、y.In the world of high-volume devices for the consumer market,multi-constellation support is now standard and dual-frequency capability is not only a strategic choice for high-end products but gains momentum in smartphone devices.The introduction of these multi-frequency GNSS devices,the increased u

42、se of corrections services,the deployment in some countries of thousands of additional base stations of 5G infrastructure,actively support the democratisation of high-accuracy in the mass market.Combined with the attractiveness of low cost solutions,these benefits are spreading throughout other sect

43、ors.The safety-and liability-critical devices domain is traditionally constrained by regulations and standards and therefore slower in adopting new technologies.However,noticeable changes can be observed in the less regulated and lower end part of this sector,which increasingly uses chips from the u

44、pper end of the mass market combined with new approaches to support safety-critical applications.While Dual-Frequency,Multi-Constellation(DFMC)solutions have been established in these areas,other mature safety-critical sectors lag behind,pending the finalisation of standards and availability of the

45、first certified receivers.However,the use of multiple frequencies and multiple constellations,augmentation of various types,INS hybridisation,and sensor fusion all contribute to the required assured and safe positioning solutions.In the professional domain,high-accuracy devices reign and steadily ev

46、olve towards exploiting all frequencies and constellations as they become available.Modern devices consist of compact sensor-enriched receivers,usually capable of supporting any type of augmentation service(RTK,NRTK,PPP and new PPP-RTK services)and offer flexible customisation by the end user.The co

47、ntinued digitalisation of services,the increased reliance on sensor fusion for fully-connected automated workflow management,and advanced data exploitation techniques supported by AI also gener-ate transformations in the sector.Finally,as high-accuracy geomatics solutions increasingly make inroads i

48、nto other mass-market sectors,mass-market devices become increasingly able to perform low-end mapping and surveying activities.In that regard,the Bring your own device(BYOD)trend is emerging,whereby surveyors and mappers use their own smartphones as an alternative to proprietary data collection devi

49、ces.Lastly,regarding timing devices that deliver time and synchronisation solutions for the telecom,energy,finance or transport sectors,research and development efforts have been made at various levels of the timing processing chain.In particular,multi-frequency and multi-constellation adoption as w

50、ell as innovative Time-Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring(T-RAIM)and interference monitoring algorithms aim to respond to the common demand for improved accuracy,increased resilience and improved availability.Many of the technical advances observed in this report relate to the exploitation of

51、digital data from GNSS,Earth Observation and from an increasing variety of sources.From the enhancement of industrial processes and transportation paradigms,to the development of a new agriculture or the monitoring of essential climate variables,digital data are already everywhere and benefit both p

52、ublic and private sectors,as well as citizens.The Editors special section of this report is devoted to this data-driven revolution,which is indisputably changing the world we live in,while meeting technological and societal challenges.The analysis of GNSS user technology trends is supported by testi

53、monials from key suppliers of receiver technology:Broadcom,ICaune,FieldBee,f.u.n.k.e,Google,Hexagon,Microchip,Rokubun,Septentrio,Sony,Trimble,Unifly presenting their latest innovations in the field.FOREWORD 5EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6INTRODUCTION 8GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 9HIGH-VOLUME DEVICES 30SAFETY

54、-AND LIABILITY-CRITICAL DEVICES 46HIGH-ACCURACY DEVICES 62TIMING DEVICES 75EDITORS SPECIAL:SPACE DATA FOR EUROPE 87ANNEXES 95 ANNEX 1:GNSS CONSTELLATIONS AND FREQUENCIES 96 ANNEX 2:AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS 97 ANNEX 3:KEY GNSS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS 99 ANNEX 4:RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE THREATS TO GNSS

55、 100 ANNEX 5:LIST OF ACRONYMS 101 ANNEX 6:METHODOLOGY 103 ANNEX 7:ABOUT THE AUTHORS 104 7TABLE OF CONTENTS GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,20208GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 INTRODUCTIONGALILEO PREPARES FOR THE FUTUREThe continued diverging needs of hundreds of applications drive the

56、customisation of GNSS receivers with wide-ranging complexities,capabilities,and resource requirements.The expectations of users in different applications are often contradictory,but they do share some commonalities:The need for continuous and dependable PNT services,and The quest for ever better per

57、formance at large,e.g.in terms of accuracy,cost,or autonomy.Thus,with every edition of this report we witness new and innovative products enabled by pro-gress in receiver technology,as well as evolutions in the services proposed by core GNSS and RNSS providers and by public or private augmentation p

58、roviders.Indeed,the variety of user requirements calls for a diversity of solutions,both at receiver and system levels.Similarly,the rapid and sometimes unpredictable evolution of these requirements demand a matching evolution of existing services,or the creation of new ones,in a timely manner.GNSS

59、providers face the challenge of satisfying these emerging needs,without compromising exist-ing services.With satellite lifetimes well in excess of 10 years,the task would be almost impossible,if the original design had not planned for the unpredictable.This report begins with the presentation of on-

60、going and planned infrastructure evolutions of GNSS and SBAS,which in turn allow for the gradual introduction of new or enhanced services:GPS is now launching its GPS III satellites,GLONASS is switching to the K2 satellites both moves that will enhance interoperability of the systems and BeiDou is n

61、ow focusing on regional services after an impressive effort to rapidly deploy its final constellation.Likewise,Galileo is preparing for the future.For Galileo 1st Generation,this translates into substantial reinforcements of the systems built-in redundancies and resilience and into the introduction

62、of new services and capabilities:The OS Navigation Message Authentication and the Commercial Service Authentication;Improvements of the I/NAV message,allowing a faster TTFF;The High Accuracy Service offering world-wide decimetre level position accuracy.Besides these PNT services,Galileo has been pio

63、neering MEOSAR,notably with the Return Link Service,fully operational since January 2020.Despite this busy agenda,Galileo already evaluates the feasibility of other services,including an Early Warning Service and an extension of the SAR Return Link Service capabilities,and is fully engaged in the pr

64、ocess of developing Galileo 2nd Generation.Procurement activities for System,Satellite and Ground Segment will commence in 2020 with the ambitious goal of reaching full operational capability in 2030.The design of Galileo 2nd Generation is driven by overarching principles,including backward com-pati

65、bility and the quality of services,but also the absolute need to meet user demands in a timely and effective manner.Acknowledging the changing nature of these user requirements,Galileo 2nd Generation is designed from the onset to evolve incrementally,and with sufficient flexibility to provide new se

66、rvices or signal features,if and when required,without changing the satellites.The emerging application areas considered include the world of autonomous things(drones,robots and cars),robust advanced timing services,the Internet of Things,safety-critical and liability-critical transport and emergenc

67、y warning services.Signal evolutions will enable increased user performance(reduced power consumption,faster TTFF,better accuracy,security with authen-tication,etc.).Along with the evolution of other technologies,such as 5G-powered ubiquitous connectivity or ultra-secure quantum communications,there

68、 is little doubt that GNSS and Galileo will remain an indispensable utility,continuing to provide users and society with countless benefits.Emerging applications needs are driving the evolutions of GNSS Advanced timing servicesEmergency warning services Safety-critical and liability-critical transpo

69、rtInternet of ThingsAutonomous carsDrones and robots 9GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEWGNSS today 10GNSS evolution 11GNSS signals 12Galileo ground infrastructure 13GNSS augmentation 145G and GNSS 15Receiver design 16Position processing 17Multi-frequency 18Signal processing 19GNSS antennas 20Receivers ca

70、pabilities 21GNSS vulnerabilities 23Protecting GNSS 24Authenticating GNSS 25PNT beyond GNSS 26European R&D 27 ESA/CNES/Arianespace/Optique Video du CSG-P Baudo10GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS TODAYINTEROPERABLE MULTI-GNSS IS THE REALITY FOR THE FORESEEABL

71、E FUTURE60802000200042005200620072008200920000192020GPS*Excluding test satellites.Reporting global coverage only(Medium Earth Orbit).GLONASSGalileoBeiDouOperational*GNSS SatellitesMEO only Continuous worldwide navigation services from multiple c

72、onstellationsThe four GNSS GPS(USA),GLONASS(RU),BeiDou(PRC)and Galileo(EU)will continue to provide navigation services with global coverage for the foreseeable future,with more than 100 GNSS satellites in Medium Earth Orbit(MEO).BeiDou-3 satellites have been launched at an impressive rate during 201

73、8-2019,and Galileo Batch 3 satellites are due to follow suit from 2021 to complete and maintain the constellation.Three Regional Navigation Satellite Systems(RNSS),namely the Indian NavIC,the Chinese BeiDou(phase 2,formerly known as Compass)and Japanese QZSS further increase the number of navi-gatio

74、n satellites in their respective coverage areas.Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS),such as the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System(EGNOS),broadcast GNSS-like signals primarily dedicated to the provision of integrity information and wide area corrections,but can also be used as e

75、xtra navigation signals.Interoperability of open services for a true multi-GNSS world,with a multi-frequency dimensionInternational coordination between GNSS,RNSS,and SBAS providers has led to the adoption of open signals of compatible frequency plans,common multiple access schemes(with GLONASS addi

76、ng CDMA to its legacy FDMA scheme),and modulation schemes(e.g.Galileo E1 and GPS L1C).This facilitates the design of multi-constellation GNSS chipsets and receivers,to the benefit of end users.Furthermore,all GNSS and RNSS constellations broadcast open signals in common multiple fre-quency bands,and

77、 SBAS will emulate them with plans to upgrade services to multiple frequencies and multiple constellations in the coming years.The GNSS world that embraced multi-constellation yesterday is adding multi-frequency to its major trends today.In addition to the baseline interoperable open signals,each GN

78、SS/RNSS provides specific services through dedicated signals and frequencies.This is the case of governmental services1 such as Galileo Public Regulated Service(PRS)or GPS Precise Positioning Service(PPS),as well as value-added services(e.g.Galileo High-Accuracy Service(HAS),QZSS L6 or BeiDou short

79、messaging service).Frequencies:a scarce resource to be protectedAll these systems transmit or plan to transmit navigation signals in two common frequency ranges:L5/E5/B2/L3 signals in the lower L Band(1164-1215 MHz)and L1/E1/B1 signals in the upper L Band(1559-1610 MHz).These frequency bands,often r

80、eferred to by the signal names they contain(L1 or E5 band),are allocated worldwide to GNSS on a primary basis and are shared with aeronautical radio navigation service(ARNS)systems.To allow harmonious development of GNSS and other radio services,the overarching principle underpinning the rules of th

81、e International Telecommunication Union(ITU)Radio Regulations is that countries should avoid causing interference to each others radio services.In this regard,coun-tries operating GNSS determine radio-frequency compatibility with each other,and other systems,using the 1dB criterion-interference that

82、 causes a 1dB rise in the noise floor of a GNSS receiver will degrade its performance and is therefore considered as unacceptably harmful interference.1 Not discussed in this report11 GNSS EVOLUTION GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020GNSS AND RNSS INFRASTRUCTURE IS

83、 CONTINUOUSLY IMPROVINGGPS(www.gps.gov)The USA are currently engaged in an ambitious GPS modernisation programme,which has deployed new satellites(GPS III)since the beginning of 2018.The two first GPS III satellites,named Vespucci and Magellan,have joined the operational GPS constellation in January

84、 and April 2020,respectively.They are the first satel-lites to feature the new L1C signal,almost identical to its Galileo OS counterpart on E1.They also broadcast the legacy L1 and the more recent L2C and L5 signals,resulting in the future availability of 4 civil GPS signals.The current(Federal Radi

85、onavigation Plan 2019)plan states:it is expected that 24 operational satellites broadcasting L2C will be available by 2020,with the corresponding ground segment capability available by 2023,enabling transition to L2C by 2023.and further:Civilian users of GPS are encouraged to start their planning fo

86、r transition now.GLONASS(www.glonass-iac.ru/en)GLONASS-K is the latest generation of GLONASS satellites.The first of these entered into service in February 2016.GLONASS-K satellites transmit CDMA signals(currently at L3=1202.025 MHz in the E5 band,but also in future at the L1 and L2 frequencies)in a

87、ddition to the legacy FDMA signals,and carry a SAR transponder.The previous generation GLONASS-M satellites have been used until 2019 for constellation maintenance,but will be superseded by GLONASS K1 and K2,from 2020 onwards.These satellites also feature improved clock stability,and new control,com

88、mand and ODTS technologies.In the longer term(post 2025),the current MEO-only constellation could be complemented by 6 additional satellites in Highly Elliptical Orbits(HEO).BeiDou()The third generation of the BeiDou system(BDS-3)reached full deployment in June 2020,with 30 satellites(24 MEO,3 GEO&3

89、 IGSO)in the nominal constella-tion,providing global and regional services.The system transmits signals on the B1(E1/L1),B2(E5/L5)and B3(E6)frequencies.Sharing frequency bands and closely resembling signal waveforms with GPS and Galileo,BDS-3 significantly contributes to the interoperable,multiple G

90、NSS world.BeiDou operates the largest constellation of 30 satellites plus possible in-orbit spares.The regional services include BDSBAS,Chinas SBAS supporting single frequency and Dual Frequency Multi-Constellation(DFMC)formats and meeting the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO)performan

91、ce requirements,a Precise Point Positioning(PPP)Service and a Regional Short Message Communication(RSMC)Service.Galileo(www.gsc-europa.eu)After the declaration of early services on 15 December 2016,Galileo continues its deployment and will start launching its so-called Batch 3 satellites in 2021 to

92、complete and replenish its nominal Galileo 1st generation constellation.In paral-lel,evolution studies are ongoing to prepare the first batch of the Galileo second generation satellites.In addition to providing a high quality open service based on innovative signals in the E1 and E5 bands,Galileo is

93、 also the first GNSS constellation to comprise a SAR capability,including the provision of a return link to users in distress.Galileo also features unique capabilities,such as the provision of Navigation Message Authentication(OS-NMA)and of an encrypted navigation signal on E6,the Commercial Authent

94、ication Service(CAS).These functions offer the first protection against spoofing available to civilian GNSS users.Finally,Galileo will provide free access to a High Accuracy Service(HAS)through the use of an open data channel also on the E6 frequency used to broadcast high-accuracy augmentation mess

95、ages.QZSS(qzss.go.jp/en)QZSS(Michibiki)has been operated as a four-satellite constellation from November 2018,and three satellites are visible at all times from locations in the Asia-Oceania region,while the current plan is to have a seven-satellite constellation by 2023.The primary purpose of QZSS

96、is to increase the availability of GPS in Japans numerous urban canyons.A secondary function is performance enhancement,increasing both accuracy and reliability of GPS.QZSS provides a variety of services,from the basic Satellite PNT Service based on the transmission of GPS-like signals,but also an S

97、BAS Transmission Service,a planned Public Regulated Service,a Sub-meter Level Augmentation Service(SLAS),a Centimeter Level Augmenta-tion Service(CLAS)and a variety of other services exploiting the data links of QZSS(e.g.a Satellite Report for Disaster and Crisis Management).NavIC(www.isro.gov.in/ir

98、nss-programme)NavIC-1l was successfully launched on 12 April 2018,to increase the NavIC constel-lation to 7 operational satellites.NavIC covers India and a region extending 1,500 kilometres(930 miles)around it,with plans for a further coverage extension by increasing the number of satellites in the

99、constellation from 7 to 11.NavIC signals consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Precision Service.Both are carried on L5(1176.45 MHz)and S band(2492.028 MHz).All GNSS or RNSS providers strive to improve the quality of the services they deliver,with new capabilities and enhanced coverage bei

100、ng announced.Better performance and higher interopera-bility will result from these efforts,whilst preserving backward compatibility with existing receivers.12GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS SIGNALS PROVIDERSIGNAL2020202242025SATELLITE NAVIGATIO

101、N SYSTEMSGLOBAL COVERAGEL1L1 CL2L2 CL5E1E5E6L1 FDMAL1 CDMAL2 FDMAL2 CDMAL3 CDMAL5 CDMAL1C/AL1CL2CL5B1B2B3REGIONAL COVERAGEL1L5S-BandSATELLITE AUGMENTATION SYSTEMSREGIONAL COVERAGEL1L5Under development4 satellites constellation4 satellites constellation4 satellites constellation4 satellites constella

102、tion7 satellites constellation7 satellites constellation7 satellites constellation7 satellites constellation L1L5Under developmentL1L5Under developmentB1CB2AL1L5Under developmentL1MTSAT basedQZS3 basedQZS3/6/7 basedSYSTEMGPSGALILEOGLONASSBEIDOUQZSSIRNSSWAASEGNOSSDCMBDSBASGAGANMSASQZSSKAZZA-SBASSPANL

103、1SL6D/EL1L5L5L1L5L1L5MOST SYSTEMS WILL SHORTLY PROVIDE FULLY OPERATIONAL MULTI-FREQUENCY SERVICESGround segment updatesGNSS ground segments continuously evolve for better performance,reliability and secu-rity.They also need upgrades to support new signals and capabilities brought by the lat-est gene

104、rations of satellites,such as GPS III or GLONASS K2.Consequently,whilst Galileo and BeiDou3 are in their first generation,both GPS and GLONASS are modernising their con-trol segments in parallel with the evolution of their space segment.As an example,the GPS ground segment is being upgraded to the N

105、ext Generation Con-trol Segment or OCX.OCX Block 1,providing full operational capability to include control of both legacy and modernized satellites and signals,is expected to be delivered in 2021.Development PlansThe figure on the right shows the current development plans for each satellite navigat

106、ion system over the next five years.The signal sets and status are reported as follows:Signal status No service Initial services Full servicesDisclaimer:System deployment plans based upon publicly available information as of July 2020.13 GALILEO GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GN

107、SS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020THE GALILEO GROUND INFRASRUCTURE ENSURES THE DELIVERY OF HIGH QUALITY SERVICESThe Galileo ground segmentThe Galileo Ground Segment comprises two control centres located at Fucino(Italy)and Oberpfaffenhofen(Germany),a global network of transmitting and receiving

108、stations including Galileo Sensor Stations(GSS),Galileo Uplink Stations(ULS),Telemetry,Tracking&Control stations(TT&C),and a series of service facilities,which support the provision of the Galileo services.It also comprises a set of Medium-Earth Orbit Local User Terminals(MEOLUTs)serving Galileos Se

109、arch and Rescue service.Madrid SvalbardReduSaint-Germain-en-LayeToulouseAzoresLarnacaOberpfaffenhofenNoordwijkJan MayenKirunaSt Pierre et MiquelonPapeeteKourouRunionKerguelenNoumaTrollWallis and FutunaMaspalomasFucino GCC(Ground Control Centre)Fucino,Oberpfaffenhofen GRC(Galileo Reference Centre)Noo

110、rdwijk GSC(European GNSS Service Centre)Madrid GSMC(Galileo Security Monitoring Centre)Madrid,Saint-Germain-en-Laye GSS(Ground Sensor Station)Azores,Fucino,Jan Mayen,Kiruna,Papeete,Redu,Runion,Kerguelen,Kourou,St Pierre et Miquelon,Svalbard,Troll,Wallis and Futuna IOT(In Orbit Test Center)Redu LEOPC

111、C(Launch and Early Operations Control Centre)Oberpfaffenhofen SAR MEOLUT(Search and Rescue Medium Earth Orbit Local User Terminal)Larnaca,Maspalomas,Runion,Svalbard SGS(SAR/Galileo Ground Segment)Toulouse TGVF(Timing and Geodetic Validation Facility)Noordwijk TT&C(Telemetry,Tracking and Control Stat

112、ions)Kiruna,Kourou,Nouma,Papeete,Redu,Runion ULS(Uplink Station)Kourou,Nouma,Papeete,Runion,SvalbardGalileo ground segmentIntroducing The Galileo Reference CentreThe Galileo Reference Centre(GRC)is a cor-nerstone of the Gali-leo service provision.Located in Noordwijk,the Netherlands,the GRC provides

113、 the Euro-pean GNSS Agency(GSA)with an independent system to monitor and evaluate the performance of the Galileo services and the quality of the GNSS signals in space.Monitoring activities are not limited to Galileo but also include the performance of other systems,such as GPS,GLONASS and BeiDou.The

114、 GRCs continuous monitoring of Galileo performance helps the GSA ensure the delivery of high-quality navigation services,so users can better rely on,and benefit from,Galileo.The GRC is fully independent of the Galileo system and of the operator both with respect to the technical solution and operati

115、ons.All of the data obtained from the monitoring activities is stored in a centralised archive.This is designed to store service performance data over the entire operational lifetime of the Galileo system.As a result,the GRC has big data to support a number of aspects related to GNSS performance ana

116、lyses.For example,the GRC supports investigations of service perfor-mance and service degradations,which is of relevance to the Gal-ileo service provision.In addition,the GRC provides GNSS service performance expertise to the Galileo Programme and European Aviation authorities in charge of different

117、 aspects,such as aviation network management and safety policies(i.e.EUROCONTROL and the EU Aviation Safety Agency,EASA).The GRC is the European hub for these kinds of activities,integrat-ing contributions from European national entities,such as research centres,timing laboratories,and national spac

118、e agencies with its own functionality.The GRC is also the designated European Monitoring and Analysis Centre for Galileo,part of a joint project of the International Committee on GNSS(ICG)of the United Nations that includes contributions from the United States(GPS),Russia(GLONASS),China(BeiDou),Japa

119、n(QZSS)and India(NavIC).Architekten CieImage adapted from ESA NavipediaThe ground segment is an essential and critical component of each GNSS.It consists of a global network of ground facilities that track the satellites,monitor their transmissions,perform analyses,establish the system time,compute

120、the satellite orbits and clocks,and send commands and data to the constellation.As such,its functions can be compared to the role of the brain and nervous system in a human body.14GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS AUGMENTATIONPUBLIC AUGMENTATION SYSTEMS ENHA

121、NCE GNSS PERFORMANCE AND MOVE TOWARDS NEW MARKETSWAASSDCM*EGNOSMSASBDSBASKASSSPANA-SBASGAGANWASS2003SDCM2021KASS2022A-SBAS2024BDSBAS2022MSAS2007EGNOS2011GAGAN2013SPAN2023Operational/certifiedfor civil aviationPlanningUnder development/definition*System not yet certified for civil aviationFuture SBAS

122、 services look to exploit the increased accuracy offered by dual-frequency systems for more demanding applicationsDeveloped in the 1990s to fulfil primarily the needs of the avia-tion community,Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems(SBAS)have been widely adopted by many other user segments that requir

123、e improved accuracy performance,such as agriculture and maritime.There are four operational SBAS with plans for continued improve-ments(WAAS(USA),EGNOS(EU),MSAS(Japan),GAGAN(India)and five additional SBAS in various phases of development(SDCM(RU),BDSBAS(PRC),A-SBAS(ASECNA),KASS(South Korea)and SPAN(

124、Australia and New Zealand).Whilst the first generation of SBAS systems offers augmentation services to GPS L1,the second generation intends to support both dual-(L1 and E5)and sin-gle-frequency(L1)operations,along with supporting correction data for signals originating from multiple GNSS constellati

125、ons.In Europe,the upgrade of EGNOS(EGNOS V3)will augment Galileo E1 and E5a and GPS L1 and L5 signals from 2025.The move towards multi-frequency multi-constellation capabil-ities of future systems will enable greater positioning accuracy,increase availability,and improve robustness to unintentional

126、interference and ionospheric perturbations.These technical evolutions have created opportunities to meet the demand of new markets outside the core aviation sector.Hence,EGNOS,BDSBAS,SDCM,A-SBAS and SPAN service providers consider the possibility of providing value-added services,primarily a Precise

127、 Point Positioning(PPP)service,thus targeting the booming high accuracy market for all.The provision of a PPP service through SBAS is particularly rele-vant for high-accuracy applications in remote areas with a low density of GNSS reference stations and to serve a higher number of users(a problem of

128、 Network RTK).It could support stringent operations of inland waterways navigation,or machinery guid-ance,to quote only few.An international coordination effort is engaged to ensure that existing GNSS services(particularly safety-of-life services)will not be adversely affected by the move underway.C

129、oordination efforts involve the SBAS Interoperability Working Group(IWG),which comprises the various SBAS service providers,as well as the International Committee on GNSS(ICG),and ICAO Navigation System Panel.The Annex 2 presents current plans for PPP delivery via SBAS.SBAS indicative service areas1

130、5Examples of telecommunication applications profiting from 5G5G ENABLES UBIQUITOUS CONNECTIVITY AND CAN CONTRIBUTE TO POSITIONING 5G AND GNSS GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020The 5G promisesMobile technology has evolved from a predominantly people-to-people platf

131、orm(3G)toward people-to-information connectivity on a global scale(4G).5G is the first mobile system designed to connect everything.5G is expected to unleash a Massive Internet of Things(MIoT)ecosystem and critical communications applications,where networks can meet the communication needs of billio

132、ns of connected devices,with the appropriate trade-off between speed,latency,and cost.5G will be used for:Enhanced mobile broadband(EMBB)enables real-world speeds of hundreds of Mbps and higher.This delivers much more capacity to efficiently support unlimited data.These improve-ments to the network

133、will extend cellular coverage into a broader range of structures including office buildings,industrial parks,shopping malls,and large venues,and will improve capacity to handle a significantly greater number of devices using high volumes of data,especially in localised areas.Massive Internet of Thin

134、gs(MIoT)is enabled by 5Gs improved low-power requirements,the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum,and its ability to provide deeper and more flexible wide-area coverage.These properties will drive significantly lower costs within MIoT settings and enable the full scale of MIoT.Mis

135、sion Critical Services(MCS)drive new market opportunities for mobile technology,including applications that require high reliability,ultra-low latency connectivity with strong security and availability,such as autonomous vehicles,vehicle-to-everything(V2X)applications and remote operation of complex

136、 automation equipment where failure is not an option.Positioning in 5GContrary to existing radio networks where positioning has only been an add-on feature,for 5G mobile radio networks the positioning is seen as an integral part of the system design and will play a key role,enabling a huge amount of

137、 different location-based services and applications.Technologies deployed in 5G networks include a wide bandwidth for better time resolution,new frequency bands in the mm-wave range and massive antenna arrays,which in turn enable highly accurate Direction of arrival(DoA)and Time of Arrival(ToA)estim

138、ation especially in direct line-of-sight conditions.This makes 5G networks a convenient environment for accurate positioning,targeting metre or even sub-metre accuracies.This is all the more true as the networks will get denser,e.g.in urban and deep urban environments where GNSS reception is difficu

139、lt or denied.Thus,it is expected that hybrid GNSS/5G will be the core of future location engines for many appli-cations in the LBS and IoT domains,with a significantly improved location performance in cities.5G,Mobility and AutomationWith failsafe wireless connections,faster data speeds and extensiv

140、e data capacity,5G can provide the connectivity backbone required to enable cooperative positioning as well as the safe opera-tion of driverless cars,UAVs,mobile robots and,more generally,the world of Autonomous Things.In the automotive sector,5Gs Mission Critical Services will support mission criti

141、cal Vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V),vehicle-to-infrastructure(V2I)and some other Intelligent Transport Systems(ITS)applica-tions,such as the next generation of driver-assisted cars,which will need real-time safety systems that can exchange data with other vehicles and fixed infrastructure around them.This w

142、ill lay the foundation for driverless cars.In addition to its trend toward increased automation and autonomy,the transport sector is a significant beneficiary of wireless connectivity in ports,airports,and railways for logistics and digitalisation.The applications here include large-file and real-ti

143、me data exchange,real-time information,exchange of data from multiple domains(transportation,public administration,emergency services,weather sensing,etc.)requiring connectivity to infrastructure,supported by 5Gs MIoT.These large volumes of data need to be accurately synchronised to a common time so

144、urce to ensure the systems can integrate and prioritise information effectively.UtilitymanagementeHealthSmartmobilityWaterqualityDomoticsSmart carCar-to-carcommunicationEntertainmentApps beyond imaginationConnectedhouseSmart gridsTrafficprioritySecurity&surveillanceSmartwearablesSmartparkingAdapted

145、from EC16GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW RECEIVER DESIGN GNSS RECEIVERS CONTINUOUSLY EVOLVE TO OFFER ENHANCED PERFORMANCE The evolution of receiver design is enabled by technolog-ical developments in the semiconductor industry,including increased processing pow

146、er to support more GNSS channels,and the development of low-cost sensors that allows tighter coupling with different technologies and brings positioning to GNSS-deprived locations.Simultaneously,market pressures exert a pull towards increased accuracy,improved performance in all environments,reduced

147、 time-to-first-fix(TTFF)and robustness against jamming or spoofing.This simplified diagram presents the building blocks of a typical GNSS receiver with its main characteristics(the most important or rapidly evolving of which are highlighted in red).This architecture is typical of a self-contained GN

148、SS receiver.The advent of multi-frequency receivers does not significantly affect this functional diagram,but it does impact several components,notably the antenna(1),the RF front-end(2),and the Baseband processing(4)which are(in a gross approximation)replicated for each frequency.1.Antenna(+preampl

149、ifier)Receives,amplifies,and band-pass filters GNSS signals.Dimensions:Frequency band(s)Active or passive Gain CSWaP*Selectivity Noise factor Phase Centre(Controlled or fixed)Radiation pattern Multipath rejection Jamming mitigation Spoofing mitigation6.Input/Output interfacesConverts data produced i

150、n internal formats into recognised formats such as NMEA.After reformatting,the data is output over a suitable data interface such as RS-232,Ethernet,Bluetooth or a combination of several of these.The selection of the interface is often application-domain specific.2.RF down converterDown-converts and

151、 filters RF signals to an intermediate frequency(IF)compatible with analogue-to-digital converter(ADC)-acceptable input.Dimensions:Input frequency/ies Phase noise Linearity Automatic Gain Control(AGC)Isolation3.Analogue to Digital converterConverts the analogue IF signal into a digital representatio

152、n.Dimensions:Linearity Number of bits/Dynamic range Jitter Bandwidth Interface to baseband4.Baseband processingAcquires and tracks incoming signals,demodulates navigation data.Dimensions:Number of channels Signal components processed Measurement rate Measurement noise(C/N0)Continuous vs.snapshot or

153、duty cycling Dynamics Multipath mitigation Interference and jamming mitigation Spoofing mitigation5.PVT(&Application)processingComputes the estimated position and receiver time offset relative to the constellations reference time.Dimensions:Solution type(GNSS,DGNSS,RTK,PPP)Sensor hybridisation Suppo

154、rted augmentation services Single or Multi constellation Update rate LatencyLocalOscillatorRFRFFront-EndAnalogueto DigitalconverterAntennaAnalogueIFDigitalIFInputs/OutputsUser InterfaceBasebandProcessing PVTProcessingRaw Data&Navigation messagePowerSupply123456GNSS receiver functional block diagram*

155、Cost,Size,Weight and Power17 POSITION PROCESSING GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020THE COMPLEX NATURE OF GNSS SIGNALS REQUIRES SOPHISTICATED PROCESSING METHODSGNSS signal components are similar for all current constellationsThe structure of GNSS signals comprises

156、three main components:Carrier sinusoidal electromagnetic waves generated by an oscillator synchronized with an atomic clock on every satellite.Carrier frequencies are chosen in the range 1100-1600 MHz and are used to transmit information(through modulation with spreading codes and data component,whe

157、n present),and for carrier phase ranging.Spreading codes seemingly random binary sequences,that can be reproduced in a deter-ministic manner by intended receivers.They are mainly used to spread the signal spectrum for increased strength,immunity to interference and authorization of the signal usabil

158、ity for public,military,commercial or other services.Codes are typically generated at 1-10 MHz.After de-spreading the signal in the correlator,the GNSS receiver is able to perform synchronization over time and code phase ranging.Data component low-frequency data streams(e.g.125 Hz for Galileo I/NAV)

159、containing navigation information:primarily satellite clock and ephemeris data(CED)but also ionospheric correction models,service parameters,integrity and authentication indicators,and other data.Some signals(named pilot)are not modulated with data for improved tracking performance.Different observa

160、bles provide scalable accuracy levels and servicesThe PVT solution is computed using either code phase or carrier phase-derived satellite to receiver ranges(so called observables),together with information from the data component and various models for error mitigation.The precision achieved is inve

161、rsely proportional to the frequency of the processed signal,i.e.high frequency yields high precision.Hence,carrier phase observables typically lead to over 1000 times higher precision than code phase.However,the carrier phase is much more fragile(subject to cycle slips),while code,despite yielding l

162、ower precision is more robust.Carrier phase is used to determine highly precise fractional ranges to the satellites by measuring the phase of the synthetic observable generated in the receiver(a combination of the received signal and internally reproduced replica).Such measurements however provide o

163、nly fractional(sub one cycle)information,while the integer number of cycles remains unknown.The main difficulty lies in the estimation of the integer number of cycles,in a process called ambiguity resolution.Code phase is used to measure the delay of the incoming code relative to its local replica,w

164、hich yields an estimate of the approximate range to the satellite with a precision of up to several metres.Depending on the receiver capabilities,code measurements may be further refined through smoothing with the carrier phase without the need of ambiguity resolution.Positioning with code-based pro

165、cessing methods generally provides sufficient accuracy,with adequate robustness.Where maximum accuracy is needed,carrier-based processing with centi-metre-level accuracy is predominant:the carrier phase is observed through sophisticated receivers,capable of complex multi-frequency combinations with

166、ultimate precision levels.Errors affecting the observations depend on multiple physical parametersSatellite errors are mainly caused by residual errors in the Orbit Determination and Time Synchroni-sation(ODTS)process in the GNSS ground segment,which predicts the satellite clock and ephemeris data,a

167、nd some imperfectly known or modelled errors in the satellite electronics and hardware.Environmental errors are caused by the ionospheric and tropospheric layers through which the signal passes.The ionosphere modifies the electromagnetic waves propagation speed in a frequency-dependent manner,while

168、the troposphere generates frequency-independent delays.Local errors are caused by sources that depend on either the measurement conditions(e.g.signal reflection/multipath and satellite geometry),the quality of the receiver(clock stability,processing noise and hardware biases),the antenna phase centr

169、e offset,or variation.Position processing incorporates two major methods for error mitigationGNSS errors are usually reduced via two modelling methods:the Observation Space Representa-tion(OSR)provides a single compound ranging correction as observed in a nearby(real or virtual)reference station,whi

170、le in the State Space Representation(SSR)method,the various error sources are estimated separately by a network of continuously operating reference stations(CORS)before being sent to the receiver.Some parameters(e.g.environmental delays for PPP)are estimated inside the receiver rather than from CORS

171、 networks.The PPP-RTK method combines elements from both methods and provides scalable accuracy to all user segments from Mass Market to High-Accuracy.The emergence of high-accuracy mass market applications shows a strong potential for widespread utilisation of PPP-RTK.More details on the capabiliti

172、es of these methods are given on page 68.GNSS error components versus mitigation strategiesGNSS satelliteCode basedCarrier basedDGNSS(OSR)SBAS(SSR)RTK(OSR)PPP-RTK(SSR)PPP(SSR)GLOBAL(system)SV orbit error SV clock error SV biasREGIONAL/LOCAL(propagation)Ionosphere TroposphereLOCAL(environment&recieve

173、r)Multipath Receiver errorsReceiver/user18GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW MULTI-FREQUENCY MULTI-FREQUENCY IS INCREASINGLY USED IN THE PVT METHODS Major GNSS position computation strategiesMethod*SPPDGNSSSBASRTKPPP-RTKPPPObservableCodeCodeCodeCarrierCarrierCode/

174、CarrierPositioningAbsolute(in the GNSS reference frame)RelativeRelativeRelativeAbsolute(in the tracking network reference frame)Absolute(in the tracking network reference frame)Comm LinkNoYesYes(GNSS like)YesYesYesSingle Frequency(SF)Dual Frequency(DF)Triple Frequency(TF)SF or DFSFSF currentDF plann

175、edMostly DF(SF)DF or TF(SF)DF or TFTime To First Fix(TTFF)Rx TTFFAs SPP+time to receive correctionsAs DGNSSAs DGNSS+time to resolve ambiguitiesFaster than PPP,but slower than RTKAs RTK,but time to estimate ambiguities significantly higher(more unknowns)AccuracyHorizontal5-10 m DF15-30 m SF 1 m to 5

176、m 1 m1 cm+1 ppm baseline 10 cm 10 cm to 10 nautical miles of error per hour)IMUs have been used in loosely coupled solutions,while the more sophisticated tight or ultra-tight solutions integrate navigation grade(1 nautical mile of error per hour)IMUs and high-grade professional GNSS receivers.Sensor

177、s are improving Small,robust and low-cost inertial sensors(e.g.,Micro Electrical Mechanical Sensors(MEMS)have been available on the market for several years and are delivering ever increasing performance.As an example,the best MEMS-based accelerometers are currently navigation grade.In parallel,prog

178、ress in optical technology and photonics enable miniaturisation and manufacturing of fibre optic gyroscopes(FOGs)at low C-SWaP(cost,size,weight and power).GNSSInertial Navigation System(INS)Absolute position fixingOrientation and relative positioningOutdoorsEverywhereSuperior long-term stabilitySupe

179、rior short-term stabilitySubject to RFIImmune to RFIRequires ground and space infrastructureSelf-containedSome of INS and GNSS technologies characteristics27 EUROPEAN R&D GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020EUROPEAN GNSS DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRY AT THE FOREFRONT OF INNOV

180、ATION SeptentrioGIDAS by OHB Digital GNSS Interference Detection&Analysis System is used as a standalone monitoring station for interference detection and classification.Features include real-time GNSS signal monitoring,multi-signal band monitoring(GPS:L1,L2,L5;Galileo:E1,E5;GLONASS:G1,G2;BeiDou:B1,

181、B2;SBAS),GNSS interference detec-tion,classification of GNSS interference signals,and analysis and comparison of interference events in post-processing.More information at:ohb-digital.atMOSAICTM-X5 by SeptentrioCompact,Low-power,multi-band&multi-constellation GNSS receiver module,supporting all Gali

182、leo bands and ready for E6.Designed for mass market appli-cations.Advanced anti-jamming and anti-spoofing technology.Uncompromising RTK performance which provides highly robust centimetre-level positioning with extremely low latency and very high update rate at 100 Hz.More information at:SATGUARD by

183、 FUGROSATGUARD is a Navigation Message Authentication system covering all GNSS constellations.SATGUARD servers validate the messages using information collected from our proprietary global receiver network,and provide signatures allowing users to authenticate the navigation messages they receive.A s

184、imilar protection of the correction data for the G4 PPP service is also included.SATGUARD provides a simple means of detecting faked GNSS signals.More information at:GSS9000 by SpirentThe GSS9000 simulator features up to 320 channels and 10 outputs in one chassis.With sub-0.3 millimetres RMS pseudor

185、-ange accuracy,a stable 1 KHz simulation iteration rate,and main-taining full specification performance at channel capacity and maximum dynamics,the GSS9000 is a test tool for critical and demanding applications.More information at: SpirentEuropean downstream GNSS industry is at the cutting edge of

186、innovation in some GNSS solutions thanks to substantial investment in R&D.Some members of the industry have benefitted from European R&D funding mechanisms including Horizon 2020 and Fundamental Elements.This page features four innovative technologies devel-oped by Galileo Services members.There are

187、 still many unexplored opportunities for GNSS applications and services in Europe.Galileo Services The leading industry organ-isation focusing on down-stream in the European GNSS programmes:Non-profit organisation founded in 2002 Network representing more than 180 companies Member companies active a

188、cross the whole value chain and in all domains of applications Stimulates downstream technology(terminals,applications and services)to maximise the poten-tial of the GNSS applications marketMore information at:http:/www.galileo-services.orgPage provided by Galileo Services28GNSS User Technology Repo

189、rt|Issue 3,2020 GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW EUROPEAN R&D GSA TOOLS THAT DRIVE INNOVATION OF GNSS APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGYGSA GNSS downstream R&D programmes To foster the adoption of Galileo and EGNOS-powered services across all market segments,the GSA supports two complementary R&D funding mech

190、anisms:Fundamental Elements(FE)focuses on supporting development of innovative chipsets,receivers,and other associated technologies that integrate Galileo and EGNOS into competitive devices for dedicated user communities/target markets.Horizon 2020(H2020)encourages the adoption of Galileo and EGNOS

191、via content and application development.It also supports the integration of E-GNSS services into devices,along with eventual commercialisation.The Fundamental Elements of European GNSSWith a budget of 100 million over 2015 2020,Fundamental Elements aims to develop market-ready GNSS chipsets,receiver

192、s,and antennas.The markets targeted by these end-products include all segments,to varying degrees:Aviation,Consumer Solutions,Agri-culture,Surveying,Rail,Road,Maritime,Timing and Synchronisation and government-approved users(PRS).By end of June 2020,three projects were successfully concluded,with 19

193、 ongoing and many upcoming.There have been 73 entities involved from 13 different European countries.The funding of Fundamental Elements supported activities including grants of up to 70%of the total budget as well as tenders/procurement.In line with the current developments,a next FE Work Programme

194、(WP)is being defined.It will continue to be driven and prioritised by application user needs and target commercial products with the implementation of current Galileo unique value-added services.More information can be found here:gsa.europa.eu/r-d/gnss-r-d-programmes/fundamental-elements Horizon 202

195、0Horizon 2020 is the current EU Research and Innovation programme,offering nearly 80 billion in funding over 2014 2020.European GNSS applications are part of the Space Theme,having synergies with topics on societal challenges.All five H2020 calls on E-GNSS market uptake have now been launched,with a

196、 total budget of 139.3 million.More information about the projects can be found here:gsa.europa.eu/gnss-h2020-projects There are currently 70 H2020 projects granted within H2020 E-GNSS market uptake calls(excluding the 5th call projects to be signed by the end of 2020).These projects have supported

197、434 benefi-ciaries from 29 countries.SMEs have receive important support,accounting for 34%of the sum of the EU grant budget.Overall,H2020 projects help to maximise the uptake of Galileo and EGNOS and to realise the potential of the European GNSS industry,and contribute to growth,competitiveness and

198、 jobs in the sector,while enabling public benefits.More information can be found here:gsa.europa.eu/r-d/h2020/introductionHorizon EuropeThe upcoming Framework Programme will bring new funding opportunities for E-GNSS down-stream applications.During consultations on E-GNSS Research and Innovation fun

199、ding priorities,stakeholders agreed that after 2020 the priorities are the following:Continue the development of fundamental elements and close-to-market E-GNSS applications,linked to EU strategic challenges.Foster market uptake in regulated market segments that has longer-term implementation cycles

200、.Position Galileo as a leader in segments where its unique features/differentiators make a difference.Support the Public Sector as a customer of Galileo.Foster competitiveness of the EU downstream industry and SMEs/start-ups and leverage regional competences.More information can be found here:gsa.eu

201、ropa.eu/sites/default/files/uploads/european_gnss_down-stream_research_innovation_priorities_and_consultation_results.pdf29 EUROPEAN R&D GNSS USER TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020STATISTICS ON FOUR H2020 E-GNSS CALLS HIGHLIGHT STRONG EUROPE-WIDE INTERESTIE 2UK5 23NL 18BE3

202、 25LU 1DE6 48CZ1 16PL2 10EEFI3SE2 7NO2 3LVLTSK 2AT 10SI 1HRRS 2MD1UA3HU 3RO 2BG 2TR 3 MT 1 CY1 2FR10 58ES14 75PT1 4CH 1 9IT19 69 European Space Week 2020:Make space in your calendarMark your calendar for European Space Week 2020,and dont miss out on the leading European space programmes conference,c

203、onnecting business,policy-makers,international experts and space application user communities.The event takes place online from 7 to 11 December 2020.Four E-GNSS H2020 calls in a nutshellEU27:Entities from 23 member states involved 60 coordinators and 374 partners involved in totalOutside EU27:Entit

204、ies from 29 countries involved 10 coordinators and 87 partners and involved in totalNon-EU countries(outside of depicted area)Number ofPartnersAustralia1Brazil5Canada3China3Egypt1India4Israel1 and 2 coordinatorsJapan3Malaysia1Morocco1Palestine1Samoa2Senegal3Thailand2Togo1United States1VietNam2Taiwan

205、3Korea2Dominican Republic1 Member States of the European Union 1 Number of coordinators 1 Number of partnersE-GNSS H2020 calls:number of partners and coordinators per countryME1 XK2NMK1EL112Member States of the European Union(EU):AT Austria,BE Belgium,BG Bulgaria,CY Cyprus,CZ Czech Republic,DK Denma

206、rk,DE Germany,EE Estonia,EL Greece,ES Spain,FI Finland,FR France,HR Croatia,HUHungary,IEIreland,ITItaly,LTLithuania,LULuxembourg,LVLatvia,MTMalta,NLNetherlands,PLPoland,PTPortugal,RORomania,SESweden,SISlovenia,SKSlovakia,UKUnited Kingdom(until 31 January 2020).Non-EU countries:CHSwitzerland,MEMonten

207、egro,MDMoldova,NMKNMK Republic of North Macedonia,NONorway,RSSerbia,TRTurkey,UAUkraine,UKUnited Kingdom(as of 1 February 2020),XKKosovo.Macrosegment characteristics 31Receiver capabilities 33Industrial landscape 34Receiver form factor 35Drivers and trends 36E-GNSS added value 45HIGH-VOLUME DEVICES30

208、31GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020MACROSEGMENT CHARACTERISTICS FAST AQUISITION AT LOW POWER DESIRED IN THE HIGH-VOLUME MARKETCharacterisation of high-volume devicesHigh volume devices are those devices intended for widespread use and produced in large volumes.Within this report,they refer to

209、 the GNSS-technology solutions related to the following applications:Consumer solutions:smartphones/tablets,wearables and portable devices;Internet of Things(IoT):physical devices connected to the internet;Automotive solutions:tracking and navigation(as self-driving vehicles are safety-critical,they

210、 have been included in the next macrosegment chapter);Drones:devices with chipset technology similar to other high-volume devices,and with less stringent performance requirements on parameters such as accuracy than safety-and liability-critical devices.Typically,high-volume devices relate to the Ope

211、n category of the EASA drone categorisation,which includes drones that fly below 120m and within visual line of sight(VLOS);Robotics:tracking and navigation with a focus on those that require outdoor positioning;Augmented Reality;and Sports solutions,including leisure maritime and aviation solutions

212、.In many areas,there is a trend towards using high-volume devices for professional applications.A key example of this is innovative devices developed for leisure maritime and aviation are being used in professional and even military applications due to their advanced features.These technologies incl

213、ude smartwatches and portable navigation devices developed for consumer use,which are now sophisticated enough to be used as backup navigation devices in professional and military settings.Smartphone applications are also beginning to rival the capabilities of dedicated profes-sional navigation and

214、chart plotting/route planning technologies in the aviation and maritime fields.Key performance parameters for mass marketThe definition of the key performance parameters for the high-volume market have not changed since the previous report.However,the importance of the parameters vary among differen

215、t high-volume applications.All high-volume applications are interested in high availability and low Time-To-First-Fix(TTFF),however,a low TTFF is of prime importance for drones,robotics and automotive solutions.Indoor penetration is also a key concern for most high-volume applications,while it prese

216、nts a medium priority for drones,as most consumer drones are used outdoors.Power consumption is important across all high-volume solutions but is a key priority for IoT applications.Accuracy is of moderate importance in most applications,while augmented reality,robotics and automotive applications p

217、lace higher importance on this parameter.Latency has a lesser impor-tance for most high-volume applications,except for robotics and augmented reality applications,which require low latency to provide a truly immersive experience.Key Performance Parameter (KPP)*High-volume DevicesAccuracy Availabilit

218、y Continuity Indoor penetration Integrity Latency*Power consumption Robustness Time-To-First-Fix(TTFF)High priority Medium priority Low priority *The Key Performance Parameters are defined in Annex 3*Latency is of high priority for robotics and augmented reality applications,but is of lesser priorit

219、y to other high-volume applicationsHigh-volume devices key performance parameters32GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020MACROSEGMENT CHARACTERISTICS HIGH-VOLUME DEVICES RESPOND TO DIVERSE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS High-volume device applications vary in their level of maturity.Applications such as

220、 location-based services and automotive navigation have well-defined use cases and established market players.Applications including consumer drones and mHealth are beginning to reach maturity after years of technology and market development.Other applications including augmented reality,robotics an

221、d smart clothing are emerging markets with rapidly developing use cases and technological needs.The figure below(left)shows a summary of the level of maturity of main applications.In addition to having diverse levels of maturity,high-volume applications vary in their performance requirements.Applica

222、tions differ in the level of accuracy they require from GNSS chipsets,as well as in the frequency of position updates.The figure on the bottom right charts the performance requirements with relation to accuracy and update rate for common high-volume GNSS applications.High-volume device applications

223、with high performance requirements regarding both accuracy and update rate include AR applications,robotics,and mapping and GIS.The middle of the chart shows applications that require moderate accuracy levels and update rates,including LBS,automotive navigation,fitness tracking,geocaching and drones

224、.Applications that require periodic updates and accuracy in the range of 5-10 metres include mHealth and leisure maritime and General Aviation navigation.SmartclothingConsumer droneMaturityUPDATE RATEPeriodicContinuousTime on the market1m5-10mAccuracyAugmented RealityRoboticsPeople,pet&asset trackin

225、gmHealthFitness&Performance MonitoringLeisure Maritime&GA NavigationGeocachingLBSNavigationMapping&GISMapping&GISAutomotiveNavigationRoboticsAugmentedRealityGeocachingAutomotiveNavigationConsumerdroneFitness&PerformanceMonitoringLBSNavigationPeople,pet&asset trackingLeisure Maritime&GA NavigationSma

226、rt clothingmHealthLevel of maturity of high-volume device applicationsRelative performance requirements of high-volume device applications33GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020RECEIVER CAPABILITIES0%20%40%60%80%100%L1L2E5E60%20%40%60%80%100%Frequency capability of GNSS receivers1Constellation ca

227、pability of GNSS receivers2123410%20%40%30%50%60%70%Supported frequencies by GNSS receivers3Supported constellations by GNSS receivers41 shows the percentage of receivers supporting each frequency band2 shows the percentage of receivers capable of trackingeach constellation4 shows the percentage of

228、receivers capable of tracking 1,2,3or all 4 global constellationsGPSNavICQZSSBeiDouGLONASSGalileoSBAS0%123420%10%50%40%30%100%70%80%90%60%3 shows the percentage of receivers capable of tracking 1,2,3 or all the 4 frequencies0%L1+L2+E5All frequenciesL1 onlyL1+E5L1+L2GPS onlyAll GPS+GLONASS+BeiDouGPS+

229、Galileo+BeiDouGPS+Galileo+GLONASS GPS+BeiDouGPS+GLONASSGPS+GalileoDUAL FREQUENCY IS THE NEW DIFFERENTIATOR WHILE MULTI-CONSTELLATION EXPANDS IN BUDGET DEVICESMulti-constellation is now standard for high-volume chipsets.In the high-end and mid-range smartphone chipset market,dual frequency is becomin

230、g the norm.All large players have released dual-frequency chipsets,and the first dual-frequency chipsets targeting the budget device market are now becoming available.Maximum use of constellationsThe inclusion of all possible constellations is a key trend,as providers now move to include all availab

231、le constellations in their chips in order to achieve enhanced availability and accuracy.This is becoming the case even in mid-range and budget phones,showing the democratisation of multi-constellation technology and the blurring of the divide between premium and low-cost devices.Some chipsets announ

232、ced in 2020 saw NavIC added to the mix of constellations in chipsets for the first time.A majority of silicon chipsets are manufactured in fabrication plants in the Asia,including in particular,the low end of the market.As a result there is a boom in the low-end market from companies based in the re

233、gion.These companies adopt BeiDou and GLONASS by default.Dual frequency becoming widely available Dual frequency has not only become a strategic choice for high-end devices but is also entering the mid-range smartphone market.2017 saw the introduction of the first premium high-volume chipsets incorp

234、orating L5/E5a signals.Smartphones incorporating these chipsets were first launched in June 2018,with encouraging high-accuracy positioning results.Until June 2020,more than 50 smartphone models with dual-frequency capabilities have been launched.*Although there are many different dual frequency sma

235、rtphone models,they share a smaller number of chipsets and as a result the dual frequency support in the charts may be underestimated.The market is expected to adopt dual frequency as a mainstream option for mid-range and,subsequently,budget phones.However,single frequency still dominates the chipse

236、ts currently on offer in terms of models.Dual-frequency receivers offer improved accuracy and robustness,and potential access to high-accuracy tech-niques.Previously,such techniques were only common in professional products.However,challenges still persist with the use of high-accuracy techniques wi

237、thin most high-volume devices,due to issues including the use of low-quality antennas,the use of duty cycling and the lack of phase tracking.Disclaimer:The above charts reflect manufacturers publicly available claims regarding their products capabilities and judgement on the domains to which they ar

238、e applicable.Use in actual applications may vary due to issues such as certification,implementation in the end user product,and software/firmware configuration.*Visit usegalileo.eu for a comprehensive list of dual-frequency smartphone models34GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020INDUSTRIAL LANDSC

239、APENote:This list does not include system and terminal integrators,and therefore some key industry players may not appear in the list.Manufacturers appear in alphabetical order.DESPITE VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF THE SMARTPHONE SUPPLY CHAIN,FLAGSHIP MANUFACTURERS RETAIN THEIR MARKET POSITIONKey players

240、retain dominance,new players enter smartphone marketQualcomm,Broadcom and Mediatek dominate chipset sales to the high-end and mid-range smartphone market.New players from Asia,such as Allystar and Unisoc,provide chipsets to the Asian and African smartphone market,and are gaining market share.Another

241、 tendency is the move towards in-house production of chipsets by smartphone providers,including Samsung,Huawei and Apple.This helps controlling costs,and guards against over-dependence on external manufacturers.However,it often comes with a trade-off in terms of functionality.Indeed,for high-end dev

242、ices,smartphone providers continue to purchase chipsets from flagship manufacturers.DJI leads the drone market,while u-blox provide platform-integrated chipsets.In automotive,u-blox,Qualcomm and Broadcom are active in the navigation segment,while u-blox and STMi-croelectronics lead the smart mobilit

243、y segment.In wearables and IoT,Broadcom,Mediatek and u-blox hold significant market shares.Increasing adoption of dual frequency and wideband E5 only chipsets entering the marketBroadcom became the first chipset manufacturer to offer dual-frequency chips in 2017.In 2020,Qualcomm released three dual-

244、frequency Snapdragon chipsets and Lenovo and Allystar released the first smartphone chip capable of tracking BeiDous B2a signal.In September 2020,oneNav announced its entry into the market with the first ever single frequency,wideband E5 GNSS receiver.Because of its simplicity,the single frequency d

245、esign is well suited to highly size constrained devices such as smartphones and wearables.This is an important milestone,leveraging the high quality wideband E5 signals,and a potential turning point for high-volume devices,achieving high performance with innovative designs.Acquisitions help strength

246、en the position of dominant playersIn 2019,Apple acquired Intels GNSS division as part of a wider acquisition of Intels smartphone modem business.Apple and Qualcomm have reportedly reached a multi-year agreement for the supply of parts,so Apple may follow the path of Samsung and continue to source a

247、 share of chips externally.u-blox has diversified its IoT offering by acquiring Rigados Bluetooth business.Rigados portfolio of Bluetooth products includes low-energy modules providing Edge-as-a-Service for IoT.The acquisition is intended to open new markets for u-blox in the smart home,wearables an

248、d fitness segments.APPLE(INTEL)North A BROADCOMNorth AHUAWEI(HISILICON)Asia-PMEDIATEKAsia-PQUALCOMMNorth ASAMSUNGAsia-P STMICROELECTRONICSEU-BLOXEuropeu-blox.chUNISOCAsia-PLeading components manufacturersA major step forward in dual frequency GNSS with BCM4776With flagship smartphones already benefi

249、ting from L1/E1+L5/E5 dual frequency GNSS,Broadcom has focused on raising the bar yet again.Complex technology success stories are always a team effort.No single entity can achieve the same results as a synchronised team.That is an important factor behind this years GNSS inno-vation by Broadcom,tapp

250、ing into the completion of the BeiDou3 constellation by including its signals in the L5/E5 band.The brand new BCM4776 chip adds support for the B2a and B1C signals of Beidou3 and optimises support for the L1/E1+L5/E5 signals of GPS and Galileo.The entire Galileo programme is fully committed to the d

251、ual frequency L1/E1+L5/E5 and pilot signals technologies,and has driven it to maturity during the last decade.With the combination of Galileo+BeiDou3,results are now spectacular 30 additional L5 and pilot signals and avail-able in BCM4776,which provides higher location accuracy,higher sensitivity an

252、d lower power.This L1+L5 maturity level achieved in BCM4776,coupled with the now ubiquitous L5 signals,has enabled very exciting new features.A good example is the much improved L5-based urban pedestrian performance.Another example is the use of advanced corrections to the L5 signals to achieve lane

253、-level accuracy for motorway driving.This Broadcom technology,called HDGPS,is expected to power next years flagship smartphones.Synchronising different teams towards the common goal of higher GNSS performance is definitely worth the effort,and the industry collaboration around BCM4776 has proven tha

254、t.Broadcom has raised the performance bar again!Testimonial provided by the company35GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020RECEIVER FORM FACTORDisclaimer:The above specifications represent a typical chip/SoC package or module based on manufacturers published literature for their latest products.Co

255、nsequently discrepancies may exist between the installed receivers characteristics and those stated above.*Excludes chipsets for safety-critical/autonomous applications.*Premium chipsets now incorporate dual frequency.FeaturesLBS chipIoT chipDrones moduleAutomotive*moduleDimensions4 x 4 x 0,5 mm4 x

256、4 x 0,5 mm24 x 24 x 4 mm12 x 12 x 2 mmWeight0.1 g0.1 g8 g1 gOperating temperature range-40 to+85C-40 to+85C-40 to+85C-40 to+105CPower supply1.4-3.6 V1.4-4.3 V1.8-5.5 V1.65-3.6 VCurrent consumptionHibernate10 A10 A15 A15 AAcquisition19 mA17 mA37 mA24 mATracking3-8 mA0,5-8 mA22 mA22 mANumber of channe

257、ls727272-18472-184Number of frequencies1-2*11-2*1-2*Time-To-First-FixCold start30 s30 s30 s32 sHot start1.5 s1.5 s2 s2 sAided starts3 s3 s2 s4 sSensitivityTracking-167 dBm-160 dBm-167 dBm-167 dBmAcquisition-160 dBm-160 dBm-160 dBm-160 dBmCold start-148 dBm-148 dBm-148 dBm-148 dBmHot start-156 dBm-15

258、7 dBm-157 dBm-157 dBmMax navigation update rate5-10 Hz2-10 Hz10-25 Hz5-30 HzVelocity accuracy0.05 m/s0.05 m/s0.05 m/s0.05 m/sHorizontal position accuracyAutonomous2.5 m2 m1.5 m2.5 mSBAS2 mN/A1 m1.5 mAccuracy of time pulse signalRMS30 nsN/A30 ns30 ns99%60 nsN/A60 ns60 nsFrequency of time pulse signal

259、0.25 to 10HzN/A0.25 to 10Hz0.25 to 10HzOperational limitsDynamics4 gN/A4 g4 gAltitude50,000 mN/A50,000 m50,000 mVelocity500 m/sN/A515 m/s515 m/sTypical state-of-the-art receiver specifications for the high-volume devices macrosegmentHIGH VOLUME CHIPSETS VARY BETWEEN LBS,IOT,DRONES AND AUTOMOTIVELBS

260、and IoT manufacturers often adopt System-on-Chip(SoC)solutions including wafer-level packaged GNSS receivers,while the drone and automotive manufactur-ers prefer to adopt module solutions.LBS devices remain primarily L1 and support multiple constellations.The multi-constellation reception feature ma

261、ximises the number of satellites in view and offers more opportunities to apply smart power management strategies to reduce power consumption.The adoption of dual GNSS frequency bands is now spreading not only to premium,but also to mid-range smartphones.Duty-cycling remains the favoured approach to

262、 reduce power consumption,and A-GNSS remains integral to delivering the required fast TTFF.For the IoT,significant hardware advancements have helped to reduce the overall energy consumption and some GNSS chipsets are now able to consume less than 1,5 mW(0,5mA for a 3V power supply)in continuous trac

263、king mode.Latest developments in Low Power Wide-Area Networks(LPWAN)offer further opportunities to reduce the GNSS energy consumption by providing assisted data,autonomous ephemeris prediction as well as cloud-based snapshot positioning and outsourced position calculation(see page 19 for more on pow

264、er strategies).Drone receivers are required to provide high accuracy and are typically supplied to drone manufacturers as a module(or an OEM board)incorporating MEMS accelerometers/gyros and other functions.Automotive and drone applications now share similar requirements for high accuracy GNSS recei

265、vers and rapid con-vergence time.Automotive and drone missions time are not constrained by the current GNSS receivers power consumptions.As a result,GNSS receivers have started to adopt multi-frequency(L1,L2 and E5),as well as concurrent constellation reception mode and offer to track SBAS satellite

266、s as well as local base stations to achieve sub-metre accuracy.36GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020DRIVERS AND TRENDS05:30006:00 06:3007:0007:30Time08:00 08:30 09:00Number of tracked satellites,E5a/L5 signals,Open Sky 4h assistedHuawei Mate 20 Pro(Galileo)Huawei Mate 20 Pro(GPS)Numb

267、er of tracked satellites000.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.915101520Horizontal position error metersFigure 1Figure 22530354045CDF of the horizontal position errorSamsung Galaxy S10+(SF)vs Xiaomi Mi 9(DF)Dynamic testsCDF of the horizontal position error Urban pedestrianSamsung Galaxy S10+(SF)Suburban pedest

268、rianHighwayUrban pedestrianXiaomi Mi 9(DF)Suburban pedestrianHighwayDUAL FREQUENCY IMPROVEMENT PROVEN IN TESTINGOver recent years,smartphones have evolved from using GPS-only to multi-constellation GNSS.Since 2018,more and more smartphones(e.g.Xiaomi Mi 9,Huawei Mate 20 Pro,Samsung Galaxy Note10)are

269、 able to receive E5a(L5)as an additional frequency allowing smartphones to estimate and correct for the ionospheric delay and reduce the multipath impact.In 2019,the GSA launched an extensive testing campaign in order to assess the GNSS performance of dual-frequency smartphones.The test campaign was

270、 conducted in different modes(static and dynamic)and environments(e.g.open sky,urban,motorway)in order to understand and measure the benefits of dual-frequency smartphones.The testing campaign was based on both live and simulated signals.In total six smartphones(three of them able to receive dual fr

271、equency)were tested.The smartphones were selected to ensure a variety in terms of chipsets manufacturers and date of release.Three setups were considered for the live tests:static,pedestrian and vehicle.Tests with the sim-ulated signals were performed at the Joint Research Centre of the European Com

272、mission.A radio constellation simulator was used to generate the signals to the anechoic chamber.Among others,the following metrics were monitored:Cumulative Distribution Function(CDF)of the horizontal position error presented in Figure 1.Number of tracked satellites per constellation and frequency

273、over time presented in Figure 2.Figure 1 presents the results for the best performing single-and dual-frequency smartphones that were used in the testing campaign.It shows the cumulative distribution of the horizontal error for Xiaomi Mi 9(dual-frequency chipset)in red and for Samsung Galaxy S10+(si

274、ngle-frequency chipset)in blue.It can be observed that Xiaomi Mi 9 outperforms Samsung Galaxy S10+in all the scenarios(suburban,urban,highway).Figure 2 presents the number of tracked Galileo and GPS satellites by Huawei Mate 20 Pro on E5a and L5 respectively.For the whole test Huawei Mate 20 Pro tra

275、cked more Galileo satellites on E5a than GPS satellites on L5.Positioning techniquePositioning modeSingle-/dual-frequency GNSS chipsetPosition accuracy in metersAdditional informationStandaloneReal timesingle-frequency5 25Smartphone:Samsung Galaxy S10+Test case:the highest accuracy corresponds to op

276、en sky static test and the lowest to urban pedestrian caseStandaloneReal timedual-frequency2 15Smartphone:Xiaomi Mi 9Test case:the highest accuracy corresponds to open sky static test and the lowest to urban pedestrian casePPPReal timedual-frequency2Smartphone:Xiaomi Mi 8Test case:suburban pedestria

277、nPPPPost-processingdual-frequency0.2Smartphone:Xiaomi Mi 8Test case:open sky staticRTKReal timedual-frequency1Smartphone:Xiaomi Mi 8Test case:suburbanRTKPost-processingdual-frequency0.01Smartphone:Xiaomi Mi 8Test case:open skyAdditional details:choke ring platform was used to reject ground multipath

278、,smartphone was placed on the rotating platform,base station was established next to the test setupThe table above presents a summary of achievable accuracy with single-and dual-frequency smartphone GNSS chipsets(or for short single-or dual-fre-quency smartphones)when using different positioning tec

279、hniques or modes.The presented results are based on the actual testing campaign and on a literature review.The benefits of using dual-frequency smartphones are clear in urban environments in which smartphones face strong multipath.In open sky environment,the benefits of using dual-frequency smartpho

280、nes are lower especially during nominal ionospheric activity.Position accuracy can be improved by using techniques like Real Time Kinematic(RTK)and Precise Point Positioning(PPP).High accuracy can be achieved especially in the post-processing when using final orbit and clock products.The final confi

281、guration uses an external antenna whilst other configurations use the integrated antenna in the smartphone.Summary of achievable accuracy with single-and dual-frequency smartphones37GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020DRIVERS AND TRENDSGoogle solving GNSS wrong-side-of-street problems in citiesG

282、oogle has provided raw GNSS measurements from Android phones since 2016.Now Google is using these raw measurements to gen-erate corrections to the errors caused by reflected GNSS signals in cities.These reflected signals produce locations on the wrong-side-of-street(WSS).Almost everyone has experien

283、ced this when using GNSS in cities,particularly when walking.Thanks to Googles extensive database of maps and 3D building models,a solution to the WSS problem is now at hand.In 2020 Google released Project Bluesky.In its first release Bluesky reduced the WSS occurrence by 50%.In its second release,B

284、luesky further reduces WSS occur-rences by 75%.Google has been working closely with all major GNSS chip manufacturers to implement and test an API that provides corrections to the errors produced by the GNSS reflections.These corrections enable a much more accurate location in cities.GNSS signals in

285、 the L5/E5 band are key to the solution,and Galileo plays the largest role of any GNSS system,with all its satellites providing high accuracy signals in the E5 band.Users can experience these Bluesky benefits in any Android phone that runs version 8 or later.If the phone has Galileo E5 the accuracy

286、improvements will be greater.Google has also released LiveView,a new paradigm for walking navigation in cities.LiveView uses images and Bluesky for unprecedented accuracy in cities.The Android GNSS Raw Measurements Task Force The Android GNSS Raw Measurements Task Force is dedicated to promoting a b

287、etter and wider use of GNSS raw measurements.Since its launch in 2017,the Task Force has expanded from a handful of experts to a community of over 150 agencies,universities,research institutes and companies.Membership is open to anybody interested in GNSS raw measurements.To join the Task Force cont

288、act:marketgsa.europa.euFurther information about the Task Force and workshops presentations can be found at:gsa.europa.eu/gnss-applications/gnss-raw-measurementsANDROID GNSS RAW MEASUREMENTS UPDATESAndroid GNSS Raw Measurements Task Force WorkshopGSA organised its annual GNSS Raw Measurements Task F

289、orce Workshop online on 27-28 May 2020 with more than 200 participants from 32 countries.The objective was to share the Task Force members experience and progress around the use of raw measurements within Android devices.GNSS raw measurements allow developers to use the carrier and code measurements

290、,as well as the decoded navigation messages from mass-market devices.This enables the creation of advanced GNSS positioning algorithms,more ambitious smartphone-based services,and access to data contained in the navigation message,such as OS-NMA(see the box on the right for more information on benef

291、its of GNSS raw measurements).During the workshop Google reviewed the achievements on the Raw Measurements project includ-ing more than 17,000 downloads of the analysis tools and the generation of hundreds of research papers.Google also announced updates in tools for logging and analysing GNSS measu

292、rements,such as logging in RINEX format,logging of other sensor data(in the GNSS Logger app),new PVT filters,and select satellite for position(in GNSS Analysis software).Additional features(e.g.antenna phase centre offset),to be available with the release of Android 11 in the third quarter of 2020,w

293、ere also highlighted.Discussions and more than 20 presentations at the workshop from the Task Force members confirmed that GNSS raw measurements are increasingly used in educational and scientific projects around the world,leading to increased knowledge and interest in GNSS technology and better imp

294、lemen-tation of GNSS within smartphones.In addition,there is already a growing body of evidence that sub-metre positioning is feasible in real time with current smartphones when using RTK and other techniques.So,it is just a question of when,rather than if,it will be used widely.Scientific use and r

295、esearch and development Observations provided in a coarse form can be used for testing hardware and software solutions and for new post processing algorithms e.g.for modelling ionosphere or troposphere.Increased Accuracy Access to raw measurements allow developers to employ advanced positioning tech

296、niques(RTK,PPP)and create a solution that is currently only available in professional receivers.It results in a technological push to develop new applications.Integrity/Robustness Access to raw measurements will offer new ways to detect RF interferences and to locate the interference source by combi

297、ning the measurements from multiple devices(crowdsourcing),or verify the data source(OS-NMA).SBAS corrections can be incorporated without the need for additional equipment.Testing,performance monitoring and education Raw measurements can be used for monitoring performance(data,accuracy,receiver cloc

298、k),testing and to compare solutions from individual constellations,eliminate specific satellites or test for worst scenario performance.Understanding GNSS,signal processing or displaying orbits,signal strength and other aspects is a valuable tool for educational purposes.Benefits of GNSS Raw Measure

299、mentsTestimonial provided by the company38GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020DRIVERS AND TRENDSDeutsche Telekom,Fraunhofer ESK,Hexagonand Nokia complete testsof RTK solutionSeptentrio and Sapcordademonstrate Safe And Precise Augmentation solutionSwift Navigation partners withArm on high-accurac

300、y augmentation service;Trimble&Qualcomm partneron high-accuracy positioning serviceNTT Docomo launch GNSSPosition Correction InformationDistribution PlatformSoftBank launchRTK serviceHyundai,Hexagon andValeo announce High PrecisionPositioning system in partnershipwith a mobile network operatorHERE a

301、nnounce sub-meterpositioning serviceDeutsche Telekom andSwift Navigation partneron PPP serviceJun.2019Sept.2019Oct.2019Nov.2019Jan.2020Mar.2020HIGH ACCURACY CORRECTION SERVICES ENTER HIGH-VOLUME DEVICESIn recent years there has been a grand push towards delivering high-accuracy services to high-vol-

302、ume devices.Numerous players traditionally targeting high-accuracy services have entered this competitive arena,as well as players from other fields,including telecommunications network operators.In addition to this,most public GNSS providers have released,or have plans to release,high-accuracy serv

303、ices.It is clear that the demand for high accuracy from high-volume devices appears as an attractive business opportunity for a large and varied group of organisations.Public high-accuracy services come to the high-volume market Most GNSS and SBAS providers have released high-accuracy services in re

304、cent years or have plans to release such a service.Japans Quasi-Zenith Satellite System(QZSS)launched its Centimetre Level Augmentation Service(CLAS)in 2018.Galileo has plans to release the High Accuracy Service(HAS),which will be based on the free transmission of Precise Point Positioning(PPP)corre

305、ctions through the Galileo E6 signal and will allow users to obtain a positioning error around twenty centimetres.These high-accuracy services by public providers are free to use and represent attractive options for the price-conscious high-volume device market.New commercial approaches to high-accu

306、racy servicesDevelopments in the area of autonomous and connected vehicles have been a key driver of the launch of commercial high-accuracy services targeting high-volume devices.Various approaches have been taken to address this large perceived market opportunity from a technology standpoint.Compan

307、ies like Sapcorda and Swift Navigation use QZSS CLAS to deliver accuracy of less than 10 centimetres and cite their methods to achieve low convergence time at less than 30 seconds as a key competitive advantage.These companies also compete on coverage,generally focussing on coverage of the continent

308、al US and Europe,and on availability,which is often achieved using low-bandwidth data transfer over cellular networks.Other companies combine dual-frequency receiver capabilities with cloud-based correction services to achieve high levels of accuracy.At the Consumer Electronics Roadshow 2020(CES),HE

309、RE Technologies announced a cloud-based service called HD GNSS,providing sub-metre level accuracy worldwide to high-volume devices.The service relies on dual-frequency receivers to deliver PPP-RTK services.Telecom operators enter the high-accuracy market Japanese telecommunications network operators

310、 such as Softbank and NTT DoCoMo have cre-ated RTK services that draw their 5G base stations,which are used as GNSS reference stations.SoftBank has installed RTK reference stations in 3,300 of its 5G base stations.As 5G infrastructure is expensive,the opportunity to generate additional revenues from

311、 this infrastructure is attractive for network operators.Other operators,such as Deutsche Telekom are adopting PPP-RTK based corrections,in which mobile infrastructure is used to broadcast correction data collected from GNSS data providers,who maintain their own network of GNSS reference stations.In

312、 this setup,the value-added by telecoms operators is the ability to transfer corrections data quickly,leading to real-time positioning updates for devices using the service.This is achieved through advanced mobile connectivity methods,including edge computing.With so many new services on the market,

313、and highly performant free services offered by public GNSS providers,it is likely that winners and losers of this race will emerge,as some players achieve a strong position on the market while others are left behind.Timeline for launch of high-accuracy augmentation services39GNSS User Technology Rep

314、ort|Issue 3,2020DRIVERS AND TRENDSADVANCEMENTS IN RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY ENABLE GNSS TO MEET IOT LOW-POWER REQUIREMENTSRecent advancements in low power consumption open up new markets that GNSS could not pre-viously serve.These developments,discussed on page 19,are particularly relevant for IoT devices

315、.Many IoT applications stand to benefit from the precise localisation offered by GNSS,such as asset,people and animal tracking,eBike applications,and wearables.However,many of the devices used for these applications use infrastructure-based localisation methods(such as WiFi and LPWAN posi-tioning)wh

316、ich come at virtually no cost since the technology is already built-in.In this context,the benefit-cost ratio of adding GNSS may look unattractive,especially if considering the full energy consumption of older GNSS chipsets.Advancements in receiver technology and in computational techniques make the

317、 trade-off between power consumption and positioning accuracy increasingly swing in favour of GNSS for outdoor IoT applications.Assisted GNSS(A-GNSS)uses the communication network of the IoT device to down-load clock,ephemeris and other support data at faster transmission speeds than those of satell

318、ite navigation messages.A-GNSS allows the GNSS receiver to achieve a position fix much faster,at lower energy consumption.When communication networks with very low downlink capacity are used(such as some proprietary LPWAN networks),autonomous ephemeris prediction techniques can be used instead of A-

319、GNSS.However,as ephemeris data are subject to frequent change due to satellite orbit perturbation and other environmental effects,ephemeris prediction techniques come with a trade-off in accuracy.Some use-cases of battery lifeGNSS chipset manufacturers have developed intelligent power management str

320、ategies to reduce overall power consumption by using the minimum resources required during tracking whenever possible(CPU is kept asleep as much as possible,Low Noise Amplifier(LNA)and clocks do not have to be ON all the time).With these strategies,the full-power scheme is solely activated to mainta

321、in positioning performance in case of weak signals or a low number of visible satellites.Therefore,the increasing use of multi-constellation contributes to reducing the average power consumption.Improvements in the development of specialised low-power hardware such as Analogic Digital(AD)converters,

322、low noise amplifiers and electronic circuit phase-locked loops(PLL)for the RF circuit also contribute to reducing the overall power consumption.The figure illustrates the typical battery life of three different applications(smartphones,sport watches and drones)when the GNSS is ON or OFF.Activating G

323、NSS has a negligible impact on the drone mission duration.The smartphone battery life is less affected by GNSS power consumption than previously owing to the use of intelligent power management strategies as well as the control of the GNSS receiver duty cycle.However,GNSS receivers are much more imp

324、ortant in sport watch mission durations.The implementation of intelligent power management strategies as well as the combined use of snapshot GNSS technologies(see page 40)and Low Power Wide Area Networks(LPWAN)contribute to the development of ultra-low power GNSS receivers,which are able to consume

325、 significantly less than in full power mode(bellow 10 milliwatts in tracking mode).2,500Number of minutes2,000Source:FDC internal study1,5001,0005000With GNSS(acquisition)With GNSS(tracking)Without GNSS2,200 min.812 min.781 min.743 min.26 min.7sec.26 min.3sec.26 min.942 min.573 min.Sport Watch220 mA

326、hSmartphone2,800 mAhDrone3,700 mAhDisclaimer:Battery life depends on the chipset power consumption.The durations above have been assessed based on typical receiver specifications.Consequently discrepancies may exist between the actual battery life and the one stated above.Low-power implementation an

327、d high accuracy further increases the appeal of GNSSSports wearable users demand accuracy and near-continuous tracking when run-ning,cycling and swimming.For mass deployment and user acceptance,driver behaviour monitoring devices deployed by insurance companies require update rates of 1Hz and simple

328、 installation for the customer i.e.no connection to vehicle power supply and battery life of 1+years.Tracking goods shipments at the level of individual assets requires small,robust,very low-cost trackers with long battery life.Duty-cycle techniques alone are insufficient to meet the use cases defin

329、ed above.To meet this challenge and widen the use of GNSS,Sony launched a range of GNSS L1 receiver integrated circuits several years ago.These circuits use innovative silicon design techniques such as the Silicon-on-Insulator process and very-low voltage RF circuits,the latest product,CXD5605,consu

330、mes just 6mW when continuously tracking.Each use-case requires specific algorithms to optimize performance.For example;sports wearables benefit from an algorithm to compensate for arm swinging during running and vehicle tracking applications benefit from untethered dead-reckoning algorithms when the

331、 GNSS signal is temporarily lost e.g.in tunnels.Users continue to demand even higher levels of accuracy,so Sony has created a new L1+L5 device,the CXD5610GF,which uses the same design techniques as CXD5605GF,maintains the very low-power consumption,and has significantly improved accuracy when compar

332、ed with L1-only receivers.Testimonial provided by the company40GNSS User Technology Report|Issue 3,2020DRIVERS AND TRENDSAccurate GNSS POsitioning for Low power and Low-cost Objects(APOLLO)APOLLO aims at providing a Galileo-based location solution for IoT,reducing device complexity and reducing ener

333、gy consumption by a factor between 10 and 300.APOLLO is delivering to the market:A 100%software GNSS receiver getting rid of chip and the related constraints(consumption,size etc.);An optimized location algorithm with unequalled computation speed between about 100ms and 3sec to acquire and treat the data necessary on the receiver side to compute the objects PVT in the Cloud depending on the partit