1、DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT2019UNCTADUNITED NATIONS U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT2019 EMBARGO The contents of this Report must not be quoted or summarized in t
2、he print, broadcast or electronic media before 4 September 2019, 17:00 hours GMT Layout and Printing at United Nations, Geneva 1911016 (E) July 2019 3,151 UNCTAD/DER/2019 United Nations publication ISBN 978-92-1-112955-7 U N I T E D N AT I O N S C O N F E R E N C E O N T R A D E A N D D E V E L O P
3、M E N T VALUE CREATION AND CAPTURE: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT2019 Geneva, 2019 ii 2019, United Nations All rights reserved worldwide Requests to reproduce excerpts or to photocopy should be addressed to the Copyright Clearance Center at . All other queries on right
4、s and licences, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: United Nations Publications, 300 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017, United States of America Email: publicationsun.org Website: un.org/publications The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in t
5、his work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not
6、imply the endorsement of the United Nations. This publication has been edited externally. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/DER/2019 ISBN 978-92-1-112955-7 eISBN 978-92-1-004216-1 Print ISSN 2664-2255 eISSN 2664-2263 Sales No. E.19.II
7、.D.17 iii NOTE Note Within the UNCTAD Division on Technology and Logistics, the ICT Policy Section carries out policy-oriented analytical work on the development implications of information and communications technologies (ICTs) and e-commerce. It is responsible for the preparation of the Digital Ec
8、onomy Report, previously known as the Information Economy Report. The ICT Policy Section promotes international dialogue on issues related to ICTs for development, and contributes to building developing countries capacities to measure e-commerce and the digital economy and to design and implement re
9、levant policies and legal frameworks. The Section also manages the eTrade for all initiative. In this Report, the terms country/economy refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience, and do not necessa
10、rily express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Unless otherwise indicated, the major country groupings used in this Report follow the classification of the United Nations Statistical Office. These are: Developed countries:
11、the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (other than Chile, Mexico, the Republic of Korea and Turkey), plus the European Union member countries that are not OECD members (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Malta and Romania), plus Andorra, Liechten
12、stein, Monaco and San Marino. Countries with economies in transition refers to those in South-East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Developing economies in general are all the economies that are not specified above. For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those
13、for Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China (Hong Kong, China), Macao Special Administrative Region of China (Macao, China) or Taiwan Province of China. An excel file with the main country groupings used can be downloaded from UNCTADstat at: http:/unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Classifications.ht
14、ml. References to Latin America include the Caribbean countries unless otherwise indicated. References to sub-Saharan Africa include South Africa unless otherwise indicated. References to the United States are to the United States of America, and to the United Kingdom are to the United Kingdom of Gr
15、eat Britain and Northern Ireland. The term “dollars” ($) refers to United States dollars, unless otherwise indicated. The term “billion” signifies 1,000 million. The following symbols may have been used in the tables: Two dots (.) indicate that data are not available or are not separately reported.
16、Rows in tables have been omitted in those cases where no data are available for any of the elements in the row. A dash () indicates that the item is equal to zero or its value is negligible. A blank in a table indicates that the item is not applicable, unless otherwise indicated. A slash (/) between
17、 dates representing years, e.g. 1994/95, indicates a financial year. Use of an en dash () between dates representing years, e.g. 19941995, signifies the full period involved, including the beginning and end years. Annual rates of growth or change, unless otherwise stated, refer to annual compound ra
18、tes. Details and percentages in tables do not necessarily add up to the totals because of rounding. DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT 2019 iv Preface The digital revolution has transformed our lives and societies with unprecedented speed and scale, delivering immense opportunities as well as daunting challenge
19、s. New technologies can make significant contributions to realizing the Sustainable Development Goals, but we cannot take positive outcomes for granted. We must urgently improve international cooperation if we are to achieve the full social and economic potential of digital technology, while avoidin
20、g unintended consequences. Given the high stakes involved, I established a High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation to help expand understanding of the key digital opportunities and challenges before us. The Panel brought together diverse experts and put forward a wide range of recommendations, inclu
21、ding on how to better govern digital technology development through open, agile and multi-stakeholder models. In that same spirit and in todays fast-changing environment, I welcome this timely Digital Economy Report of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, which examines the implic
22、ations of the digital economy, especially for developing countries. Digital advances have generated enormous wealth in record time, but that wealth has been concentrated around a small number of individuals, companies and countries. Under current policies and regulations, this trajectory is likely t
23、o continue, further contributing to rising inequality. We must work to close the digital divide, where more than half the world has limited or no access to the Internet. Inclusivity is essential to building a digital economy that delivers for all. New technologies, especially artificial intelligence
24、, will inevitably lead to a major shift in the labour market, including the disappearance of jobs in some sectors and the creation of opportunities in others, on a massive scale. The digital economy will require a range of new and different skills, a new generation of social protection policies, and
25、 a new relationship between work and leisure. We need a major investment in education, rooted not just in learning but in learning how to learn, and in providing lifelong access to learning opportunities for all. The digital economy has also created new risks, from cybersecurity breaches to facilita
26、ting illegal economic activities and challenging concepts of privacy. Governments, civil society, academia, the scientific community and the technology industry must work together to find new solutions. Not a day passes for me without seeing the many ways in which digital technology can advance peac
27、e, human rights and sustainable development for all. This report offers valuable insights and analyses, and I commend it to a wide global audience as we strive together to ensure that no one is left behind by the fast-evolving digital economy. Antnio Guterres Secretary-General United Nations v FOREW
28、ORD Foreword The rapid spread of digital technologies is transforming many economic and social activities. However, widening digital divides threaten to leave developing countries, and especially least developed countries, even further behind. A smart embrace of new technologies, enhanced partnershi
29、ps and greater intellectual leadership are needed to redefine digital development strategies and the future contours of globalization. This first edition of the Digital Economy Report previously known as the Information Economy Report examines the implications of the emerging digital economy for dev
30、eloping countries in terms of value creation and capture. It highlights the two main drivers of value creation in the digital era digital data and platformization and explores how current trends of wealth concentration could be replaced by trajectories leading to more equitable sharing of the gains
31、from digitalization. These are still early days in the digital era, and we have more questions than answers about how to deal with the digital challenge. Given the absence of relevant statistics and empirical evidence, as well as the rapid pace of technological change, decision-makers face a moving
32、target as they try to adopt sound policies relating to the digital economy. UNCTAD is committed to accompanying its member States with evidence for informed decision-making, as they consider different policy options and practices aimed at benefiting from the digital economy. Beyond our research on t
33、he digital economy, our Intergovernmental Group of Experts on E-Commerce and the Digital Economy and the annual eCommerce Week provide valuable forums for policy dialogue. We also offer technical assistance and capacity-building, and seek to make such support more transparent and easily accessible t
34、hrough the eTrade for all initiative and its 30 partner organizations. It is my hope that this holistic approach will respond to the desire of people in developing countries to take part in the new digital world, not just as users and consumers, but also as producers, exporters and innovators, for c
35、reating and capturing more value on their path towards sustainable development. Mukhisa Kituyi Secretary-General United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Mukhisa Kituyi Secretary-General of UNCTAD DIGITAL ECONOMY REPORT 2019 vi Acknowledgements The Digital Economy Report 2019 was prepared
36、under the overall guidance of Shamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics, by a team comprising Torbjrn Fredriksson and Pilar Fajarnes Garces (team leaders), Scarlett Fondeur Gil, Christopher Jones, Martine Julsaint Kidane, Diana Korka and Thomas van Giffen. The Report
37、 benefited from major substantive inputs provided by Christopher Foster, Nicolas Friederici, Parminder Jeet Singh, Michael Minges and Nick Srnicek. Additional inputs were contributed by Anna Abramova, Janine Berg, Ebru Gokce, Lukonga Lindunda, Christoph Spennemann, Astrit Sulstarova and Attiya Waris
38、. Valuable comments were received by experts attending a Brainstorming Meeting in May 2018 and a Peer Review Meeting in February 2019, both in Geneva. The experts included Jim Bennett, Carla Bonina, Suaihua Cheng, Jonathan Donner, Paul Donohoe, Helani Galpaya, Michael Kende, Isya Hanum Kresnadi, Jam
39、es Howe, Massimo Meloni, Thao Nguyen, Nnenna Nwakanma, David Souter, Giovanni Valensisi, Desire van Welsum and Anida Yupari. Further comments and inputs were received at various stages of production of the Report from Joerg Mayer and Holger Schmidt. UNCTAD greatly appreciates additional inputs from
40、the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia and the Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). In addition, Eurostat, the International Labour Organiza
41、tion and the International Telecommunication Union generously shared their data, which is also highly appreciated. UNCTAD is grateful to national statistical offices for their sharing of data and for the responses of member States to UNCTADs annual survey questionnaire on their ICT sectors and on IC
42、T usage by enterprises. The cover and other graphics were prepared by Magali Studer and desktop publishing was done by Magali Studer and Nathalie Loriot. Infographics were done by Natalia Stepanova and the Digital Economy Report 2019 was edited by Praveen Bhalla. Financial support from the Governmen
43、t of Germany is gratefully acknowledged. vii CONTENTS Contents NOTE .iii PREFACE .iv FOREWORD . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .xiv OVERVIEW . xv ChAPTER I. RECENT TRENDS IN ThE DIGITAL ECONOMY .1 A. ON ThE CUSP OF A NEW DIGITAL ERA .3 B. WhAT IS ThE DIGITAL ECONOMY? .3 1. Evolution of the digital economy concept . 4 2. Main components of the digital economy . 4 C. TRENDS IN EMERGING DIGITAL TEChNOLOGIES .6 1. Blockchain technologies . 6 2. Three-dimensional printing . 6 3. Internet of things . 7 4. 5G mobile broadband . 7 5. Cloud computing .
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