1、WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration(IOM).The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opin

2、ion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society.As an intergovernmental organization,I

3、OM acts with its partners in the international community to:assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration;advance understanding of migration issues;encourage social and economic development through migration;and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants._Publisher:International

4、 Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O.Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.:+41 22 717 9111 Fax:+41 22 798 6150 Email:hqiom.int Website:www.iom.intCover photos:Top The Shahrak Sabz IDP settlement was established in 2018 by IDPs fleeing drought.Upwards of 30,000 internally displaced

5、 persons(IDPs)now live in the area as of February 2021.Many are concerned the lack of snow and rain in the winter months may lead to another major drought and subsequent famine this year.Escalating conflict is also affecting many of the provinces where the IDPs originate,deterring many from returnin

6、g home.In 2020,IOM Afghanistan reached more than 21,600 internally displaced,disaster affected and other vulnerable families with humanitarian aid including latrines,handwashing stations,winterization,non-food items,multipurpose cash and shelter.IOM 2021/Muse MOHAMMEDMiddle Smoke over Bucha and Host

7、omel,Ukraine.IOM 2022/UNIANBottom View of informal settlements in Baidoa,some of them newly built around Howlwadaag neighborhood,Somalia.IOM 2022/Claudia ROSELRequired citation:McAuliffe,M.and L.A.Oucho(eds.),2024.World Migration Report 2024.International Organization for Migration(IOM),Geneva._ISSN

8、 1561-5502ISBN 978-92-9268-598-0(PDF)IOM 2024Some rights reserved.This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO).*For further specifications please see the Copyright and Terms of Use.This publication should not be used,p

9、ublished or redistributed for purposes primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation,with the exception of educational purposes e.g.tobe included in textbooks.Permissions:Requests for commercial use or further rights and licensing should be submitted to pub

10、licationsiom.int.*https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcodePUB2023/047/L*WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024 iiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the editors.The

11、 World Migration Report 2024 project commenced in May 2022 and culminated in the launch of the report in May 2024 by the Director General.The findings,interpretations,conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Member States.The designations em

12、ployed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.All reasonable efforts have been ma

13、de to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report,including through data verification.We regret,however,any data errors that may remain.Unless otherwise stated,this report does not refer to data or events after October 2023.This report has been produced without generative AI tools.The

14、 stories behind the photographs can be found on page v.iiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Editorial,review and production teamEditorsMarie McAuliffe(IOM)and Linda Adhiambo Oucho(African Migration and Development Policy Centre)IOM reviewersEva kerman Brje,Soumyadeep Banerjee,Deepali Fernandes,Sam Grundy,A

15、bdi Mohamud Hersi,Jobst Koehler,Tyler Kretzschmar,Izora Mutya Maskun,Kerry-Lynn Maze,Simon McMahon,Azrah Karim Rajput and Mariam Traore ChazalnoelAcademic reviewersMaruja AB Asis,Michael Clemens,Jonathan Crush,Elizabeth Ferris,Luisa Feline Freier,Jenna Hennebry,Ahmet İduygu,Binod Khadria,Rainer Muen

16、z,Marta Pachocka,Nicola Piper,Joseph Teye and Brenda Yeoh Publication production managerValerie HaggerProject administrationLiberty Beria and Anu Liisa Saarelainen CopyeditorsSimon Hay and Karl MullerReport layoutHarvy GadiaReport webpage and interactiveMarie McAuliffe,Adrian Kitimbo,Juliana Quinter

17、o,Xaqun Veira Gonzlez,Bryan Manalo,Ray Leyesa,J.C.Borlongan and Christine Julie BatulaIOM research teamMarie McAuliffe,Adrian Kitimbo,Cline Bauloz,Pablo Rojas Coppari*,Jenna Blower*,Jerome Dolling*,Samuel Poirier*and Micaela Lincango*part projectTranslations(FR and ES)French and Spanish Translation

18、Units(IOM)AcknowledgementsThe editors are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters.We are especially grateful to IOMs Director General,Amy E.Pope,and members of IOMs senior lead

19、ership team,who supported this edition,including Ugochi Daniels,Eva kerman Brje,Mohammed Abdiker,Kristin Dadey,Maryline Py,Michele Klein Solomon,Othman Belbeisi,Diego Beltrand,Marcelo Pisani,Ashraf El Nour,Sara Lou Arriola,Ola Henrikson,Manfred Profazi,PrLiljert,Alejandro Guidi,Aissata Kane and Deja

20、n Keserovic.We also wish to acknowledge the Governments of Australia,Ireland and the United States of America for their financial donations,as well as Meta,the IOM Migration Resource Allocation Committee(MIRAC)and several IOMfield offices around the world.ivWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Contributors Ch

21、apter 1:Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remainAuthors:Marie McAuliffe and Linda Adhiambo OuchoResearch assistant:Micaela LincangoChapter 2:Migration and migrants:A global overviewMain contributors:Marie McAuliffe,Adrian Ki

22、timbo,Jerome Dolling and Guy AbelOther contributors:Rainer Muenz,Julia Black,Alex Pompe and Laura McGormanChapter 3:Migration and migrants:Regional dimensions and developmentsMain contributors:Adrian Kitimbo,Marie McAuliffe,Guy Abel and Jerome DollingResearch assistants and other contributors:Pilar

23、Luz Rodrigues,Rudolf Maxwald,Pablo Escribano,Raul Soto,Ezequiel Texido,SusanneMelde,Abdi Hersi,Tsion Tadesse Abebe,Laura Nistri,Tatiana Hadjiemmanuel,Lisa Lim,Marcellino Ramkishun,Kristina Mejo,Sarah Carl,Edlira de Andres,Luisa Baptista de Freitas,Amr Taha,Ivona Zakoska-Todorovska,Ionela Timofte,Cat

24、erina Guidi,Elisa Tsakiri,Princelle Dasappa-Venketsamy,Francis Mulekya,Wonesai Sithole,Modher Alhamadani,Misato Yuasa,Yu Yip Ching,Nayak Chandan,Gabriela Alvarez and Jasmine ThamChapter 4:Growing migration inequality:What do the global data actually show?Authors:Marie McAuliffe,Guy Abel,Linda Adhiam

25、bo Oucho and Adam SawyerChapter 5:Migration and human security:Unpacking myths and examining new realities and responsesAuthors:Marie McAuliffe,Pablo Rojas Coppari,Md Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi and Ottilia MaunganidzeResearch Assistant:Samuel PoirierChapter 6:Gender and migration:Trends,gaps and urgent ac

26、tionAuthors:Celine Bauloz,Margaret Walton-Roberts,Rose Jaji and Taehoon LeeResearch assistants:Jenna Blower and Pilar Luz RodriguesChapter 7:Climate change,food insecurity and human mobility:Interlinkages,evidence and actionAuthors:Pablo Escribano and Diego Pons GanddiniOther contributors:Tasneem Si

27、ddiqui and Jennifer TuryatembaChapter 8:Towards a global governance of migration?From the 2005 Global Commission on International Migration to the 2022 International Migration Review Forum and beyondAuthors:Andrea Milan,Amanda Bisong and Paddy Siyanga KnudsenResearch assistants:Adriana Vides and Mel

28、issa Medina-MrquezChapter 9:A post-pandemic rebound?Migration and mobility globally after COVID-19Authors:Alan Gamlen,Marie McAuliffe and S.Irudaya RajanResearch Assistants:Geetha Binny,Jenna Blower and Jerome DollingvWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024PhotographsChapter 1Ehsanuddin Diawar holds his seven-y

29、ear-old son Kayhan Dilawars hand as they disembark from a plane with fifteen-year-old Ali Aqdas Dilawar,as Afghan refugees arrive on a flight from Tajikistan at Torontos Pearson International Airport,on Wednesday,30 March 2022.IOM 2022/Chris YOUNGPart IPeople are fleeing Ukraine at the Medyka border

30、 crossing and Przemysl train station.IOM 2022/Francesco MALAVOLTAChapter 2Women migrants walk along a highway in Yemen en route to the border with Saudi Arabia.IOM 2022Chapter 3To support her family Ifrah travelled abroad and she kept sending remittances without possibility to save some money for th

31、e future.Due to several challenges and mental health difficulties she faced,she decided to return to Ethiopia still empty handed and without proper time to prepare for return.IOM Ethiopia supported her throughout her reintegration process.Photos have been taken in the framework of the EU-IOM Knowled

32、ge Management Hub,funded by the European Union,and its audiovisual production activity on return and sustainable reintegration.IOM 2022/Beyond Borders MediaPart IIIOM helps in relocating Afghan refugees from Tajikistan in coordination with the Canadian Government.IOM 2021Chapter 4Bhola slum,Dhaka,st

33、arted to be built by migrants affected by river erosion,many of them lost their land to the river.Nowadays the population of the slam is a mixture of economic and climate change migrants.Bangladesh,Southern Asia.IOM 2016/Amanda NEROChapter 5A stranded migrant prepares to embark on IOMs Voluntary Hum

34、anitarian Return flight to Ethiopia from Aden.IOM has offered this crucial lifeline to thousands of migrants in Yemen who wish to leave a dangerous situation and return to their home countries.IOM 2022/Rami IBRAHIMChapter 6Myanmar and Cambodian migrants in Thailand.IOM 2022/Anat DUANGCHANGviWORLD MI

35、GRATION REPORT 2024Chapter 7Vaccination of the flocks.Animal health is vital for the survival of people in this difficult region.Due to a major drought in 2017 in Mauritania,people in the Hodh El Chargui region are receiving a humanitarian assistance.IOM 2018/Sibylle DESJARDINSChapter 8The second se

36、ssion of the 2023 International Dialogue on Migration,which took place on 5 and 6 October in Geneva,built on the outcomes of the Kampala Declaration and the SDG Summit and provided input to discussions at the Twenty-eighth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Clima

37、te Change(COP28).IOM 2023Chapter 9Tens of thousands of mobility restrictions related to COVID-19 brought cross-border travel to a standstill.IOM 2022AppendicesHawa is a born native to Koundara and has seen how much her town has changed over the course of her life due to climate change.Due to the imp

38、acts of climate change on livelihood prospects in Guinea,some Guineans have resorted to irregular migration in hopes of finding better economic opportunities abroad.IOM 2022/Muse MOHAMMEDReferencesBeyond the shore of Buka,deep in the Pacific Ocean there are no telecommunications and almost no electr

39、ic power,lie a small cluster of atolls called the Carteret Islands.With a combined landmass of a little over half a square kilometre,these islands are home to 2,000 islanders who live a simplified rural lifestyle where they fish,grow food,build their homes,and rely on the resources available to them

40、 on the miniature islands.The communities who live in the tropical atolls are among the most economically,socially and physically disadvantaged populations in the Autonomous Region of Bougainville.IOM 2016/Muse MOHAMMEDviiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024ContentsEditorial,review and production team.iiiAck

41、nowledgements.iiiContributors.ivPhotographs.vList of figures and tables.viiiList of appendices.xiForeword.xiiChapter 1 Report overview:Migration continues tobe part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remain.1Part I:Key data and information on migration and migrants.16Chap

42、ter 2 Migration and migrants:A global overview.19Chapter 3 Migration and migrants:Regional dimensions and developments.55Part II:Complex and emerging migration issues.111Chapter 4 Growing migration inequality:What do the global data actually show?.113Chapter 5 Migration and human security:Unpacking

43、myths and examining new realities and responses.139Chapter 6 Gender and migration:Trends,gaps and urgent action.165Chapter 7 Climate change,food insecurity and human mobility:Interlinkages,evidence and action.197Chapter 8 Towards a global governance of migration?From the 2005 Global Commission on In

44、ternational Migration to the 2022 International Migration Review Forum and beyond.221Chapter 9 A post-pandemic rebound?Migration and mobility globally after COVID-19.243Appendices.267References.301viiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024List of figures and tablesChapter 1Table 1.Key facts and figures from Wo

45、rld Migration Reports 2000 and 2024.8Chapter 2Table 1.International migrants since 1970.22Figure 1.Top international country-to-country migration corridors,2024.23Figure 2.International migrants,by sex.24Figure 3.International migrants,by sex,top 20 destination countries(left)and origin countries(ri

46、ght)(millions).25Figure 4.International migrants,by sex,top 20 destination countries(left)and origin countries(right)proportion.26Figure 5.Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex(millions).27Figure 6.Inflows of foreign nationals into OECD countries,permanent migration,20012021(millions).30

47、Figure 7.Migrant deaths by region,20142023.32Figure 8.Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission,by number of countries.34Figure 9.Air passengers carried globally,19452022.35Figure 10.International remittance flows to low-and middle-income countries(20002022).36Table 2.Top 10 countries r

48、eceiving/sending international remittances(20102022)(current USD billion).37Figure 11.Top 10 recipient countries of international remittances by share of GDP,2022.38Figure 12.Average cost of sending USD200 by region of the world,20152022(%).39Figure 13.International students globally,2001 to 2021.40

49、Figure 14.Internationally mobile students globally by gender,20012021(millions).41Figure 15.Number of refugees by top five countries of origin,20052022(millions).43Figure 16.Number of refugees by top five host countries,20052022(millions).44Table 3.Number of refugees needing resettlement and number

50、of refugees resettled globally,from 2005.45Figure 17.Number of refugees resettled by major resettlement countries in 20022022.46Figure 18.Top 20 countries with the largest populations of internally displaced persons by conflict and violence at the end of 2022(millions).49Figure 19.Internal displacem

51、ents due to conflict and disasters,20122022(millions).50Chapter 3Figure 1.Migrants to,within and from Africa,19902020.57Figure 2.Top 10 African destination(left)and origin(right)countries by sex.58Figure 3.Top 10 African countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers,2022.59Figure 4.Top 20 African c

52、ountries by internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2022.60Figure 5.Migrants to,within and from Asia,19902020.67Figure 6.Top 10 Asian origin(left)and destination(right)countries by sex.68ixWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Figure 7.Top 10 Asian countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers,2022.69Fi

53、gure 8.Top 20 Asian countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2022.70Figure 9.Migrants to,within and from Europe,19902020.78Figure 10.Top 10 European destination(left)and origin(right)countries by sex.79Figure 11.Top 10 European countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers,202

54、2.80Figure 12.Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2022.81Figure 13.Migrants to,within and from Latin America and the Caribbean,19902020.85Figure 14.Top Latin American and Caribbean destination(left)and origin(right)countries by sex.86Figure 15.Top 10 Latin

55、American and Caribbean countries by total refugees and asylum-seekers,2022.87Figure 16.Top Latin American and Caribbean countries by new internal displacements (disaster and conflict),2022.88Figure 17.Migrants to,within and from Northern America,19902020.95Figure 18.Main destination(left)and origin(

56、right)countries in Northern America by sex.96Figure 19.Number of refugees and asylum-seekers in and from Northern American countries,2022.96Figure 20.Northern American countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2022.97Figure 21.Migrants to,within and from Oceania,19902020.100Figu

57、re 22.Main destination(left)and origin(right)countries in Oceania by sex.101Figure 23.Numbers of refugees and asylum-seekers in and from Oceania countries,2022.101Figure 24.Top countries in Oceania by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2022.102Chapter 4Figure 1.International migrants

58、by region 1990 to 2019:Migrants to,migrants within and migrants from Europe,and Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC).114Table 1.Human development,fragility and passport rankings for selected countries.117Figure 2.A model of the mechanisms that produce migration.118Figure 3.Mobility transition.120Fig

59、ure 4.Emigration prevalence,1960 to 2019.121Table 2.Immigrants by United Nations region,1995 and 2020.123Table 3.Top 20 countries of origin and destination,by number(millions)and proportion of total population .124Figure 5.Immigrants and emigrants by Human Development Index country category,2020.126

60、Figure 6.Association between Human Development Index scores and immigrant/emigrant stocks,2005.126Table 4.Number of countries in HDI classifications,1995 to 2019.127Figure 7.Migrants to,between and from each of the four HDI categories (low,medium,high and very high),19952020.129Figure 8.Schengen are

61、a member States.132Figure 9.Migration between very high HDI countries.133Figure 10.ECOWAS member States.134Figure 11.Migration between low HDI countries.135xWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Chapter 5Figure 1.Deaths in State-based conflict(global),19462020.141Table 1.Development,freedom,peace,State fragili

62、ty and displacement(selected countries).146Figure 2.Human security throughout the migration cycle.149Chapter 6Figure 1.International migrants,by sex,20002020.168Figure 2.Share of female and male international migrants,by regions of origin,19902020.169Figure 3.Share of male and female international m

63、igrants,by regions of destination,19902020.170Figure 4.Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex,2019.171Figure 5.Top 20 male dominant migrant corridors,2020.172Figure 6.Top 20 female dominant migrant corridors,2020.173Figure 7.Global distribution of international migrant workers,by broad ca

64、tegory of economic activity and sex,2013 and 2019.174Figure 8.Gender dimensions throughout the migration cycle.175Figure 9.Continuum of gender approaches.189Figure 10.Cross-cutting gender challenges throughout the migration cycle.190Table 1.Inclusive terminology summary.191Chapter 7Figure 1.Links be

65、tween environmental change,ecosystems and human mobility.200Chapter 8Table 1.Key Global Commission on International Migration recommendations and Global Compact for Migration objectives.226Figure 1.Key international events and processes 20032022.228Figure 2.International Migration Review Forum pledg

66、es by type.235Chapter 9Figure 1.Examples of the broad impacts of COVID-19.244Figure 2.Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission,by number of countries,January 2020 to January 2023.245Figure 3.International air travel passengers compared to 2019,by region.249Figure 4.Domestic air travel

67、passenger numbers compared to 2019,by region.250Figure 5.Changes in community mobility since before the pandemic,selected countries.252xiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024List of appendicesChapter 3Appendix A.United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs:Regions and subregions.267Chapter 4Append

68、ix A.Opportunity,migration and the Human Development Index.272Appendix B.How I ended up in a scientific spat about migration figures and what I learned from it.273Appendix C.276Chapter 5Appendix A.United Nations Commission on Human Security.277Appendix B.Country case studies by United Nations region

69、.279Appendix C.Global multilateral treaties and State Parties.292Chapter 6Appendix A.Key terms and definitions.294Chapter 7Appendix A.Key definitions.295Appendix B.Pathways of food security for poor and extreme poor farmers in Guatemala.296Chapter 9Appendix A.297Appendix B.298xiiWORLD MIGRATION REPO

70、RT 2024ForewordMigration is as old as humanity itself.Throughout history,people have migrated in search of better lives,to flee conflict or seek safety,or simply to find new opportunities.It may surprise people that most migration is regular,safe and orderly regionally focused and often directly con

71、nected to work.What captures attention in headlines is just part of the story.Migration is an issue that has been deeply affected by misinformation and politicization,and dominant narratives have strayed far away from balanced,accurate accounts of migration both its simple truths and its complex sit

72、uation-specific realities.That is why the central aim of IOMs flagship World Migration Report series is to set out in clear and accurate terms the changes occurring in migration and mobility globally so that readers can better understand changes and adapt their own work.As the United Nations migrati

73、on agency,IOM has an obligation to demystify the complexity and diversity of human mobility through evidence-based data,research and analysis.The report also acknowledges IOMs continuing obligation to uphold fundamental rights and its mission to support those migrants who are most in need.This is pa

74、rticularly critical in the three areas in which IOM places high priority outlined in IOMs new Strategic Plan 20242028:Saving lives and protecting people on the move;Driving solutions to displacement;and Facilitating pathways for regular migration.The current United Nations estimate is that there are

75、 about 281 million international migrants in the world,which equates to 3.6 per cent of the global population.But increasing numbers of people are being displaced,within and out of their country of origin,because of conflict,violence,political or economic instability as well as climate change and ot

76、her disasters.In 2022,there were 117 million displaced people in the world,and 71.2 million internally displaced people.The number of asylum-seekers has risen from 4.1 million in 2020 to 5.4 million in 2022,anincrease of more than 30 per cent.Many people are locked out of regular pathways,as highlig

77、hted in chapter 4 of this report,and they sometimes resort to irregular channels that are extremely hazardous.These channels get significant media attention,and their use often undermines confidence in governance and fuels a twisted narrative that is being weaponized around the world for short-term

78、political gain.This report presents key global and regional migration data and trends,along with relevant thematic issues.Because we know that specific audiences,including policymakers,media,researchers,teachers and students,have varying needs when using this report to inform their work,this World M

79、igration Report also includes an expanded range of digital tools to help ensure that it can be as useful for as wide a range of people as possible.These innovations continue a proud history for the World Migration Report,which has won multiple international awards.More important than the awards,thou

80、gh,is the fact that the World Migration Report contributes to the global discourse about migration.That is always our goal to inform global audiences about the robust evidence base that supports our work.We trust the contents and tools will help dispel myths,provide key facts and analysis,and offer

81、new knowledge about the complex migration landscape.We also hope that the World Migration Report inspires new ideas on how you can be part of a bigger agenda,one that helps ensure migration is leveraged effectively as a solution to human development,peace and prosperity throughout the world.xiiiWORL

82、D MIGRATION REPORT 2024The phrase“Knowledge is Power”,was first used by philosophers in the sixteenth century.In this age of instant news,web conspiracies and sophisticated political narratives,it is as relevant as ever.Through this edition of the World Migration Report,we seek to shape the conversa

83、tion on migration around data,facts and truth that way,we can tell the whole story.Amy E.PopeDirector GeneralMARIE MCAULIFFELINDA ADHIAMBO OUCHO1WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 20241REPORT OVERVIEW:MIGRATION CONTINUES TOBE PART OF THE SOLUTION IN A RAPIDLY CHANGING WORLD,BUT KEY CHALLENGES REMAIN1Introductio

84、nIt has been more than two years since the release of the World Migration Report 2022,which provided an overview of the global transformations intensely affecting migration and displacement around the world.While acknowledging ongoing changes related to demographic transitions,as well as economic an

85、d social transformations,the 2022 report outlined the major geopolitical,environmental and technological transformations that shape migration and mobility,sometimes profoundly.The impacts of these systemic global shifts have only intensified further in the last two-year period.For example,hardening

86、geopolitics has seen us witness previously unthinkable conflict in terms of both scale and nature.The full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in early 2022 signalled a pivotal shift for the world,with some arguing that it“marked an abrupt end to 30 years of globalization and all the

87、 international cooperation that made that possible”.2 The immediate impacts on Ukraine and Europe continue to be felt by millions of people,while the global impacts have touched many times more,as the consequences of the war ripple through global food security,energy security,international law,multi

88、lateralism,military strategy and alliances.3More recently,and notwithstanding devastating conflicts in many places around the world in the last two years(such as in Afghanistan,Ethiopia,the Sudan,the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen),the Hamas attack on 7 October and the conflict in Gaza have been pro

89、foundly shocking for even the most seasoned analysts,as well as long-serving humanitarians.4 The regional and global consequences are potentially severe,highlighting how geopolitics are changing quickly and in dangerous ways.5 At the time of writing(November 2023),the deaths and displacements were a

90、lready very high,and the humanitarian response intensely difficult and complex.6It is also fair to say that the intensification of ecologically negative human activity raised in the previous World Migration Report(2022 edition)has only further intensified:overconsumption and overproduction linked to

91、 unsustainable economic growth,resource depletion and biodiversity collapse,as well as ongoing climate change(including global heating)are continuing to grip the world.We are more aware than ever before of the extremely negative consequences of human activities that are not preserving the planets ec

92、ological systems.The potential consequences for human migration and mobility are high in terms of global consciousness as climate records 1 Marie McAuliffe,Head,Migration Research and Publications Division,IOM;Linda Adhiambo Oucho,Executive Director,African Migration and Development Policy Centre.2

93、Maddox,2023.3 Coles et al.,2023.4 IASC,2023;Wright,2023.5 Khoury,2023;Wright,2023.6 IASC,2023;UNRWA,2023.2Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remaincontinue to be broken,7 while the specific future impacts and scenarios contin

94、ue to be contested,discussed and debated.8 Nevertheless,there is a strong sense that major impacts will occur without adequate preventative actions related to carbon emissions and green technology uptake,as well as more granular preparedness actions,such as disaster risk reduction work underpinned b

95、y adequate climate finance.9 Recent positive developments in multilateral processes on climate change,however,provide for some optimism on cooperation going forward.As do new multilateral mobility frameworks agreed by States(such as the Pacific Regional Framework on Climate Mobility).In the previous

96、 edition we presented a chapter analysing the use of artificial intelligence(AI)technologies in migration systems,while also pointing to the ongoing impacts of technological change across wide areas of social,political and economic life globally.Since then,we have witnessed major advances in AI,espe

97、cially generative AI tools that have burst on to the world stage,impacting a wide range of sectors and occupations,with calls from some to embrace such tools,10 while others(most notably the creators of the latest generative AI tools)caution against the increasing proliferation of AI technologies th

98、roughout our societies.11 The highly uneven,sustained use of AI in only some migration systems points to the heightened risk that AItechnologies in migration and mobility systems are on track to exacerbate digital divides,both between States and within States.12 A prerequisite to AI uptake is ICT di

99、gital capability,particularly the digital data capture of processes and applicants identity data.These actions require access to ICT infrastructure and electricity,as well as skilled ICT staff,while many countries around the world lack these critical necessities,most especially least developed count

100、ries(LDCs).13 This is yet another domain in which differential capacity and resources widen the gap between States,adding to the digital divide and structural disadvantage experienced by LDCs in migration management.The“asymmetry of power”in AI for migration globally is an ongoing problem,likely to

101、be exacerbated with every new advance.14 However,it is not just inequality between States that will impact migrants.The move toward greater digitalization of migration management and increased use of AI,including for visa services,border processing and identity management,will increasingly require p

102、otential migrants to be able to engage with authorities via digital channels.This poses obstacles for many people around the world who do not have access to ICT.15 Supporting access to safe,orderly and regular migration requires that digital equality is actively supported.It is within this context t

103、hat this World Migration Report focuses on developments in migration over the last two-year period,with an emphasis on providing analysis that takes into account historical and contemporary factors historical in recognition that migration and displacement occur within broader long-term social,securi

104、ty,political and economic contexts.7 Such as the worst wildfire season(Canada),the hottest summer on record(global),driest September on record(Australia).8 United Nations,2023;WEF,2022.9 Birkmann et al.,2022.10 Carr,2023;Doubleday,2023.11 Vincent,2023.12 McAuliffe,2023.13 Adhikari and Tesfachew,2022

105、.14 Beduschi and McAuliffe,2021.15 ITU,2020;McAuliffe,2023.3WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024What has happened in migration?A great deal has happened in migration in the last two years since the release of the last World Migration Report in late 2021.The last two years saw major migration and displacement

106、 events that have caused great hardship and trauma,as well as loss of life.In addition to the conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza,as mentioned above,millions of people have been displaced due to conflict,such as within and/or from the Syrian Arab Republic,Yemen,the Central African Republic,the Democratic

107、Republic of the Congo,the Sudan,Ethiopia and Myanmar.There have also been large-scale displacements triggered by climate-and weather-related disasters in many parts of the world in 2022 and 2023,including in Pakistan,the Philippines,China,India,Bangladesh,Brazil and Colombia.16 Further,in February 2

108、023,south-east Trkiye and northern Syrian Arab Republic experienced powerful earthquakes,resulting in more than 50,000 deaths.17 By March,an estimated 2.7 million people had been displaced in Trkiye and many had been left homeless in the Syrian Arab Republic.18We have also witnessed the intensificat

109、ion of migration as a political tool in democratic systems around the world,notably in Europe,with some national election outcomes turning on the issues of anti-immigration and increasing cost of living.19 A rise in anti-immigrant sentiment has also been seen in other parts of the world experiencing

110、 worsening economic conditions,such as North and Southern Africa,South-East Asia and the Middle East.20 Notwithstanding recent events,long-term data on international migration have taught us that migration is not uniform across the world,but is shaped by economic,geographic,demographic and other fac

111、tors,resulting in distinct migration patterns,such as migration“corridors”being developed over many years(see Chapter 2 of this report for details).The largest corridors tend to be from developing countries to larger economies,such as those of the United States of America,the United Arab Emirates,Sa

112、udi Arabia and Germany;large corridors can also reflect protracted conflict and related displacement,such as from the Syrian Arab Republic to Trkiye(thesecond-largest corridor in the world).16 IDMC,2023.17 IOM,2023.18 Ibid.19 Gosling,2023.20 Allison,2023;Fahim,2022;Jalli,2023;Moderan,2023.4Report ov

113、erview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remainKey migration data at a glance(latest available)International migrantsa281millioninternational migrants globally in 2020,or 3.6 per cent of the worlds populationFemalesa135millioninternational

114、female migrants globally in 2020,or 3.5 per cent of the worlds female populationMalesa146millioninternational male migrants globally in 2020,or 3.7 per cent of the worlds male population Childrena28millioninternational child migrants globally in 2020,or 1.4 per cent of the worlds child population La

115、bour migrantsb169millionmigrant workers globally in 2019Missing migrantscAround 8,500dead and missing globally in 20235WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024International remittancesdUSD 831billionin international remittances globally in 2022 Low-and middle-income countriesdUSD 647billionin international remit

116、tances was received by low-and middle-income countries in 2022Displaced personse,f117millionpeople were living in displacement globally at the end of 2022(includes refugees,asylum-seekers,IDPs and others)Refugeese35.3millionrefugees globally in 2022Asylum-seekerse5.4millionasylum-seekers globally in

117、 2022 Others in need of international protectione5.2millionothers displaced globally in 2022,mainly Venezuelans(not including those who were refugees or asylum-seekers)Internally displaced persons(IDPs)f71.2millionIDPs globally in 2022:61.5 million due to conflict and violence;8.7 million due to dis

118、astersNote:See Chapter 2 for elaboration and discussion.Sources:a UN DESA,2021.b ILO,2021.c IOM,n.d.d Ratha et al.,2023.e UNHCR,2023.f IDMC,2023.6Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remainMigration continues to be part of the

119、solution for many economies,societies and families around the worldDespite the toxicity of some political narratives that rely on hate and division,migration has long served many millions of people around the world well whether in origin,in transit or in destination countries providing opportunities

120、 and enriching their lives.However,barely a day goes by without multiple media reports whether in traditional or newer forms of media focusing on negative aspects of migration.While this may reflect the changing nature of migration in some parts of the world,it is important to recognize that media r

121、eporting continues to place greater emphasis on“bad”news.21 In addition,disinformation tactics are increasingly being used by nefarious actors with negative impacts on public,political and social media discourse on migration.22“Normalizing”the migration narrative is a critical factor in being able t

122、o realize the benefits of migration.In the face of negatively skewed discussions,it can be easy to lose sight of the fact that international migration remains relatively uncommon,with a mere 3.6 per cent(or 281 million)of the world being international migrants(see discussion in Chapter 2 of this rep

123、ort).The vast majority of people do not move across borders to live.We also know that most international migration is safe,orderly and regular.23 Long-term research and analysis also tells us unequivocally that migration is a driver of human development and can generate significant benefits for migr

124、ants,their families and countries of origin.The wages that migrants earn abroad can be many multiples of what they could earn doing similar jobs at home.International remittances have grown from an estimated USD128 billion in 2000 to USD831 billion in 2022 and now far outstrip official development a

125、ssistance to developing countries and foreign direct investment(see discussion of remittances in Chapter 2 of this report).Migration can also provide an important skills boost,which can be critically important for destination countries experiencing population declines.In addition to enhancing nation

126、al income and average living standards,immigration can have a positive effect on the labour market by increasing labour supply in sectors and occupations suffering from shortages of workers,as well as helping address mismatches in the job market.These positive labour market effects are not just evid

127、ent in high-skilled sectors,but can also occur in lower-skilled occupations.Immigration increases both the supply of and the demand for labour,which means that labour immigration(including of lower-skilled workers)can generate additional employment opportunities for existing workers.Research also sh

128、ows that migrants provide a source of dynamism globally and are overrepresented in innovation and patents,arts and sciences awards,start-ups and successful companies.The immigration of young workers can also help with easing pressures on the pension systems of high-income countries with rapidly agei

129、ng populations.Immigration can also have adverse labour market effects(e.g.on wages and employment of nationals),but most of the research literature finds that these negative impacts tend to be quite small,at least on average.2421 Allen et al.,2017;McAuliffe and Ruhs,2017.22 Culloty et al.,2021.23 M

130、cAuliffe,2020;Pope,2024.24 Goldin et al.,2018;Ruhs,2013.7WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Regular migration pathways boost public confidence in migration systems,while also protecting migrants.International migration and mobility occurring within regional and global economic,social,political and security

131、environments increasingly reflect migration policy settings.Where,how,when and with whom people migrate often depends on the options available to them,with many of these options being determined or shaped by national-level policies as well as regional integration.Analysis of 25 years of internationa

132、l migrant stock data clearly shows that the regular pathways for migrants from developing countries have narrowed considerably,while pathways for those from developed countries have expanded(see Chapter 4 of this report).For increasing numbers of people around the world,therefore,irregular migration

133、 including use of the asylum pathway is the only option available to them.25 Humanitarian crises due to displacement remain the exception,but they are also on the rise.Forced displacement is the highest on record in the modern era(see Table 1 below).The situation is further exacerbated by environmen

134、tal impacts and climate change,which some scientists are predicting will force more than 216 million people across six continents to be on the move within their countries by 2050.26 Meanwhile,humanitarian needs are outpacing funding support.As humanitarian needs rise and domestic fiscal pressures gr

135、ow,many donor countries are under pressure to reduce their development budgets,placing development support to least developed countries at risk.27 Meanwhile,the risk of further conflict has not been higher in decades,as military spending reached a new record high of USD2,240 billion in 2022,reflecti

136、ng an ongoing reduction in peace globally,as well as rising geopolitical tensions.28 Humanitarian response will remain,for the foreseeable future,a major undertaking in order to support some of the most vulnerable people in the world.IOM will continue to be a major humanitarian actor in response to

137、crises,including as a full member of the United Nations Inter-Agency Standing Committee on humanitarian action.29 The World Migration Report seriesThe first World Migration Report was published 24 years ago,initially as a one-off report designed to increase the understanding of migration by policyma

138、kers and the general public.It was conceived at a time when the effects of globalization were being felt in many parts of the world and in a multitude of ways.Indeed,the first report states that part of its genesis was due to the effects of globalization on migration patterns,and that the report the

139、refore“looks at the increasingly global economy which has led to an unprecedented influx of newcomers in many countries”.30 The report highlighted the fact that,despite being an“age-old phenomenon”,migration was accelerating as part of broader globalization transformations of economic and trade proc

140、esses that were enabling greater movement of labour,as well as goods and capital.25 McAuliffe et al.,2017;McAuliffe and Koser,2017.26 World Bank,2021.27 Development Initiatives,2023.28 IEP,2023;SIPRI,2023.29 IASC,n.d.30 IOM,2000.8Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a ra

141、pidly changing world,but key challenges remainTable 1 below provides a summary of key statistics reported in the first edition(World Migration Report 2000),as compared to this current edition.It shows that while some aspects have stayed fairly constant the overall proportion of the worlds population

142、 that are migrants other aspects have changed dramatically.International remittances,for example,have grown from an estimated USD128 billion to USD831 billion(up by around 650%),underscoring the salience of international migration as a driver of development.Also of note in Table 1 is the rise in int

143、ernational migrants globally(up by about 87%),but more strikingly,the rise in the number of refugees(upby about 250%)and internally displaced persons(up by 340%),all the while remaining small proportions of the worlds population.Table 1.Key facts and figures from World Migration Reports 2000 and 202

144、42000 report2024 reportEstimated number of international migrants150 million281 millionEstimated proportion of world population who are migrants2.8%3.6%Estimated proportion of female international migrants 47.5%48.0%Estimated proportion of international migrants who are children16.0%10.1%Region with

145、 the highest proportion of international migrantsOceaniaOceaniaCountry with the highest proportion of international migrantsUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesNumber of migrant workers169 millionGlobal international remittances(USD)128 billion831 billionNumber of refugees14 million35.4 millionN

146、umber of internally displaced persons21 million71.4 millionSources:See IOM,2000 and the present edition of the report for sources.Notes:The dates of the data estimates in the table may be different to the report publishing date(refer to the reports for more detail on dates of estimates);refer to Cha

147、pter 3 of this report for regional breakdowns.The World Migration Report 2000s contribution to migration policy as well as migration studies was timely,and its success heralded the World Migration Report series.Since 2000,12 world migration reports have been produced by IOM,and the report continues

148、to focus on making a relevant,sound and evidence-based contribution that increases the understanding of migration by policymakers,practitioners,researchers and the general public.Tosupport this objective,the series was refined in 2016,moving away from a single theme for each edition to being a globa

149、l reference report for a wider audience.Each edition now has two parts,comprising:Part I:key data and information on migration and migrants;Part II:balanced,evidence-based analysis of complex and emerging migration issues.9WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024New digital tools developed through expert collabo

150、rationThe World Migration Report series now incorporates a range of digital tools tailored for use in various settings.These tools have been developed in partnerships with some of the worlds leading experts in migration data analysis,data visualization,education and the sciencepolicy interface.The W

151、orld Migration Report interactive data visualizations were developed in recognition of the need to deliver outputs in a wide range of formats for expanded accessibility and utility.Launched in May 2021,and updated regularly,the interactive data visualizations allow users to read both the“headline”su

152、mmaries on long-term trends,while also interacting with data points to explore specific time periods,corridors or countries.The new interactive format has become the centrepiece of the World Migration Report online platform,which has gone on to win multiple international design and data visualizatio

153、n awards.31 Additional tools for people working in migration and learning about migration,such as the education toolkit and the policy toolkit,demonstrate the growing salience of migration as well as the utility of the report.32 IOM partners with an extensive range of experts in developing and deliv

154、ering both the report and the related tools in a wide variety of languages to increase local use.33World Migration Report 2024This edition builds on the three previous reports(2018,2020 and 2022 editions)by providing updated migration statistics at the global and regional levels,as well as descripti

155、ve analyses of complex migration issues.Part I on“key data and information on migration”includes separate chapters on global migration trends and patterns,and regional dimensions and developments.These two chapters have been produced institutionally by IOM,drawing primarily on analyses by IOM expert

156、s,practitioners and officials around the world,based on data from a wide range of relevant organizations.The six chapters in Part II are authored by applied and academic researchers working on migration,including IOM researchers.They cover a range of“complex and emerging migration issues”,including:

157、Narrowing of mobility options for people from developing countries since 1995 and the need for more regular migration pathways;Human security in migration;Gender dimensions of migration;Climate change,food insecurity and migration;Global governance of migration;Migration and mobility in a post-COVID

158、 world.31 For information on international awards won,please see the World Migration Report webpage.32 See https:/worldmigrationreport.iom.int/about.33 See the Partner List on the World Migration Report website,which includes many academic institutions,as well as leading policy think tanks and educa

159、tion organizations.As stated in the notes at the front of this report,this edition was not produced with the use generative AI tools.10Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remainWhile the choice of these topics is necessarily s

160、elective and subjective,all the chapters in Part II of this report are directly relevant to some of the most prominent and important debates about migration in the world today.Many of these topics lie at the heart of the conundrums that face policymakers as they seek to formulate effective,proportio

161、nate and constructive responses to complex public policy issues related to migration.Accordingly,the chapters aim to inform current and future policy deliberations and discussions by providing a clear identification of the key issues,a critical overview of relevant research and analysis,and a discus

162、sion of the implications for future research and policymaking.The chapters are not meant to be prescriptive,in the sense of advocating particular policy“solutions”especially as the immediate context is an important determinant of policy settings but to be informative and helpful in what can be highl

163、y contested debates.Part IChapter 2 provides an overview of the latest available global data and trends on international migrants(stocks)and international migration(flows).It also provides a discussion of particular migrant groups namely,migrant workers,international students,refugees,asylum-seekers

164、,internally displaced persons as well as of international remittances.In addition,the chapter refers to the existing body of IOM programmatic data,particularly on missing migrants,assisted voluntary returns and reintegration,resettlement and displacement tracking.While these data are generally not g

165、lobal or representative,they can provide insights into changes that have occurred in relevant IOM programming and operations worldwide.Following the global overview,Chapter 3 provides a discussion of key regional dimensions of,and developments in,migration.The discussion focuses on six world regions

166、 as identified by the United Nations:Africa,Asia,Europe,Latin America and the Caribbean,Northern America and Oceania.For each of these regions,the analysis includes:(a)an overview and brief discussion of key population-related statistics;and(b)succinct descriptions of“key features and developments”i

167、n migration in the region,based on a wide range of data,information and analyses,including from international organizations,researchers and analysts.To account for the diversity of migration patterns,trends and issues within each of the six regions,along with descriptive narratives of“key features a

168、nd recent developments”,are presented at the subregional level.11WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Part IIChapter 4 Growing migration inequality:What do the global data actually show?This chapter first appeared in the World Migration Report 2022 and has been included in this edition due to the high demand

169、for presentations of its analysis which underscores the importance of regular migration pathways.The chapter examines the questions of“who migrates internationally,and where do they go?”It analyses diverse statistical data and draws upon some of the existing body of research on migration determinant

170、s and decision-making.It shows a growing“mobility inequality”,with most international migration now occurring between rich countries to the increasing exclusion of poorer countries.Analysis of international migrant stock and human development index data show that between 1995 and 2020,migration from

171、 low-and medium-development countries increased,but only slightly,reconfirming existing macroeconomic analyses showing that international migration from low-income countries has historically been limited.However,contrary to previous understandings of international migration,the analysis indicates th

172、at there has been a“polarizing”effect,with migration activity increasingly being associated with highly developed countries.This raises the key issue of migration aspirations held by potential migrants from developing countries around the world who may wish to realize opportunities through internati

173、onal migration,but are unable to do so as regular pathways are unavailable to them.Importantly,when geographic areas of free movement are established,States and people utilize them to great benefit.For example,over the long term,nations in the visa-free Schengen area in Europe experienced much highe

174、r levels of mobility growth than non-Schengen nations.The ECOWAS protocols in West Africa have also led to increased migration within the area and decreased migration outside of that bloc.12Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges

175、remainChapter 5 Migration and human security:Unpacking myths and examining new realities and responses This chapter examines the interaction between migration,mobility and human security in contemporary settings at a time when misinformation and disinformation about migration and migrants are both i

176、ncreasing and increasingly effective.It draws upon conceptualizations of the topic that have evolved over recent decades.The most significant link between migration and security relates to the human security of migrants themselves,rather than the national security of States.The vulnerability of migr

177、ants throughout the migration cycle is evident at all stages and in a wide variety of manifestations during pre-departure,transit,entry,stay and return.However,it is important to note that not all international migration is connected to,or caused by,human insecurity.Policies can potentially improve

178、human security for migrants and communities,addressing international,regional,national and subnational policy considerations as shown in the sixshort case studies presented in this chapter.Nonetheless,there is no one-size-fits-all policy approach to improving human security,as it depends on specific

179、 challenges and how they manifest.Therefore authorities at multiple levels and non-State actors need to actively develop,implement and measure solutions that facilitate a human security approach to migration and mobility.Chapter 6 Gender and migration:Trends,gaps and urgent action This chapter provi

180、des an overview of the interactions between migration and gender across diverse geographies worldwide.It covers family migration,marriage migration and displacement,with a particular focus on labour migration,one of the main and highly gendered types of migration.The chapter explores how gender infl

181、uences migration experiences,including displacement,throughout the migration cycle from pre-departure to entry and stay in destination countries and,if applicable,return to the country of origin.The showcased examples illustrate how gender may trigger diverse opportunities as well as vulnerabilities

182、 and risks for migrants.Drawing from the analysis of the existing gender dimensions throughout the migration cycle,four cross-cutting gender challenges are identified,complemented by promising practices or innovative interventions from different countries.These are related to stereotypes,access to i

183、nformation,the digital divide and regular migration pathways.The chapter highlights the urgency of adopting a gender-responsive approach to migration governance to empower migrants of all genders and promote gender equality more generally as the“prerequisite for a better world”.13WORLD MIGRATION REP

184、ORT 2024Chapter 7 Climate change,food insecurity and human mobility:Interlinkages,evidence and action This chapter explores the interlinkages between climate change,food insecurity and human mobility,highlighting the complexities of their relationships in multiple scenarios across the globe.The anal

185、ysis is nuanced and goes beyond the simplistic view of human mobility as a natural consequence of climate change impacts and food insecurity.Evidence shows that climate change plays an important part in adding further pressure on existing systems and communities.However,it cannot be considered the s

186、ole driver of food insecurity or migration,given prevailing power dynamics,fragilities in governance,structures of globalized food production and other social factors.Migration appears as a coping or adaptation strategy to reduce the adverse effects of climate change.Nonetheless,in some contexts,it

187、can be maladaptive.The outcomes of migration as an adaptation tool depend on the circumstances of the individuals or households engaging in human mobility,as well as on the involvement and agency of migrants.The chapter showcases the need for highly contextual interventions that address inequality a

188、nd power dynamics,including a gender perspective,leveraging local and indigenous knowledge,and carefully assessing possible maladaptive consequences for vulnerable populations.Chapter 8 Towards a global governance of migration?From the 2005 Global Commission on International Migration to the 2022 In

189、ternational Migration Review Forum and beyond This chapter explores the implications of global migration governance as a multi-stakeholder regime under the guidance of the United Nations,building on chapters from the two previous World Migration Reports.It traces the evolution of international coope

190、ration on migration from the Global Commission for International Migration(2005)to the 2022 International Migration Review Forum(IMRF),delving into the historical dimension and examining the influence of past recommendations.The chapter analyses the outcomes of the IMRF,shedding light on key tension

191、s and contentious issues in policy discussions surrounding global migration governance.By providing a comprehensive view of the developments between 2003 and the adoption of the Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration in 2018,the chapter explores the impact of systemic crises and geopo

192、litical changes,emphasizing the role played by the Global Forum on Migration and Development.14Report overview:Migration continues to be part of the solution in a rapidly changing world,but key challenges remain The discussion extends to the remaining limitations of the current governance architectu

193、re,particularly in the context of contemporary geopolitical challenges,offering reflections on migration governance at the regional level.Migration requires a truly whole-of-government and whole-of-society approach.Developments in global governance will only benefit all persons on the move if the em

194、erging architecture accommodates this reality.Chapter 9 A post-pandemic rebound?Migration and mobility globally after COVID-19 This chapter examines the transformative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on global migration and mobility,providing an update to the chapter on COVID-19 in the World Migrat

195、ion Report 2022.It addresses the following questions:“How have travel and movement restrictions changed since the last Report?How have migration and mobility patterns evolved across the same period?And what are the most important long-term implications of these trends?”Human migration and mobility h

196、ave rebounded significantly since the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic.However,after three years,much of the world is still less mobile than it was in 2019.The harshest restrictions have receded,but they have left behind a more complex and restrictive migration policy landscape.COVID-19 has catal

197、ysed or accelerated social transformations,both temporary and structural,across regions.These transformations include:changes in consumption patterns in developed and developing countries;high inflation and global economic slowdowns;demographic changes;the ongoing importance of remittances sent by m

198、igrant workers to their families and communities;automation;digital outsourcing;and the changing role of labour mobility in the global economy.Page left intentionally blankPART IKEY DATA AND INFORMATION ON MIGRATION AND MIGRANTS19WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 20242MIGRATION AND MIGRANTS:A GLOBAL OVERVIEWIn

199、troductionThe significant variation and diversity in migration and displacement around the world make capturing global trends a challenge.We know from the increasing amount of information at our disposal that migration is often a highly politicized topic,making it increasingly prone to misinformatio

200、n and disinformation by interest groups with political or commercial gains in mind.1 Straightforward,accurate accounts of migration assist in enabling us to question migration myths and critically engage with mis-and disinformation materials.Against this backdrop,describing and analysing how migrati

201、on around the world is changing from a range of different perspectives,including those entailing economic,social and security dimensions(and associated legal policy frameworks),must start with an understanding of fundamental metrics.Human migration may well be an age-old activity touching almost eve

202、ry society around the world;however,it is changing in important ways.Examining the shifts in scale,direction,demography and frequency can illuminate how migration is evolving,while also pointing to long-term trends that have been shaped by historical events,as well as more recent developments.The la

203、test available global estimate is that there were around 281 million international migrants in the world in 2020,which equates to 3.6percent of the global population.2 A first important point to note is that this estimate is due to be updated over the next year,which will provide valuable insights i

204、nto the long-term migration trends and the extent to which they were disrupted by COVID-19.The second point to note is that this total reflects an accumulation of migration events over many decades,while also accounting for only a small minority of the worlds population,meaning that staying within o

205、nes country of birth overwhelmingly remains the norm.The great majority of people do not migrate across borders;much larger numbers migrate within countries.3 The overwhelming majority of people migrate internationally for reasons related to work,family and study,involving migration processes that l

206、argely occur without fundamentally challenging either migrants or the countries they enter.This migration is mostly safe,orderly and regular.In contrast,other people leave their homes and countries for a range of compelling and sometimes tragic reasons,such as conflict,persecution and disaster.While

207、 those who have been displaced,such as refugees and internally displaced persons(IDPs),comprise a relatively small proportion of people who have moved overall,they are often the most vulnerable and require assistance and support.1 McAuliffe et al.,2019;Culloty et al.,2021.2 UN DESA,2021a.The next up

208、date to the International Migrant Stock estimates is anticipated to be released by UN DESA in the fourth quarter of 2024.3 While there are currently no up-to-date estimates of internal migrants,United Nations estimates from nearly two decades ago(UNDP,2009)indicate a much higher number of internal m

209、igrants than international migrants,a gap that has increased since then due to ongoing urbanization.20Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewThis chapter,with its focus on key global migration data and trends,seeks to assist migration policymakers,practitioners and researchers in making better sens

210、e of the bigger picture of migration,by providing an overview of global migration and migrants.The chapter draws upon current statistical sources compiled by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UN DESA),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the Uni

211、ted Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO),the International Labour Organization(ILO),the World Bank,the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees(UNHCR),the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre(IDMC),the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO),the Internatio

212、nal Organization for Migration(IOM)and the University of Oxford.4 The chapter provides an overview of global data and trends on international migrants(stocks)and international migration(flows).It also provides a discussion of particular migrant groups namely,migrant workers,international students,re

213、fugees,asylum-seekers,IDPs and missing migrants as well as of international remittances.The chapter also refers to the body of programmatic IOM data,particularly on assisted voluntary returns and reintegration,resettlement and displacement tracking.While these data are generally not global or repres

214、entative,they can provide insights into changes that have occurred in relevant programming and operations globally.As the United Nations migration agency,with activities relevant to all the themes discussed in this chapter,IOM data have the capacity to provide further insights on migration and its v

215、arious dynamics,including the diverse needs of migrants.Defining migration,migrant and other key termsOutside of general definitions of migration and migrant,such as those found in dictionaries,there exist various specific definitions of key migration-related terms,including in legal,administrative,

216、research and statistical spheres.a While there is no universally agreed definition of migration or migrant,several definitions are widely accepted and have been developed in different settings,such as those set out in UNDESAs 1998 Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration(i.e.a person

217、 living for more than 12months outside their country of birth).b Work by the United Nations Statistical Division and the United Nations Expert Group on Migration Statistics continues on the process under way in updating the 1998 Recommendations.c The set of core and additional indicators on internat

218、ional migration and temporary mobility(see text box below)was endorsed by the United Nations Statistical Commission at its 54th session in March 2023,paving the way for revised recommendations on international migrants and mobility that are better able to account for different aspects of mobility,in

219、cluding migration.d The new Recommendations are scheduled to be finalized by the Statistical Division and Expert Group for endorsement by the Commission in 2025.4 To keep within the scope of this report,statistics utilized in this chapter were current as at 30 June 2023,unless otherwise stated.21WOR

220、LD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Technical definitions,concepts and categories of migrants and migration are necessarily informed by geographic,legal,political,methodological,developmental,temporal and other factors.For example,there are numerous ways in which migration events can be defined,including in rel

221、ation to place of birth,citizenship,place of residence and duration of stay.e This is important when it comes to quantifying and analysing the effects of migration and migrants,however defined.We encourage readers to refer to primary sources cited in the chapter for information on specific definitio

222、ns and categorizations underlying the data.Readers may also find the IOM Glossary on Migration(2019)to be a useful reference.The Glossary is available at the IOM Publications Platform.a See,for example,Poulain and Perrin,2001;World Bank,2023a.b UN DESA,1998.c United Nations Statistics Division,2021.

223、d United Nations Statistical Commission,2023.e See,for example,de Beer et al.,2010.International migrants:numbers and trends UN DESA produces estimates of the number of international migrants globally.The following discussion draws on its estimates,which are based on data provided by States.5 The cu

224、rrent United Nations Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration defines an“international migrant”as any person who has changed his or her country of usual residence,distinguishing between“short-term migrants”(those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least three

225、months,but less than one year)and“long-term migrants”(those who have done so for at least one year).However,not all countries use this definition in practice.6 Some countries use different criteria to identify international migrants,for example by applying different minimum durations of residence.Di

226、fferences in concepts and definitions,as well as data collection methodologies between countries,hinder full comparability of national statistics on international migrants.While the estimated number of international migrants has increased over the past 50 years,it is important to note that the vast

227、majority of people live in the country in which they were born.In the latest international migrant estimates(dated as at mid-2020),almost 281 million people lived in a country other than their country of birth,or about 128 million more than 30 years earlier,in 1990(153 million),and over three times

228、the estimated number in 1970(84 million).The proportion of international migrants as a share of the total global population has also increased,but only incrementally(see Table 1).5 Data are also provided to UN DESA by territories and administrative units.For a summary of UN DESA stock data sources,m

229、ethodology and caveats,see UN DESA,2021b.6 UN DESA,1998.22Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewInternational Migrant Population Estimates When is the next migrant stock data set due to be released?The United Nations International Migrant Stock estimates are compiled,curated and released intermitt

230、ently by the Population Division in DESA at United Nations Headquarters(New York).The latest estimates were released in January 2021,based on mid-2020 data reasonably early in the COVID-19 pandemic and at the height of international travel restrictions.UN DESA anticipates that the next estimates wil

231、l be released in the fourth quarter of 2024.More information about the Population Divisions International Migrant Stock estimates are available at www.un.org/development/desa/pd/.Table 1.International migrants since 1970YearNumber of international migrantsMigrants as a%of the worlds population197084

232、4601252.3197590368 0102.2492.3912.3572.9762.820001732305852.820051914468282.9203.2203.420202805981053.6Source:UN DESA,2008 and 2021a.Note:The number of entities(such as States,territories and administrative regions)for which data were

233、 made available in the UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020 was 232.In 1970,the number of entities was 135.The available international migrant data include estimates of origin and destination links between two countries,allowing for the estimation of bilateral migration corridors globally.The si

234、ze of a migration corridor from country A to country B is measured as the number of people born in country A who were residing in country B at the time of the estimate.Migration corridors represent an accumulation of migratory movements over time and provide a snapshot of how migration patterns have

235、 evolved into significant foreign-born populations in specific destination countries.23WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024As can be seen in Figure 1,the Mexico to United States corridor is the largest in the world at nearly 11 million people.The second largest is from the Syrian Arab Republic to Trkiye,comp

236、rising mainly refugees displaced by the Syrian Arab Republics civil war.The corridor between the Russian Federation and Ukraine takes up spots three and five among the largest corridors in the world,which is due to a range of underpinning reasons over time(including,for example,displacement from Ukr

237、aine following Russian Federation invasions in 2014 and 2022).Discussion of refugees is included below in this chapter.Figure 1.Top international country-to-country migration corridors,20240 4 8 12Mexico United States of America Syrian Arab Republic Trkiye India United Arab Emirates Russian Federati

238、on Ukraine Ukraine Russian Federation India United States of America Afghanistan Iran(Islamic Republic of)Kazakhstan Russian Federation India Saudi Arabia Bangladesh India Russian Federation KazakhstanChina United States of AmericaPoland GermanyPhilippines United States of AmericaMyanmar ThailandTrk

239、iye Germany Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)ColombiaIndonesia Saudi ArabiaAlgeria FranceAfghanistan PakistanUkraine PolandMigrants(millions)Source:UN DESA,2021a;UNHCR,2023a.Notes:The corridors represent the number of international migrants(millions)born in the first-mentioned country and residing i

240、n the second.Corridors represent an accumulation of migratory movements over time and provide a snapshot of how migration patterns have evolved into significant foreign-born populations in specific destination countries.Those corridors comprising mainly displaced persons are coloured orange.Revision

241、s have been made based on large-scale displacement from Ukraine to neighbouring countries(as at end October 2023).24Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewWhy do some definitions of“international migrant”differ?As highlighted in the text box above,there are various definitions of“international migr

242、ant”that can stem from legal,policy,demographic and other contexts.While the United Nations Statistical Commission prescribes a specific definition based on foreign-born,some analysts deploy other definitions for analytical purposes.The 2023 World Development Report(WDR),for example,chose to use a m

243、uch more limited definition than that of the United Nations Statistical Commission by excluding from the UN DESA International Migrant Stock data migrants who had become citizens of the country to which they had migrated.Instead of 281 million international migrants,the WDR approach analyses a subse

244、t of 184 million migrants.This narrower approach provides a different perspective of migrants that encompasses all policy categories(including refugees)while overlaying a citizenship policy boundary even though acceptance by States of dual citizenship has increased significantly in recent years.This

245、 raises several implications,such as:What does it mean for those migrants and societies that have no possibility for accessing citizenship,even after years or decades of residence,compared with those that have policy approaches enabling citizenship acquisition?Does this definition intend to negate t

246、he important contributions of migrants who have become citizens of other countries(including dual citizens),such as the huge growth in international remittances sent by such migrants that has increasingly fuelled human development globally?Are conceptual barriers to civic participation reinforced an

247、d validated through a narrow“citizen”-based definition,even though non-citizen residents are increasingly able to participate in civic engagement in democratic systems particularly in municipal elections(but also in some national elections)?There is currently a larger number of male than female inte

248、rnational migrants worldwide and the growing gender gap has increased over the past 20 years.In 2000,the male to female split was 50.6 to 49.4 per cent(or 88 million male migrants and 86 million female migrants).In 2020 the split was 51.9 to 48.1 per cent,with 146 million male migrants and 135 milli

249、on female migrants.The share of female migrants has been decreasing since 2000,while the share of male migrants has increased by 1.3 percentage points.See Figure 2 for further breakdowns by sex.Figure 2.International migrants,by sex020406080020002005201020152020Millions Male Female49.4%50

250、.6%51.0%49.0%51.6%48.4%51.7%48.3%51.9%48.1%Source:UN DESA,2021a.25WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Examining international migrants by sex in the top 20 destination and origin countries(Figure 3)shows some clear patterns.There are more female than male international migrants in destination countries in Eu

251、rope and Northern America,such as the United States of America,Canada,France,Spain and Italy,but also in India.In contrast,for most Asian countries in the top 20 particularly the Gulf Cooperation Council(GCC)countries Saudi Arabia,the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait the number of male international

252、migrants is much higher than female,which is related to the structure of economies(e.g.construction and security sector prevalence)as well as social and human security factors.7 Figure 3.International migrants,by sex,top 20 destination countries(left)and origin countries(right)(millions)*KuwaitPakis

253、tanJordanMalaysiaThailandKazakhstanIndiaUkraineTrkiyeItalySpainAustraliaCanadaFranceUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomRussian FederationSaudi ArabiaGermanyUnited States of America01020Immigrants(millions)EgyptMyanmarGermanyRomaniaOccupied Palestinian TerritoryKazakhstanIndonesiaUnited KingdomPolandV

254、enezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)AfghanistanPhilippinesUkrainePakistanBangladeshSyrian Arab RepublicChinaRussian FederationMexicoIndia036912Emigrants(millions)SexFemaleMaleSource:UN DESA,2021a.Note:*This includes territories.7 Shah et al.,2018;Ullah et al.,2020.26Migration and Migrants:A Global Overv

255、iewProportionally,the distribution of female and male international migrants is about equal in most top 20 destination countries(Figure 4),except in several GCC countries and Malaysia,where the share of males is much higher,as well as in Ukraine,where there is a significantly higher number of female

256、 immigrants.This pattern is broadly similar in top 20 origin countries,with only slight differences between females and males,except in a handful of origin countries such as India,the Syrian Arab Republic,Bangladesh,Pakistan,Myanmar and Egypt,where the share of male migrants as a percentage of total

257、 emigrants from these countries is significant and considerably higher than that of female international migrants.Figure 4.International migrants,by sex,top 20 destination countries(left)and origin countries(right)proportion*KuwaitPakistanJordanMalaysiaThailandKazakhstanIndiaUkraineTrkiyeItalySpainA

258、ustraliaCanadaFranceUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomRussian FederationSaudi ArabiaGermanyUnited States of America0%25%50%75%100%Immigrants(millions)EgyptMyanmarGermanyRomaniaOccupied Palestinian TerritoryKazakhstanIndonesiaUnited KingdomPolandVenezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)AfghanistanPhilippines

259、UkrainePakistanBangladeshSyrian Arab RepublicChinaRussian FederationMexicoIndia0%25%50%75%100%Emigrants(millions)SexFemaleMaleSource:UN DESA,2021a.Notes:“Proportion refers to the share of female or male migrants in the total number of immigrants in destination countries(left)or in the total number o

260、f emigrants from origin countries(right).*This includes territories.27WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024While the international migrant worker data set managed by the ILO has not been updated for several years,it nevertheless provides some additional insights into the growing gender gap in the internationa

261、l migrant population.8 As can be seen in Figure 5,102.4 million or almost 61percent of all international migrant workers resided in three subregions:Northern America;the Arab States;and Northern,Southern and Western Europe.9 Notably,there is a striking gender imbalance of migrant workers in two regi

262、ons:Southern Asia(5.7 million males compared with 1.4 million females)and the Arab States(19.9 million males compared with 4.2 million females).The Arab States region is one of the top destinations for international migrant workers,where they comprise 41.4percent of the entire working population,oft

263、en dominating in key sectors.Figure 5.Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex(millions)0554045Arab StatesCentral and Western AsiaEastern AsiaEastern EuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorthern AfricaNorthern AmericaNorthern,Southern and Western EuropeSouth-Eastern Asia and the

264、 PacifcSouthern AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaMillionsMaleFemaleSource:ILO,2021.Note:The figure reflects ILO geographic regions and subregions,and does not imply official endorsement or acceptance by IOM.Please see annex A of ILO,2021 for more information on regional breakdowns.Please note that the rest of

265、this chapter refers to the UN DESA geographical regions.8 The current revision(at the time of writing)is based on 2019 data,released by the ILO in 2021(see ILO,2021).9 The ILO category of“Arab States”includes the following countries and territories:Bahrain,Iraq,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Oman,Qatar,Saudi

266、 Arabia,the Syrian Arab Republic,the United Arab Emirates,Yemen and the Occupied Palestinian Territory(ibid.).28Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewInternational migration and long-term population trendsIn some parts of the world,international migration has become a major component of population

267、 change.For high-income countries between 2000 and 2020,the contribution of international migration to population growth(net inflow of 80.5 million)exceeded the balance of births over deaths(66.2 million).Over the next few decades,migration will be the sole driver of population growth in high-income

268、 countries.By contrast,for the foreseeable future,population increase in low-income and lower-middle-income countries will continue to be driven by an excess of births over deaths.Between 2010 and 2021,40 countries or areas experienced a net inflow of more than 200,000 migrants each;in 17 of them,th

269、e net inflow over this period exceeded 1 million people.For several of the top receiving countries,including Jordan,Lebanon and Trkiye,high levels of immigration in this period were driven mostly by refugee movements,in particular from the Syrian Arab Republic.For 10 countries,the estimated net outf

270、low of migrants exceeded 1 million over the period from 2010 through 2021.In many of these countries,the outflows were due to temporary labour movements,such as for Pakistan(net flow of 16.5 million),India(3.5 million),Bangladesh(2.9 million),Nepal(1.6million)and Sri Lanka(1.0 million).In other coun

271、tries,including the Syrian Arab Republic(4.6 million),the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela(4.8 million)and Myanmar(1.0 million),insecurity and conflict drove the outflow of migrants over this period.Source:Abridged extract of the United Nations World Population Prospects 2022(UN DESA,2022a).Internat

272、ional migration flows While data on migrant stocks are widely available,data on global migration movements(flows)are much more limited.Available UN DESA estimates on global migrant stocks are extensive and global in scope;however,the database of migration flows only encompasses 45 countries.10 Captu

273、ring data on migration flows is extremely challenging for several reasons.First,while international migration flows are generally accepted as covering inflows and outflows into and from countries,there has been a greater focus on recording inflows.For example,while countries such as Australia and th

274、e United States record cross-border movements,many others only count entries and not departures.11 Additionally,migration flow data in some countries are derived from administrative events related to immigration status(for example,issuance/renewal/withdrawal of a residence permit),which are then use

275、d as proxies for migration flows.Furthermore,migratory movements are often hard to separate from non-migratory travel,such as tourism or business.12 Tracking migratory movements also requires considerable resources,infrastructure and ICT/knowledge systems.This poses particular challenges for develop

276、ing countries,where the ability to collect,administer,analyse and report data on mobility,migration and other areas is often limited.Finally,many countries physical geographies pose tremendous challenges for collecting data on migration 10 UN DESA,2015.11 Koser,2010;McAuliffe and Koser,2017.12 Skeld

277、on,2018.29WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024flows.Entry and border management,for example,is particularly challenging in some regions because of archipelagic and isolated borders,and is further complicated by traditions of informal migration for work.13Conflating“migration”and“migrant”In a general sense,mi

278、gration is the process of moving from one place to another.To migrate is to move,whether from a rural area to a city,from one district or province in a given country to another in that same country,or from one country to a new country.It involves action.In contrast,a migrant is a person described as

279、 such for one or more reasons,depending on the context(see the text box on“Defining migration,migrant and other key terms”above).While in many cases“migrants”do undertake some form of migration,this is not always the case.In some situations,people who have never undertaken migration may be referred

280、to as migrants children of people born overseas,for example,are commonly called second-or third-generation migrants.a This may even extend to situations involving statelessness,whereby whole groups of people are not able to access citizenship,despite being born and raised in a country.Such people ma

281、y even be referred to as irregular migrants by authorities.b a See,for example,Neto,1995;Fertig and Schmidt,2001.b Kyaw,2017.There are currently two main data sets on international migration flows,both of which are derived from national statistics:UN DESAs International Migration Flows data set and

282、OECDs International Migration Database.Since 2005,UN DESA has compiled data on the flows of international migrants to and from selected countries,based on nationally available statistics.At the time of writing(October 2023),there had been no update to the UN DESA flows data set,with the most current

283、 being the 2015 version.The 2015 migration flows data set comprises data from 45 countries,up from 29 countries in 2008 and 15 countries in 2005.14The OECD has been collecting international migration flow data since 2000,allowing for trend analysis to be conducted over a subset of major destination

284、countries,depicted in Figure 6(although data are not standardized,as explained in the note under the figure).The latest available data indicate that in 2020,there was a sharp decline in permanent migration inflows from the year before,a reflection of the border closures and movement restrictions in

285、response to the COVID-19 pandemic.There were more than 8 million inflows in 2019.This dropped to around 5 million in 2020,but has since risen to reach 5.9 million in 2021,comprising both labour and humanitarian migrants;some recent estimates from the OECD indicate that 2022 saw a further increase in

286、 inflows over 2021,connected mainly to humanitarian displacement.15 13 Gallagher and McAuliffe,2016.14 For UN DESA migration flow data,as well as for the specific countries included,please see UN DESA,2015.15 Dumont,2023;OECD,2023.30Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewFigure 6.Inflows of foreign

287、 nationals into OECD countries,permanent migration,20012021(millions)000420052006200720082009200001920202021MillionsSource:OECD,n.d.a.Note:Data are not standardized and therefore differ from statistics on permanent migration inflows into selecte

288、d countries contained in OECDs International Migration Outlook series.The 35 countries typically included in OECD statistics are the following:Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Luxembourg,Mex

289、ico,the Kingdom of the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,the Republic of Korea,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Trkiye,the United Kingdom and the United States of America.In some years,data for particular countries are not available:data were made available for 31 countries in

290、 2000.Notably,data for Greece have not been reported between 2000 and 2004,and data for Trkiye were reported only for 2010,2016,2017 and 2018.Please refer to the OECDs International Migration Outlook series for explanatory notes.Collaboration with the private sector on new data to understand migrati

291、on flows better Over the past several years,the private sector has begun offering novel data sources useful in several areas of migration-related statistics.For example,the Data for Good at Meta programme,which builds privacy preserving datasets to advance social issues,began modelling displacement

292、from weather-based events through a partnership with the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre(IDMC)starting in 2018.These tools were used by IDMC and others to triangulate official sources on displacement in the aftermath of major events such as Typhoon Hagibis,the strongest typhoon to strike mai

293、nland Japan in decades.More recently,researchers at Harvard,the European Commissions Joint Research Centre,and Meta published an IOM Migration Research Series paper on new aggregated social media data to anticipate conflict-induced migration flows in the context of the war in Ukraine.They found that

294、 the publicly available Facebook Social Connectedness Index is a strong predictor of diaspora populations within 27 European Union Member States,which is itself predictive of displacement trajectories of those uprooted by conflict.31WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Facebooks Social Connectedness Index(Ukr

295、aine to EU27 NUTS-3)Source:Minora et al.,2023.Additional research is currently underway from Meta and their collaborators on predicting international migration flows building upon items showcased at the 3rd International Forum on Migration Statistics.IOM and other collaborators have helped guide the

296、 development of a global dataset estimating international migration flows,forthcoming in 2024,with analysis of country-to-country trends spanning the COVID-19 pandemic years.This new international dataset is poised to provide a critical input into understanding international migration flows,most pro

297、foundly in developing countries where existing flow data is often unavailable.Partnerships like those with Meta have the potential to significantly improve the way migration statistics are calculated in the years to come.32Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewUnsafe migration flows Some migration

298、 routes pose many more challenges than others,for migrants as well as for authorities.Migrants journeys can sometimes be characterized by unsafe and even deadly outcomes,often related to a range of social,political,economic,environmental and policy factors that can profoundly impact the way in which

299、 people undertake migration.16 In the wake of the tragic events of October 2013,in which more than 360 people died in the sinking of two boats near the Italian island of Lampedusa,IOM began collecting and compiling information on migrants who perish or go missing on migratory routes worldwide,as par

300、t of its Missing Migrants Project.17 Data sources include official records of coastguards and medical examiners,media stories,reports from non-governmental organizations and United Nations agencies,and interviews with migrants.18The number of deaths recorded in 2023(over 8,500)was the highest since

301、2016 and a significant increase over the previous three years,especially 2020,when the COVID-19 pandemic and related mobility restrictions resulted in a lower overall number of deaths(Figure 7).Between 2014 and end of 2023,IOMs Missing Migrants Project recorded over 63,000 deaths and disappearances

302、on migration routes.Year-to-year,2023 saw an increase in deaths across the Mediterranean,Africa and Asia,with an unprecedented number of lives lost across the latter two regions.19Figure 7.Migrant deaths by region,2014202301,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,0002000202021

303、20222023AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeMediterraneanNote:Data include recorded deaths as well as those reported as missing.See the Missing Migrants Project webpage for details of methodology and geographic regions.16 McAuliffe et al.,2017.17 See https:/missingmigrants.iom.int/.18 IOM,2020a.19 IOM,n.d.,2023

304、a and 2024.33WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024The Missing Migrants Project faces notable challenges in its data collection.For instance,most recorded deaths are of people travelling via clandestine routes,which are often at sea or in remote areas to evade detection,meaning remains are often not found.Few

305、official sources collect and make data on migrant deaths publicly available.Relying on testimonies of fellow migrants and media sources can be problematic due to inaccuracies and incomplete coverage.Nevertheless,the project sheds light on a previously under-researched and neglected topic,highlightin

306、g the need to address this tragic ongoing issue,including in the context of the implementation of the Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration.COVID-19 impacts on mobility COVID-19 has been the most severe pandemic in a century,with its combination of high transmission,virus strains and

307、 the severity of the disease forcing policymakers into previously uncharted territory.While the main focus was on responding to the global health crisis(e.g.virus testing,disease treatment,and vaccination development and programming),part of the response has involved drastic changes to freedom of mo

308、vement of people all around the world,which in turn has massively impacted human mobility globally.COVID-19-related immobility became the“great disrupter”of migration.20Governments around the world implemented various measures to limit the spread of the virus and a range of restrictions was introduc

309、ed from early 2020,evolving over time.New data sets emerged to track policy responses globally,such as the University of Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker,21 which has recorded a wide range of government responses globally,such as“stay-at-home”measures,workplace closures,school closures,re

310、strictions on gatherings,restrictions on internal movements within a country,and international travel control measures.In addition,IOM began tracking travel restrictions globally early in the pandemic,drawing upon a range of data and reporting results via its COVID-19 Mobility Impacts dashboard.22 O

311、verall,COVID-19 travel restriction measures both internal and international were quickly put in place by the vast majority of countries around the world,with the peak occurring in late March to early April 2020(seeFigure 8).While international travel restrictions were more likely to have been enacte

312、d early in the pandemic,there was a greater variety of control measures during the initial weeks(including screening early on),probably due to governments needing to assess the severity of the crisis during a period of extraordinary uncertainty.Asthe severity of COVID-19 became clear,the number of b

313、oth international and internal travel restrictions rose drastically.20 McAuliffe,2020.21 Hale et al.,2023.22 See https:/migration.iom.int/.34Migration and Migrants:A Global OverviewFigure 8.Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission,by number of countries050100150Jan-2020Apr-2020Jul-2020

314、Oct-2020Jan-2021Apr-2021Jul-2021Oct-2021Jan-2022Apr-2022Jul-2022Oct-2022Jan-2023CountriesInternational travel controlsRestrictions on internal movementStay-at-home requirementsRestrictions on gatheringsWorkplace closingsSchool closingsSource:Hale et al.,2023.Notes:As at 1 January 2023.The term“inter

315、national travel controls”is used by Oxford and includes screening arrivals,quarantining arrivals,banning arrivals or total border closure.It is also important to note that categories are COVID-19-related only and do not reflect other travel restrictions that may have already been in place,such as th

316、ose related to visa restrictions,entry bans based on specific citizens,and departure/exit restrictions.The impact of the COVID-19-related travel restrictions becomes very clear when air passenger data are examined.We can see from long-term air passenger figures that COVID-19 travel restrictions had

317、a major impact on both international and domestic air travel in 2020.Total air passengers carried dropped by 60 per cent from around 4.5 billion in 2019 to 1.8 billion in 2020(Figure 9).Air passenger numbers began to inch up in 2021 as countries relaxed mobility restrictions,and by end of 2022,total

318、 passenger figures had risen to more than 3.5 billion.35WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2024Figure 9.Air passengers carried globally,5854703692588419851986

319、9258042005200620072008200920000022Total passengersDomestic passengersInternational passengersNumberr of passengers carried(millions)5,0004,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500-Source:IC

320、AO,2023.See additional data,research and analysis in the thematic Chapter 9 in this report,which provides an update on COVID-19 impacts on migration and mobility globally.International remittances Remittances are financial or in-kind transfers made by migrants directly to families or communities in

321、their countries of origin.The World Bank compiles global data on international remittances,notwithstanding the myriad data gaps,definitional differences and methodological challenges in compiling accurate statistics.23 Its data,however,do not capture unrecorded flows through formal or informal chann

322、els,and the actual magnitudes of global remittances are therefore likely to be larger than available estimates.24 This issue came to the fore during the pandemic,following a much more positive outcome in 2020 for international remittance flows,contrary to initial dire projections;this was due in par

323、t to a shift from informal channels to formal channels in response to COVID-19 immobility restrictions,among other reasons.25 Despite these issues,available data reflect a long-term increasing trend in international remittances in recent years,rising from around USD 128 billion in 2000 to USD831 bil

324、lion in 2022.2623 The content of much of this subsection,unless otherwise noted,is based on and drawn from the World Banks data in relation to migration and remittances(World Bank,n.d.a).In particular,the World Banks annual remittances data sets(ibid.),Migration and Development Brief 38(Ratha et al.

325、,2023),and its 13 June press release(World Bank,2023b)are key sources of information.Please refer to these sources,as well as the World Banks Factbooks on Migration and Development,including its latest,published in 2016,for explanatory notes,deeper analysis,caveats,limitations and methodologies asso

326、ciated with the numbers and trends presented.24 World Bank,2016.25 IMF,2020;IOM,2020b,2020c,2020d and 2021.26 Note that following 9/11 in 2001,some remittances were forced to shift from informal channels,such as via hawala systems,to formal channels.See discussion in El Qorchi et al.,2003.36Migratio

327、n and Migrants:A Global OverviewInternational remittances have recovered from the dip in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Migrants sent an estimated USD831 billion in international remittances globally in 2022,an increase from USD791 billion in 2021 and significantly more than USD 717billion in 202

328、0.27 As in previous years,low-and middle-income countries continued to receive vast sums of remittance inflows,which increased by 8 per cent between 2021 and 2022 from USD599 billion to USD647 billion.Since the mid-1990s,international remittances have greatly surpassed official development assistanc

329、e levels defined as government aid designed to promote the economic development and welfare of developing countries;they have also recently overtaken foreign direct investment(see Figure 10 below).28 Figure 10.International remittance flows to low-and middle-income countries(20002022)0050

330、06007008009002000200042005200620072008200920000022USD BillionsForeign Direct Investment(FDI)Ofcial Development Assistance(ODA)RemittancesSources:World Bank,n.d.b(remittances);World Bank,n.d.c(FDI and ODA data from World Development Indicators).(

331、Accessed 17 June 2023).Note:All numbers are in current(nominal)USD billion.In 2022,India,Mexico,China,the Philippines and France were(in descending order)the top five remittance recipient countries,although India was well above the rest,receiving more than USD111 billion,the first country to reach a

332、nd even surpass the USD100 billion mark.Mexico was the second-largest remittance recipient in 2022,a position it also held in 2021 after overtaking China,which historically had been the second-biggest recipient after India.G7 countries France and Germany remained in the top 10 of receiving countries

333、 globally in 2022,just as they have done for more than a decade(see Table 2).It should be noted,however,that the majority of inflows are not household transfers,but relate to salaries of cross-border workers who work in Switzerland while residing in France or Germany.29High-income countries are almost always the main source of international remittances.For decades,the United States of America has