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1、WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration(IOM).The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply expression of any opin
2、ion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society.As an intergovernmental organization,I
3、OM acts with its partners in the international community to:assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration;advance understanding of migration issues;encourage social and economic development through migration;and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants._Publisher:International
4、 Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O.Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.:+41 22 717 9111 Fax:+41 22 798 6150 Email:hqiom.int Website:www.iom.intCover photos:Top:Bogotas Mayoral Office runs this Orientation and Assistance Point in Bogotas bus station where humanitarian partners l
5、ike IOM offer services to Venezuelan migrants and refugees.IOM 2019/Muse MohammedMiddle:Protection from coastal erosion Coxs Bazar.Sampan boats.IOM 2016/Amanda NeroBottom:Many Venezuelans travelling through the continent do so by foot carrying all their children and possessions.Caminantes,or walkers
6、,trek along major highways and through difficult terrain.IOM 2019/Muse MohammedRequired citation:McAuliffe,M.and A.Triandafyllidou(eds.),2021.World Migration Report 2022.International Organization for Migration(IOM),Geneva._ISSN 1561-5502ISBN 978-92-9268-076-3(PDF)ISBN 978-92-9268-078-7(print)IOM 20
7、21Some rights reserved.This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO License(CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO).*For further specifications please see the Copyright and Terms of Use.This publication should not be used,published or redistributed for purposes prim
8、arily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation,with the exception of educational purposes e.g.tobe included in textbooks.Permissions:Requests for commercial use or further rights and licensing should be submitted to publicationsiom.int.*https:/creativecommons.or
9、g/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/legalcodePUB2021/032/L*WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022 iiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022This volume is the result of a highly collaborative venture involving a multitude of partners and contributors under the direction of the World Migration Report Editor.Work on this edition(Wor
10、ld Migration Report 2022)commenced in March 2020 and culminated in the launch of the report in December 2021 by the Director General at the 112th session of IOM Council.The findings,interpretations,conclusions and recommendations expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its Me
11、mber States.The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area,or of its authorities,or concerning its frontiers or boundaries.All
12、reasonable efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the data referred to in this report,including through data verification.We regret,however,any data errors that may remain.Unless otherwise stated,this report does not refer to data or events after June 2021.This edition of the report is ded
13、icated to the late Ambassador William Lacy Swing(1934 2021)and our colleague Tuna Dalkl(1980 2021),both of whom supported the WMR and gave their time and energy to its production and dissemination.The stories behind the photographs can be found on page v.iiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Editorial,revie
14、w and production teamEditorsMarie McAuliffe(IOM)and Anna Triandafyllidou(Ryerson University)IOM reviewersSoumyadeep Banerjee,Matteo Busto,Meredith Byron,Elizabeth Collett,Harry Cook,Pablo Escribano,Deepali Fernandes,Claire Galez-Davis,Jorge Andrs Gallo,Sam Grundy,Lorenzo Guadagno,Caroline Henderson,
15、Dina Ionesco,Phineas Jasi,Azrah Karim Rajput,Heather Komenda,Luca Lamorte,Andrea Milan,Juliana Quintero and Anita WadudAcademic reviewersTarik Abou-Chadi,Cecilia Cannon,Michael Clemens,Yogesh Dwivedi,Gibril Faal,Alan Gamlen,Ahmet İduygu,Binod Khadria,Susan Martin,Petra Molnar,Sriprapha Petcharamesre
16、e,S.Irudaya Rajan,Eugenia Siapera and Sallie Yea Publication production managerValerie HaggerProject administrationLiberty Beria and Aurelie Ben GavrielCopyeditorKarl Muller Report layoutCarmelo TorresReport webpage and interactiveMarie McAuliffe,Adrian Kitimbo,J.Ignacio Martin-Galan,Xaqun Veira Gon
17、zlez,Ray Leyesa and J.C.BorlonganIOM research teamMarie McAuliffe,Cline Bauloz,Adrian Kitimbo,Pablo Rojas Coppari*,Jenna Blower*,Taehoon Lee*,Josiane Matar*,Ben Brindle*,Adam Sawyer*part projectTranslationsFrench and Spanish Translation Units,Governing Bodies Division,IOMAcknowledgementsThe editors
18、are particularly grateful to the authors of the thematic chapters and to all of the IOM and academic reviewers who provided constructive feedback on the draft chapters.We are especially grateful to IOMs Director General,Antnio Vitorino,and members of IOMs senior leadership team,who actively supporte
19、d this World Migration Report,including Eugenio Ambrosi,Ugochi Daniels,Amy Pope,Wen Li,Eva kerman Brje,Charles Kwenin,Renate Held,Carmela Godeau,Nenette Motus,Michele Klein Solomon,Diego Beltrand,Marcelo Pisani,Mohammed Abdiker,Elizabeth Collett,Helga Bras,Vincent Houver,Alejandro Guidi,Aissata Kane
20、,Othman Belbeisi,Iori Kato,Manfred Profazi and Luca DallOglio.We also wish to acknowledge the Governments of Australia,Canada and Ireland for their financial support,as well as Robert Bosch Stiftung,the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Geneva Office,the IOM Migration Resource Allocation Committee(MIRAC)and
21、many IOM regional and country offices around the world.Special thanks also to the Harvard Data Science Review(especially Xiao-Li Meng and Rebecca McLeod),USA for IOM and USA for UNHCR for the May 2021 World Migration and Displacement Symposium.ivWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Contributors Chapter 1:Repo
22、rt overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresAuthors:Marie McAuliffe and Anna TriandafyllidouResearch assistants and other contributors:Cline Bauloz,Taehoon Lee and Adrian Kitimbo.For Appendix B:Carmela Godeau,Kristina Mejo,Wonesa
23、i Sithole,Emmanuel Quarshie,Nenette Motus,Itayi Viriri,Rudolf Maxwald,Sarah Carl,Susanne Melde,Andrea Ortiz,Ryan Schroeder,Elisa Tsakiri,Amr Taha,Ivona Zakoska-Todorovska,Chiara Maria Tognetti,Stefanie Allemann,Helene Legoff,Ionela Timofte,Simon Lauranne Van Asch,Alexander Doggen,Agnes Ebenberger,Ab
24、di Hersi,Ericka Guevara and Ezequiel Texido Chapter 2:Migration and migrants:A global overviewMain contributors:Marie McAuliffe,Taehoon Lee and Guy AbelResearch assistants and other contributors:Mohammad Rizki,Silvan Lange,Joey Cabana and Virginie FongChapter 3:Migration and migrants:Regional dimens
25、ions and developments Main contributors:Adrian Kitimbo,Jenna Blower,Marie McAuliffe,Guy Abel and Taehoon LeeResearch assistants and other contributors:Pablo Escribano,Rudolf Maxwald,Mark McCarthy,Ezequiel Texido,Dalila Polack,Christopher Zapp,Emmanuel Quarshi,Abdi Hersi,Justin MacDermott,Tsion Tades
26、se Abebe,Asma Saeed,Kristina Mejo,Hind Kinani,Tanja Dedovic,Irene Pasini,Amr Taha,Stefanie Alleman,Peter Broomfield,Ivona Zakoska-Todorovska,Itayi Viriri,Nari Shim,Damien Jusselme,Hind Aissaoui Bennani,Sarah Carl and Elisa TsakiriChapter 4:Migration research and analysis:Recent United Nations contri
27、butionsMain contributors:Pablo Rojas Coppari and Marie McAuliffeResearch assistant:Cristina SchaverChapter 5:The Great Disrupter:COVID-19s impact on migration,mobility and migrants globallyAuthors:Marie McAuliffe,Luisa Feline Freier,Ronald Skeldon and Jenna BlowerResearch Assistants:Ben Brindle and
28、Taehoon LeeChapter 6:Peace and security as drivers of stability,development and safe migrationAuthors:Adrian Kitimbo,Amanda Lucey and Mehari Taddele MaruResearch Assistant:Ben Brindle Chapter 7:International migration as a stepladder of opportunity:What do the global data actually show?Authors:Marie
29、 McAuliffe,Guy Abel,Linda Oucho and Adam SawyerChapter 8:Disinformation about migration:An age-old issue with new tech dimensionsAuthors:Eileen Culloty,Jane Suiter,Itayi Viriri and Sara CretaChapter 9:Migration and the slow-onset impacts of climate change:Taking stock and taking actionAuthors:Mariam
30、 Traore Chazalnol and Alex RandallResearch Assistants:Iulia Duca and Tran Hieu Hanh HoangChapter 10:Human trafficking in migration pathways:Trends,challenges and new forms of cooperation Authors:Cline Bauloz,Marika McAdam and Joseph TeyeResearch Assistant:Josiane Matar and Jenna BlowervWORLD MIGRATI
31、ON REPORT 2022Chapter 11:Artificial intelligence,migration and mobility:Implications for policy and practiceAuthors:Ana Beduschi and Marie McAuliffe Research Assistant:Josiane MatarChapter 12:Reflections on migrants contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation“REPEAT”Authors:M
32、arie McAuliffe,Adrian Kitimbo and Binod KhadriaResearch Assistant:Michelle NguyenPhotographsChapter 1Fadmou holds her baby girl as she waits in a clinic in Hargeisa,Somalia.IOM 2020/Muse MohammedPart IThe Shahrak Sabz internally displaced person(IDP)settlement in Afghanistan was established in 2018
33、by IDPs fleeing drought.Upwards of 30,000 IDPs now live in the area as of February 2021.IOM 2021/Muse MohammedChapter 2Many of the more than 300,000 Venezuelan refugees and migrants who cross the border of Ecuador and Colombia pass through this border point in Ipiales,Colombia.Others embark on troch
34、as,or informal and more dangerous routes,in rural areas through mountains and across rivers to enter Ecuador.IOM 2019/Muse MohammedChapter 3In the context of reintegration activities 355 returning migrants have received vocational training and have been accompanied in the creation of microenterprise
35、s or in the search for a job or work experience in Burkina Faso.IOM 2018/Alexander BeeChapter 4Front-line worker at the IOM Point of Entry health screening point in Chanika,United Republic of Tanzania.IOM 2019/Muse MohammedPart IIEmpty Geneva airport during COVID-19.IOM 2021/Pegah GuillotChapter 5Ja
36、mila is a nurse at one of IOMs e Centres in Coxs Bazar.The facility has been converted to an Isolation Centre for suspected cases of COVID-19.Together with a team of trained doctors,nurses and midwives,Jamila is part of the front-line responders to COVID-19 in the camp.IOM 2020/Nate WebbviWORLD MIGR
37、ATION REPORT 2022Chapter 6The French photojournalist of Iranian origin Reza Deghati led a three-day photography training workshop in Abidjan,Cte dIvoire.The training was aimed at migrants returning to their country after experiencing difficult journeys abroad.Six young photographers also participate
38、d in the training.After learning the technical aspects of photography,the participants put their new skills into practice by attending reintegration and recreation activities organized by IOM for returnees and community members.IOM 2019/Mohamed Aly DiabateChapter 7Exit from Metro Station,Moscow.More
39、 than 90 per cent of all the streets of this city are cleaned by labour migrant who live in basements.Most of them receive only one third of the salary wages for which they are promised in related documents.Street cleaners are the subjects of frequent attacks by nationalists.IOM 2018/Elyor NematovCh
40、apter 8“Loharano”is the project launched by IOM and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar,in order to engage the Madagascan diaspora in the economic development of Madagascar.This image was taken in one of the classrooms where volunteers give computer lessons.IOM 2019/Natalie OrenChapter 9Is
41、landers bid farewell to IOM staff as they leave the Carteret Islands.IOM 2016/Muse MohammedChapter 10Minors at the TAS centre in Bossaso are all Ethiopian unaccompanied children.They were tricked by smugglers to come to Somalia hoping to get to the Gulf but have been abandoned on the road after thei
42、r money was taken away.IOM,UNICEF and local partner TAS provide shelter and assistance to them while they await family reunification.IOM 2020/Muse MohammedChapter 11Real feelings.Coralie Vogelaar 2020Chapter 12Robeiro,an ex-combatant from an illegal paramilitary group in Colombia,carries the harvest
43、ed chili peppers.Robeiro is one of 300 beneficiaries of an income generation project implemented by IOM Colombia.IOM 2009/Diego SamoraAppendicesDaniela who is staying at Albergue Sol de Pastos a transit centre in Ipiales,Colombia before she travels onward to Ecuador.IOM and other agencies provide sh
44、elter,medical and psychosocial assistance,food and other services at this transit centre.IOM 2019/Angela WellsReferencesNour Abdi Garaad is a Somali returnee in Burco who has now set up his own shop in the centre town selling garments.IOM 2020/Muse MohammedviiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Table of cont
45、entsEditorial,review and production team.iiiAcknowledgements.iiiContributors.ivPhotographs.vList of figures and tables.viiiList of appendices.xiForeword.xiiChapter 1 Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futures.1Part I:Key da
46、ta and information on migration and migrants.18Chapter 2 Migration and migrants:A global overview.21Chapter 3 Migration and migrants:Regional dimensions and developments.59Chapter 4 Migration research and analysis:Recent United Nations contributions.129Part II:Complex and emerging migration issues.1
47、48Chapter 5 The Great Disrupter:COVID-19s impact on migration,mobility and migrants globally.151Chapter 6 Peace and security as drivers of stability,development and safe migration.173Chapter 7 International Migration as a stepladder of opportunity:What do the global data actually show?.191Chapter 8
48、Disinformation about migration:An age-old issue with new tech dimensions.217Chapter 9 Migration and the slow-onset impacts of climate change:Taking stock and taking action.233Chapter 10 Human trafficking in migration pathways:Trends,challenges and new forms of cooperation.255Chapter 11 Artificial In
49、telligence,migration and mobility:Implications for policy and practice.281Chapter 12 Reflections on migrants contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation.301Appendices.307References.391viiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022List of figures and tables Chapter 1Table 1.Key facts and fig
50、ures on IOM(1951,2016 and 2021).9Table 2.Key facts and figures from World Migration Reports 2000 and 2022.10Chapter 2Table 1.International migrants,19702020.23Figure 1.International migrants,by major region of residence,20052020(millions).24Figure 2.Top 20 destinations(left)and origins(right)of inte
51、rnational migrants in 2020(millions).25Figure 3.Top 20 international migration country-to-country corridors,2020.27Figure 4.International migrants,by sex,20002020.28Figure 5.Inflows of foreign nationals into OECD countries,permanent migration,20002018(millions).30Figure 6.Migrant deaths by region,20
52、142020.31Figure 7.COVID-19-related travel controls:International and internal,January 2020June 2021,all countries.33Figure 8.COVID-19-related international travel measures:March 2020June 2021,all countries.34Figure 9.Air passengers carried globally,19452020.35Figure 10.Migrant workers by destination
53、 country income level,2013,2017 and 2019.36Table 2.International migrant workers,by sex and income level of destination country,2019.37Figure 11.Geographic distribution of migrant workers by sex(millions),2019.38Figure 12.International remittance flows to low-and middle-income countries(19902020).40
54、Table 3.Top 10 countries receiving/sending international remittances(20052020)(current USD billion).41Figure 13.Top 20 recipient countries/territories of international remittances by total in USD billion(left)and share of GDP(right),20192020.42Figure 14.Top 20 sending countries/territories of intern
55、ational remittances by total in USD billion(left)and share of GDP(right),20192020.43Figure 15.Number of refugees by top five countries of origin,20052020(millions).46Figure 16.Number of refugees by top five host countries as of 2020(millions).46Figure 17.Number of refugees resettled by major resettl
56、ement countries in 20052020.47Table 4.Number of refugees needing resettlement and number of refugees resettled globally,from 2005.48Figure 18.Top 20 countries with the largest populations of internally displaced persons by conflict and violence at the end of 2020(millions).51Figure 19.Conflict displ
57、acements(top)and disaster displacements(bottom)in 2020 by location.53Figure 20.New internal displacements due to conflict and disasters,20102020(millions).54Chapter 3Figure 1.Migrants to,within and from Africa,19902020.61Figure 2.Top 20 African migrant countries,2020.62Figure 3.COVID-19-related trav
58、el controls in Africa:International and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.63Figure 4.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Africa:March 2020 to June 2021.64Figure 5.Top African international remittance recipient and source countries,2019 and 2020.65Figure 6.Top 10 African countries by t
59、otal refugees and asylum seekers,2020.66Figure 7.Top 20 African countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.67Figure 8.Migrants to,within and from Asia,19902020.74Figure 9.Top 20 Asian migrant countries/territories,2020.75Figure 10.COVID-19-related travel controls in Asia:Int
60、ernational and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.76ixWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Figure 11.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Asia:March 2020 to June 2021.77Figure 12.Top Asian international remittance recipient and source countries,2019 and 2020.78Figure 13.Top 10 Asian countries by
61、total refugees and asylum seekers,2020.79Figure 14.Top 20 Asian countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.80Figure 15.Migrants to,within and from Europe,19902020.88Figure 16.Top 20 European migrant countries,2020.89Figure 17.COVID-19-related travel controls in Europe:Intern
62、ational and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.90Figure 18.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Europe:March 2020 to June 2021.91Figure 19.Top 20 European international remittance recipient and source countries,2019 and 2020.92Figure 20.Top 10 European countries by total refugees and as
63、ylum seekers,2020.93Figure 21.Top 20 European countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.94Figure 22.Migrants to,within and from Latin America and the Caribbean,19902020.99Figure 23.Top Latin America and Caribbean migrant countries,2020.100Figure 24.COVID-19-related travel c
64、ontrols in Latin America and the Caribbean:International and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.101Figure 25.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Latin America and the Caribbean:March 2020 to June 2021.102Figure 26.Top remittance recipient and source countries in Latin America and the C
65、aribbean,2019 and 2020.103Figure 27.Top 10 Latin America and Caribbean countries by total refugees and asylum seekers,2020.104Figure 28.Top Latin and Caribbean countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.105Figure 29.Migrants to,within and from North America,19902020.109Figur
66、e 30.Main migration countries in Northern America,2020.110Figure 31.COVID-19-related travel controls in Northern America:International and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.111Figure 32.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Northern America:March 2020 to June 2021.112Figure 33.Remittanc
67、e recipient and source countries in Northern America,2019 and 2020.113Figure 34.Number of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Northern American countries,2020.113Figure 35.Northern American countries by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.114Figure 36.Migrants to,within and fr
68、om Oceania,19902020.117Figure 37.Main migration countries in Oceania,2020.118Figure 38.COVID-19-related travel controls in Oceania:International and internal,January 2020 to June 2021.119Figure 39.COVID-19-related international travel measures in Oceania:March 2020 to June 2021.120Figure 40.Top inte
69、rnational remittance recipient and source countries in Oceania,2019 and 2020.121Figure 41.Numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in and from Oceania countries,2020.121Figure 42.Top countries in Oceania by new internal displacements(disaster and conflict),2020.122Chapter 4Table 1.Strengths and weakne
70、sses of academic and non-academic research .130Table 2.United Nations Network on Migration members,including Executive Committee members.133Table 3.Examples of key global material published from 2019 until June 2021.142Chapter 5Figure 1.COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths by United Nations region af
71、ter one year.152Figure 2.Air transport passengers carried,1980 to 2018.155Figure 3.Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission,by number of countries.157xWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Figure 4.Government responses to minimize COVID-19 transmission in Africa,Asia,Europe and Latin America and
72、the Caribbean,by number of countries.158Figure 5.Air passengers carried globally,19452020.160Table 1.Impacts of COVID-19 throughout the migration cycle.161Chapter 6Table 1.Global peace,State fragility,human development and displacement(selected countries).179Figure 1.Remittances,foreign direct inves
73、tment(FDI)and official development assistance(ODA)flows to low-and middle-income countries,19902020.186Chapter 7Figure 1.International migrants by region 1990 to 2019:Migrants to,migrants within and migrants from Europe,and Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC).192Table 1.Human development,fragility
74、and passport rankings for selected countries.195Figure 2.A model of the mechanisms that produce migration.196Figure 3.Mobility transition.198Figure 4.Emigration prevalence,1960 to 2019.199Table 2.Immigrants by United Nations region,1995 and 2020.201Table 3.Top 20 countries of origin and destination,
75、by number(millions)and proportion of total population.202Figure 5.Immigrants and emigrants by Human Development Index country category,2020.204Figure 6.Association between Human Development Index scores and immigrant/emigrant stocks,2005.204Table 4.Number of countries in HDI classifications,1995 to
76、2019.205Figure 7.Migrants to,between and from each of the four HDI categories (low,medium,high and very high),19952020.207Figure 8.Schengen area member States.210Figure 9.Migration between very high HDI countries.211Figure 10.ECOWAS member States.212Figure 11.Migration between low HDI countries.213C
77、hapter 8Figure 1.The online disinformation process.222Figure 2.Debunking Steps.227Chapter 10Figure 1.The three cumulative elements of trafficking in persons as defined in Article 3(a)of the Trafficking Protocol.257Figure 2.Percentage of detected victims by type of trafficking flows and subregions,20
78、18(or most recently available).265Figure 3.Number of detected trafficking victims,by form of exploitation and region of detection,2018.266Figure 4.Percentage of identified victims,by exploitation sector and intra-/inter-subregional trafficking.267Figure 5.Criminal justice funnel for trafficking case
79、s and main challenges.271Figure 6.Main components of the right to an effective remedy for victims of trafficking.273Chapter 11Figure 1.Artificial Intelligence and the migration cycle.284xiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022List of appendices Chapter 1Appendix A.The International Organization for Migration:7
80、0th anniversary.307Appendix B.Highlighting the work of IOMs regional offices during the Organizations 70th anniversary.311Chapter 2Appendix A.Abridged extract:Final Report on Conceptual Frameworks and Concepts and Definitions on International Migration(27 April 2021).341Chapter 3Appendix A.United Na
81、tions Department of Economic and Social Affairs:Regions and Subregions.344Chapter 4Appendix A.Chart of the United Nations System.349Appendix B.Summary of the United Nations Compacts and Network on Migration process timelines.350Chapter 5Appendix A.351Appendix B.352Chapter 6Appendix A.Trends and driv
82、ers of conflict.371Appendix B.UN documents for peacebuilding:Secretary-Generals reports.373Chapter 7Appendix A.Opportunity,migration and the Human Development Index.374Appendix B.How I ended up in a scientific spat about migration figures and what I learned from it .375Appendix C.378Chapter 9Appendi
83、x A.Key definitions .379Appendix B.Additional United Nations policy initiatives related to slow-onset events and migration.380Chapter 10Appendix A.Ratification status of international instruments relevant to migration.382Appendix B.Forms of exploitation captured in regional instruments.383Appendix C
84、.Inter-State consultation mechanisms relevant to human trafficking .384Chapter 11Appendix A.Definitions of AI.386Appendix B.AI usage in different sectors.388xiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022ForewordHuman migration and mobility may well be age-old phenomena touching almost every society around the world
85、.However,they have changed over time in important ways.Examining these shifts in scale,direction,demography and frequency can help us understand how migration is evolving,and can inform effective policies,programmes and operational responses on the ground.The current United Nations global estimate i
86、s that there were around 281 million international migrants in the world in 2020,which equates to 3.6 per cent of the global population.This is a small minority of the worlds population,meaning that staying within ones country of birth remains,overwhelmingly,the norm.The great majority of people do
87、not migrate across borders;much larger numbers migrate within countries,although we have seen this slow over the past two years as COVID-19 related immobility has gripped communities everywhere.The COVID-19 pandemic has also highlighted the interconnections between migration and mobility,with COVID-
88、19 travel restrictions resulting in hundreds of millions of people being unable to travel for months on end,and leaving many thousands of migrants stranded and in need of assistance.Migration is a complex issue.As such,it is one that can be exacerbated by misinformation and politicization to alarmin
89、g degrees.The central aim of the flagship World Migration Report is to set out in clear and accurate terms the changes occurring in migration and mobility globally so that readers can better situate their own work.As the United Nations migration agency,IOM has an obligation to demystify the complexi
90、ty and diversity of human mobility.The report also acknowledges IOMs continuing obligation to uphold fundamental rights and its mission to support those migrants who are most in need.This is particularly relevant in the areas in which IOM works to provide humanitarian assistance to people who have b
91、een displaced,including by weather events,conflict and persecution,or to those who have become stranded during crises,such as COVID-19.Likewise,IOM remains committed to supporting Member States as they draw upon various forms of data,research and analysis during policy formulation and review process
92、es.Indeed,this is reflected in IOMs Constitution where the need for migration research is highlighted as an integral part of the Organizations functions.The World Migration Report is a flagship component of this important area of work.That said,we also know that the key features of migration vary ac
93、ross different locations,and that specific audiences(such as policy officials,practitioners,media,researchers,teachers and students)have varying information and analytical needs when using this report to inform their work.So,in addition to the presentation of key global and regional migration data a
94、nd trends as well as salient thematic issues,this World Migration Report is supplemented by a range of digital tools ensuring that the report does not remain on the“virtual shelf”.I am proud to report that the World Migration Report editorial team won recognition in two categories of the Internation
95、al Annual Report Design Awards 2021,in both the online and pdf categories,for the 2020 edition of the report.Spurred on by this success,IOM has expanded the array of report materials for a digital age.The new online interactive platform allows users to explore and interact with key data in a highly
96、visual and engaging way.This is supplemented by the online educators toolkit to support teachers around the world as they seek to provide balanced,accurate and interesting learning materials on the fundamentals of migration and migrants for teenagers and young adults.xiiiWORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022T
97、he rise and rise of disinformation about migration has meant that the World Migration Report has become a key source for fact-checkers around the world,helping to refute false news on migration in a wide variety of places.To assist fact-checkers,we have developed a simple toolkit to help bust key my
98、ths on migration.We are also working with partners on the development of a digital policy officials toolkit to assist them in utilizing its contents in a wide range of policy-related settings.We are cognizant that many,including Member States officials,need outputs and materials in their own officia
99、l language(s).Language translation is a meaningful,practical and cost-effective way of supporting development and technical capacity-building for those working in migration around the world.We are pleased that donors agree:the 2020 edition of the World Migration Report was available for the first ti
100、me in all six United Nations languages(Arabic,Chinese,English,French,Russian and Spanish),with key chapters also translated into German,Portuguese,Swahili and Turkish.Our aim,with the support of donors from all sectors,is to increase our linguistic reach even further for this current edition.Extendi
101、ng the utility and reach of our flagship report is a particularly gratifying aspect of the evolution of the Organizations role and contribution to migration discourse globally.On this,our 70th anniversary,it is important to reflect upon the ongoing need for IOMs strong operational capabilities to su
102、pport humanitarian response and leverage migration programmatic expertise.However,what some readers may not realize is that IOM has been one of the longest standing supporters and producers of migration research and analysis,establishing the first scientific journal on international migration in 196
103、1,and commencing the World Migration Report more than two decades ago.In this era of heightened interest in and activity towards migration and migrants,we hope this 2022 edition of the World Migration Report and its related tools become key resources for you.We hope they help you to navigate this hi
104、gh-profile and dynamic topic during periods of uncertainty,and that the report prompts reflection during quieter moments.But most importantly,we hope that you learn something new from the report that can inform your own work,be it in studies,research and analysis,policymaking,communication or migrat
105、ion practice.Antnio VitorinoDirector GeneralMARIE MCAULIFFEANNA TRIANDAFYLLIDOU1WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 20221REPORT OVERVIEW:TECHNOLOGICAL,GEOPOLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS SHAPING OUR MIGRATION AND MOBILITY FUTURES1 IntroductionThe last two years,since the release of the World Migration
106、 Report 2020 on 28 November 2019 around three weeks before COVID-19 was initially detected have been unlike anything we could have imagined.It has not been business as usual.We therefore cannot make the standard,but nevertheless truthful observations about the tremendous benefits that migration brin
107、gs to the world,about best practices for safe and well-managed migration,and about how crises combined with misinformation can risk diverting our attention and lead to migration being used as a political weapon.2 While these observations remain valid,the most severe pandemic in over a century has la
108、id bare some other“home truths”.Innovation,ingenuity,skill,compassion,resilience and hope have been witnessed time and again in responding to this global health crisis.Yet there is a sense that some of the core values underpinning a well-functioning system of global governance3 were at times reduced
109、 to rhetoric or fodder for political“announceables”.Values such as equality,sustainability,cooperation,collaboration,tolerance and inclusion were,at times,set aside by political and industry leaders under pressure to respond to the pandemic in a hyper-competitive international arena.Unsurprisingly,s
110、ome of those reflecting on COVID-19 impacts have called for the return to a holistic understanding of the world and the place that humans occupy in it.4It is within this context that this World Migration Report focuses on developments in migration over the last two-year period,with an emphasis on pr
111、oviding analysis that takes into account historical and contemporary factors historical in recognition that migration and displacement occur within broader long-term social,security,political and economic contexts;contemporary in recognition that we are still in many ways grappling with a significan
112、t global upheaval caused by a severe pandemic that has tested even the most resilient systems,countries,communities and people.While acknowledging that we will continue to experience the systemic effects of COVID-19 for many years to come,this World Migration Report 2022 offers an initial exploratio
113、n of current data and other evidence to answer the key question,“How has COVID-19 altered migration and mobility for people around the world?”Yet it also answers many other questions beyond a COVID-19 focus,including on important topics such as the links between peace and migration,on disinformation
114、 on migration,on countering human trafficking in migration pathways and on climate change impacts.1 Marie McAuliffe,Head,Migration Research and Publications Division,IOM;Anna Triandafyllidou,Canada Excellence Research Chair in Migration and Integration,Ryerson University.2 See Chapter 1 of the World
115、 Migration Report 2020 for discussion of these issues.3 See,for example,UN,2015.4 Gardini,2020.2Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresWhat has happened in migration?A great deal has happened in migration in the last two
116、 years since the release of the last World Migration Report in late 2019.The COVID-19 global pandemic arrived at a time of heightened uncertainty brought about by fundamental changes in technology,adding tremendous complexity and anxiety to a world that was already experiencing significant transform
117、ations.5COVID-19 has radically altered mobility around the world,and while there were initial expectations and hope that the pandemic would be limited to 2020,virus strains,waves of infection and vaccination programming issues have seen the pandemic continue through 2021.COVID-19 has become a truly
118、seismic global event,testing the resilience of countries,communities,systems and sectors.By the end of the first year of the pandemic,116.2million cases of COVID-19 had been recorded globally,while 2.58million people had died.6 In mobility terms,108,000 international COVID-19-related travel restrict
119、ions had been imposed globally.7 Air passenger numbers dropped by 60 per cent in 2020(1.8billion)compared with 2019(4.5billion),evidence of the massive decline in mobility globally.8 Chapter 5 of this report provides analysis of COVID-19 impacts on migration,mobility and migrants during the first ye
120、ar of the pandemic.The last two years also saw major migration and displacement events;events that have caused great hardship and trauma,as well as loss of life.Foremost have been the displacements ofmillions of people due to conflict(such as within and from the Syrian Arab Republic,Yemen,the Centra
121、l African Republic,the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan),or severe economic and political instability(such as that faced bymillions of Venezuelans and Afghans).There have also been large-scale displacements triggered by climate-and weather-related disasters in many parts of the world
122、 in 2020 and 2021,including in China,the Philippines,Bangladesh,India,the United States of America and Haiti.9We have also seen the scale of international migration increase,although at a reduced rate due to COVID-19.The number of international migrants was estimated to be almost 281million globally
123、 in 2020,with nearly two thirds being labour migrants.10 This figure remains a very small percentage of the worlds population(at 3.6%),meaning that the vast majority of people globally(96.4%)were estimated to be residing in the country in which they were born.However,the estimated number and proport
124、ion of international migrants for 2020 was lower,by around 2million,than they otherwise would have been,due to COVID-19.11 It is likely that the longer international mobility restrictions remain in place in many parts of the world,the weaker the growth will be in the number of international migrants
125、 in future years.Long-term data on international migration have taught us that migration is not uniform across the world,but is shaped by economic,geographic,demographic and other factors,resulting in distinct migration patterns,such as migration“corridors”being developed over many years(see Chapter
126、 2 of this report for details).The largest corridors tend to be from developing countries to larger economies,such as those of the United States,the United Arab Emirates,Saudi Arabia and Germany;large corridors can also reflect protracted conflict and related displacement,such as from the Syrian Ara
127、b Republic to Turkey(the second largest corridor in the world).While many long-term corridors are likely to continue to feature in the immediate future,COVID-19 has shed light on the intensification of digitalization and the potential for greater automation of work around the world that is likely to
128、 affect key labour migration corridors(see discussion below).5 See Chapter 1 of the World Migration Report 2020 for discussion.6 WHO,2021.7 IOM,2021a(as at 8 March 2021).8 ICAO,2021.9 IDMC,2021.10 UN DESA,2021;ILO,2021.11 UN DESA,2021.3WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022International migrants(a)Key migratio
129、n data at a glance281millionUSD702billioninternational migrants globally in 2020,or 3.6 per cent of the worlds populationin international remittances globally in 2020.Although international remittances declined due to COVID-19,the actual decline(2.4%)was much less than initially projected(20%)Up fro
130、m 272million(or 3.5%)in 2019Down from USD 719billion in 2019International remittances(d)Females(a)135million international female migrants globally in 2020,or 3.5 per cent of the worlds female populationUp from 130million(or 3.4%)in 2019Males(a)146million international male migrants globally in 2020
131、,or 3.7 per cent of the worlds male population Up from 141million(or 3.6%)in 2019Labour migrants(b)169million migrant workers globally in 2019Up from 164million globally in 2017Missing migrants(c)Around 3,900 dead and missing globally in 2020Down from almost 5,400 in 2019Low-and middle-income countr
132、ies(d)USD 540billion in international remittances was received by low-and middle-income countries in 2020Down from USD548billion in 20194Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresDisplaced personsMobility89.4millionpeople w
133、ere living in displacement globally at the end of 2020(includes refugees,asylum seekers,displaced Venezuelans and IDPs)Mobility was restricted by COVID-19,but internal displacement events increasedUp from 84.8million in 2019Refugees(e)26.4million refugees globally in 2020Up from 26million in 2019Asy
134、lum seekers(e)4.1million asylum seekers globally in 2020Down from 4.2million in 2019Displaced Venezuelans(e)3.9million Venezuelans displaced globally in 2020(not including those who were refugees or asylum seekers)Up from 3.6million in 2019Internally displaced persons(IDPs)(f)55million IDPs globally
135、 in 2020:48million due to conflict and violence;7million due to disastersUp from 51 million in 2019COVID-19 restrictions(g)108,000 COVID-19 travel restrictions globally in the first year of the pandemicNew restrictions;nil in 2019.Global air passengers(h)1.8billion air passengers globally in 2020(in
136、ternational and domestic passengers)Major decline from 4.5billion in 2019Internal displacement events(disaster)(f)Internal disaster displacement events were 30.7million globally in 2020Significantly up from 24.9million in 2019Internal displacement events(conflict)(f)Internal conflict and violence di
137、splacement events were 9.8million globally in 2020Up from 8.6 million in 2019Note:See Chapter 2 for elaboration and discussion.Sources:(a)UN DESA,2021;(b)ILO,2021;(c)IOM,n.d.a;(d)Ratha et al.,2021;(e)UNHCR,2021;(f)IDMC,2021;(g)IOM,2021a;(h)ICAO,2021.5WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Technological,geopolit
138、ical and environmental transformations shaping migration and mobilityThe unprecedented pace of change during recent years in geopolitical,environmental and technological spheres has led some analysts and commentators to coin or use phrases such as the“age of accelerations”,12 the“fourth industrial r
139、evolution”13 and the“age of change”.14 More recently,COVID-19 has amplified the sense of uncertainty brought about during momentous change,while also physically grounding much of the world for extended periods of time.The pandemic has required resilience,while also offering the opportunity to reflec
140、t on our collective futures.Similar to other international phenomena,migration has historically been affected by seismic geopolitical events,such as the two world wars,the Cold War,and large terrorist attacks(such as 9/11),which can mark“turning points”in migration governance,as well as in broader d
141、iscourse and sentiment.15 The COVID-19 pandemic is the latest seismic geopolitical event,stemming from a global health emergency and,while by no means over,it has already had profound impacts on migration and mobility globally.Existing knowledge,evidence and analyses allow us to place new informatio
142、n on COVID-19 within a frame of reference as new data come to light.Rather than looking only at the here and now,we need to be understanding change in terms of longer-term migration patterns and processes.The significance and implications of COVID-19 can only be sufficiently understood and articulat
143、ed when contextualized and rooted in current knowledge of migration.16It is also important to place migration and mobility within broader systemic change processes that act to determine,shape and impede responses by governments(at different levels)and non-State actors(e.g.civil society,industry,citi
144、zens).Key technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations are particularly relevant and help us to understand better the strategic issues shaping the context in which people migrate,States formulate and implement policy,and a wide range of State and non-State actors collaborate and coop
145、erate on migration and mobility research,policy and practice.Technological transformationsTechnological advances since 2005 resulting in the so-called“fourth industrial revolution”are profoundly changing how social,political and economic systems operate globally.17 We have been witnessing the rising
146、 power of“big tech”,the increasing production capability for self-publishing of misinformation and disinformation,the race by businesses to“digitalize or perish”,the massive increase in data being produced(mainly through user-generated interactions)resulting in increasing“datafication”of human inter
147、actions,and the rapid development and roll-out of artificial intelligence(AI)capabilities within business and governments sectors.18 Digital technology is becoming increasingly crucial throughout migration.People are able to gather information and advice in real time during migration journeys,an iss
148、ue that has raised interest and,at times,concern.The use of apps to share information and connect geographically dispersed groups has raised valid questions concerning the extent 12 Friedman,2016.13 Schwab,2016.14 Mauldin,2018.15 Faist,2004;McAuliffe and Goossens,2018;Newland et al.,2019.16 McAuliff
149、e et al.,2020.17 Friedman,2016;Schwab,2016;Triandafyllidou,2018.18 Desjardins,2019;Hirsh-Pasek et al.,2018;McAuliffe,2021;Skog et al.,2018;Zuboff,2019.6Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresto which digital technology h
150、as been used to support irregular migration,as well as to enable migrants to avoid abusive and exploitative migrant smugglers and human traffickers.19 Migrants have also developed applications to support better integration in receiving countries,while maintaining social links and financial support t
151、o their families and societies back home,including through the increasing prevalence of“mobile money”apps.20 More recently,we have seen migrants develop online chatbots using machine-learning technologies to provide psychological support,as well as to help navigate complex migration policy and visa
152、processing requirements,although digital capture in various migration systems of an increasing amount of personal information is raising concerns about privacy and other human rights issues(see Chapter 11 of this report).Other connections between migration and technology are also emerging in migrati
153、on debates.As artificial intelligence technologies are progressively taken up in key sectors,their broader consequences for migrant worker demand and domestic labour markets are areas of intense focus for policymakers and businesses in both origin and receiving countries.21 Recent discussions have a
154、lso turned to blockchain technology and its consequences for migration,especially for international remittances,but also for digital identities and global mobility.22 Social media technology is also increasingly impacting the politics of migration,with a surge of far-right activism on social media p
155、latforms seeking to influence public debates and ultimately political decisions(see Chapter 8 of this report).Profound technological change was deepening before COVID-19,but has significantly intensified during the pandemic,meaning that deep digitalization of an already digitalizing world will be on
156、e of the most significant long-term effects of COVID-19.Shaping migration and mobility systems to reduce the impacts of inequality in a world that is suffering multiple“digital divides”23 will be particularly important in ensuring implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and other mu
157、ltilateral agreements.Geopolitical transformationsIncreased competition between States is resulting in heightened geopolitical tension and risking the erosion of multilateral cooperation.Economic,political and military power has radically shifted in the last two decades,with power now more evenly di
158、stributed in the international system.24 As a result,there is rising geopolitical competition,especially among global powers,often played out via proxies.The environment of intensifying competition between key States and involving a larger number of States is undermining international cooperation th
159、rough multilateral mechanisms,such as those of the United Nations.25 We are living in a period in which the core values underpinning global governance are being challenged.The values of equity,accountability,impartiality,fairness,justice and probity are being actively undermined,as some political le
160、aders disregard common interest in preference for personal interest even if it corrodes laws,processes and institutions that have,overall,sought to advance whole nations and peoples,without excluding or expelling some because of their inherent characteristics or beliefs.26 Ongoing and systematic cor
161、rosion,as we have witnessed throughout history,can extend to attacks on human rights and ultimately on groups of people within societies.2719 McAuliffe,2016;Sanchez,2018.20 Kitimbo,2021.21 Hertog,2019;McAuliffe,2018.22 Latonero et al.,2019;Juskalian,2018.23“Digital divides”refers to unequal access o
162、f digital technology along economic,geographic,demographic and gender lines.See ITU,2020.24 Menon,2015.25 Natalegawa,2020.26 Fotaki,2014.27 Rawnsley,2018.7WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022In rebalancing the geopolitical debate and arguing for the profound benefits of the multilateral system,many States an
163、d the United Nations have actively progressed a number of key initiatives to deliver improved conditions for communities globally,most especially for those most in need.Despite the challenges of a geopolitically charged competition,some progress has been made towards achieving the SDGs,28 as well as
164、 on the specific issues of migration and displacement via the two Global Compacts for migration and on refugees.29 On the eve of the 2022 International Migration Review Forum the primary intergovernmental platform on the implementation of the Global Compact for Migration,including as it relates to t
165、he SDGs preparations are well under way,with a series of regional review processes having already been finalized across 2020 and 2021.30 A rallying cry has also been made recently by the United Nations Secretary-General in his 2021 report Our Common Agenda on bolstering support for multilateralism i
166、n an increasingly complex,competitive and uncertain world.31 Our Common Agenda outlines the United Nations actions that are designed to strengthen and accelerate multilateral agreements(including the SDGs)and make a tangible,positive difference in peoples lives around the world.Environmental transfo
167、rmationsThe intensification of ecologically negative human activity is resulting in overconsumption and overproduction linked to unsustainable economic growth,resource depletion and biodiversity collapse,as well as ongoing climate change.Broadly grouped under the heading of“human supremacy”,there is
168、 growing recognition of the extremely negative consequences of human activities that are not preserving the planets ecological systems.In several key areas,analysts report that the world is at or nearing“breaking point”,including on climate change,biodiversity collapse and mass extinction of thousan
169、ds of species,32 while pollution is at record levels,altering ecosystems globally.33 COVID-19 has dampened human activity in key spheres(e.g.transportation/travel,construction,hospitality)enabling a mini environmental recovery,34 as well as a space to reflect on the ability of humans to achieve extr
170、aordinary things during times of crisis.However,there is a strong sense that this is merely a pause and that human activity will rebound once the pandemic is over,wiping out the pandemic-related benefits.35 The implications for migration and displacement are significant,as people increasingly turn t
171、o internal and international migration as a means of adaptation to environmental impacts(see Chapter 9 of the World Migration Report 2020),or face displacement from their homes and communities due to slow-onset impacts of climate change(see Chapter 9 of this report)or experience displacement as a re
172、sult of acute disaster events(see Chapters 2 and 3 of this report).28 UN,2021a.This 2021 progress report documents SDG progress,but also highlights how COVID-19 has resulted in major setbacks.29 Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regular Migration;Global Compact on Refugees.30 UNNM,2021.31 UN,2021b
173、.32 UNEP,2020a.33 UNEP,2020b.34 Arora et al.,2020.35 Freire-Gonzlez and Vivanco,2020.8Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresThrough the years:IOM marks its 70th anniversaryThe year 2021 marks the 70th anniversary of IOM
174、,providing the opportunity to reflect on the Organization and its work,especially since 2016 when it entered into the United Nations system as a related agency.IOM is the leading intergovernmental organization promoting(since 1951)humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all,with 174 Member S
175、tates and a presence in over 100 countries.Initially established as the Provisional Intergovernmental Committee for the Movement of Migrants from Europe(PICMME)in 1951,its role was carved out of the chaos and displacement of Western Europe following the Second World War(see text box below on IOMs ea
176、rly years).IOM in its early yearsMandated to help European governments to identify resettlement countries for the estimated 11million people uprooted by the Second World War,IOM(or PICMME,as it was known then)arranged transport for nearly amillion migrants during the 1950s.A succession of name chang
177、es from PICMME to the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration(ICEM)in 1952,to the Intergovernmental Committee for Migration(ICM)in 1980 to the International Organization for Migration(IOM)in 1989,reflects the Organizations transition over the course of half a century from logistics agency
178、 to migration agency.While IOMs history tracks the human-induced and natural disasters of the past half century Hungary 1956,Czechoslovakia 1968,Chile 1973,the Vietnamese boat people 1975,Kuwait 1990 and the Asian tsunami and Pakistan earthquake of 2004/2005 its credo that humane and orderly migrati
179、on benefits migrants and society has steadily gained international acceptance.From its roots as an operational logistics agency,it has broadened its scope to become the leading international agency working with governments and civil society to advance the understanding of migration issues,encourage
180、social and economic development through migration,and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.Source:IOM,2021b.Over time,IOMs role and responsibilities have expanded considerably in line with the growing salience of migration as a key issue in governance at the international,regional,nat
181、ional and subnational levels.36 What started as a focus on logistics in support of resettling people displaced by conflict has expanded to cover a wide range issues,as outlined in IOMs Constitution and as shown in Table 1 below.37 Further information on how IOM has evolved as an organization,especia
182、lly since 2016,is in Appendix A.3836 Martin,2014.37 IOM,2020a.38 Note that at the time of writing IOMs Headquarters in Geneva was undergoing a restructure.For information about IOMs organizational structure,please visit www.iom.int/.9WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Table 1.Key facts and figures on IOM(19
183、51,2016 and 2021)1Number of Member States 23*166174Number of Observer States 68Number of field locations worldwide 18*408450*Number of staff(excluding consultants)352*1018416257*Number of nationalities represented in staff 19*163172*Breakdown between female()and male()staff 4764 and 5420(
184、47%and 53%)7640 and 8614*(47%and 53%)*Total combined revenue for the year(i.e.assessed and voluntary contributions)USD26.1million*USD1615.6millionUSD2182.7million*Note:means data for that year are not available.*This corresponds to the number of participating States prior to the entry into force of
185、the Constitution on 30 April 1954.*Figures in the 1951 column marked with a double asterisk are based on the year 1952.Figures in the 2021 column marked with a double asterisk are as of 31 December 2020.Sources:Progress Report of the Director General covering the period 1 June 1952 to 31 August 1952
186、,PIC/70,18 September 1952;Financial Statements,including report of the external auditors,covering the period 1 February to 31 December 1952,MC/8,27 March 1953;Financial Report for the Year Ended 31 December 2016,C/108/3,18 May 2017;IOM Snapshot 2021;Observer States,as of April 2021;Financial Report
187、for the Year Ended 31 December 2020,C/112/3,31 May 2021;and Annual Report for 2020,C/112/INF/1,25 June 2021.As can be seen from Table 1,IOMs presence around the world has grown over time,in part a reflection of the increased focus on migration governance,but also due to the unfortunate reality conce
188、rning the growth in internal displacement and the humanitarian and other support needed by some migrant populations.As outlined in Chapters 2 and 3 of this report,the long-term trends regarding migration and displacement vary according to a range of factors,including geography.IOMs regional offices
189、therefore often reflect the regional dynamics associated with migration and displacement trends,and events over time.What this means in practice is that while the United Nations refers to six geographic regions(see Appendix A in Chapter 3 for regional compositions),IOM has nine geographic regions:Ea
190、st and Horn of Africa;West and Central Africa;Southern Africa;Middle East and North Africa;Asia and the Pacific;South-Eastern Europe,Eastern Europe and Central Asia;European Economic Area,the European Union and NATO;South America;Central America,North America and the Caribbean.The core of the work i
191、n all of the regional offices(and Headquarters)reflects IOMs Strategic Vision,39 adopted in 2019,and its Constitution,with particular reference to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society.As an intergovernmental organization,IOM acts with its partners in the inte
192、rnational community to:assist in the meeting of operational challenges of migration;advance understanding of migration issues;encourage social and economic development through migration;and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants.The precise activities involved in fulfilling its mandate
193、at the regional level does,however,reflect the specific needs and migration realities on the ground,as highlighted in Appendix B.39 IOM,2019a.10Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresThe World Migration Report seriesThe
194、first world migration report was published 22 years ago,initially as a one-off report designed to increase the understanding of migration by policymakers and the general public.It was conceived at a time when the effects of globalization were being felt in many parts of the world and in a multitude
195、of ways.Indeed,the first world migration report states that part of its genesis was due to the effects of globalization on migration patterns,and that the report therefore“looks at the increasingly global economy which has led to an unprecedented influx of newcomers in many countries”.40 The report
196、highlighted the fact that,despite being an“age-old phenomenon”,migration was accelerating as part of broader globalization transformations of economic and trade processes that were enabling greater movement of labour,as well as goods and capital.Table 2 below provides a summary of key statistics rep
197、orted in the first edition(World Migration Report 2000),as compared to this current edition.It shows that while some aspects have stayed fairly constant the proportion of female international migrants,as well as the overall proportion of the worlds population who were migrants other aspects have cha
198、nged dramatically.International remittances,for example,have grown from an estimated USD128billion to USD702billion,underscoring the salience of international migration as a driver of development.It is unsurprising then that the International Organization for Migration itself has grown in size,with
199、a significant increase in membership over the last two decades,up from 76 to its current membership of 174 States.Also of note in Table 2 is the rise in international migrants globally(up by about 87%)as well as of refugees(up by about 89%)and internally displaced persons(up by about 160%),all the w
200、hile remaining very small proportions of the worlds population.Table 2.Key facts and figures from World Migration Reports 2000 and 202220002022Estimated number of international migrants173million281millionEstimated proportion of world population who are migrants2.8%3.6%Estimated proportion of female
201、 international migrants 49.4%48.0%Estimated proportion of international migrants who are children16.0%14.6%Region with the highest proportion of international migrantsOceaniaOceaniaCountry with the highest proportion of international migrantsUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Arab EmiratesNumber of migrant
202、workers169millionGlobal international remittances(USD)128billion702billionNumber of refugees14million26.4millionNumber of internally displaced persons21million55millionSources:See IOM,2000 and the present edition of the report for sources(Chapter 2).Notes:The dates of the data estimates in the table
203、 may be different to the report publishing date(refer to the reports for more detail on dates of estimates);refer to Chapter 3 of this report for regional breakdowns.Data for 2000 may differ to those originally published due to a standard practice of revising historical estimates at the time of each
204、 new dataset release.See,for example,UN DESA,2021.For the purpose of this table,children refers to those aged 19 years or less.40 IOM,2000.11WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022The World Migration Report 2000s contribution to migration policy as well as migration studies was timely,and its success heralded t
205、he World Migration Report series.Since 2000,11 world migration reports have been produced by IOM,and the report continues to focus on making a relevant,sound and evidence-based contribution that increases the understanding of migration by policymakers,practitioners,researchers and the general public
206、.To support this objective,the series was refined in 2016,moving away from a single theme for each edition to a global reference report for a wider audience.Each edition now has two parts comprising:Part I:Key data and information on migration and migrants;Part II:Balanced,evidence-based analysis of
207、 complex and emerging migration issues.New digital tools through expert collaborationThe World Migration Report series now incorporates a range of digital tools tailored for use in various settings.The tools have been developed in partnerships with some of the worlds leading experts in migration dat
208、a analysis,data visualization,education and the sciencepolicy interface.The new World Migration Report interactive data visualizations were developed in recognition of the need to deliver outputs in a wide range of formats for expanded accessibility and utility.Launched in May 2021,the interactive d
209、ata visualizations allow users to both read the“headline”summaries on long-term trends,while also interacting with data points to explore specific time periods,corridors or countries.The new interactive format has become the centrepiece of the World Migration Report online platform,which was awarded
210、 gold for the first time at the 2021 International Annual Report Design Awards.41 Additional tools for people working in migration and learning about migration,such as the educators toolkit and the forthcoming officials toolkit,demonstrate the growing salience of migration as well as the utility of
211、the report.42 IOM partners with an extensive range of experts in developing and delivering both the report and the related tools in a wide variety of languages to increase local use.43World Migration Report 2022This edition builds on the previous two reports(2018 and 2020 editions)by providing updat
212、ed migration statistics at the global and regional levels,as well as descriptive analysis of complex migration issues.Part I,on“key data and information on migration”,includes separate chapters on global migration trends and patterns;regional dimensions and developments;and a discussion of recent co
213、ntributions to migration research and analysis by the United Nations system,including IOM.These three chapters have been produced institutionally by IOM,drawing primarily on analyses by IOM experts,practitioners and officials around the world,based on data from a wide range of relevant organizations
214、.The eight chapters in Part II are authored by applied and academic researchers working on migration,including IOM researchers.They cover a range of“complex and emerging migration issues”including:COVID-19 impacts on migration,mobility and migrants;peace and security as drivers of development and sa
215、fe migration;41 IADA,2021.42 See https:/worldmigrationreport.iom.int/about.43 See the“partners”page on the World Migration Report website(https:/worldmigrationreport.iom.int/about),which includes many academic institutions,as well as leading policy think tanks and education organizations.12Report ov
216、erview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futures migration as a stepladder of opportunity;disinformation about migration;migration and slow-onset climate change;human trafficking in migration pathways;artificial intelligence and migration
217、;and migrants contributions globally.While the choice of these topics is necessarily selective and subjective,all the chapters in Part II of this report are directly relevant to some of the most prominent and important debates about migration in the world today.Many of these topics lie at the heart
218、of the conundrums that face policymakers as they seek to formulate effective,proportionate and constructive responses to complex public policy issues related to migration.Accordingly,the chapters aim to inform current and future policy deliberations and discussions by providing a clear identificatio
219、n of the key issues,a critical overview of relevant research and analysis,and a discussion of the implications for future research and policymaking.The chapters are not meant to be prescriptive,in the sense of advocating particular policy“solutions”especially as the immediate context is an important
220、 determinant of policy settings but to be informative and helpful in what can be highly contested debates.Part I:Key data and information on migration and migrantsChapter 2 provides an overview of global data and trends on international migrants(stocks)and international migration(flows).It also prov
221、ides a discussion of particular migrant groups namely,migrant workers,refugees,asylum seekers and internally displaced persons as well as of international remittances.In addition,the chapter refers to the existing body of IOM programmatic data,particularly on missing migrants,assisted voluntary retu
222、rns and reintegration,resettlement,and displacement tracking.While these data are generally not global or representative,they can provide insights into changes that have occurred in relevant IOM programming and operations globally.Following the global overview,Chapter 3 provides a discussion of key
223、regional dimensions of,and developments in,migration.The discussion focuses on six world regions as identified by the United Nations:Africa,Asia,Europe,Latin America and the Caribbean,Northern America,and Oceania.For each of these regions,the analysis includes:(a)an overview and brief discussion of
224、key population-related statistics;and(b)succinct descriptions of“key features and developments”in migration in the region,based on a wide range of data,information and analyses,including from international organizations,researchers and analysts.To account for the diversity of migration patterns,tren
225、ds and issues within each of the six regions,along with descriptive narratives of“key features and recent developments”,are presented at the subregional level.There is a substantial amount of research and analysis on migration that is being undertaken and published by a range of actors such as acade
226、mics,governments,intergovernmental organizations and think tanks.Chapter 4 provides a broad overview of contributions by the United Nations system,including the United Nations Network on Migration(UNNM)as part of supporting the ongoing implementation of the Global Compact for Safe,Orderly and Regula
227、r Migration,the Global Compact on Refugees and the Sustainable Development Goals.13WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Part II:Complex and Emerging Migration IssuesChapter 5 The Great Disrupter:COVID-19s impact on migration,mobility and migrants globally This chapter provides an analysis of the impacts of th
228、e pandemic on migration and mobility,with particular reference to migrants immobility and vulnerabilities.It focuses on the first year of COVID-19.For people who had migrated,been displaced and/or were part of a highly mobile group prior to COVID-19,the likelihood of having been directly affected by
229、 the pandemic is especially high.Aside from health-related impacts,many became trapped in immobility and unemployed,without income support or other social protection.COVID-19 led to large-scale stranded migrant populations,with some experiencing destitution,detention and abuse.COVID-19 highlighted t
230、hat widely accepted norms previously considered to be cornerstones of international mobility were quickly set aside in the face of the pandemic.The pandemic also pointed to pervasive inequalities deeply rooted in modern-day societies around the world,while also demonstrating that migrant workers and
231、 diaspora are frontline workers not only in essential occupations,but also as agents of global human development as remitters.Chapter 6 Peace and security as drivers of stability,development and safe migration This chapter draws upon existing evidence to explore the interaction between conflict,inst
232、ability and insecurity;development;and migration,showing that instability or conflict feed negatively on development and hence drive displacement,asylum-seeking and unsafe migration.The chapter also goes beyond these well-documented links to show how migration can contribute to stability and develop
233、ment and thus mitigate the conditions that lead to irregular migration and displacement.It highlights some of the pragmatic peacebuilding initiatives,such as community stabilization,that have proven key within the context of migration and displacement to building and sustaining peace at a local leve
234、l.It also shows how migrants,through a range of activities,contribute to peacebuilding.They do this by advocating for peace,through mediation,building public service institutions,and supporting their families and communities through remittances.14Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and enviro
235、nmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility futuresChapter 7 International migration as a stepladder of opportunity:What do the global data actually show?This chapter examines the key questions of“who migrates internationally and where do they go?”It presents analysis of a range of st
236、atistical data and draws upon some of the existing body of research on migration determinants and decision-making.Analysis of international migrant stock and human development index data show that between 1995 and 2020,migration from low-and medium-development countries increased,but only slightly,r
237、econfirming existing macroeconomic analyses which show that international migration from low-income countries has historically been limited.However,contrary to previous understandings of international migration,the analysis indicates that there has been a“polarizing”effect,with migration activity in
238、creasingly being associated with highly developed countries.This raises the key issue of migration aspirations held by potential migrants from developing countries around the world who may wish to realize opportunities through international migration,but are unable to do so as legal pathways are una
239、vailable to them.Chapter 8 Disinformation about migration:An age-old issue with new tech dimensions This chapter examines the factors shaping disinformation about migration in terms of society,politics,media and technology.It outlines best practices in building public resilience to disinformation an
240、d the major insights from current research,with reference to major gaps in our understanding of disinformation and the current barriers to advancing this work.The chapter highlights evidence and practical examples from around the world and from a variety of contexts.It also identifies recommendation
241、s and implications for policymakers and other stakeholders seeking to counteract disinformation generally and about migration specifically.15WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Chapter 9 Migration and slow-onset impacts of climate change:Taking stock and taking action This chapter focuses on migration in the
242、 context of the slow-onset impacts of climate change,an area where policy and knowledge gaps remain.It presents some of the key challenges associated with understanding and taking action on slow-onset climate impacts and migration issues,and explores how migration policy and practice can play a role
243、 in responding to some of the most pressing challenges.Looking ahead at a future in which slow-onset climate events are expected to worsen,appropriate migration management policies and practices can and should be part of the solution.Recent examples of migration policy initiatives that address clima
244、te impacts on migration,including slow-onset dimensions,are outlined in the chapter.At the global level,policy discussions have identified some entry points where migration policymakers could be instrumental in promoting positive changes,notably in terms of facilitating migration in the context of s
245、low-onset climate events,and there has been growing interest among both developed and developing States in discussing migration linked to climate impacts in policy terms.Chapter 10 Human trafficking in migration pathways:Trends,challenges and new forms of cooperation This chapter provides an overvie
246、w of current trafficking trends and patterns,looking at the available data on migrant victims of human trafficking and traffickers.It explores current challenges and promising avenues for the prevention of trafficking of migrants,including prosecuting traffickers,protecting victims and cooperating i
247、n counter-trafficking efforts.There is widespread global consensus on the urgent need to prevent and combat human trafficking in migration pathways,with few other migration-related issues having attained as much agreement within the international community.However,there is less consensus on how to a
248、chieve this in practice,and there remains a shortfall in political will to introduce effective policies to that end.The chapter offers insights in this area across several domains.16Report overview:Technological,geopolitical and environmental transformations shaping our migration and mobility future
249、sChapter 11 Artificial intelligence,migration and mobility:Implications for policy and practice This chapter examines the implications of AI for policy and practice in the context of migration and mobility through the prism of the existing international human rights framework of rules,standards and
250、principles.This is important because of the potential for human rights to be eroded or bolstered as a result of the design,development,implementation and expansion of AI technologies around the world.The use of AI throughout the“migration cycle”is examined,with reflections on key strategic challenge
251、s and opportunities in this important area of new technology,including as it relates to the“future of work”and long-term migration trends.While AI can certainly bring about a series of advantages for policy and practice,there are a range of risks to State and non-State actors(including migrants)that
252、 need to be carefully managed,especially from regulatory and human rights perspectives.Chapter 12 Reflections on migrants contributions in an era of increasing disruption and disinformation “REPEAT”This chapter first appeared in the World Migration Report 2020.The research for this chapter inspired
253、us to delve deeper into the topic of disinformation,resulting in Chapter 8 on disinformation about migration(in this volume).The last two years,however,have shown us that the issue has not abated.In fact,with COVID-19 disinformation,the massive challenges concerning balanced and accurate accounts of
254、 migrants contributions have only become worse.So,here it is again,to remind us of the importance of the topic and so additional readers can draw upon its contents.17WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022Overall,this world migration report has been produced to help deepen our collective understanding of the va
255、rious manifestations and complexities of migration in the face of systemic and accelerated change.We hope that all readers are able to learn something new from this edition,as well as to draw on its contents as they undertake their work,study or other activities.18WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022PART IKE
256、Y DATA AND INFORMATION ON MIGRATION AND MIGRANTS19WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 202221WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 20222MIGRATION AND MIGRANTS:A GLOBAL OVERVIEW IntroductionDescribing and analysing how migration around the world is changing from a range of different perspectives,including those entailing economi
257、c,social and security dimensions(and associated legalpolicy frameworks),must start with an understanding of fundamental metrics.Human migration may well be an age-old activity touching almost every society around the world;however,it is changing in important ways.Examining the shifts in scale,direct
258、ion,demography and frequency can illuminate how migration is evolving while also pointing to long-term trends that have been shaped by historical as well as recent events.The current global estimate is that there were around 281 million international migrants in the world in 2020,which equates to 3.
259、6percent of the global population.1 A first important point to note is that this is a very small minority of the worlds population,meaning that staying within ones country of birth overwhelmingly remains the norm.The great majority of people do not migrate across borders;much larger numbers migrate
260、within countries.2 That said,these estimates relate to migrant populations,rather than movement events.The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the interconnections between migration and mobility,with COVID-19 travel restrictions resulting in unprecedented immobility around the world.At the time of wri
261、ting(July 2021),travel restrictions in many countries were being(re)imposed or strengthened as virus strains circulate the globe,testing the worlds collective resilience in the face of a global health crisis unseen in the preceding century.When mobility regimes are not impeded by global pandemics,th
262、e overwhelming majority of people migrate internationally for reasons related to work,family and study involving migration processes that largely occur without fundamentally challenging either migrants or the countries they enter.In contrast,other people leave their homes and countries for a range o
263、f compelling and sometimes tragic reasons,such as conflict,persecution and disaster.While those who have been displaced,such as refugees and internally displaced persons(IDPs),comprise a relatively small percentage of all migrants,they are often the most in need of assistance and support.This chapte
264、r,with its focus on key global migration data and trends,as well as new COVID-19 mobility and travel-related data,seeks to assist migration policymakers,practitioners and researchers in making better sense of the bigger picture of migration,by providing an up-to-date overview of global migration and
265、 migrants.The chapter draws upon current statistical sources compiled by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs(UN DESA),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD),the International Labour Organization(ILO),the World Bank,the United Nations High Commission
266、er for Refugees(UNHCR),the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre(IDMC),the International Organization for Migration(IOM)and the University 1 UN DESA,2021a.2 The most recent estimate was 740 million internal migrants globally in 2009(UNDP,2009).22Migration and migrants:A global overviewof Oxford.3
267、The chapter provides an overview of global data and trends on international migrants(stocks)and international migration(flows).It also provides a discussion of particular migrant groups namely,migrant workers,refugees,asylum seekers,IDPs and missing migrants as well as of international remittances a
268、nd COVID-19-related mobility restrictions.The chapter also refers to the body of programmatic IOM data,particularly on assisted voluntary returns and reintegration,resettlement and displacement tracking.4 While these data are generally not global or representative,they can provide insights into chan
269、ges that have occurred in relevant programming and operations globally.As the United Nations migration agency,with activities relevant to all the themes discussed in this chapter,IOM data have the capacity to provide further insights on migration and its various dynamics,including the diverse needs
270、of migrants.Defining migration,migrant and other key termsOutside of general definitions of migration and migrant,such as those found in dictionaries,there exist various specific definitions of key migration-related terms,including in legal,administrative,research and statistical spheres.a While the
271、re is no universally agreed definition of migration or migrant,several definitions are widely accepted and have been developed in different settings,such as those set out in UN DESAs 1998 Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration.b Work has recently been completed by the United Nation
272、s Statistical Division and a task force of the United Nations Expert Group on Migration Statistics on a revised conceptual framework on statistics on international migration and mobility to guide the process under way in updating the 1998 Recommendations.c The conceptual framework was endorsed by th
273、e United Nations Statistical Commission at its 52nd session in March 2021,paving the way for revised recommendations on international migrant and mobility that are better able to account for different aspects of mobility,including migration.d The conceptual framework is summarized in Appendix A.Tech
274、nical definitions,concepts and categories of migrants and migration are necessarily informed by geographic,legal,political,methodological,temporal and other factors.For example,there are numerous ways in which migration events can be defined,including in relation to place of birth,citizenship,place
275、of residence and duration of stay.e This is important when it comes to quantifying and analysing the effects of migration and migrants,however defined.We encourage readers to refer to primary sources cited in the chapter for information on specific definitions and categorizations underlying the data
276、.Readers may also find the IOM Glossary on Migration(2019 edition)to be a useful reference.The Glossary is available at the IOM Publications Platform:https:/publications.iom.int/books/international-migration-law-ndeg34-glossary-migration.a See,for example,Poulain and Perrin,2001.b UN DESA,1998.c Uni
277、ted Nations Statistics Division,2021.d United Nations Statistical Commission,2021.e See,for example,de Beer et al.,2010.3 To keep within the scope of this report,statistics utilized in this chapter were current as at 30 June 2021,unless otherwise stated.4 IOM data on victims of human trafficking are
278、 presented in Chapter 10 of this report.23WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022International migrants:numbers and trendsUN DESA produces estimates of the number of international migrants globally.The following discussion draws on its estimates,which are based on data provided by States.5 The current United Na
279、tions Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration defines an“international migrant”as any person who has changed his or her country of usual residence,distinguishing between“short-term migrants”(those who have changed their countries of usual residence for at least three months,but less
280、 than one year)and“long-term migrants”(those who have done so for at least one year).However,not all countries use this definition in practice.6 Some countries use different criteria to identify international migrants,for example by applying different minimum durations of residence.Differences in co
281、ncepts and definitions,as well as data collection methodologies between countries,hinder full comparability of national statistics on international migrants.A review of the United Nations recommendations is currently under way,as discussed in the text box above.The estimated number of international
282、migrants has increased over the past 50 years.In 2020,almost 281 million people lived in a country other than their country of birth,or about 128 million more than 30 years earlier,in 1990(153 million),and over three times the estimated number in 1970(84 million).The proportion of international migr
283、ants as a share of the total global population has also increased,but only incrementally.The vast majority of people live in the country in which they were born.The impact of COVID-19 on the global population of international migrants is somewhat difficult to assess,one reason for this being that th
284、e latest available data are as at mid-2020,7 fairly early in the pandemic.That said,it is estimated that COVID-19 may have reduced the growth in the stock of international migrants by around two million.In other words,had there not been COVID-19,the number of international migrants in 2020 would hav
285、e likely been around 283 million.8 Table 1.International migrants,19702020YearNumber of international migrantsMigrants as a%of the worlds population52.3197590368 0102.2492.3912.3572.9762.820001732305852.820051914468282.9203.2201524795
286、86443.420202805981053.6Source:UN DESA,2008;UN DESA,2021a.Note:The number of entities(such as States,territories and administrative regions)for which data were made available in the UN DESA International Migrant Stock 2020 was 232.In 1970,the number of entities was 135.5 Data are also provided to UN
287、DESA by territories and administrative units.For a summary on UN DESA stock data sources,methodology and caveats,please see UN DESA,2021b.6 UN DESA,1998.7 UN DESA,2021b.8 UN DESA,2021c.24Migration and migrants:A global overviewWhen international migrant populations are examined by United Nations reg
288、ion,Europe is currently the largest destination for international migrants,with 87 million migrants(30.9%of the international migrant population),followed closely by the 86 million international migrants living in Asia(30.5%).9 Northern America is the destination for 59 million international migrant
289、s(20.9%),followed by Africa with 25 million migrants(9%).Over the past 15 years,the number of international migrants in Latin America and the Caribbean has more than doubled from around 7 million to 15 million,making it the region with the highest growth rate of international migrants and the destin
290、ation for 5.3percent of all international migrants.Around 9 million international migrants live in Oceania,or about 3.3percent of all migrants.The growth of international migrants living in each region between 2005 and 2020 is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.International migrants,by major region of resi
291、dence,20052020(millions)0 20 40 60 80 100AfricaAsiaEuropeLatin America and the CaribbeanNorth AmericaOceania2005201020152020Source:UN DESA,2021a.Oceania has the largest share of international migrants as a proportion of the total population,with 22percent of the population having been born in anothe
292、r country.Northern America has the second largest share of international migrants at 15.9percent,followed by Europe at 11.6percent.Latin America and the Caribbean,Africa,and Asia have international migrant shares of 2.3,1.9,and 1.8percent respectively.As has been the case for the past 50 years,the U
293、nited States of America remains the primary destination for migrants,at over 51 million international migrants.Germany has become the second most prominent destination,with nearly 16 million international migrants,while Saudi Arabia is the third largest destination country for international migrants
294、,at 13 million.The Russian Federation and the United Kingdom round out the top five destination countries,with about 12 million and 9 million international migrants respectively.A list of the top 20 destination countries for migrants can be found in the left panel of Figure 2.9 UN DESA,2021a.25WORLD
295、 MIGRATION REPORT 2022With nearly 18 million people living abroad,India has the largest emigrant population in the world,making it the top origin country globally.Mexico is the second most significant origin country at around 11 million.The Russian Federation is the third largest origin country,foll
296、owed closely by China(around 10.8 million and 10 million respectively).The fifth most significant origin country is the Syrian Arab Republic,with over 8 million people living abroad,mainly as refugees due to large-scale displacement over the last decade(see discussion in the refugee section below).T
297、he panel on the right in Figure 2 features the top 20 origins of migrants in 2020.Figure 2.Top 20 destinations(left)and origins(right)of international migrants in 2020(millions)0204060United States of AmericaGermanySaudi ArabiaRussian FederationUnited KingdomUnited Arab EmiratesFranceCanadaAustralia
298、SpainItalyTurkeyUkraineIndiaKazakhstanThailandMalaysiaJordanPakistanKuwait05101520IndiaMexicoRussian FederationChinaSyrian Arab RepublicBangladeshPakistanUkrainePhilippinesAfghanistanVenezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)PolandUnited KingdomIndonesiaKazakhstanPalestinian TerritoriesRomaniaGermanyMyanmarE
299、gyptSource:UN DESA,2021a.26Migration and migrants:A global overviewWorld Migration Report Data Visualization PlatformIn May 2021,IOM launched a new World Migration Report web portal that integrates fact-based migration narratives with interactive data visualizations on the most up-to-date global mig
300、ration data and trends.a This digital format offers an intuitive representation of the data by displaying interactive visualizations of global migration trends.Building on the analysis developed in the report,the site provides country-level migration statistics and maps,interactive visualizations of
301、 migration corridors,and the leading remittance recipient and source nations since 1995,in addition to global and regional data.New interactive components on COVID-19 restrictions were added from this current report.By creating a visual context for the information,data visualization favors a more ac
302、cessible comprehension of the magnitudes of the numbers and the trends at play,supplementing the extensive analysis presented in the report.The interactive platform is available in English,French and Spanish.a IOM,2020a.The available international migrant data include estimates of origin and destina
303、tion links between two countries,allowing for the estimation of bilateral migration“corridors”globally.The size of a migration corridor from country A to country B is measured as the number of people born in country A who were residing in country B in 2020.Migration corridors represent an accumulati
304、on of migratory movements over time and provide a snapshot of how migration patterns have evolved into significant foreign-born populations in specific destination countries.As can be seen in Figure 3,the Mexico to United States corridor is the largest in the world at nearly 11 million people.The se
305、cond is from the Syrian Arab Republic to Turkey,comprising mainly refugees displaced by the Syrian Arab Republics decade-long civil war.On the other hand,the third largest corridor in the world,India to the United Arab Emirates(over 3 million),comprises mainly labour migrants.The bilateral corridor
306、between the Russian Federation and Ukraine take up spots four and five among the largest corridors in the world.About 3million people born in the Russian Federation now live in Ukraine,while nearly the same number of people have moved from Ukraine to the Russian Federation.27WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2
307、022Figure 3.Top 20 international migration country-to-country corridors,20200 4 8 12Mexico United States of America Syrian Arab Republic Turkey India United Arab Emirates Russian Federation Ukraine Ukraine Russian Federation India United States of America Afghanistan Iran(Islamic Republic of)Kazakhs
308、tan Russian Federation India Saudi Arabia Bangladesh India Russian Federation KazakhstanChina United States of AmericaPoland GermanyPhilippines United States of AmericaMyanmar ThailandTurkey Germany Venezuela(Bolivarian Republic of)ColombiaIndonesia Saudi ArabiaAlgeria FranceAfghanistan Pakistan Mig
309、rants(millions)Source:UN DESA,2021a.Note:The corridors present the number of international migrants(millions)born in the first-mentioned country and residing in the second.Corridors represent an accumulation of migratory movements over time and provide a snapshot of how migration patterns have evolv
310、ed into significant foreign-born populations in specific destination countries.Most international migrants(around 78%)were of working age(between 15 and 64 years of age).Since 1990,the share of international migrants age 19 and younger has dropped from 18.9percent to 14.6percent,while international
311、migrants older than 64 have remained steady at around 12.2percent.There is currently a larger number of male than female international migrants worldwide,and the gap has increased over the past 20 years.In 2000,the male to female split was 50.6 to 49.4percent(or 88 million male migrants and 86 milli
312、on female migrants).In 2020 the split is 51.9 to 48.0percent,with 146 million male migrants and 135million female migrants.The share of female migrants has been decreasing since 2000,while the share of male migrants has increased by 1.4 percentage points.See Figure 4 for further breakdowns by sex.28
313、Migration and migrants:A global overviewFigure 4.International migrants,by sex,20002020020406080020002005201020152020millions male female49.4%50.6%51.0%49.0%51.6%48.4%51.7%48.3%52.1%47.9%Source:UN DESA,2021a.Conflating“migration”and“migrant”In a general sense,migration is the process of m
314、oving from one place to another.To migrate is to move,whether from a rural area to a city,from one district or province in a given country to another in that same country,or from one country to a new country.It involves action.In contrast,a migrant is a person described as such for one or more reaso
315、ns,depending on the context(see the text box on“Defining migration,migrant and other key terms”above).While in many cases“migrants”do undertake some form of migration,this is not always the case.In some situations,people who have never undertaken migration may be referred to as migrants children of
316、people born overseas,for example,are commonly called second-or third-generation migrants.a This may even extend to situations involving statelessness,whereby whole groups of people are not able to access citizenship despite being born and raised in a country.Such people may even be referred to as ir
317、regular migrants by authorities.ba See,for example,Neto,1995;Fertig and Schmidt,2001.b Kyaw,2017.29WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2022International migration flowsWhile data on migrant stocks are widely available,data on global migration movements(flows)are much more limited.Available UN DESA estimates on g
318、lobal migrant stocks are extensive and global in scope;however,the database of migration flows only encompasses 45 countries.10 Capturing data on migration flows is extremely challenging for several reasons.First,while international migration flows are generally accepted as covering inflows and outf
319、lows into and from countries,there has been a greater focus on recording inflows.For example,while countries such as Australia and the United States record cross-border movements,many others only count entries and not departures.11 Additionally,migration flow data in some countries are derived from
320、administrative events related to immigration status(for example,issuance/renewal/withdrawal of a residence permit),which are then used as a proxy for migration flows.Furthermore,migratory movements are often hard to separate from non-migratory travel,such as tourism or business.12 Tracking migratory
321、 movements also requires considerable resources,infrastructure and ICT/knowledge systems.This poses particular challenges for developing countries,where the ability to collect,administer,analyse and report data on mobility,migration and other areas is often limited.Finally,many countries physical ge
322、ographies pose tremendous challenges for collecting data on migration flows.Entry and border management,for example,is particularly challenging in some regions because of archipelagic and isolated borders,and is further complicated by traditions of informal migration for work.13There are currently t
323、wo main data sets on international migration flows,both of which are derived from national statistics:UN DESAs International Migration Flows data set and OECDs International Migration Database.Since 2005,UN DESA has compiled data on the flows of international migrants to and from selected countries,
324、based on nationally available statistics.At the time of writing(July 2021),there had been no update to the UN DESA flows data set,with the most current being the 2015 version.The 2015 migration flows data set comprises data from 45 countries,up from 29 countries in 2008 and 15 countries in 2005.14Th
325、e OECD has been collecting international migration flow data since 2000,allowing for trend analysis to be conducted over a subset of major destination countries,depicted in Figure 5(though data are not standardized,as explained in the note under the figure).The latest available data indicate that in
326、 2018,a 10percent increase in permanent migration inflows was recorded from the previous year of 2017.The United States,one of the main destination countries,recorded around 1.1 million new entries in 2018,a 2.7percent decrease compared with the previous year.Another country that recorded a notable
327、change was Chile,with 64percent growth.With regard to the European countries in OECD,total migration increased by around 136,000 in 2018(3.2%more than 2017).Within Europe,the United Kingdom and Italy recorded 6.5 and 5.2percent declines in permanent flows,respectively.The growth in Europe was instea
328、d led by Spain(+23%,or an increase of around 106,000)and Portugal(+52%,or an increase of around 32,000).10 UN DESA,2015.11 Koser,2010;McAuliffe and Koser,2017.12 Skeldon,2018.13 Gallagher and McAuliffe,2016.14 For UN DESA migration flow data,as well as for the specific countries included,please see
329、UN DESA,2015.30Migration and migrants:A global overviewFigure 5.Inflows of foreign nationals into OECD countries,permanent migration,20002018(millions)0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 82000200042005200620072008200920001620172018Source:OECD,n.d.a.Note:Data are not standardized and the
330、refore differ from statistics on permanent migration inflows into selected countries contained in OECDs International Migration Outlook series.The 35 countries typically included in OECD statistics are the following:Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,Czechia,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,German
331、y,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Israel,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Luxembourg,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Republic of Korea,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Turkey,the United Kingdom and the United States.In some years,data for particular countries are not available:d
332、ata were made available for 31 countries in 2000.Notably,data for Greece have not been reported between 2000 and 2004,and data for Turkey were reported only for 2010,2016,2017 and 2018.The impacts of COVID-19 on mobility globally are discussed below in this chapter and also in Chapter 5 of this repo
333、rt.Unsafe migration flows Some migration corridors pose many more challenges than others,for migrants as well as for authorities.Migrants journeys can sometimes be characterized by unsafe and even deadly outcomes,often related to a range of social,political,economic,environmental and policy factors that can profoundly impact the way in which people undertake migration.15 In the wake of the tragic