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1、The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral HealthW H I T E P A P E RM A Y 2 0 2 4In collaboration with the American Dental Association,Colgate-Palmolive Company and Henry ScheinContentsImages:Getty Images 2024 World Economic Forum.All rights reserved.No part of this publication

2、 may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,including photocopying and recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system.Disclaimer This document is published by the World Economic Forum as a contribution to a project,insight area or interaction.The findings,interpretati

3、ons and conclusions expressed herein are a result of a collaborative process facilitated and endorsed by the World Economic Forum but whose results do not necessarily represent the views of the World Economic Forum,nor the entirety of its Members,Partners or other stakeholders.ForewordExecutive summ

4、aryIntroduction1 Oral health:Critical for overall health and well-being2 Better oral health lowers overall healthcare costs3 Oral health is a key driver of economic well-being4 The global burden of oral disease is growing5 When it comes to unmet healthcare needs,oral health stands out6 The cost of o

5、ral disease to the global economy is substantial7 The high level of unmet oral healthcare needs is rooted in health policy choices8 Moving forward:The need for a global commitment to investing in oral healthConclusionContributorsEndnotes346799212224The Economic Rationale for a Global Comm

6、itment to Invest in Oral Health2ForewordMore than 80 years ago,the World Health Organization(WHO)asserted that“the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being.”At that time,and even today,too few clinicians outside of the dental profes

7、sion would include oral health in any definition of a“standard of health,”reflecting an age-old separation of oral health from medicine and general health that has compromised efforts to stem the tide of oral disease and keep people healthy.As this white paper reports,almost half the worlds populati

8、on is impacted by oral diseases that interfere with daily function and put them at higher risk of and from other systemic illnesses such as diabetes,stroke,heart and respiratory diseases,and even some cancers.The cost of oral diseases is staggering,with estimates putting the direct treatment costs p

9、lus productivity losses at more than$710 billion each year.Investing in oral health pays dividends in the form of better oral health and well-being,improved overall health and economic growth.Yet oral health has remained a neglected global health challenge until now.A global consensus is gaining gro

10、und that oral health is integral to overall health,and critical to our ability to live healthy and productive lives.A tipping point came in 2022 with the adoption of the WHOs landmark global strategy on oral health,with the nations of the world formally recognizing that:“The personal consequences of

11、 untreated oral diseases and conditions including physical symptoms,functional limitations,stigmatization and detrimental impacts on emotional,economic and social well-being are severe and can affect families,communities and the wider healthcare system.”Despite heightened global recognition of its c

12、ritical importance,access to oral care continues to be significantly constrained by individual unaffordability as well as community-level lack of sufficient resources to invest in dental care infrastructure.This is further compounded by shortage of dental workforce,which plagues many countries and c

13、ommunities.Addressing these gaps in global oral health will,therefore,require innovative policy,investment and delivery solutions from all sectors,and for stakeholders to work in tandem via public-private partnerships.In recognition of these complex challenges,the World Economic Forum launched the O

14、ral Health Affinity Group(OHAG)in 2023 under its Global Health Equity Network,which is a group of more than 50 companies committed to advancing health equity to create stronger and more productive societies.Within this network,OHAG,which is composed of committed leaders from across sectors and indus

15、tries,is shining a bright light on the impact of poor oral health on health outcomes and on the global economy,and,most importantly,on the actions that governments and private sector companies can take to advance global oral health.In this white paper,the first in a planned series,we present the eco

16、nomic rationale for a global commitment to invest in oral health and explore the role of various sectors in improving oral health.Through this and future white papers that will dive deeper into other dimensions of this issue,we hope to inspire international health leaders,policy-makers and private s

17、ector partners to reconnect the mouth to the body in pursuit of a healthier future for all.Marko Vujicic Chief Economist;Vice-President,Health Policy Institute,American Dental AssociationShyam Bishen Head,Centre for Health and Healthcare;Member of the Executive Committee,World Economic ForumAllison

18、Neale Vice-President,Public Policy,Henry Schein;Managing Director,Henry Schein Cares FoundationMaria Ryan Executive Vice-President;Chief Clinical Officer,Colgate-Palmolive CompanyThe Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health3Executive summaryOral health is critical for over

19、all health and well-being.It is tied to many health conditions,including diabetes,stroke,dementia,heart disease and mental health,and affects pregnancy outcomes.Yet,billions of people worldwide suffer from the negative effects of untreated oral diseases.According to the latest data from the World He

20、alth Organization(WHO),the estimated number of cases of oral diseases globally is about 1 billion higher than cases of mental disorders,cardiovascular disease,diabetes,chronic respiratory diseases and all cancers combined.Oral diseases affect an estimated 3.5 billion people each year,with the number

21、 of cases growing faster than the population.Even after adjusting for the relative impact of various diseases on mortality and morbidity,oral health conditions still rank within the top 10 of all diseases globally.Poor oral health has a negative impact on the global economy.The economic burden of or

22、al diseases across 194 countries was$710 billion in 2019.This includes$387 billion in expenditure for treating oral diseases and$323 billion in productivity losses.Poor oral health leads to missed school days,limited academic achievement and hindered employment prospects.For context,productivity los

23、ses stemming from dental diseases exceed those of hypertensive heart disease,asthma and certain cancers,and fall within the range for diseases that account for the top 10 global causes of death.Simply put,unmet oral health needs exact a substantial economic penalty across the globe.Most importantly,

24、the most vulnerable populations are disproportionately paying this economic penalty.Unmet oral health needs stem,in part,from policy choices.Health policy often does not treat dental care as an essential healthcare service.As a result,dental care ranks at the top when it comes to affordability chall

25、enges for accessing any kind of healthcare,especially for vulnerable populations.Within most healthcare systems,including those where healthcare is mainly publicly funded,dental care is seen more as a discretionary,privately financed healthcare service.It is often delivered in separate,stand-alone f

26、acilities rather than as part of integrated primary care settings.This creates further challenges to leveraging the mouth-body connection in driving overall health and well-being.There is a strong economic rationale to improve oral health globally.To achieve this requires bold action among key stake

27、holders.Governments should pursue policies that promote affordability of dental care services,ensure sufficient oral health workforce capacity,integrate oral health within health systems and engage in public service campaigns to improve oral health literacy.A range of policy options can promote thes

28、e goals:Implement the provisions of the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan to improve oral health equity,contributing to the health-related Sustainable Development Goals.Integrate oral health within public health insurance programmes and benefit packages as part of universal health coverage policies

29、.Regulate private health insurance markets in ways that promote comprehensive inclusion and coverage of oral health in equitable and affordable ways.Strengthen primary healthcare through full integration of essential oral healthcare.Align incentives,including provider payment models,to promote upstr

30、eam prevention rather than downstream treatment of disease.Adopt evidence-based guidelines on oral hygiene practices,fluoride use,as well as advertising,labelling and taxation of sugary foods and beverages.Pursue strategic partnerships with academic institutions,foundations,professional organization

31、s,corporations and advocacy groups to strengthen oral health.In several areas of oral health policy,there is a need to generate and synthesize evidence on various policy approaches in ways that are understandable and actionable for policy-makers.The private sector plays a critical role in the“commer

32、cial determinants of oral health”corporate activities that affect peoples oral health,both positively and negatively.These include the manufacture and promotion of products that are detrimental to oral health(e.g.tobacco,alcohol,vapes,and foods and drinks that are high in sugar content)as well as th

33、ose that are beneficial.The private sector plays a key role in ensuring affordable access to fluoride toothpaste,oral hygiene products and other products beneficial to oral health.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health4The private sector should:Promote research and d

34、evelopment in products that promote oral health and work to create healthy alternatives to help phase out products that cause oral diseases.Accelerate efforts to provide affordable self-oral care solutions that are universally available and affordable,particularly for people living in deprived socio

35、-economic contexts.For example,toothpaste containing fluoride is often unaffordable,especially in lower-middle-income and low-income countries.Expand coverage for oral healthcare services in employer-provided health insurance programmes and promote oral health as a core element of workplace health a

36、nd wellness programmes.Support and align with the private sector actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan.Multilateral organizations,such as the World Health Organization,the World Economic Forum,the World Bank and the Global Fund,should:Include oral health in policy dialogues for

37、strengthening health systems.Investing in oral health will help advance broader health outcomes and help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.Include oral diseases within the WHOs non-communicable diseases framework.This is especially relevant as health systems rapidly transition to address the

38、 growing non-communicable disease burden.Support and align with the international partner and multilateral organization actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan.Civil society has numerous roles in advancing oral health globally.The research community agencies that fund research and

39、 organizations that carry out research and private foundations that support the strengthening of health systems should:Improve the evidence base for oral health policy.This includes synthesizing best practices on oral health financing and delivery based on comprehensive,data-driven and cross-country

40、 comparisons.Research on oral health systems in low-and middle-income countries is particularly needed.Fund research exploring the return on investment for employers for investing in oral health for their employees.Invest in oral health activities as part of philanthropic support for health-systems

41、strengthening in partner countries.Support and align with civil society actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan,such as fostering community involvement and co-creation of appropriate policies and services,improving impact and accountability of programmes and policies,and supportin

42、g advocacy for better prioritization of communities oral health needs.Addressing the global oral health crisis will require bold action.The World Economic Forum is ideally placed to facilitate the partnerships needed across various stakeholder groups.Going forward,the newly established Oral Health A

43、ffinity Group,launched in 2023 under the Forums Global Health Equity Network,will be an ideal platform to facilitate this continued dialogue and action.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health5IntroductionOral health is critical for overall health and well-being.Not on

44、ly does oral health promote peoples ability to eat,speak,breathe,express emotion and live a full life,it is also linked with health conditions that extend well beyond the mouth.For example,oral diseases are linked with diabetes,stroke,dementia,heart disease and mental health,and affect pregnancy out

45、comes.Oral health also shares common risk factors with many non-communicable diseases.Being healthy entails having a healthy mouth.Improved oral health has important economic benefits.Better oral health leads to healthcare cost savings among populations with various non-communicable diseases as well

46、 as lower emergency-room spending.However,the economic impact of oral health extends well beyond the healthcare system.Poor oral health leads to lost school days for children,missed workdays and diminished job prospects for working-age adults and reduced labour productivity.In essence,neglecting ora

47、l health exacts an economic penalty.This economic penalty is most pronounced for low-income,vulnerable populations.Thus,prioritizing oral health can help close gaps in global health equity and,more broadly,can narrow economic disparities.Thankfully,some important developments in recent years have re

48、cognized the importance of oral health.In 2021,the World Health Organization(WHO)World Health Assembly called for oral healths inclusion in universal health coverage in member countries,unequivocally declaring oral health an essential health service.1 The WHO recently developed guiding principles fo

49、r country action,targeted at various stakeholders,with specific goals and metrics.2 The United Nations political declarations on universal health coverage from 20193 and 20234 included specific mention of oral health.Meanwhile,the FDI World Dental Federation(FDI,from the French Fdration Dentaire Int

50、ernationale),which represents dental care providers around the world,recently adopted a new vision that calls for dental care to be included in universal health coverage policies,promoting integration of oral health into primary care and building a resilient dental workforce that is responsive to po

51、pulation needs.5While momentum is building,key stakeholders must take bold action to advance oral health globally.This paper summarizes the actions that have the most potential.While presenting a compelling case for just how vital oral health is to overall health and well-being,it summarizes the eco

52、nomic benefits associated with improved oral health.It goes on to show the significant unmet oral health needs across the globe,with excessive equity gaps stemming largely from how oral health is currently addressed within health policy.The paper concludes with a set of proposed actions for governme

53、nts,the private sector,multilateral organizations and civil society that will advance oral health globally.Oral health has long been neglected in the global health agenda.Our biggest challenge now is ensuring that all people,wherever they live and whatever their income,have the knowledge and tools n

54、eeded to look after their teeth and mouths,and access prevention and care when they need it.6Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus,Director-General,World Health OrganizationThe Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health6Oral health:Critical for overall health and well-being1Good oral h

55、ealth having healthy and pain-free teeth and gums is a critical part of ones overall health and physical,emotional and social well-being.A healthy mouth is necessary for eating,smiling,speaking and self-expression.Dental diseases,including tooth decay,gum disease and oral cancer,influence a host of

56、health outcomes beyond the mouth.7 In particular,better oral health has been associated with improved outcomes for people living with heart disease,respiratory disease,diabetes,dementia,arthritis,as well as for pregnant people,to name a few.8 What is oral health?BOX 1Oral health is the state of the

57、mouth and teeth.It enables individuals to perform essential functions,such as eating,breathing and speaking,and encompasses psychosocial dimensions,such as self-confidence,well-being and the ability to socialize and work without pain,discomfort and embarrassment.Oral health varies over the life cour

58、se from early life to old age,is integral to general health,and supports individuals in participating in society and achieving their potential.9World Health OrganizationGum disease increases the risk of a first heart attack by 28%.10 The risk of stroke is twice as high among people suffering from po

59、or oral health.11 Tooth loss has been shown to be a risk factor for dementia12 and heart disease.13 Research shows that people living with diabetes have improved health outcomes when their gum disease is managed.14 Oral health is also a key driver of social and emotional well-being,15 healthy ageing

60、16 and broader mental health.17 In short,one cannot be healthy without a healthy mouth.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health7The impact of oral health extends beyond the mouthFIGURE 1 Respiratory healthResearch shows that improving oral hygiene among medically fragi

61、le seniors can reduce the death rate from aspiration pneumonia.Patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia(VAP)who engage in regular toothbrushing spend significantly less time on mechanical ventilation than other VAP patients.Improving veterans oral hygiene is shown to have reducedthe incidence o

62、f hospital-acquired pneumonia(HAP)by 92%,preventing about 136 HAP cases and saving 24 lives.Adverse birth outcomesGum disease among pregnant women is associated with preterm births,low birth weight babies and pre-eclampsia,a pregnancy complication that can cause organ damage and can be fatal.Dementi

63、aHaving 10 years of chronic gum disease(periodontitis)is associated with a higher risk of developing Alzheimers disease.Researchers report that uncontrolled periodontal disease “could trigger or exacerbate”the neuroinflammatory phenomenon seen in Alzheimers disease.ObesityBrushing teeth no more than

64、 once per day was linked with the development of obesity.Frequent consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks raises the risk of both obesity and tooth decay among children and adults.DiabetesUntreated gum disease makes it harder for people with diabetes to manage their blood glucose levels.Diabetes raise

65、s the risk of developing gum disease by 86%.High blood pressurean increased risk of high blood pressure.Patients with gum disease are less likely to keep their blood pressure under control with medication than are those with good oral health.Growing evidence connects a healthy mouth with a healthy b

66、ody.Here are some examples showing why oral health is about much more than a smile:Putting off dental care during early adulthood is linked toSource:CareQuest Institute for Oral Health18 The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health8Better oral health lowers overall healthc

67、are costs2In addition to the health and wellness benefits,improved oral health helps reduce costs in the health system.19 Medical care costs for conditions such as diabetes,heart disease and pregnancy are lower when oral health issues are addressed.In the United States(US),individuals with heart dis

68、ease saved$548 to$675 per year of healthcare spending when they went for routine preventive oral healthcare.Among people with diabetes,the savings ranged from$90020 to$2,840,21 and patients with multiple chronic conditions saved even more.Further,improved oral health reduced medical costs associated

69、 with pregnancy by$1,500 to$2,400 per pregnancy.In the US,41 states have expanded Medicaid eligibility as part of the Affordable Care Act.The Medicaid programme provides health insurance coverage for low-income Americans,including mandatory dental coverage for children.In several states,the Medicaid

70、 programme also provides dental care coverage for adults,an optional benefit.Medicaid expansion has enhanced access to oral health services for millions of low-income adults,leading to increased visits to the dentist and improvements in oral health.22 The expansion has also helped reduce medical car

71、e spending.For example,states that have provided comprehensive dental coverage to adults and have expanded Medicaid eligibility have seen a 14%reduction in emergency-room visits for oral health issues.23In one state that expanded Medicaid eligibility,Kentucky,individuals who visited a dentist were a

72、t lower risk of being diagnosed with diabetes and heart disease,which reduced healthcare costs for the Medicaid programme.24 In another state,New York,increased utilization of oral health services thanks to Medicaid expansion reduced both emergency-room spending and inpatient healthcare costs.25 The

73、 Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health9Oral health is a key driver of economic well-being3Improved oral health and employment outcomes are linked,particularly for low-income adults.For example,more than one in three low-income adults in the US report that the condition

74、of their mouth and teeth affects their ability to interview for a job.This is significantly above the rate reported among high-income adults.26 The link between oral health and employment prospects is particularly strong for women.A study from the US found that improved oral health translates to a 4

75、%increase in lifetime earnings for women.27 Similarly,women in Brazil showed bigger improvement in job prospects with better oral health than men.Improving oral health can help narrow gender inequality in employment and earnings outcomes.28Investing in oral health is thus vital to promote economic w

76、ell-being among low-income,vulnerable groups.Improved oral health reduces the number of low-income adults on government social assistance programmes.29 By enabling better job prospects,investment in oral health promotes economic independence for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged segments of soci

77、ety.30 As a result,oral health can play a key role in narrowing disparities in economic well-being by gender,race and income.Better oral health improves job prospectsBOX 2In the US,29%of low-income adults reported that poor oral health affected their ability to interview for a job.31 Another study e

78、stimated that 3%of job-seekers in the US labour market are unable to find employment directly as a result of poor oral health.This translates to over 200,000 people being kept out of viable employment due to dental disease.32 There is also compelling research showing that low-income adults are most

79、prone to the negative employment effects stemming from poor oral health and that lifetime earnings of women are much more negatively impacted by poor oral health compared to mens.In Denmark,a campaign focusing on oral health among unemployed and socially disadvantaged adults,including regular visits

80、 to the dentist,increased job opportunities for recipients.Most importantly,the effects of the campaign were seen very quickly,within one year,demonstrating the potential of quick dividends in terms of economic well-being stemming from better oral health.33 Taken together,the evidence shows clearly

81、that improving the oral health of the population contributes to enhanced employment and helps to narrow income,race and gender inequality in earnings.34 The relationship between employment and oral health can be bidirectional.Just as poor oral health has a negative effect on employability and job pr

82、ospects,being unemployed can lead to worse oral health.35 This bidirectionality poses an even more significant risk to individual economic well-being,as poor oral health and low employability reinforce each other.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health10Oral health is

83、sues negatively impact education outcomes,through missed school days and reduced learning capacity,with long-lasting effects into adulthood.The largest effects are seen among low-income children.For example,children with poor oral health are more likely to have lower grades,suffer from self-esteem i

84、ssues,and are less likely to complete all required homework.36 Research from across the world shows that poor oral health among adolescent children negatively impacts feelings of worthiness,confidence and other psychosocial outcomes that affect academic achievement and lifelong success.37Poor oral h

85、ealth contributes to impoverishment in low-and middle-income countriesBOX 3Oral health services are costly and beyond most peoples means in low-and middle-income countries.Using World Health Survey data from households in 40 low-and middle-income countries(LMICs),researchers analysed the impact of o

86、ut-of-pocket spending on oral health on household finances.Households with recent out-of-pocket spending were more likely to have used a large portion of their disposable household income and,as a result,fall below the poverty line.38Policy-makers should explore healthcare financing modalities that

87、provide adequate financial protection for oral health-related spending.As most oral diseases are preventable,an investment in preventive strategies,coupled with healthcare financing modalities that provide adequate financial protection for oral health-related spending,could significantly lessen the

88、financial burden of oral diseases in LMICs.Taken together,there is strong evidence linking oral health,education,employment and earnings.Investing in oral health pays an economic dividend in the form of better job prospects,higher earnings and economic independence.The linkage is particularly strong

89、 for certain sub-sets of the population.Investments in oral health can help narrow disparities of race and sex in employment and earnings.How oral health affects job prospectsFIGURE 2Source:American Dental Association Health Policy Institute.Note:Data are for adults.YesNoAppearance of mouth and teet

90、h affects ability to interview for a job Low Middle High18-3435-4950-6465+All82%18%71%84%85%72%80%84%92%29%16%15%28%20%16%8%100%80%60%40%20%0%Age(in years)Householdincome“The appearance of my mouth and teeth affects my ability to interview for a job.”29%low-income adults28%young adultsThe Economic R

91、ationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health11The global burden of oral disease is growing4Despite the important role oral health plays in overall health and economic well-being,and despite the preventable nature of most oral diseases,billions of people worldwide suffer from the negativ

92、e effects of untreated oral diseases.In fact,according to the latest data compiled by the WHO,the estimated number of cases of oral diseases globally is about 1 billion higher than cases of mental disorders,cardiovascular disease,diabetes,chronic respiratory diseases and all cancers combined.39 Oral

93、 diseases have remained the most dominant conditions globally since data have been available,with an estimated 3.5 billion people affected each year.Over the past 30 years,the number of cases of oral diseases worldwide has grown faster than the population,with low-income countries seeing the largest

94、 relative increase.Cases of oral disease are rising,and even after adjusting for the relative impact of various diseases on mortality and morbidity,they still rank within the top 10 of all diseases globally.Estimated number of cases globally for select non-communicable diseases FIGURE 3The change in

95、 the prevalence of oral diseases as well as the number of cases differs by geographic region as well as by country income level.For example,for both tooth decay and periodontal disease,the number of cases is growing fastest in low-income countries.Gum disease affecting roughly one in five people aro

96、und the world has important links to non-communicable diseases beyond the mouth.The number of cases of periodontal disease in low-income and lower-middle-income countries more than doubled between 1990 and 2019,compared to a roughly 50%increase in the number of cases in high-income countries.Turning

97、 to caries in permanent teeth,between 1990 and 2019,the number of cases worldwide increased by 46%,or about 640 million cases.This is mainly due to population growth in low-and lower-middle-income countries.There was actually a very slight decrease in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth,globally

98、 over the same period.The WHO African Region showed the highest increase in the number of cases over this period,at 120%.Estimated prevalence and number of cases of severe periodontal disease FIGURE 4Oral diseases3 474 MMental disorders967 MCardiovasculardiseases522 MDiabetes mellitus(type 1 and typ

99、e 2)458 MChronic respiratorydiseases453 MCancer(all malignantneoplasms)86 MSource:World Health Organization.40Source:World Health Organization.41World Bank income groupPrevalence(2019)Cases(2019)Percentage change inprevalence(1990-2019)Percentage change inpopulation(1990-2019)Low income19.71%80,008,

100、0790.73%129.75%117.98%Lower-middle income19.80%436,697,33617.24%124.66%63.25%Upper-middle income18.19%386,443,13834.98%96.83%27.97%High income17.65%176,251,93718.71%51.43%20.63%Global 18.82%1,079,927,02523.96%99.18%44.79%Percentage change incases(1990-2019)The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitm

101、ent to Invest in Oral Health12When it comes to unmet healthcare needs,oral health stands out5Access to dental care is an important factor in oral health.However,in healthcare systems across the world,dental care is often the healthcare service with the most limited access.42 This is true in both hig

102、h-income and low-income countries and is especially true among low-income populations within countries.For example,an analysis combining data for 18 countries from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD)shows that the likelihood of having unmet dental care needs is,on averag

103、e,three times higher than for other medical care services.43 A similar study across 31 European countries showed that dental care is often the most frequently reported unmet healthcare need.44 Similarly,in the US,the population reports much more difficultly in affording dental care services compared

104、 to any other type of healthcare service,including medical care,hospital care and even prescription drugs.This is true for all age and income groups.45 The health equity issues that health systems are grappling with globally are extremely relevant in the oral health arena,particularly when it comes

105、to affordability of care.Even in high-income countries,studies in Norway and the US,for example,show that cost and affordability challenges are much more of a barrier than fear,anxiety,wait times or trouble finding a provider.46 Data from a large number of OECD countries shows stark differences in t

106、he level of unmet dental care needs according to household income in most countries.47 But there is also variation across countries,with notable outliers.Countries like Poland,the United Kingdom,Germany,the Netherlands,Finland and Slovenia show relatively narrow inequality in access to dental care.A

107、 comparative analysis of dental care financing and delivery arrangements in these countries,for example,might be a helpful next step to identify promising practices for promoting equity in oral health.Percent of population reporting unmet dental care needs by household income level FIGURE 5Source:Au

108、thors analysis of OECD/European Union data.0510152025MaltaNetherlandsGermanyLuxembourgAustriaCzech RepublicCroatiaHungarySwedenPolandBulgariaIrelandSlovak RepublicUnited KingdomTurkeyItalySwitzerlandBelgiumNorth MacedoniaFranceMontenegroLithuaniaSloveniaCyprusNorwaySpainDenmarkRomaniaFinlandEstoniaI

109、celandSerbiaGreeceLatviaPortugalLow incomeTotal populationHigh incomeThe Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health13Evidence also suggests a need to improve oral health literacy globally.For example,in the US,a recent study found a paucity of understanding among the public

110、and healthcare providers on the risks,prevention and treatment of oral disease.48 Policy-makers responded by passing legislation to develop an oral health literacy strategy to reach underserved communities.49 New,innovative tools are emerging that help measure oral health literacy and pinpoint actio

111、n areas.50 Investing in oral health literacy through strategic cooperation among governments,corporations,academic institutions,foundations,professional organizations and advocacy groups is important for addressing the global oral health crisis.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Inves

112、t in Oral Health14The cost of oral disease to the global economy is substantial6Globally,the economic burden of oral diseases,based on an analysis of 194 countries,was estimated at$710 billion in 2019.Of this,the total direct expenditure for treating oral diseases amounted to$387 billion.On a per ca

113、pita basis,this translates to a global average of$50 and represents around 5%of global direct health expenditures.Direct expenditure for treating oral diseases ranks high compared to other health conditions and is estimated at,for example,about 50%of the global diabetes-related health expenditures.5

114、1 For example,an analysis focused on countries within the European Union shows that total treatment costs for oral diseases ranks third,just behind those for diabetes and heart disease.52In addition,productivity losses stemming from oral diseases were estimated at$323 billion globally.It is importan

115、t to note that the economic cost from productivity losses is nearly as large as the cost associated with treating oral diseases.On a global per capita basis,annual productivity losses average out to$42.The global productivity losses from oral diseases fall within the range of productivity losses of

116、the top 10 diseases that account for all causes of death worldwide.The productivity losses stemming from poor oral health are similar,for example,to those for Alzheimers disease and other dementias.53 The relatively high prevalence of oral diseases across the globe is clearly translating into a rela

117、tively high global economic burden of poor oral health in comparison to other health conditions.This strengthens the economic argument for prioritizing interventions to address oral diseases and gives persuasive reasons that may resonate among various stakeholders within the global health community.

118、The inequalities in the global economic impact of oral diseases are striking.The average per capita dental expenditure in low-income countries is$0.52,while high-income countries spend an average of$260 per capita a 500-fold difference.Similarly,estimates for annual productivity losses per capita st

119、emming from poor oral health are$1.49 in low-income countries compared to$185 in high-income countries more than a 100-fold difference.Productivity losses due to poor oral health cost the global economy$323 billioneach year.This is close to the productivity losses from the top 10 diseases accounting

120、 for all deaths worldwide.Estimates of the global economic cost of dental diseases,2019FIGURE 6Source:Heidelberg Open Research Data(heiDATA),2022.54Treatment costsProductivity losses Total(billion dollars)Per capita Total(billion dollars)Per capita African region 3.10 2.84 4.58 4.19 Eastern Mediterr

121、anean region 6.97 9.78 9.59 13.47 European region 112.51 120.96 104.48 112.32 Region of the Americas 156.76 155.21 105.57 104.53 South-east Asian region 0.76 0.38 13.35 6.67 Western Pacific region 107.00 54.74 85.12 43.55 World Bank low-income countries 0.360.52 1.04 1.49 World Bank lower-middle-inc

122、ome countries 2.27 0.72 19.00 6.05 World Bank upper-middle-income countries 80.76 29.99 86.88 32.26 World Bank high-income countries 303.70 259.96 215.76 184.69 The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health15The high level of unmet oral healthcare needs is rooted in health

123、policy choices7How oral health is financed explains why its affordability is a challenge in much of the world.Despite its importance to overall health and well-being,dental care is often not treated as an essential healthcare service within health policy.55 Public and private health insurance progra

124、mmes do not universally cover oral health.As a result,people pay from their own pockets for oral health services,even in countries where general healthcare is primarily publicly financed.For example,across the OECD,an average of 26%of healthcare spending is financed through private sources compared

125、to an average of 70%of dental care spending.Many countries within the OECD have totally private dental care financing systems,where public funding accounts for a negligible share of overall dental spending.Many of the oral health financing models observed around the world reflect perceptions that or

126、al health is a private matter rather than a public good.Dental diseases get low policy priority as compared to other health conditions such as cancer,heart diseases and diabetes.As a consequence,dental care financing is often decoupled from financing mechanisms for other types of healthcare,without

127、explicit consideration of the societal value of improved oral health among populations.Figure 7 shows interesting variation in public spending on oral healthcare among OECD countries.Japan and Germany are notable outliers,where the majority of spending on oral health services is funded through publi

128、c sources,with a wide range of dental care services covered under major health insurance programmes.56 This might explain why Germany ranks low in terms of the overall share of the population reporting barriers to accessing dental care and why the gap between low-and high-income households is relati

129、vely narrow.It might also explain why in Greece,where dental care is paid for almost entirely through private sources,barriers to dental care are high and income inequality is a large factor in access.However,some countries do not fit this hypothesis.For example,the Netherlands has relatively small

130、differences in access to dental care by household income level,yet dental care is almost entirely privately financed.Share of health and dental expenditure from private sourcesFIGURE 7OECDAverageNorwayLuxembourgSwedenGermanyJapanDenmarkIcelandNetherlandsCzechiaSlovakiaUnited KingdomFinlandBelgiumAus

131、triaEstoniaSloveniaPolandSpainCanadaHungarySwitzerlandAustraliaLithuaniaIsraelKoreaLatviaGreeceMexicoBrazil0204060803040506070Percentage of dental expenditure from private sourcesPercentage of health expenditure from private sourcesSource:OECD/European Union.57The Economic Rationale for a

132、 Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health16Within high-income countries,there is a high degree of variation in the mix of dental care financing with respect to out-of-pocket payments compared to payments from separate,stand-alone dental insurance.58 For example,the US,Canada and France have well-d

133、eveloped private dental insurance markets which account for 40%to 50%of total dental spending.Out-of-pocket payments account for 20%to 40%of dental care financing.In contrast,in countries such as Sweden and the United Kingdom,more than half of dental care spending is paid for out of pocket,with a ne

134、arly non-existent private dental insurance market.Whatever the relative contribution of private dental insurance versus out-of-pocket payments to dental care spending,the more salient conclusion from the data is that dental care is preponderantly privately financed even in settings where healthcare

135、services in general are largely publicly financed.Beyond healthcare financing policy choices,dental care is often delivered in separate,stand-alone facilities rather than as part of integrated primary care settings.This further creates challenges to integrating dental care into whole body health whe

136、n the delivery model for dental care becomes siloed.There is evidence showing that various forms of medical-dental integration,including co-location of facilities,embedding dental care services as a department within hospitals and clinics,can facilitate access and improve oral health.In Malaysia,for

137、 example,part of the antenatal care visit protocol in public healthcare facilities involves a dental screening at the dental clinic located within the health centre.This facilitates easy access to oral healthcare services for an important target population:pregnant women.In Brazil and Thailand,integ

138、rating oral healthcare services into primary care settings,hospitals and long-term care facilities was an important strategy to expand access to dental care services to the population.In the US,medical-dental integration is increasingly cited as a key reform needed to truly leverage the mouth-body c

139、onnection in terms of improving health outcomes and reducing healthcare costs among individuals with chronic health conditions.59The mouth has largely been separated from the body when it comes to how people pay for healthcare services.This traditional policy approach is at the core of why financial

140、 barriers to dental care are much higher than for other types of healthcare services.Thailand and Brazil make dental care an essential healthcare service BOX 4As part of Thailands universal health coverage(UHC policy)implemented in 2002,a series of public health insurance schemes offer oral health b

141、enefits to everyone.While coverage may be more expansive under plans made specifically for civil servants and private sector employees,the general population is covered for preventive and restorative care.The success of Thailands oral health interventions demonstrates that it is possible to make ora

142、l health essential in healthcare insurance programmes.Brazil also has a universal healthcare system.It was established in 1988,and integrated oral health in 2000.Various policies supported this integration in primary care,reducing fragmentation and expanding access to care and affordability.Governme

143、nt spending on oral healthcare increased from$30 million in 2002 to$322 million in 2009,with nearly universal geographic coverage of oral healthcare services.An estimated 70%of Brazilians access healthcare services in a year,and evaluations of the programme show significant improvements in various o

144、ral health indicators,including dramatic reductions in tooth loss due to dental disease.Still,inequalities persist,with higher dental disease burden in rural,poor and disadvantaged populations.These challenges stem from the complexity of financing healthcare in the context of decentralization,a grow

145、ing private sector creating consumer demand that places excess pressures on public services,and the need to ensure quality of services.Comprehensive coverage and integration improves oral health in JapanBOX 5Japan has a universal healthcare insurance programme that covers almost the entire populatio

146、n and offers a wide range of dental treatments,excluding certain restorative procedures.Working-age adults are responsible for 30%of their oral healthcare costs.60 As a result of these policies,Japan has one of the lowest levels of out-of-pocket dental care spending within the OECD as well as one of

147、 the highest rates of dental care utilization among the population.Reducing co-payment among older people has been shown to further improve affordability of preventive care and increase dental service utilization.In addition,many oral health outcomes in Japan rank above other OECD countries,includin

148、g rates of tooth loss,with relatively narrow disparities across income.Dental care service delivery is also integrated into the broader healthcare delivery model in Japan.In hospitals and other facilities,dentists and other healthcare professionals work together to improve oral care for patients wit

149、h certain medical conditions.For example,dental providers participate in diabetes and dementia management,helping identify patients with the diseases,and administer appropriate care to prevent disease progression.Medical-dental integration in Japans healthcare system can serve as a model for other O

150、ECD countries.61The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health17Looking ahead,the transition towards ageing societies in middle-and high-income countries,and changes in the oral health profile of populations worldwide has considerable implications for the future of healthcar

151、e systems.62 Older adults are retaining more of their natural teeth and are living longer.While an overall positive development for oral health,this has implications for future dental care needs as this generation has received a lifetime of restorative care(i.e.fillings,root canals and crowns).As su

152、ch,large proportions of older adults will require complex dental treatment just to maintain their teeth due to the effects of higher decay rates in the past.63 Similarly,projection for treatment needs for gum disease,for example,point to considerable increases among those aged 50 years and older.64

153、As such,ageing populations in middle-and high-income countries present a challenge to the dental care system,both in terms of covering excessive dental treatment needs and maintaining good oral health throughout life.In this context,one consequence of inaction is that it poses a major risk for the h

154、ealth and well-being of ageing populations.In addition,expansion of access to dental care services will require investments to expand the oral health workforce,particularly in low-income countries.The number of oral health professionals per capita in high-income countries is 20 times larger than in

155、low-income countries.Accordingly,and especially in the near term,alternative workforce models will need to be explored and are likely to include health professionals who traditionally have not been involved in oral health.Oral health policy must also refocus on promoting and incentivizing prevention

156、 rather than treatment of dental diseases.This requires multifaceted reforms,including payment model realignment,population education and outreach,and leveraging of the social determinants of health.A strong economic case exists for investing in prevention,as the evidence demonstrates this leads to

157、cost savings downstream as well as improvements in health equity.65Does taxing sugar-sweetened beverages improve oral health?BOX 6High consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages(SSBs)is associated with high rates of obesity and oral disease,particularly caries.To meet the WHOs recommendation that free

158、 sugars make up no more than 5%of a persons energy intake,some countries are considering higher taxation rates on SSBs.A global review of the impact of SSB taxation indicates that it reduces SSB consumption and rates of caries in both adults and children.66 While results varied by study,in general,a

159、 10%tax on SSBs tended to correlate with a 10%reduction in SSB consumption.67One of the most rigorous studies exploring the impact of SSB taxes on oral health took place in the US city of Philadelphia.Researchers found that rates of tooth decay declined among low-income children after the implementa

160、tion of a city-wide SSB tax.68 A study from England shows that hospital admissions for tooth extractions among children fell by 12%after the introduction of an SSB tax.69 Research from other countries,including Mexico,France and Saudi Arabia,also demonstrates the potential of taxation to influence s

161、ugar consumption and,ultimately,oral health outcomes,particularly for vulnerable populations.70The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health18Moving forward:The need for a global commitment to investing in oral health8The time has come for a global commitment to oral health

162、 among policy-makers,civil society,the private sector and other key stakeholders.Oral health must be an essential healthcare service.This requires:Adopting health financing policies that improve coverage,access and affordability of oral healthcare services,particularly for deprived,disadvantaged and

163、 vulnerable groups.Promoting healthcare service delivery models that integrate oral healthcare services into primary,secondary and tertiary care.Developing innovative health and oral health workforce models,including training and remuneration,that allow for flexibility in addressing oral health need

164、s.Implementing policies that promote upstream interventions focusing on prevention,health promotion and healthy behaviours,versus costly downstream treatment of oral disease.WHOs Global Strategy on Oral Health and Oral Health Action Plan,2023-2030BOX 7The WHO developed a Global Strategy on Oral Heal

165、th in 2022,and a Global Oral Health Action Plan(2023-2030)in May 2023.The action plan presents a set of 100 tangible actions to improve oral health across six strategic action areas:1.A public health approach to oral health.2.Integration of oral health into primary healthcare.3.Innovative workforce

166、models to respond to population needs for oral health.4.People-centred oral healthcare.5.Tailored oral health interventions across the life course.6.Optimized digital technologies for oral health.The Global Oral Health Action Plan outlines 11 global targets,supported by a set of indicators,to track

167、the action plans implementation and progress.It serves as a blueprint for governments,civil society,the private sector and other key stakeholders to follow to advance oral health.Improved oral health benefits the economy in various ways and at multiple levels,calling for a broad coalition of stakeho

168、lders to drive an agenda to reform and expand oral healthcare and prevention,both locally and globally.The private sector and civil society,along with policy-makers within government,must play a vital role in advancing oral health globally.The World Economic Forum is an ideal convenor,as it provides

169、 a platform to bring together these diverse stakeholders for policy dialogue,evidence-based policy insights and coalition building across the public and private sector and civil society.To advance global oral health,some important steps to consider are:Governments should pursue policies that promote

170、 affordability of dental care services,ensure sufficient oral health workforce capacity,integrate oral health within health systems and engage in public service campaigns to improve oral health literacy.There are a range of policy options to promote these goals:Implement the provisions of the WHO Gl

171、obal Oral Health Action Plan to improve oral health equity,contributing to the health-related Sustainable Development Goals.Integrate oral health within public health insurance programmes and benefit packages as part of universal health coverage policies.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitmen

172、t to Invest in Oral Health19 Regulate private health insurance markets in ways that promote comprehensive inclusion and coverage of oral health in equitable and affordable ways.Strengthen primary healthcare through full integration of essential oral healthcare.Align incentives,including provider pay

173、ment models,to promote upstream prevention and health promotion rather than downstream treatment of disease.Adopt evidence-based guidelines on oral hygiene practices,fluoride use,as well as advertising,labelling and taxation of sugary foods and beverages.Pursue strategic partnerships with academic i

174、nstitutions,foundations,professional organizations,corporations and advocacy groups to strengthen oral health.As noted,in several areas of oral health policy,there is a need to generate and synthesize the evidence on various policy approaches in ways that are understandable and actionable for policy

175、-makers.The private sector plays a critical role in the“commercial determinants of oral health”corporate activities that affect peoples oral health,both positively and negatively.These include the manufacture and promotion of products that are detrimental to oral health(e.g.tobacco,alcohol,vapes,and

176、 foods and drinks that are high in sugar)as well as those that are beneficial.The private sector plays a key role in ensuring affordable access to fluoride toothpaste,oral hygiene products and other products beneficial to oral health.The private sector should:Promote research and development in prod

177、ucts that promote oral health and work to create healthy alternatives to help phase out products that cause oral diseases.Accelerate efforts to provide affordable self-oral care solutions that are universally available and affordable,particularly for people living in deprived socio-economic contexts

178、.For example,toothpaste containing fluoride is often unaffordable,especially in lower-middle-income and low-income countries.71 Expand coverage for oral healthcare services in employer-provided health insurance programmes and promote oral health as a core element of workplace health and wellness pro

179、grammes.Support and align with the private sector actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan.Multilateral organizations,such as the World Health Organization,the World Economic Forum,the World Bank and the Global Fund,should:Include oral health within broader health system strengthen

180、ing policy dialogue.Investing in oral health will help advance broader health outcomes and help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.Include oral diseases within the WHOs non-communicable diseases framework.72 This is especially relevant as health systems rapidly transition to address the growi

181、ng non-communicable disease burden.73 Support and align with the international partner and multilateral organization actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan.Civil society has numerous roles in advancing oral health globally.The research community,agencies that fund research and or

182、ganizations that carry out research,and private foundations that support health systems strengthening should:Improve the evidence base for oral health policy.This includes synthesizing best practices on oral health financing and delivery based on comprehensive,data-driven and cross-country compariso

183、ns.There is a major need to research oral health systems in low-and middle-income countries.Fund research exploring the return on investment for employers for investing in oral health programmes for their employees.Invest in oral health activities as part of philanthropic support for health systems

184、strengthening in partner countries.Support and align with civil society actions outlined in the WHO Global Oral Health Action Plan,such as fostering community involvement and co-creation of appropriate policies and services,improving impact and accountability of programmes and policies,and supportin

185、g advocacy for better prioritization of communitys oral health needs.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health20ConclusionThe spread of oral diseases has reached an all-time high.While oral health is critical to overall health and well-being,it is often neglected and he

186、alth systems are not able to provide the care needed.The resulting impacts and costs of poor oral health are felt most acutely by those living in marginalized communities,impacting their health and livelihood.This white paper has highlighted the impact of poor oral health on the global economy and h

187、as outlined key actions that governments,the private sector,multilateral organizations and civil society can take to elevate oral health within the global health and development agenda.Tackling the global oral health crisis demands decisive measures.The World Economic Forum is in a prime position to

188、 foster the necessary collaborations among diverse stakeholder groups.Moving ahead,the Oral Health Affinity Group,inaugurated in 2023 within the Forums Global Health Equity Network,will serve as an excellent platform to sustain this dialogue and facilitate action.The Economic Rationale for a Global

189、Commitment to Invest in Oral Health21ContributorsLead author Marko VujicicChief Economist;Vice-President,Health Policy Institute,American Dental Association,USAAuthorsRifat AtunProfessor of Global Health Systems,and Director,Health Systems Innovation Lab,Harvard University,USA Habib BenzianResearch

190、Professor;Co-Director,World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Quality Improvement and Evidence-based Dentistry,Department Epidemiology and Health Promotion,College of Dentistry,New York University,USAStefan ListlProfessor of Translational Health Economics;Chair,Section for Oral Health,Hei

191、delberg Institute of Global Health,Heidelberg University,GermanyMaria RyanExecutive Vice-President;Chief Clinical Officer,Colgate-Palmolive Company,USAGeorgios TsakosProfessor,Dental Public Health,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,WHO Collaborating Centre of Oral Health Inequalities and P

192、ublic Health,University College London,United KingdomReport advisersSteve BeshearGovernor of Kentucky(2007 2015),USAEnzo BondioniExecutive Director,FDI World Dental Federation,SwitzerlandNatalia Chalmers Chief Dental Officer,Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services,USALois Cohen Consultant,Nationa

193、l Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research,USAJulie ColettiExecutive Vice-President;Chief Legal and Regulatory Officer,Align Technology,USAMeredith FischerPrincipal;Senior Consultant,MBlackwell Fischer Consulting,USABrittany FlynnManager,Digital Content and Editing,Health Policy Institute,Ameri

194、can Dental Association,USA Robert GoodfellowSenior Director,Global Corporate Communications at Colgate-Palmolive Company,USATy GreeneLead,Health Equity,World Economic Forum,SwitzerlandJudith HaberProfessor Emerita at the New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing,New York University;Secretar

195、y,Santa Fe Group,USAAndrea HollandSenior Manager,Corporate Communications,Colgate-Palmolive Company,USAGerald JohnsonExecutive Vice-President,Office of Health Equity;Chief Diversity Officer,American Heart Association,USAGerard K.MeuchnerChief Global Communications Officer,Henry Schein,USAAustin Lang

196、loisHead of Communications,Consumer Health,Philips,NetherlandsAllison NealeVice-President,Public Policy,Henry Schein;Managing Director,Henry Schein Cares Foundation,USADavid RabinowitzPrincipal,Deloitte Consulting,USAGreg Saldutte Senior Research;Data Analyst,Health Policy Institute,American Dental

197、Association,USAJessica Smith Senior Principal Scientist,Nutrition,Mars Wrigley,USAThe Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral Health22AcknowledgementsThis white paper is a culmination of a comprehensive and inclusive stakeholder consultation process and would not be possible wit

198、hout the support of key partners.The authors thank the participants of the World Economic Forum Global Health Equity Networks Oral Health Affinity Group meetings in September 2023 and February 2024,who provided valuable insights and feedback for the development of this white paper.The participants i

199、ncluded:Ruben Ayala,Gillian Barclay,Fernanda Campos,Maria Elisa Carvajal,Jessamin Cipollina,Sarah Conrad,Lucy Crawford,Paula Davis,Christopher Fox,Deborah Fuller,Bob Gold,Petra Helal,Matilde Hernandez,Lauren Hutchison,David Kochman,Myechia Minter-Jordan,Judith Moore,Anila Prabhu,Kaz Rafia,Kathleen S

200、herwin,Bernal Stewart and Ann Tracy.ProductionBianca Gay-FulconisDesigner,1-Pact EditionMadhur SinghEditor,World Economic ForumThe opinions expressed in this white paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of their respective institutions or the institutions of the c

201、ollaborating partners,Oral Health Affinity Group Co-Chairs,or report advisers.The authors received no financial support for the research,authorship,and/or publication of this white paper and declare no potential conflicts of interest.The Economic Rationale for a Global Commitment to Invest in Oral H

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259、rum9193 route de la CapiteCH-1223 Cologny/GenevaSwitzerland Tel.:+41(0)22 869 1212Fax:+41(0)22 786 2744contactweforum.orgwww.weforum.orgThe World Economic Forum,committed to improving the state of the world,is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation.The Forum engages the foremost political,business and other leaders of society to shape global,regional and industry agendas.