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1、State of ENACT NbS goals report:Year one roadmapINTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATUREA report by the ENACT Partnership Enhancing Nature-based Solutions for Accelerated Climate TransformationTABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OFFOREWORD .iEXECUTIVE SUMMARY .iiINTRODUCTION:Responding to the interlinked C

2、limate Change,Biodiversity Loss&Land Degradation Crises .1The ENACT Partnership .2Framing Nature-based Solutions(NbS).3Policy Relevance .4Scope and Methodology .6SYNTHESIS:State of Knowledge on ENACT NbS Goals .8Framing an Integrated Approach .8Synthesizing Knowledge Across the NbS Goals .9Beyond Sa

3、feguards:Assuring no Harm to People or Nature .14Funding Needs and Financing Options .16ANALYSIS:How to Accelerate NbS Impact Across the ENACT Workstreams .18Agriculture Systems .18Water Systems .23Human Settlement Systems .28Oceans and Coastal Systems .33Green-Grey Infrastructure Systems .37Cross-C

4、utting:Human Rights .42Cross-Cutting:Decent Work .46Cross-Cutting:Funding and Finance .49Cross-Cutting:Health Systems .52IMPACT:Developing the ENACT Dashboard .55BUILDING TOWARD THE BASELINES:What is the current capacity to track actualNbS for climate change and biodiversity outcomes?.55Building fro

5、m the IUCN Contributions for Nature Platform .56Evaluating potential climate change adaptation benefits through the Contributions for Nature Platform .57Documentation of potential biodiversity benefits in the Contributions for NaturePlatform .58Documentation of potential climate change mitigation be

6、nefits in the Contributions for Nature Platform .60Prospects and Innovations .60CONCLUSIONS:Key Messages and Actions .61REFERENCES .64ANNEX 1 .73The International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)would like to thank the reports contributing authors and reviewers,of whom there were many among th

7、e ENACT Partners,for their role in the development of this report.The individuals mentioned contributed to the pro-duction of the report.Contributors and reviewers worked in their individual capacities and their affiliations are only mentioned for identification purposes.Angela Andrade(CI),Rod Braun

8、(CI),Gregory Davies-Jones(IUCN),Barney Dickson(UNEP),Valeri Kapos(UNEP-WCMC),Cerin Kizhakkethottam(UN-Habitat),Jennifer Levy Girardin(UN-Habitat),Delilah Griswold(IUCN),Ashanapuri Hertz(SweedBio),Nicholas Macfarlane(IUCN),Muneeswaran Mariappan(IUCN),Joy Mutai(UN-Habitat),Sharon Ogoti(UN-Habitat),Nat

9、halie Olsen(UNEP),Loredana Scuto(IUCN),Nathalie Seddon(Oxford University),Juha Siikamki(IUCN),Diana Carrillo Silva(UN-Habitat),Nadia Sitas(SouthSouthNorth),Christopher Roy(IUCN),Alice Taberner(WHO FEBA Fellow),Helen Tugendhat(Forest Peoples Programme),Tristan Tyrrell(CBD),Christina Voigt(WCEL).Audre

10、y Wagner(Oxford University).This report was made possible through the generous contributions of ENACTs donors:Interna-tional Climate Initiative(IKI)of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conser-vation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection(BMUV).Copyright:2024 IUCN,International U

11、nion for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Produced by:Climate Change Team-Centre for Economy and FinanceCover picture:Jame_9bkk-Design and layout by:ACKNOWLEDGMENTSACKNOWFOREWORDFOREWORDThe interlinked crises of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation threaten to ex-acerbat

12、e human inequality and disrupt efforts for broad human well-being,unless an integrated approach to these challenges is rapidly implemented.The ENACT Partnership was launched at the 27th UN Climate Change Conference(UNFCCC COP27),with the Egyptian COP Presiden-cy and Germany as co-chairs.This inaugur

13、al ENACT report provides a foundation for the way forward.ENACT Partners stand at the intersection of environmental conservation,sustainable development and global cooperation,convening state and non-state actors who recognise the critical need for collaborative solutions.Nature-based Solutions(NbS)

14、,rooted in the principles of enhancing natures inherent capacities to address societal challenges,offer a promising pathway towards a globally agreed integrated approach.For this reason,NbS are now recognised across the Rio Conventions the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC

15、),the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)under which have been built a set of interlocking multilateral agreements,including:the Paris Agree-ment,Sharm El Sheikh Adaptation Agenda,the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Frame-wor

16、k(GBF),and land degradation neutrality targets and more.Despite commitments and advancements towards integration made under these agreements,governments and funders continue to provide investments in a siloed fashion.This means that funds and efforts directed at addressing climate change do not alwa

17、ys include assurances for enhancing ecosystem integrity nor human well-being.As emphasised in this report,NbS de-veloped in accordance with the United Nations Environment Assembly(UNEA)5/5 Resolution definition offer a facilitative tool to guide funds and the efforts they support towards achieving i

18、ntegration.This inaugural report of the ENACT Partnership builds upon the rich expertise and diverse per-spectives of our global partners and serves as a testament to the potential for the collaborations needed to push forward transformative change.Through accessible synthesis,system-specific analys

19、is and case studies,and an appraisal of the current capacity to measure the true impact of verified NbS,this report concludes with a set of three key messages and related actions to catalyse implementation of NbS across ecosystems and for communities.First,the ENACT Partners call for actual,policy a

20、nd practice-level support towards integration of actions on climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation to support human well-being.ENACT is taking an initial step towards this in its central role within the COP28 Joint Statement on Climate,Nature and People,led by the UNFCCC COP28 Preside

21、ncy,CBD COP15 Presidency and chairs of 10 global partnerships including ENACT.Second,ENACT Partners recognise that funding and investment to support an integrated approach must not only be increased but also be enhanced to ensure the full potential of NbS.i|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One R

22、oadmapFinally,ENACT Partners emphasise that all NbS must ensure inclusive decision-making,and should therefore emerge from policy processes and investment decisions that have a cor-responding level of inclusion to achieve maximum equitable and socially just outcomes.The cross-sectoral and multi-scal

23、ed convening efforts of the ENACT Partnership,channelled into focused bridge-building across the Rio Conventions is one step towards achieving this ob-jective.The organisation of the ENACT workstreams,to kick off in 2024 if sufficient resourcing is achieved,will be a concrete step in furthering this

24、 work.As we navigate the complex terrain of sustainable development,it is clear that no single entity or convention can address the challenges we face alone.It is through forging meaningful con-nections,fostering dialogue and embracing holistic approaches that we can truly unlock the full potential

25、of NbS and advance the objectives of the Rio Conventions.We extend our deepest gratitude to all those who have contributed to this endeavour by becoming an ENACT Partner.It is through your dedication and commitment that we continue to strive towards a future where nature thrives,societies flourish,a

26、nd our planet is resilient for generations to come.FOREWORDFOREWORDH.E Dr.Yasmine FouadMinister of the Environment,Arab Republic of EgyptH.E Steffi LemkeFederal Minister for the Environment,Nature Conservation,Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection,GermanyDr Grethel Aguilar Rojas Director General,In

27、ternational Union for Conservation of Natureii|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapThe ENACT NbS Goals report series is published annually by the ENACT Partnership to inform Rio Convention processes and shape the collective global agenda on Nature-based Solution(NbS).While interest in th

28、e potential of NbS is growing,gaps remain in achieving and com-municating effective implementation.Following structured consultation with ENACT founding Partners and additional targeted actors,the inaugural report addresses three key reasons for this gap.First,confusion about what counts as NbS and

29、thus controversies emerging from its misapplication(Introduction).Second,collection of targeted and contextualised overviews and case studies on system-focused implementation of NbS in relation to climate change and bio-diversity(Synthesis).Third,limited clarity on the status of achieving the full p

30、otential of NbS to address climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation in an integrated way(Impact).The inaugural ENACT NbS Goals report lays the foundation to address these three factors.It charts engagement with UNEA 5/5 Resolution on NbS and the IUCN Global Standard on NbS as the key ex

31、isting frameworks that guide global alignment on NbS.It emphasises that NbS are not a substitution for achieving emissions reductions in line with the best-available science and the Paris Agreement,nor can they be implemented without full consent and equitable participation of affected Indigenous pe

32、oples and Local communities(IPLCs).Finally,it establishes the case that NbS addressing the challenges and risks of climate change must simultaneously enhance biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.The first section of the inaugural report provides a broad synthesis of the current state of knowl-edge o

33、n the themes of the ENACT Goals:Climate change adaptation:Enhanced protection and resilience of at least 1 billion vulnerable people(including at least 500 million women and girls).Enhancing biodiversity:Up to 2.4 billion hectares of ecosystem integrity secured through pro-tection of 45 million ha,s

34、ustainable management of 2 billion ha,and restoration of 350 million ha.Climate change mitigation:Significantly increased global mitigation efforts through protecting,conserving and restoring carbon-rich terrestrial,freshwater and marine ecosystems.It relies on data from recent reports of the Interg

35、overnmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services(IP-BES),as well as sector-specific peer-reviewed research,and highlights that NbS provide a high-er rate of synergies than trade-offs in reducing the impact of climate ch

36、ange and providing for broader ecological and social resilience(Chausson et al.,2020).Further,NbS focused on pro-tecting existing high-biodiversity and carbon-dense ecosystems(halting deforestation,for ex-ample)provide the most effective integrated approach(Arneth et al.,2020).This section empha-sis

37、es that while the overall contribution of NbS to global goals for climate,nature and people are significant,the potential total contribution to climate change mitigation is far smaller than what is needed,and therefore drastic cuts to fossil fuels must occur alongside their implementation.The second

38、 section of the report presents the ENACT workstreams,which correspond to the High-Level Champions Sharm-el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda(SAA)by aligning across systems.This achieves the aim of ENACT to build synergies and strengthen collective action for NbS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE iii|State of ENAC

39、T NbS Goals Report:Year One Roadmapto address the challenges of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation.These sub-sections of the report are led by systems experts and in addition to focusing on the state of knowledge also present discussions of measuring and assuring impact,as well as

40、 identifying key research needs.Where available,each sub-section presents case studies of good practic-es which have undergone the IUCN Global Standard Self-Assessment and are featured on the PANORAMA Platform.The third section seeks to increase clarity on the status of monitoring NbS implementation

41、 in relation to climate change adaptation,biodiversity enhancement and climate change mitigation.The inaugural report discusses the current capacity to track the achievement of the ENACT NbS Goals.The work that informed this section will undergird the process of establishing baselines for the 2024 r

42、eport.This work is developed in collaboration with the IUCN Contributions for Na-ture platform.In addition to laying the foundation for the State of ENACT NbS Goals report series,the Roadm-ap Report offers three key messages and associated actions for assuring progress towards the ENACT Partnership

43、vision:Integrate action on climate change,biodiversity loss,land degradation and human well-being through:Supporting a whole-of-government approach that mainstreams NbS;Supporting the development of globally-agreed standardised indicators and tools for track-ing integrated progress on global targets

44、 for nature and people through NbS;andSupporting coherence and accessibility of NbS monitoring data at a global scale,ensuringthat methodologies encourage an integrated approach.Enhance the design of funding and investment to support an integrated approach to climate change,biodiversity loss and lan

45、d degradation through:Ensuring that NbS has priority allocation in the mobilisation of concessional finance towardsthe USD 100 billion goal to support developing countries in their climate objectives throughto 2025;Increasing and enhancing the impact of bilateral and multilateral funding mechanisms

46、insupport of an integrated approach;andInvesting in enhancing a joint understanding of the benefits of NbS to support confidenceamong practitioners and decision makers in implementation across the sustainable devel-opment field.Ensure inclusive decision-making on all policy processes,investment deci

47、sions and implemen-tation design related to NbS through:Prioritising the increase of gender-responsive funding aimed at and accessible to womenand girls,as well as funding for Indigenous peoples-led work;Increasing the capacity to communicate good practices on gender-responsive and Indige-nous peopl

48、es-led planning and budgeting in NbS;and Investing in women and Indigenous peoples-led efforts,sectors and collaborations towardsan integrated approach.These will serve as the basis for establishing the 2024 work plan of the Partnership,which will be discussed and determined through a collaborative

49、process at the inaugural steering committee meeting in the second quarter of 2024.EXECUTIVE SUEXECUTIVE SUMMARYiv|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapThis report represents a roadmap towards the ENACT Partnerships annual State of ENACT NbS Goals reports.The goal of these reports is to ou

50、tline an annual state-of-play on the EN-ACT Partnerships three goals,and to highlight ENACT Partners success in applying NbS to key ENACT NbS workstreams.Responding to the interlinked climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation crisesThe scientific evidence of the recent assessment reports

51、 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC)and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services(IPBES)is clear:this decade represents a critical window for addressing the interlinked crises of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation.While

52、 these bod-ies previously set out narratives addressing these crises in isolation,the AR6 Synthesis Report builds more directly from the established evidence of the IPCC Special Report on 1.5C(2018)and Special Report on Climate Change and Land(2019)to discuss the need for an integrated approach.Figu

53、re 1:Climate,biodiversity and human society are coupled through dynamic interactions across scales.Source:(Prtner et al.,2023)INTRODUCTIONINTRODU1|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapDue to the interconnectedness of these crises,it is essential that an integrated approach is taken to add

54、ress the challenges of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation,and to do so in a socially and economically equitable way.Nature-based Solutions(NbS)are a tool that offer this integrated approach because they are not single-issue actions but“place-based partnerships between people and n

55、ature”(Seddon et al.,2021).When implemented properly,NbS enhance the resilience of ecosystems and the societies that depend on them.NbS can sup-port adaptation to climate hazards such as sea-level rise,more frequent and intense flooding,droughts,heatwaves and wildfires,while delivering significant b

56、iodiversity benefits in a manner that safeguards and promotes the rights and interests of vulnerable and historically marginalised communities.While the potential for NbS to deliver on this promise is widely recognised(Prtner et al.,2021),to date global efforts to implement NbS have been largely unc

57、oordinated and disconnected.At the global level,government expenditure on actions that degrade nature is three to seven times higher than combined public and private investment in NbS(UNEP,2022a).And even as world-wide interest in NbS grows,there is still an inconsistent understanding across sectors

58、 about what qualifies as NbS,how to build policy incentives to drive action,and how nature can be used to effectively deliver integrated climate-biodiversity results(Seddon et al.,2020).The ENACT PartnershipAt the Sharm el-Sheikh 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Con-ven

59、tion on Climate Change(UNFCCC COP27)in December 2022,the Egyptian COP Presiden-cy launched the ENACT Partnership:Enhancing Nature-based Solutions for an Accelerated Climate Transformation.This ambitious partnership,developed in collaboration with the Gov-ernment of Germany and International Union fo

60、r Conservation of Nature(IUCN),established a global coalition of state and non-state actors to address the gaps in coherence and collaboration in promoting and implementing NbS.To devise the Partnership,59 state and non-state representatives were convened to co-design its vision and scope,and to dev

61、elop clear and purposeful action-based targets to guide strategy and track progress.It was agreed that ENACT should aim to accelerate efforts to address the climate,biodiversity and land degradation crises jointly by setting a common action agenda on Nature-based Solutions(NbS).Furthermore,with the

62、aim of driving resources and action,partic-ipants agreed that ENACT should set goals focused on accelerating implementation and finance towards the achievement of existing targets across the UNFCCC and Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)frameworks,rather than call for new pledges or commitments.

63、Therefore,ENACT is designed as an enabler and accelerator of progress towards multilaterally established global targets including the UN Decade on Restoration,the Kunming-Montreal Glob-al Biodiversity Framework(GBF)adopted under the CBD(2022),the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC(2015),and the G20 Gl

64、obal Initiative on Land Degradation under the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)(1994).As emphasised by its name,the ENACT Partnership aims to advance the necessary alignment of integrated climate and biodiversity action with transformative change.ENACT adopts the IPBES Global Assessment

65、(2019)definition of transformative change as:a fundamental,system-wide reorganization across technological,economic and social factors,including paradigms,goals and values.To adequately address climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation while INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION2|State of ENACT NbS G

66、oals Report:Year One Roadmapenhancing social equity,an unprecedented social and economic transformation must occur across all sectors energy,agriculture,land use,transportation and beyond.The ENACT Part-nership works to advance NbS as an integral component of achieving that transformation.As a resul

67、t of consultations,and in agreement to align with the Sharm el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda Global Outcome Targets,the following three ambitious 2030 ENACT NbS Goals were adopted,with 2024 set as the baseline year.The language of these goals highlights that NbS goes beyond traditional conservation and f

68、unctions at the intersection of nature and people.Climate change adaptation:Enhanced protection and resilience of at least 1 billion vulner-able people(including at least 500 million women and girls).Enhancing biodiversity:Up to 2.4 billion hectares of ecosystems and their integrity securedthrough t

69、he protection of 45 million ha,sustainable management of 2 billion ha,and resto-ration of 350 million ha.Climate change mitigation:Significantly increased global mitigation efforts through pro-tecting,conserving and restoring carbon-rich terrestrial,freshwater,coastal and marine eco-systems.ENACT ha

70、s set a clear and streamlined vision to provide a collective voice for evidence-based policy and practice on NbS for climate change,land degradation and biodiversity loss,and to leverage support for the integration of NbS across all the Rio Conventions.Framing Nature-based Solutions(NbS)In March 202

71、2,the United Nations Environment Assembly(UNEA)of the United Nations Envi-ronment Programme(UNEP)achieved a crucial milestone by formally defining Nature-based Solutions(NbS),marking a pivotal moment in environmental policy and action.The Assembly resolved to adopt UNEP/EA.5/Res.5.The ENACT Partners

72、hip works in close alignment with this resolution,and has also adopted the UNEA definition of NbS,which states that NbS are:Actions to protect,conserve,restore,sustainably use and manage natural or modified terrestrial,fresh-water,coastal and marine ecosystems which address social,economic and envir

73、onmental chal-lenges effectively and adaptively,while simultaneously providing human well-being,ecosystem services,resilience and biodiversity benefits.The UNEA definition builds on IUCNs own formal definition of NbS adopted at the 2016 World Conservation Congress and Members Assembly(WCC-2016-Res-0

74、69),which,for the first time,defined the use of nature to include the simulta-neous provision of benefits to biodiversity and human well-being.This definition,together with the NbS principles(Cohen-Shacham,2019),were the cornerstone for guiding the development of the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-

75、based SolutionsTM.The Global Standard is a facilitative framework of eight Criteria and 28 Indicators for the verification,design and scaling up of NbS(IUCN,2020).As an integrated approach,NbS are not single-issue actions,they are“place-based partnerships between people and nature”(Seddon et al.,202

76、1).While NbS can be developed to address one or more societal challenge water security,food security,human health,economic and social development,disaster risk,climate change the ENACT Partnerships approach to NbS emphasises that addressing climate change should be an overarching objective,in the sa

77、me way that biodiversity benefits are centralised.This implies adding a dimension of climate change risk assessment as a component of IUCNs Global Stand-ard for NbS approach,among other inclusions.INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION3|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapWithin the context of climate

78、 change,NbS is an umbrella term for a wide range of approaches,actions and interventions that involve enhancing and working with and for nature to help both mitigation and adaptation.NbS are designed to yield benefits at the intersection of society and ecosystems through context-specific approaches.

79、While NbS may contribute significantly to climate action,they do not replace the need for rapid,deep and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.Moreover,the sustained provision and effectiveness of NbS benefits are reliant on achieving the 1.5C target through rap-id reductions in fossi

80、l fuel use,as climate impacts reduce the capacity of ecosystems to deliver such benefits.One of the primary misconceptions is that actions designed exclusively for climate change mit-igation,such as monoculture forest plantations,count as NbS.These actions,which reduce ecosystem integrity,as well as

81、 social well-being,do not meet the NbS definition provided by the UNEA 5/5 Resolution,nor the criteria of IUCNs Global Standard for NbS.The work of the ENACT Partnership aims to increase coherence and assurance regarding which actions qualify as NbS at a global level to guide scaled-up implementatio

82、n of NbS worldwide,that can benefit nature and people while minimising and reducing negative trade-offs.Policy relevanceThe official recognition of NbS by the UNEA 5/5 Resolution in 2022 was a landmark moment for NbS,which was followed by the term being included in the UNFCCC COP27,CBD COP15,and UNC

83、CD COP15 decision texts.ENACTs inception at COP27 means it is well placed to build upon and maintain the political momentum marked by these achievements,to accelerate INTRODUCTIONFigure 2:Defining Nature-based Solutions.IUCNINTRODUCTION4|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One Roadmapuptake of NbS

84、in a way that aligns with the UNEA 5/5 Resolution both within the UNFCCC and across the CBD and UNCCD COPs.The consistent recognition of NbS across each of the Rio Conventions will set an important global precedent that climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation are linked challenges that

85、 sit at the intersection of society and the environment,and therefore require integrated approaches that tools such as NbS can provide(Bulkeley et al.,2023).Coherence and alignment on a global scale allow governments to ensure greater oversight and accountability on the use and application of NbS.Fo

86、rmal recognition can also help overcome barriers that are often found in the financing of NbS and provide the regulatory policy framework needed for them to succeed.The second edition of Nature4Climates Nature-based Solutions Policy Tracker indicates a prom-ising growth trend in the adoption of poli

87、cies supporting NbS.The Tracker documents 462 poli-cies in 144 countries and maps NbS-relevant targets in 31 countries international nature and cli-mate commitments to the international community,such as Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),National Adaptation Plans(NAPs),and National Biodivers

88、ity Strategies and Action Plans(NBSAPs).These data emphasise the significance of international commitments for enhancing national policy frameworks and spurring financial mechanisms and knowledge sharing for in-creased capacity at the level of implementation(Nature4Climate,NbS Solutions Policy Track

89、er,2022).Despite progress there is still a lack of documented interventions that align with a uniform and verified standard of NbS,such as the IUCN Global Standard for NbS.ENACT seeks to advance on progress in this area through facilitating knowledge transfer and exchange networks among policymakers

90、 and practitioners in NbS.The development of this report marks the inception of this work by establishing a roadmap to baseline measurements of verified NbS impacts.It also begins and builds from ENACTs focus on collaboration and strengthening networks of research and action.There are additional act

91、ions necessary to ensure that the aim of increasing documentation of verified NbS interventions is linked to the reciprocal vision of fostering alignment across the Rio Conventions.Ahead of COP28,researchers from Durham,Utrecht,Oxford and Radboud Univer-sities came together with the PBL Netherlands

92、Environmental Assessment Agency in collabora-tion with the United Arab Emirates to develop a set of 10 proposals for integration of the climate change and biodiversity policy and action agenda(Bulkeley et al,2023):1.Strengthen and safeguard the use of Nature-based Solutions2.Address the indirect dri

93、vers of climate change and biodiversity loss3.Align national planning,particularly NDC,NAPs,and NBSAPs4.Establish a common strategic roadmap on finance5.Focus on transformative change6.Bring biodiversity into the Race to Zero and Race to Resilience7.Integrate membership across UNFCCC and CBD action

94、agendas8.Create a common reporting platform9.Develop shared principles for financing10.Support the UN Resident Coordinator Systems convening power to align policiesINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION5|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapENACT works in support of achieving these proposals.Ahead of C

95、OP28,the ENACT Partner-ship worked alongside the NDC Partnership,the UAE as the UNFCCC COP28 Presidency,and the Peoples Republic of China as the UN CBD COP15 Presidency to develop the COP28 Joint Statement on Climate,Nature and People to facilitate stronger international,regional and local cooperati

96、on to implement integrated action on climate change and biodiversity loss.The joint statement was endorsed by nearly 20 countries noting their roles in select,relevant partnerships,initiatives and coalitions.Building from these collaborations,in 2024 the Partnership will work to establish the baseli

97、nes for monitoring progress towards the ENACT NbS Goals.This report outlines the current capacity to track NbS for climate change and biodiversity outcomes,with the intention to pave the way for comprehensive baselines to be established in the future.The goal of the report is therefore to establish

98、clear and credible claims related to NbS,including through identifying key gaps in monitoring and evaluation related to specific NbS interventions.While interest in the potential of NbS is growing,gaps remain in achieving and communicating effective implementation.This report aims to address three p

99、rincipal reasons for this gap.First,confusion about what counts as NbS and thus controversies emergent from its misapplication,addressed in the Introduction and Synthesis sections.Second,limited clarity on the status of achieving the full potential of NbS to address climate change,biodiversity and l

100、and degrada-tion concerns,discussed in the Synthesis and Impact sections.Third,limited publicly available guidance,technical assistance and case studies on system-focused implementation of NbS,addressed in the Analysis section.Both the aim and the method of the report have been devel-oped through di

101、rect consultation with ENACT founding Partners,and structured consultation processes with additional targeted actors.Scope and methodologyThe inaugural State of ENACT NbS Goals report sets the agenda necessary to address the three factors outlined above.The report emphasises the importance of NbS in

102、 alignment with UNEA 5/5 Resolution on NbS and the IUCN Global Standard for NbS.This report reemphasises that NbS are not a substitute for emissions reductions,nor can they be implemented without full con-sent of affected Indigenous peoples and Local communities(IPLCs).1 Further,NbS must always simu

103、ltaneously enhance biodiversity when they address climate change.The Introduction has provided this narrative framing for NbS,while the Synthesis section pro-vides an overview of scientific and related policy knowledge with regard to the goals of ENACT on NbS and adaptation,biodiversity net gain,and

104、 mitigation based on a non-systemic review of the scientific literature.The Analysis section of the report covers the current state of play on im-plementing NbS across the ENACT workstreams which align with the Sharm El-Sheik Adaptation Agenda.The workstreams were adopted to facilitate the future am

105、bitions of the ENACT Partner-ship to more directly support NbS implementation,and the context-specific guidance necessary for this.This section will discuss the current best knowledge on each workstream in relation to the ENACT NbS Goals and outline the priority directions for investment and researc

106、h.It will fur-INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION1 ENACT Partners wish to recognise that the use of the term Indigenous peoples,while aligned across the global policy processes this document intends to engage,is not consistently adopted nor used among all ENACT Partners.6|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year O

107、ne Roadmapther present IUCN Global Standard-aligned implementation of projects within each workstream.These sections are led by a group of expert-practitioners in the specific field and will thus initiate ENACT workstream working groups to take forward the priority actions identified in this inaugu-

108、ral report.Finally,to increase clarity on the status of NbS implementation,the Impact section of the inaugu-ral ENACT NbS Goals report will focus on the ENACT NbS Goals and set the knowable baselines for their achievement.The achievement of the ENACT Goals will be facilitated through the EN-ACT-ing

109、a Billion Campaign.In this initial report the section has been developed in collaboration with the IUCN Contributions for Nature platform,with its current capacity to track IUCN Member contributions to carbon sequestration and biodiversity net gain,and track beneficiaries along with other possible a

110、daptation indicators.Overall,this report represents a roadmap towards the Partnerships annual State of ENACT NbS Goals reports,which will be central to achieving ENACTs vision by providing clear cross-policy messaging and good practice analysis of NbS.Bioversity International-Md.Akhlas UddinINTRODUC

111、TIONINTRODUCTION7|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapFraming an integrated approachThere is growing awareness globally that climate change,biodiversity loss and the decline of human well-being are linked crises that demand an integrated solution(Baldwin-Cantello et al.,2023).Nature-base

112、d Solutions(NbS)provide an integrated solution by working at the link be-tween communities and the ecosystems upon which they depend.The focus of NbS is on fostering ecosystem integrity,defined as:“the ability of ecosystems to maintain key ecological processes,recover from disturbance and adapt to n

113、ew conditions”(Prtner et al.,2022).The IPCC Working Group III(WGIII)report on climate change mitigation explains that ecosystem integrity provides the long-term ability of ecosystems to lock up carbon and maintain or increase resilience for adaptation(Nabuurs et al.,2022).In adherence to the IUCN Gl

114、obal Standard for Nature-based SolutionsTM,NbS actions must be designed in response to an evidence-based assessment of the current state of the ecosystem and the drivers of biodiversity loss(Indicator 3.1,NbS Standard),with clear and measurable bi-odiversity conservation outcomes identified,benchmar

115、ked and periodically assessed(Indicator 3.2,NbS Standard).The outcome of NbS should achieve net biodiversity and ecosystem integ-rity gain,while having no negative impacts to the most disadvantaged elements of society nor denying them access to intervention benefits(Indicator 6.1,NbS Standard).As an

116、 integrated approach NbS are not single-issue actions,they are“place-based partnerships between people and nature”(Seddon et al.,2021).As previously stated,actions designed ex-clusively for mitigation and do not explicitly conserve nor enhance ecosystem integrity or human well-being,do not meet the

117、NbS definition provided by the UNEA 5/5 Resolution,nor the criteria of IUCNs Global Standard for NbS.Where climate change mitigation is part of the chosen pri-orities for the NbS applied,the intervention should be designed to address the drivers of bio-diversity loss and aim to improve the state of

118、biodiversity,resulting in biodiversity net gain and enhanced ecosystem integrity along with targeted social outcomes.NbS prioritise the protection and improvement of natural systems and peoples resilience in the face of climate hazards.This is achieved by reducing exposure to the immediate impacts o

119、f climate change,lowering social sensitivity to climate impacts and building adaptive capacity(Seddon et al,2020).Importantly,integrated action requires that NbS are pursued alongside a parallel effort to ad-dress climate change which prioritises rapid emissions reductions across all sectors in alig

120、nment with the goals of the Paris Agreement.As outlined by Nature4Climate,it is a common miscon-ception that NbS can be a substitute for emissions reductions(Nature4Climate,2023).Emis-sions reductions are imperative for the viability of NbS,as under higher emission scenarios and a+2C world,NbS will

121、have a significantly reduced capacity to provide the social and ecological benefits for which they are designed.SYNTHESISState of Knowledge on ENACT NbS GoalsSYNTHESIS8|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISSYNTHESISSynthesising knowledge across the ENACT NbS GoalsClimate change a

122、daptationThe latest IPCC Working Group II(WGII)report on Impacts,Adaptation and Vulnerability makes greater strides in integrating knowledge from across the natural,social and economic scienc-es than previous assessments.In asserting the risk of climate change to the interdependent systems of climat

123、e,ecosystems and biodiversity,and human societies,it emphasises how vul-nerabilities and risks are linked across these systems(Prtner et al.,2022).Beyond discussing their vulnerabilities,the report also outlines the role of ecosystems and biodiversity in reducing climate risks.NbS and corresponding

124、practices such as ecosystem-based adaptation are men-tioned 457 times in the report and are emphasised as an approach to build social-ecological resilience based on clear evidence that they can reduce the risks climate change presents to people.Building climate resilience across social-ecological sy

125、stems is most immediately important in the most climate vulnerable countries.The effects of climate change are felt to varying degrees across the globe,with Africa,Central America,South Asia,and small island states facing the worst present conditions,as well as those anticipated in future projection

126、s.This threatens to exacerbate existing inequalities both within and between countries,particularly for low-income countries where direct dependency on ecosystems for food and income is elevated(Uy et al.,2012).NbS focus on strengthening social-ecological systems by enhancing and stewarding the impo

127、r-tant links between biodiversity and social resilience.This provides both short-and long-term benefits through immediate increases in ecosystem services2 and the assurance of ecosystem Figure 3:The eight Criteria that make up the IUCN Global Standard for NbS are all interconnected(IUCN Global Stand

128、ard).9|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISintegrity over time,reducing the impact of shocks and enabling better recovery(Cardinale et al.,2012;Tilman et al.,2012).Reduction of impacts to ecosystem integrity through NbS can,in turn,reduce climate change impacts on individuals an

129、d communities(Valenzuela et al.,2020).For example,NbS actions can be designed to enhance the diversity of food and income to ensure alternatives if certain crops or livelihood strategies become affected by climate extremes(Ahammad et al.,2013;Seddon et al.,2020;Waldron et al.,2017).NbS can also enha

130、nce resilience through strengthening the insti-tutional and technical capacity for people and communities to govern and manage ecosystems.This occurs through participatory design and project ownership(Criterion 5,NbS Standard),which helps ensure the long-term stewardship of ecosystems(Valenzuela et

131、al.,2020).The IPCC WGII report discussion of NbS provides a thorough elaboration of NbS benefits for cli-mate adaptation,as well as challenges.These include,for example,a focus on the importance of integrating NbS into urban infrastructure to build resilience,while noting that this emergent field de

132、mands particular focus to ensure design and implementation that do not exacerbate urban spatial or economic exclusions.Related,the report notes the need for and possibility of building climate adaptation monitoring and evaluation frameworks that integrate climate justice,as well as the links between

133、 human and ecosystem resilience.One such existing resource is the Guide-book for Monitoring and Evaluating Ecosystem-based Adaptation Interventions.Resources such as these need to be expanded and mainstreamed to ensure that progress and innovations in NbS correspond to the broader field of adaptatio

134、n.For additional examples of how NbS can reduce vulnerability to climate change,see Seddon et al.(2020).The selection and overall effectiveness of NbS approaches in climate change adaptation and re-silience depends on local contexts including social,ecological and economic factors.While pro-gress to

135、wards monitoring climate change adaptation is expected to advance through the Global Goal on Adaptation,adaptation is ultimately a site-specific achievement and,in most cases,irreducible to one clear metric(Seddon,2022).Despite uncertainties around how to measure adaptation outcomes in general and t

136、he existence of a variety of approaches,there is increasing confidence that NbS for adaptation,often called Ecosystem-based Adaptation(EbA)3,provides necessary resilience across social and ecological systems.A recent synthesis of NbS for adaptation outcomes concludes that in most cases they are“as e

137、f-fective or more so than alternative interventions for addressing climate impacts”while revealing a higher rate of synergies than trade-offs in reducing the impact of climate change and providing for broader ecological and social resilience(Chausson et al.,2020).Despite this,work remains to be done

138、 on evaluating clear evidence for the overall effectiveness and cost effectiveness of NbS over conventional approaches to adaptation,as well as on increasing the evidence on NbS effectiveness for building resilience in low-and middle-income countries.2 Framed under the Natures Contributions to Peopl

139、e(NCP)umbrella concept by IPBES.NCP refers to all contributions beneficial and detrimental that people,individually or collectively at various scales,derive or endure from nature(Diaz et al.,2018).3 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity(2019).Voluntary guidelines for the design and e

140、ffective implementation of ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and supplementary information.Technical Series No.93.Montreal,156 pages.SYNTHESIS10|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISEnhancing biodiversityThe IPCC report indicates

141、just 2C warming will put 10%of all plant and animal species at high risk of extinction(Prtner et al.,2022).Over 12,000 animals,fungi and plants on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,across every region of the world,have climate change and severe weather listed as a threat.Monitoring under Susta

142、inable Development Goal(SDG)15(Life on land)further illustrates the dire outlook for biodiversity.The SDG 2023 Report states:“All di-mensions of biodiversity,including species abundance,species diversity,and the functioning of ecosystems,are under threat.It has been announced that the current loss o

143、f species rate is 1,000 10,000 times more than the natural extinction rate”(Sachs et al.,2023).The five direct drivers of biodiversity loss are,in order of largest global impact,land/sea-use change,direct exploitation,climate change,pollution,invasive species.These are forced by underlying societal

144、causes,which can be demographic(e.g.human population dynamics),sociocultural(e.g.con-sumption patterns),economic(e.g.trade),technological,or relating to institutions,governance,conflicts and epidemics(IPBES,2019).In addition to their intrinsic value,species play essential roles in ecosystems,which i

145、n turn provide a suite of values to humans.Given the integral link between biodiversity,ecosystem integrity and human well-being,any NbS must support or enhance biodiversity.This is not a bur-den of NbS design,but imperative for its success as NbS is underpinned by biodiversity.Many threatened and e

146、ndangered species are found in areas where biodiversity and carbon hotspots overlap.For example,grassland species are among the most endangered in the world,with a re-cent study showing a decline of 53%in grassland bird populations in North America since 1970(Rosenberg et al.,2019),mirroring decline

147、s in grassland species worldwide.The Great Plains of North America have been identified as being of high value for the conservation of species im-pacted by climate change and for below-ground stored carbon,yet only 4%of the area is legally protected(Stralberg et al.,2020).Likewise,coastal habitats a

148、re not only important for the carbon they store in their substrate and the protection they provide to coastal communities from storm surges and flooding,they also provide critical habitats for commercial and non-commercial fish,invertebrates and other wildlife(Smith et al.,2019).Furthermore,new rese

149、arch is emerging that indicates the importance of animals,in terrestrial,coastal and marine ecosystems,to maintaining the physical,chemical and biological process-es that affect the carbon cycle(Schmitz et al.,2023).As stated by Schmitz et al.(2023),“wild animals,especially terrestrial and marine ma

150、mmals and marine fish,also can have consequen-tial effects”on ecosystem carbon capture and storage.Protection of high-biodiversity and car-bon-dense ecosystems(stopping deforestation,for example)is widely recognised as the single most effective nature-based mechanism to provide synergistic benefits

151、for biodiversity and cli-mate change in the short term i.e.by 2030(Arneth et al.,2020).Despite their importance,such ecosystems are poorly represented in global protected area networks.Strategies to enhance biodiversity,whether through ecosystem protection,restoration or im-proved and sustainable ec

152、osystem management,can provide synergistic benefits over several decades or even hundreds of years depending on the ecosystem.The actual provisioning of benefits of these actions,however,is highly dependent on the quality and design of the interven-tion(Bullock et al.,2011).NbS provide a framework t

153、o account for and implement these con-siderations to enhance benefits.Ecosystem restoration covers the whole restoration continuum which includes the different phases of restoration,from reducing impacts in urban areas,im-proving ecosystem management and repairing ecosystem functions,to working towa

154、rds native recovery of ecosystems(Gann et al.,2019).Ecosystem restoration which achieves biodiversity SYNTHESIS11|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISnet gain and therefore has the status of an NbS,generates both biodiversity and climate change benefits(Gann et al.,2019).As high

155、lighted in the Human Rights portion of this report,Indigenous peoples,local communi-ties,women and youth play a significant role in addressing the global crises of biodiversity loss and climate change including through NbS,and particularly through environmental stewardship.The vast majority of land

156、held by Indigenous peoples and Local communities(IPLCs)(90%)are categorised as being in an adequately healthy ecological condition(IUCN,2021),over a third of critically important intact forest landscapes are on Indigenous peoples lands(Fa J.et al.,2020),and over a third of currently identified Key B

157、iodiversity Areas(KBAs)are also found within these lands(WWF et al.,2021).When designing and planning NbS,it is important to recognise that efforts to slow,halt and reverse biodiversity loss are not always associated with higher delivery of short-term climate benefits,as compared to approaches with

158、these aims only.Similarly,there are often trade-offs to be considered between maximising biodiversity gains and human well-being,for example in terms of food security.Biodiversity is essential for climate and social resilience,and the eco-system integrity that underpins both.The ability for ecosyste

159、ms to withstand stressors such as climate change,invasive alien species,pollution and new pathogens is strongly determined by ecosystem connectivity and biodiversity at multiple trophic levels(Oliver et al.,2015).Therefore,to maintain healthy,resilient ecosystems that can continue to deliver benefit

160、s to people over the long-term,NbS must be explicitly designed to protect or enhance biodiversity.Climate change mitigationTo limit global warming to 1.5C,global net zero CO2 emissions need to be met by 2050,with other greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions significantly reduced(IPCC,2023).For a 50%likelihood

161、 of this occurring,the remaining global carbon budget is estimated to be 275 GtCO2 from the beginning of 2023.This is equivalent to seven years of 2023 emissions levels(Friedlingstein et al.,2023).4The risks of climate change are amplified with each incremental increase in temperature be-yond 1.5C,i

162、ncluding from wildfire,permafrost degradation and food insecurity(IPCC,2021).Agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU)activities account for a large portion of global emissions,contributing roughly 23%between 2007 and 2016(IPCC,2019).While the proportion of AFOLU emissions has decreased,this ha

163、s been merely a result of outpaced increases in other sectors.The biosphere has served to buffer the impact of global emissions,currently acting as a sink for 56%of anthropogenic CO2 emissions(IPCC,2021).The global distribution of this sink has shifted in the recent decade with the northern hemisphe

164、re increasing absorption in comparison to the southern hemisphere(Ciais et al.,2019).This is partially a result of land-cover change and the saturation of the Amazon rainforest carbon sink(Hubau et al.,2020).4 The following caveats noted by Friedlingstein et al.,2023 are important in considering car

165、bon budget calculations:“Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the follow-ing:(1)a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions,(2)a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra

166、-tropics,and(3)a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last dec-ade.”SYNTHESIS12|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapGambia UNEPSYNTHESISThe UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2022 sets out the dire present condition,stating:“Current policies put the

167、 world on track to reaching a disastrous 2.8C warming by 2100.Current Nation-ally Determined Contributions(NDC)targets,if implemented,would still lead to around 2.4C warming by 2100.Even taking the net-zero pledges of many countries into account,best case scenarios given current pledges would lead t

168、o around 1.8C warming by 2100”(UNEP Emissions Gap Report,2022).There are several synthesis reports estimating the potential of NbS to provide for climate change mitigation(as summarised in Seddon,2022).Many of these studies are reviewed in the Na-ture-based Solutions for Climate Mitigation report pr

169、oduced jointly by IUCN and UNEP(2021).The reports methodology aimed to estimate the mitigation potential of many individual NbS at a global scale while avoiding double-counting resulting from the land requirements of various options.This involved the use of a typology of options adopted from Griscom

170、 et al.(2017)and included analysis of the level of inclusion of the IUCN Global Standard for NbS criteria.However,it merits note that full assurance of the IUCN Global Standard cannot be foretold from modelling and requires full integration and monitoring of an implemented solution.The synthesised r

171、eports indicated a consistent total annual mitigation potential from the protec-tion of natural ecosystems:3.4 GtCO2e at 2030 to 4.6 GtCO2e at 2050.The greatest mitigation potential is found in the avoidance of forest conversion.Robust safeguards to prevent leakage are necessary to ensure the full p

172、otential of avoidance.Additionally,forest ecosystems account for the greatest mitigation potential as compared to other ecosystems,representing 62%(5865%)at 2050 of annual mitigation potential by 2050.Response options based in croplands and grasslands,including agroforestry,provide the second highes

173、t contribution in most of the syn-thesis studies,around 24%by 2050(2228%).Despite the relatively small global area of degrad-ed and threatened peatlands,their potential contribution to mitigation is very high,10%of the total by 2050(911%).Finally,coastal wetlands(conservation and restoration of mang

174、roves,salt marshes and seagrasses)represent around 4%by 2050(34%)of the total mitigation potential.In comparison,the synthesis studies reviewed identify a striking range of total annual mitigation SYNTHESIS13|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISpotential of NbS(UNEP and IUCN,202

175、1).This range is a result of variations in the studies as-sumptions about how quickly different types of NbS can provide mitigation benefits.One study has estimated that NbS has the potential to reduce the peak of the+2C warming trajectory by 0.3C(Girardin et al.,2021).However,this serves as a remin

176、der that all forms of mitigation need to be implemented at their maximum capacity to limit global temperature rise to no more than+1.5C,when comparing to current trajectories of+3C by 2100.While these studies provide useful estimates,there are broader research gaps in the direct study of the mitigat

177、ion impact of nature-based interventions(i.e.changes to aboveground carbon stor-age and/or sequestration,GHG emissions)compared to changes in proxy outcomes(i.e.land cover,use,condition),which need to be addressed(Cheng et al.,2023).In addition to emphasis-ing the fact that the potential for NbS to

178、deliver mitigation benefits is directly linked to a priority of rapid GHG emissions reductions,it is also essential to avoid the use of NbS to substantiate greenwashing and the de-prioritisation of rapid emissions reductions across all sectors.Overall,discussion of NbS and climate change mitigation

179、potential needs to account for the range of uncertainty.As recent research from Oxford University notes:Even the most constrained estimates of the contribution of land-based nature-based solutions to global climate change mitigation are highly uncertain.These estimates do not consider the risk of im

180、permanence,as climate change and other anthropogenic stressors can undermine ecosystem health.Nor do they account for the serious problem that scaling up of nature-based solutions in one region can result in the ex-port of ecosystem loss and damage to another(a phenomenon termed“leakage”).Leakage is

181、 especially problematic when it results in biodi-versity loss through the degradation and destruction of native vege-tation elsewhere.(Seddon,2022)In relation to these risks,NbS should be designed for longevity,and more research and evidence is necessary for support of the best NbS design in specifi

182、c ecological and social scenarios.As will be discussed below,robust safeguards are needed to ensure that NbS achieve multiple societal benefits and biodiversity net gain especially where mitigation is a primary objective.Fol-lowing the IUCN Global Standard for NbS,NbS interventions seeking climate c

183、hange mitigation outcomes shall enhance ecosystem integrity ensuring long-term resilience for nature and peo-ple,which is further ensured by the requirement that NbS result in biodiversity benefits.BEYOND SAFEGUARDS:Assuring No Harm to People and NatureIn accordance with both the IUCN Global Standar

184、d for NbS and the UNEA 5/5 Resolution defi-nition,NbS are designed to respect the most rigorous social and environmental safeguards,and furthermore,provide benefits to both people and nature.As mentioned previously,there is a risk that by focusing solely on climate change mitigation,some of the solu

185、tions may lead to a decrease in biodiversity.Such approaches are sometimes mislabelled NbS.For example,the use of forest plantation monocultures leads to less species richness and can increase exposure to hazards(e.g.wildfires,erosion),further exacerbating environmental impacts.Other societal challe

186、nges such as food or water insecurity may also become exacerbated,adding additional SYNTHESIS14|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISconstraints on the communities that rely on the ecosystem.As stated by Portner et al.(2023),“biodiversity loss contributes to climate change throug

187、h loss of wild species and biomass.”There is work to be done to better understand how to address and manage such trade-offs in NbS design,especially around issues of better reflecting the full range of values of affected com-munities and Indigenous peoples and Local communities(IPLCs).Many of the st

188、andard tools of practice for addressing climate change and biodiversity loss do not adequately incorporate mul-tiple value systems in relation to nature(IPBES,2022).Payments for ecosystem services are reg-ularly promoted because they can generate financial return for affected communities.However,it

189、is often the case that access to the land or seascape for non-financial reasons provides more significant value than any monetary return for a narrowly defined ecosystem service.Further,for some Indigenous peoples,the formal rules of engagement within standard climate change and biodiversity actions

190、 can be inadequate if they are focused only on representation and do not adequately prioritise equitable project leadership and territorial and revenue rights(Townsend et al.,2020).There are concerns that projects falsely labelled as NbS might repeat historic patterns of displacement from conservati

191、on and development activities,either directly through enclosing lands or indirectly through unfair benefits sharing,such as the capture of carbon credit revenues generated by the project.It is in response to these concerns that efforts to develop definitions and verification frameworks have emerged.

192、Such concerns are given special attention in the IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solu-tions.Specifically,the need to address trade-offs and synergies,in an integrated manner,in both policy and practice(Criterion 6).The Global Standard recognises different types of inevitable trade-offs:ecologi

193、cal,economic,governance,spatial and temporal,and proposes actions to address them across all the criteria.More specifically,Criteria 6 refers to the identification and management of trade-offs:“NbS equitably balances trade-offs between achievement of their primary goal(s)and the continued provision

194、of multiple benefits”(IUCN,2020).The rationale behind this criterion is that designing an NbS to maximise the highest number of benefits may reduce the overall impact for the prioritised societal challenge for which it was designed.The Global Standard also recognises that not all stakeholders are eq

195、ually affected and the NbS needs to be explicit about whose benefits and whose costs will be addressed.Some trade-offs result from deliberate decisions,while others occur without any planning or awareness of the impacts.Trade-offs can be successfully managed if the consequences are properly assessed

196、,disclosed and agreed upon by the most relevant stakeholders.Fair and transparent negotiation of trade-offs and compensation among those potentially affected is required.Furthermore,for NbS to be lasting,effective and equitable,they need to be anchored in the legal system,both on the international,r

197、egional,national and local level.Law is a crucial gov-ernance tool for integrated NbS.Appropriate laws and regulations are needed for creating the fundamental,legal structures for a coordinated,fair and effective response commensurate with the global challenges of biodiversity loss and climate chang

198、e.Not only international law but also legal responses and changes at all levels and in all sectors,and their effective implementation,compliance and enforcement are needed.Legal structures need to be in place that protect and enhance the environment and recognise its profound value for other objecti

199、ves,such as the enjoyment of human rights,economic and social development,equity,stability,welfare and se-curity.Legal responses to NbS need to be informed by best-available science,take a preventative and,where necessary,a precautionary approach.They should safeguard against regression from achieve

200、d levels of protection,and ensure environmental and social benefits,such as the mean-SYNTHESIS15|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSYNTHESISingful and representative participation by all relevant stake-and rights holders,in particular,Indigenous peoples and affected local communities,i

201、ncluding their access to information and access to justice.Funding needs and financing optionsThe World Economic Forum(WEF)has projected that investment in NbS needs to at least triple by 2030 and increase fourfold by 2050 to meet climate change,biodiversity and land degrada-tion targets.This accele

202、ration would need a cumulative total investment of up to USD 8.8 trillion and a future annual investment rate of USD 674 billion(UNEP,2022).A significant challenge in fi-nancing the required NbS upscaling is that most of natures benefits are so far not fully measured and financially factored in,even

203、 though nature underpins our survival,well-being and prosperity.However,caution should be exercised in the face of the potential commodification of nature,as it involves not only economic considerations but also risks compromising the intrinsic ecological,cultural and aesthetic values that ecosystem

204、s hold for present and future generations.The State of Finance for Nature in the G20 report states that current G20 investments in NbS are insufficient,at USD 120 billion/year,and G20 Official Development Assistance(ODA)and private sector investments are small when compared with domestic government

205、spending,leading to a USD 4.1 trillion financing gap in NbS between 2020 and 2050(UNEP,2022).The report discloses that the vast majority of G20 investments,87%or USD 105 billion,were distributed internally to-wards domestic government programmes.Of public funds invested annually,over a third flowed

206、to the protection of biodiversity and landscapes,compared to nearly two-thirds on forest resto-ration,peatland restoration,regenerative agriculture,water conservation and natural pollution of systems.While the private sector makes up 60%of total national GDP in most G20 countries it contributes just

207、 11%of overall G20 NbS spending(USD 14 billion annually).This spans biodi-versity offsets,sustainable supply chains,private equity impact investment and smaller amounts from philanthropic and private foundations(UNEP,2022).Future G20 domestic investment is needed(USD 165 billion total additional inv

208、estment by 2050)to comprise 40%of total global NbS investment,considering only four principal NbS:forestry(USD 102 billion),silvopasture,mangrove restoration and peatland restoration.The remaining 60%of annual future investment lies in developing countries where fiscal space to invest in NbS is limi

209、ted(UNEP,2022).In the same trend,the 2023 European Investment Bank report on Invest-ing in nature-based solutions;state-of-play and the way forward for public and private financial measures in Europe presented key lessons learned and recommendations from a finance per-spective to support the future

210、uptake and scaling up of NbS in the European Union(EIB,2023).Despite the deep interest in nature-based projects in the EU,private entities are still far from committing to large-scale capital deployment.Much of the capital allocated to NbS still comes from public sources of funding a combination of

211、grants or philanthropic sources and local or regional funding(EIB,2023).These findings confirm the urgency for investments to close the biodiversity and climate finance gaps,as reflected in Target 19 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(GBF)under the UN Convention on Biological Dive

212、rsity(CBD)and the Glasgow Climate Pact of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.They also reinforce the need to accelerate ecosystem protection,conservation and restoration around the globe,as declared by the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 20212030.There are actions that can facilitate t

213、he necessary increase in investment.This includes devel-oping a global methodology and standardised approach to classify,measure and value NbS in a way that allows cross-country comparison and analysis and is meaningful for investment de-SYNTHESIS16|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapSY

214、NTHESIScision making(UNEP,2022).Furthermore,international financial institutions such as multilateral development banks(MDBs)could adjust existing financing mechanisms to ensure that portfo-lio-wide financial support is aligned with the Paris Agreement and the GBF,and thus consistent with 1.5C warmi

215、ng above pre-industrial levels and halting and reversing biodiversity loss(UNEP,2022).Additional elements necessary to increase finance include a conducive legal and adminis-trative framework and more robust economic incentives to invest in NbS.However,overcoming issues of measurement and liquidity

216、alone will not solve the puzzle,with conducive legal and administrative frameworks as well as economic incentives to invest,being key areas to consider.SYNTHESIS17|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapOn 6 March 2023,ENACT Co-chairs and IUCN convened a workshop with ENACT Partners and oth

217、er interested parties.The workshop sought to identify priority actions for the Partnership in 2023.As a component of this,the categories of ENACT workstreams,which were originally conceived to meet context-specific demands of Nature-based Solutions(NbS)implementation,were refined and agreed.The ENAC

218、T workstreams correspond to the High-Level Champions Sharm-el-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda(SAA)by aligning across systems.The nine ENACT work-streams cover the following systems:Agriculture,Water,Green-Grey Infrastructure,Human Set-tlements,Oceans and Coastal,Health,Funding and Finance,Human Rights,and

219、Decent Work.This structure facilitates the aim of ENACT to build synergies and strengthen collective action for NbS to address the challenges of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation.Workstream participants currently include representatives from:UN World Health Organization,Conservat

220、ion International,ICLEILocal Governments for Sustainability,UN-Habitat,UN Envi-ronmental Programme,SwedBio,Forest Peoples Programme,International Labour Organization and IUCN.The analysis in this inaugural report focuses on three key areas.First,an overview of the state of knowledge in the system an

221、d the role of NbS in aligning action in that system with climate change and biodiversity agendas.Second,a discussion of the status of monitoring and measuring NbS-aligned impact in these systems,including applicable discussion of targets and indicators in use or development.Third,a presentation of k

222、ey research needs to advance the application of NbS within that system.Finally,where applicable,the workstream sections conclude with case stud-ies of good practices which have undergone the IUCN Global Standard Self-Assessment and are featured on the PANORAMA platform.Agriculture systemsKey Contrib

223、utors:IUCNSTATE OF KNOWLEDGE:The role of NbS in agriculture systemsThe transformation of food and agriculture systems is essential to meet the goals of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC),the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)

224、and the Sustainable Develop-ment Goals(SDGs).This includes adjustments to crop production,livestock,forestry,fisheries and aquaculture as well as how these systems are managed in relation to nature(FAO,2014).Agriculture accounts for roughly one-third of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions(Fuentes-Ponce et

225、al.,2022).Within a Paris Agreement-aligned pathway,emissions from agriculture need to decrease by 39%by 2050.Agriculture expansion is the primary driver of native habitat loss globally with related extinction rates of at least 10,000 species per year(Hallstein and Iseman,ANALYSISHow to Accelerate Nb

226、S Impact Across the ENACT WorkstreamsANALYSIS18|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One Roadmap2021).However,a focus on agricultural intensification can also result in ecosystem degradation and reduction in human well-being through reliance on synthetic fertilizers(Burney et al.,2010)and exacerbati

227、ons to land concentration.Notably,90%of global fisheries are fully fished or overfished,with aquaculture as the fastest growing source of supply in animal protein(Hallstein and Iseman,2021),while 52%of agricultural land is severely or moderately degraded leading to the abandonment of 12 million hect

228、ares per year(Hallstein and Iseman,2021).NbS can provide the framework for shifting productive landscapes from drivers of climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation to a source of solutions.When combined with forestry,agriculture is one of the only sectors that can become a carbon sink(IE

229、A,2022).The use of NbS can build the resilience of agricultural landscapes against weather extremes through practices that enhance soil health and water retention to buttress against droughts,reduce soil erosion in the context of heavy storms,and buffer shorelines to reduce negative impact from coas

230、tal flooding.The use of NbS in agriculture can also reduce carbon emissions from the food sector and improve its carbon sequestration potential through practices such as crop residue mulching,cover cropping and reduced tillage to enhance the carbon storage capacity of plants and soils(Griscom et al.

231、,2017).The selection and design of NbS in agriculture is best aimed at reducing the negative trade-offs between maintaining production and ensuring food security whilst concurrently attaining climate,biodiversity and land-use objectives.The Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)of the UN and The Nat

232、ure Conservancys(TNC)joint publication,Nature-based solutions in agriculture:Sustainable management and conser-vation of land,water and biodiversity(2021)reviews the range of NbS that may be applied in agricultural landscapes.Many of these practices are aligned with either regenerative agriculture o

233、r agroecology(Wyenberg et al.,2023).In this way,there is potential to advance NbS in agricul-ture systems to build links with this work.To do so effectively,NbS proponents should adopt the perspectives of these fields in emphasising the need to support investment and actions towards food system tran

234、sformations that encourage diversified agroecosystems,respect human rights,and the rights and concerns of Indigenous peoples and small-scale producers.TOWARDS TARGETS AND INDICATORS:How to value and evaluate the integration of NbS and agriculture systemsThe full potential of NbS in agriculture to ad

235、dress climate change,biodiversity loss and land degradation has not been achieved.A primary limitation is the capital requirements of NbS for agriculture,specifically,the relatively high initial investment necessary to establish an NbS in any given agriculture system and the time gap on return.While

236、 there is a need for financial mecha-nisms to shift for this to be fully overcome,there are dynamics internal to NbS and agriculture systems that can be developed to remedy this gap.In part,improved frameworks for evaluation of NbS in agriculture could reduce uncertainty around investment.A recent s

237、ystematic review sought to address this need by developing a normative framework for NbS practices in agriculture,bridging the conventional divide between production and con-servation,and exemplifying the specific problems for which NbS offer solutions(Simelton et al.,2021).The framework is develope

238、d from a review of 188 peer-reviewed articles on NbS and green infrastructure published between 2015 and 2019 as well as three expert consultations.The framework establishes four essential functions for NbS in agriculture:1)Sustainable practices with a focus on production;2)Green Infrastructure main

239、ly for engineering purposes such as water and soil,and slope stabilisation;3)Amelioration for restoration of conditions for plants,water,soil or air,and climate change mitigation;and 4)Conservation focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem connectivity.ANALYSISANALYSIS19|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report

240、:Year One RoadmapFor any framework evaluating NbS in agriculture systems to function it must account for suc-cession as a component of design.The appropriate approach will depend on a range of factors based on the context of the agriculture system.Specifically,efforts should seek to enhance developm

241、ent of NbS for specific ranges of ecozones and socioecological contexts to support a breadth of small-scale cases that can be linked through supported processes of exchange and adaptive learning.Such an approach would further support the evidence base necessary to grow NbS in agriculture systems.Fur

242、ther,effective integration of NbS in agriculture systems demands support from a wide range of actors with often conflicting objectives(farmers,com-munities and resource managers,local government extension workers and advisors at farm and landscapes scales,downstream value chain actors at local and g

243、lobal levels,and national policymakers).Adequate frameworks will be essential for translating benefits across the range of actors involved and for clearly analysing trade-offs and prioritising actions and investments.RESEARCH NEEDS:Key knowledge gaps in the integration of NbS and Agriculture Systems

244、Economic benefits for food producers:Limited analysis exists for the full range of benefits NbS can provide to food producers.Existing research is largely focused on small case studies or exclusive to mitigation benefits.Expanded research on the full extent of adaptation and con-servation benefits,s

245、ynthesised at a global scale,could enhance investment and support for NbS in agriculture systems.Mitigation potential:Although there is significant potential for mitigation benefits from NbS in agriculture systems,there is limited investment in these solutions.This is largely due to uncer-tainty abo

246、ut the permanence of natural carbon storage and the social and political barriers to implementation.More research is necessary on these components in relation to such practices as reforestation,avoided forest conversion,and conservation and restoration of wetlands and peatlands.This work should inte

247、grate analysis of effects on food production.Overall benefits:More research is needed for a full benefit analysis of NbS and agriculture sys-tems,including focused work on the social and ecological effectiveness of NbS and agriculture by specific practice type.This should include methods to quantify

248、 ecosystem services in agri-culture landscapes which include analysis of implementation pathways that account for socially and culturally responsible means to increase resilience and improve food security.ANALYSISANALYSIS20|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapLEARN MOREGOOD PRACTICE CASE

249、 STUDYLOCATIONLachu Ecoregion,Municipalities of Ixcn,Quich and Chisec,GuatemalaBENEFICIERIESQeqchi Maya ethnic group,898 producers and technicians CHALLENGEMono-cropping of cardamom,low quality cocoa,and maize in Guatemala are common,but are often cultivated in a way that leads to land degradation,l

250、oss of soil health and negative impacts on biodiversity.Such monocultures are also associated with increased social inequality and poverty.In the case of the Lachu Ecoregion,local government and community members sought to address these linked social and environmental challenges through cocoa agrofo

251、restry.The practice was identified through a participatory assessment of livelihood options and chosen because of its cultural value for Qeqchi Mayans.APPROACHAs a native species typical of the region and high in yields and quality,cocoa had high po-tential to advance the economic and social develop

252、ment of producers and communities,particularly women and youth of the Qeqchi ethnic group.The innovative cocoa agrofor-estry model agreed with local communities focuses on high quality trees,good agricultural practices(shade,pruning,harvesting,fertilization,new planting densities),and good pro-cessi

253、ng,fermentation and drying practices.Agroforestry systems for sustainable cocoa farming in the Lachu EcoregionPANORAMA PROJECTANALYSISANALYSIS IUCN21|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapINTEGRATED IMPACT:ADAPTATION,BIODIVERSITY,MITIGATION The main positive impacts of the introduction of

254、agroforestry systems for sustainable co-coa farming include the improvement of ecosystem services in previously degraded areas.This had particular significance in the buffer zones of the Laguna Lachu National Park,a Ramsar site.Through the Nature-based Solution intervention,303 hectares of monocrop

255、areas were changed to cocoa agroforestry systems in zones of high value for conservation.Changes of land use to agroforestry systems contributed to GHG emissions reductions of 9,320 tonnes of CO2e(1,864 tonnes of CO2e per year;80%increase in CO2e storage in terrestrial biomass,such as trees and root

256、s,and 20%in soils),erosion reduction between 33.8 and 107.7 tonnes per hectare depending on land use prior to cocoa agroforestry systems,and sedimentation reduction between 0.03 and 4.6 tonnes per hectare depending on land use prior to cocoa agroforestry systems.KEY SUCCESSESRobust business model co

257、nsidering the full value chain:While the NbS intervention focused on changing land uses towards good agricultural and manufacturing practices for cocoa agroforestry systems in the Lachu Ecoregion,the project placed emphasis on developing strategies that cover the full cocoa value chain.Long-term eng

258、agement and local knowledge to maximise biodiversity impact:A good understanding of the environmental,social and economic challenges was ensured through over 20 years of work in the region.This was supplemented with a set of assessments using the Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology(ROAM

259、)and the InVEST tool to provide evidence of direct and co-benefits.Ensuring social inclusion and involvement of indigenous women and youth:Through-out the project,consultations and participatory approaches and free,prior and informed consent(FPIC)were applied.Local community associations were create

260、d and strength-ened in close coordination with formal organisational structures(community councils for development).KEY PUBLICATIONS AND RESOURCES Iseman,T.and Miralles-Wilhelm,F.2021.Nature-based solutions in agriculture The case and pathway for adoption.Virginia.FAO and The Nature Conservancy.Mira

261、lles-Wilhelm,F.2021.Nature-based solutions in agriculture Sustainable manage-ment and conservation of land,water,and biodiversity.Virginia.FAO and The Nature Conservancy.Hallstein,E.,and Iseman,T.2021.Nature-based solutions in agriculture Project de-sign for securing investment.Virginia.FAO and The

262、Nature Conservancy.ANALYSISANALYSIS22|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapWater systemsKey Contributors:IUCN Water TeamSTATE OF KNOWLEDGE:The role of NbS in Water SystemsClimate change and water are inextricably linked.Extreme weather events,the occurrence and severity of which are ampli

263、fied by climate change,are exacerbating water unpredictability and scarcity as well as water pollution(UN Water,2020).The disruption of precipitation patterns and the water cycle due to rising temperatures is compounding issues related to both water scarcity and water-related risks,including drought

264、s and floods(UNICEF,2023).Water scarcity is a major global challenge,affecting billions of people(Sachs et al.,2023).Cli-mate change and population growth are augmenting the problem,by reducing freshwater supply and increasing water pollution,respectively(Bates et al.,2008;WMO,2022a).The UNs SDG 6 W

265、ater and sanitation blueprint indicates that 20%of the worlds river basins have experienced rapid changes,a circumstance indicative of flooding and droughts often linked to climate change(UN,2023).Efforts to limit global warming to 1.5C would help,but the combined effects of climate change,populatio

266、n growth and water scarcity will place significant pressure on food supplies(FAO,2017;Jimnez Cisneros et al.,2014).In addition,climate change is amplifying the frequency and severity of water-related hazards(IPCC,2022).Water-related disasters have constituted 70%of natural disaster-related deaths ov

267、er the past half-century(World Bank,2022),with flood-related disasters surging in Asia while droughts affect Africa(WMO,2021).These challenges threaten sustainable development,biodiversity,and access to clean water and sani-tation.They can also lead to civil unrest,migration and food insecurity(UN W

268、ater,2020).NbS have the potential to improve water quality and quantity under climate change.Palermo et al.(2023)highlights that nature-based solutions,such as green roofs,rain gardens and perme-able pavements,can reduce surface runoff and restore the hydrological cycle in urban areas.Boelee et al.(

269、2017)identifies NbS as a potential approach to address water challenges in various areas,including cities,food production,hydropower and flood protection.de Freitas et al.(2022)finds that focusing on key areas for water recharge and applying forest restoration,specifically watershed and riparian veg

270、etation,can increase water supply resilience,particularly when com-bined.UN Water(2018)emphasises the importance of nature-based solutions in achieving water man-agement objectives,as they provide cost-effective and sustainable benefits for the environment,society and economy.Key sustainable water s

271、olutions include:a.protecting and restoring natural buffers like coastal mangroves,seagrasses,salt marsh-es and inter-tidal flats(these ecosystems not only act as potent carbon sinks,but also function as natural buffers against extreme weather events,offering protection against storm surges,water ab

272、sorption and purification through their plant and microorganism populations)(UN Water,2020);b.adopting climate-resilient water supply and sanitation systems,such as rainwater har-vesting and reusing wastewater(UN Water,2020)(which,according to the New Climate Economy Report(2018),can save the lives

273、of over 360,000 infants annually);c.responsibly managing groundwater to adapt to climate change and support growing pop-ulations(UN Water,2020).ANALYSISANALYSIS23|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISTOWARDS TARGETS AND INDICATORS:How to value and evaluate the integration

274、of NbS and water systemsSustainable water management enhances resilience,safeguards health and mitigates climate change by reducing GHG emissions associated with water and sanitation.However,valuing and evaluating the impact of NbS in water systems is complicated by both issues of ecology and govern

275、ance,among other things.Cross-border cooperation is essential to balance water re-quirements for communities,industry,agriculture and ecosystems(UN Water,2023).NbS,such as restoring forests,protecting mangroves and building green/blue infrastructure,offer sustaina-ble ways to enhance water security,

276、counter climate risks and boost biodiversity.Robust hydrological monitoring systems will be required,to ensure that an NbS is resulting in the desired outcomes for a water system.This involves measuring parameters such as flow rates,water levels,sediment transport and water chemistry.In addition,it

277、is essential that NbS be designed to monitor ecological indicators related to water,such as wetland extent,riparian vegetation health and aquatic biodiversity that offer insights into ecosystem functioning.An additional means to evaluate NbS for water systems involves water budgeting,which involves

278、assessing inputs,outputs and storage dynamics.This includes evaluating precipitation patterns,evapotranspiration rates,groundwater recharge and surface runoff.Understanding water bal-ances enables better management of water resources and informs decision-making processes.Given the demands of effecti

279、ve monitoring,good financing is a significant need(UN Water,2023).In addition,investing in early warning systems for floods,droughts and water-related hazards,yields substantial returns,reducing disaster risks significantly(WMO,2022b).Such systems,which work at the level of risk prevention through p

280、reparedness,greatly increase the effective-ness of NbS,which is an integrated approach.While the awareness and interest in NbS grow,challenges like equitable implementation and scaling remain,underscoring the complexity of the climate-water nexus and the potential of NbS in addressing its challenges

281、.Top view of building with trees CHUTTERSNAP-unsplash24|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISRESEARCH NEEDS:Key knowledge gaps in the integration of NbS and water systemsThere is a substantial knowledge gap when it comes to designing,implementing and monitoring NbS for wat

282、er management in the context of climate change.Overall,there is a need for inno-vative approaches,interdisciplinary research,and improved data and modelling techniques to address the research needs in understanding NbS for water under climate change.Modelling capabilities for diverse contexts:There

283、is need for greater insight on NbS effec-tiveness across diverse contexts,where factors like local climate,hydrology and land use sig-nificantly influence outcomes.Wamaars and Harding(2010)emphasise the importance of an integrated approach and improved modelling capabilities to understand the global

284、 water cycles response to climate change.Synergy assessments:The synergies and potential trade-offs associated with NbS need to be comprehensively assessed,acknowledging their broader impact on biodiversity,carbon seques-tration and food security,while carefully considering competition for land and

285、water resources.While this is a challenge for all systems in relation to NbS,there are specific governance con-cerns for water,as well as livelihood concerns that exceed those in some other systems.Integrated analysis of water impact across NbS:Specific NbS types,such as green roofs,wetland conserva

286、tion/restoration and forest restoration,demand tailored research to understand their effectiveness in addressing various water challenges.Addressing these research needs is essential for a sustainable and equitable approach to tackling water challenges under climate change using NbS.JAY PARK from Pi

287、xabay25|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISLEARN MOREGOOD PRACTICE CASE STUDYLOCATIONOristano,ItalyBENEFICIERIESFisheries and farming associations,territorial authorities,local companies,fishermen,farm-ers,tourism operators CHALLENGEThe coastal area of the Gulf of Orista

288、no includes six Ramsar sites,19 Natura 2000 sites in 11 municipalities and one Marine Protected Area across approximately 7,700 hectares along 140 km of coastline.The presence of 11 municipalities creates a challenging con-text for wetland management resulting in overexploitation and ecosystem degra

289、dation.The project objectives focused on developing a single governance model that could balance the demands of the range of economic activities(artisanal fishing,agriculture and tourism)alongside maintaining ecosystem integrity.APPROACHThe proposed intervention was part of a larger project,Maristan

290、is,funded by the Mava Foundation and coordinated by the MEDSEA Foundation.Maristanis developed activities regarding governance,water quality and saving,restoration(sea-and land-based),and agriculture and fishing involvement.In the governance framework,the project focused on creating an integrated ma

291、nagement model offering a long-term management strategy for Maristanis:an integrated coastal and wetlands managementPANORAMA PROJECTOristano Wetland Egidio Trainito26|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One Roadmapthe coastal wetlands found in the Gulf of Oristano a new regional park.It contributed

292、 to balancing social and environmental needs and paved the way to recognise the economic and cultural potential of the wetlands.INTEGRATED IMPACT:ADAPTATION,BIODIVERSITY,MITIGATIONThe governance model strengthens the conservation of coastal and marine habitats,rein-forces resilience to climate chang

293、e impacts and reduces water consumption,abstraction,pollution and contamination.The area that has benefited from the restoration measures developed in the project is estimated at about 600 hectares.The new island for bird nesting has a surface of 110 square meters,a building with 143 cubic meters of

294、 mussels inside to 1100 jute sacks.Precision agriculture measures were tested on more than 200 hectares,mainly with drones on maize and rice cultivation.Sub-irrigation technologies were tested on nine hectares cultivated with(organic)artichokes and strawberries,and surface mi-cro-irrigation on three

295、 carrot hectares.A precision agriculture project with satellites on 5000 hectares,mainly used to cultivate maize for feeding cattle,was developed.KEY SUCCESSESStakeholder engagement:More than 400 stakeholders were involved in the activities di-rectly or indirectly,particularly from the agriculture,f

296、isheries and tourism sectors.An impor-tant awareness-raising action was developed with the schools on World Wetlands Day and Coast Day,with clean-up,training events,competitions and the creation of an educational kit.Integrated governance and legal foundation:The adoption of the Oristano Coastal Wet

297、-lands Contract(CWC)by the 11 municipalities provided an important legal basis and frame-work to advance the integrated management of six wetlands in the Gulf of Oristano.An integrated and unique system of governance was needed to improve a fragmented wetland management framework(between regional an

298、d local government)with similar problems and ecosystems.ANALYSISANALYSIS27|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISHuman settlement systemsKey Contributors:IUCN Urban Team,UN-Habitat,ICLEISTATE OF KNOWLEDGE:The role of NbS in human settlement sys-temsNbS in human settlements

299、play a crucial role in contributing to the health and well-being of people as well as providing resources and habitat for other biota.The expected effects of cli-mate change on human settlements,including increases in temperature and the creating of heat islands,exposure to sea-level rise and more f

300、requent and intense weather events(including storms,floods and droughts),and an increase in water-and vector-borne contagious diseases,will have negative impacts on people and the security of infrastructure(Dodman et al.,2022).NbS have the potential to help with adaptation to these climate threats.E

301、xamples include the shading and evaporative cooling effects provided by vegetation that help to ease the temper-atures experienced in heatwaves and reduce the heat island effect(Bowler et al.,2010),the absorption and attenuation of water by vegetation from storm surges and floods,or dilution of dise

302、ase vectors through the provision of natural habitats.Coastal cities are particularly vulner-able to climate effects such as sea-level rise,storm surges and flooding,and NbS can serve to help moderate some of the impacts.Cities,through their expanding development footprints and urban residents consu

303、mption pat-terns,are significant contributors to GHG emissions and climate change.These effects are var-ied throughout the city,depending on different land-use patterns and levels of resource use by different populations.Deploying NbS in cities can help to reduce GHG emissions through carbon sequest

304、ration by vegetation(IPCC,2022)and reduction of land use that are significant contrib-utors to emissions,such as industry.Urbanisation and urban development can have negative effects on biodiversity,through destruc-tion of habitat and reduction of habitat quality and connectivity when natural areas

305、are replaced by the built environment(IPBES,2019;Mller et al.,2013).The introduction of pollution can also have negative effects on biodiversity(ibid).NbS have the potential to reduce these effects by providing habitat for species,thus allowing their numbers to increase.Through intentional design,Nb

306、S can increase species diversity in cities,though care must be directed to promoting native species and avoiding the introduction of alien invasive species.Generating greater urban resilience through implementation of NbS can have a positive effect on human health for instance,increasing vegetation

307、can help to improve urban air quality.Howev-er,these NbS must be designed with social and biodiversity considerations in mind.NbS must meet social acceptability and palatability through co-design of provision for desired cultural eco-system services of urban residents.Further,NbS must meet biodivers

308、ity expectations through ensuring incorporation of a diversity of species.The application of NbS to urban and infrastructure resilience is distinct from other framings of sustainable cities and green building(including green infrastructure and biomorphic design)in that NbS are not merely actions to

309、protect,conserve and sustainably use and manage ecosys-tems.They also contain a strong social component to address social,economic and environ-mental challenges,while also providing human well-being,ecosystem services,resilience and biodiversity benefits.28|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One R

310、oadmapANALYSISANALYSISTOWARDS TARGETS AND INDICATORS:How to value and evaluate the integration of NbS and human settlement systemsA vast array of solutions exists to help address local and global impacts of cities on nature.However,the challenges posed by the limited understanding of their financial

311、 benefits as well as lack of documentation of context-specific impacts of urban NbS,means these are often not deployed.On a financial level,a study on Assessing the Benefits and Costs of Nature-based Solutions for Climate Resilience,carried out by the World Bank,provides case studies of NbS develope

312、d in different ecosystem typologies,including urban.Similarly,UNEP has published a stock take on the State of Finance for Nature in Cities,which sheds light on the opportunities to scale up investments for nature in urban ecosystems.NetworkNature has released a fact sheet on financing NbS in cities

313、presenting cost-effectiveness case studies comparing nature-based and grey approaches in cities in terms of labour time for management,reduced social and envi-ronmental risks,and human well-being.Another important aspect to consider while evaluating NbS over conventional urban interventions concerns

314、 avoided losses and saved costs,for in-stance in relation to citizen health or disaster risk reduction.The documentation of benefits related to the application of NbS in cities has proved challenging in terms of the identification of direct and indirect positive impacts.In the context of the Euro-pe

315、an Union,the European Commission has produced a handbook outlining a set of indicators and methodologies assessing NbS mainly in urban ecosystems,drawing from the experience of EU-funded projects.The resource addresses urban practitioners and orients them in devel-oping science-based monitoring and

316、evaluation frameworks for NbS impacts.Some of the sug-gested indicators to evaluate NbS performance and impacts are related to societal challenges addressed,climate resilience,health and well-being,social justice and cohesion,air quality,and creation of green jobs.The latter constitutes an important

317、 metric to assess the long-term benefits of NbS.By involving local communities in the planning,implementation,monitoring and maintenance of NbS projects through participatory methods,municipalities can create opportu-nities for green jobs and economic development.Green building Ricardo Gomez Angel-2

318、9|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISAt a global level,amongst the different frameworks measuring the status of nature in cities,the Singapore Index is considered the most comprehensive index on cities biodiversity,and is de-veloped in the framework of the CBD.An additio

319、nal tool employed to monitor cities ecological performances and impacts on nature is the IUCN Urban Nature Indexes(UNI).The advantage of this methodology is its flexibility municipalities can select the most appropriate indicators based on local resources,needs and allocated staff as well as the dif

320、ferent calculation methods that can be selected to fulfil each indicator.Accordingly,municipalities from high-income and low-income countries alike can use the UNI based on their capacities.Furthermore,the meth-odology provides opportunities to empower residents through citizen science,monitor acces

321、s to green spaces for underserved communities,and address equity and justice.The application of frameworks such as the Singapore Index and the UNI allows municipalities to be part of com-munities of practice encouraging knowledge sharing between city representatives and urban practitioners around th

322、e globe.The establishment of baselines before the implementation of NbS,and the monitoring of trends over time through these indices can successfully measure the positive impacts derived from ecosystem-based approaches.Finally,several EU-funded projects have produced resources and guidelines on NbS

323、co-design approaches and participatory processes for urban ecosystem restoration,and increasing visibil-ity is being given to Indigenous peoples living in urban environments,as well as upholding envi-ronmental rights in cities.Establishing co-design processes would help municipalities address the pl

324、urality of views on how nature in cities is perceived and benefitted from.RESEARCH NEEDS:Key knowledge gaps in the integration of NbS and human settlement systemsQuantifying benefits to social and qualitative factors:Research on NbS should focus on quantifying and better understanding the underlying

325、 mechanisms related to the direct and indi-rect health,social and qualitative benefits of these interventions.This includes examining how green spaces,urban parks and natural elements in cities contribute to physical and mental well-being,reduced stress,improved air quality and overall public health

326、.Improved maintenance practices:Research is needed on ways in which communities can be empowered to lead on and own NbS for wide-scale public participation and long-term support and sustainability of projects.This could be improved by understanding how NbS can be main-streamed in different local con

327、texts through co-design and foregrounding Indigenous peoples perspectives.Creation of public incentives to support NbS for urban and infrastructure resilience:More research is needed to identify and optimise public incentives and policy frameworks that support the effective implementation of NbS for

328、 urban and infrastructure resilience.To bridge this knowl-edge gap,it is crucial to conduct studies that explore context-specific incentives,including tax mechanisms,financial assistance programmes and performance-based incentives.Developing new models of spatial design and land-use planning:Researc

329、h should prioritise examining policy frameworks for their alignment with NbS objectives and addressing regulatory barriers.There is a need to explore how NbS can be integrated into urban planning and design to enhance social benefits,including creating functional green spaces that encourage physical

330、 activity and a sense of belonging within cities.30|State of ENACT NbS Goals Report:Year One RoadmapANALYSISANALYSISLEARN MOREGOOD PRACTICE CASE STUDYLOCATIONKafr El-Sheikh,Port Said,Damietta,Beheira,DakahliaBENEFICIERIESThe coastal protection measures will directly benefit approximately 768,164 peo

331、ple and indirectly benefit 16.9 million people in urban and rural communities.CHALLENGEThe expected sea-level rise from unabated climate change will directly impact the infra-structure of Egypts low-lying coastal lands.These impacts threaten Egypts population and development prospective.The Nile Del

332、ta of Egypts northern coast is the countrys primary agricultural land.The saline intrusion resulting from storm surges and sea-level rise will weaken Egypts entire economy.These effects are already being felt,as economic losses from extreme weather events have increased consistently over the past 10

333、 years.Effects have included major floods with devastating impacts on infrastructure and livelihoods in both rural and urban regions.Without efforts to adapt,Egypts potential and timely achieve-ment of the SDGs is greatly compromised.APPROACHThe“Enhancing Climate Change Adaptation in the North Coast of Egypt”project aims to protect the densely populated low-lying lands in the Nile Delta,the home o