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1、W W W.U N-R E D D.O R GRaising ambition,accelerating actionTowards enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions for forestsiiRaising ambition,accelerating action 2024 United Nations Environment ProgrammeISBN:978-92-807-4162-9Job number:CLI/2651/NAThis publication may be reproduced in whole or in par

2、t and in any form for educational or non-profit services without special permission from the copyright holder,provided acknowledgement of the source is made.The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use of

3、this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme.Applications for such permission,with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction,should be addressed to unep-communicati

4、on-directorun.org.DisclaimersThe designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory or city or area or its autho

5、rities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.Mention of a commercial company or product in this document does not imply endorsement by the United Nations Environment Programme or the authors.The use of information from this document for publicity or advertising is not permitt

6、ed.Trademark names and symbols are used in an editorial fashion with no intention on infringement of trademark or copyright laws.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Environment Programme.We regret any errors

7、or omissions that may have been unwittingly made.Maps,photos and illustrations as specified.The UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre(UNEP-WCMC)is a global Centre of excellence on biodiversity.The Centre operates as a collaboration between the UN Environment Programme and the

8、 UK-registered charity WCMC.Together we are confronting the global crisis facing nature.Suggested citation:United Nations Environment Programme(2024).Raising ambition,accelerating action:Towards enhanced Nationally Determined Contributions for forests.Authors:Megan Critchley,Matthew Harris,Maria Ant

9、onova,Kollie Tokpah,Lera Miles(all UNEP-WCMC)and Gabriel Labbate(United Nations Environment Programme)Contributors:Raquel Agra,Matt Kaplan(UNEP-WCMC),Judith Walcott,Rocio Garcia,Felipe Guntin Rodriguez,Kamran Hussain and Johan Kieft(all United Nations Environment Programme)Designer:Dino Dans(United

10、Nations Environment Programme)Cover photo:UNEP/Florian FussstetterAcknowledgements:Melissa de Kock(UNEP-WCMC),Sofia Arocha,Katrina Borromeo,Sekai Ngarize and Annette Wallgren(United Nations Environment Programme),Jos Carlos Fernndez(Food and Agriculture Organization),Kimberly Todd,Simone Souza Santo

11、s and Fatoumatta Sanyang(all United Nations Development Programme)The preparation of this report was funded through the UN-REDD Programme.iiiRaising ambition,accelerating actionTransforming promises into practiceExecutive summaryDeforestation emissions are not on trackConclusionTime is running out t

12、o protect forestsNational commitments on forests fall shortContentsivRaising ambition,accelerating actionAFOLUAgriculture,forestry and other land useAPAsia PacificCOPConference of the PartiesFOLUForestry and other land useFRELForest Reference Emissions LevelGHGGreenhouse gasINPEInstituto Nacional de

13、 Pesquisas EspaciaisIPIndigenous PeoplesIPCCIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeLACLatin America and the CaribbeanLCsLocal communitiesLULUCFLand use,land-use change and forestryMREMinistrio das Relaes ExterioresNDCNationally Determined ContributionPPCDAmAction Plan for the Prevention and Contro

14、l of Deforestation in the Legal AmazonREDD+Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation,sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countriesRRIRights and Resources InitiativeUNEPUnited Nations Environment Progr

15、ammeUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeWRIWorld Resources InstituteAbbreviations8/20 countriesexperiencing most tropical deforestation have quantified targets to reduce deforestation in their Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs).do not meet the global ambition to halt an

16、d reverse deforestation by 2030Current pledges in the most recent NDCs contain quantified targets relating to afforestation or reforestation.11 NDCsIntact forests are extraordinary resources whose role in supporting flourishing economies and societies is often overlooked.They regulate water supply.T

17、hey provide essential resources for people.They are home to pollinators that food systems depend upon.They are also vital for storing carbon,which contributes to mitigating climate change.Yet deforestation threatens the provision of these benefits,endangering the economies and societies that need th

18、em.Executive summarySource:Envato Elements2Raising ambition,accelerating actionProtecting forests is essential to maintain these benefits while ensuring resilient economies and promoting sustainable socioeconomic development.It is also one of the most cost-effective ways to mitigate climate change,w

19、hich poses significant risks to people across the world.Global leaders have been making promises to protect forests for over a decade but have so far failed to deliver.The 2030 ambition to halt deforestation must be achieved if humanity is to avoid tremendous risks to our planet and the life it supp

20、orts.Pledges to reduce deforestation in REDD+countries and pledges to financially support this transition from developed countries are insufficient to halt deforestation by 2030.1 This report finds that commitments within the Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)from the twenty countries with th

21、e highest emissions from tree cover loss are not enough to meet the goal.Only eight countries include explicit quantified targets to reduce deforestation.All fall short of global ambition to halt deforestation by 2030.This is a tragedy given the contributions of forests not only to the planets stabl

22、e climate but the global economy and the livelihoods of diverse communities inhabiting them.As a first step,REDD+countries can strengthen and enhance forest-based targets in NDCs and other policies.Planned actions to reduce deforestation must be specific,equitable and feasible.This includes recogniz

23、ing and empowering Indigenous People and local communities,women and young people.Countries are not starting from the beginning on these matters.Most governments already have national environmental policies in place that provide a starting point.Next,policies need to be put into practice,while adher

24、ing to social and environmental safeguards.Continued positive action to end deforestation is needed to create sustainable and flourishing economies.Action from REDD+countries,developed countries and the private sector is essential as the drivers of deforestation are global.REDD+countries should not

25、bear this burden alone.Meanwhile,the provision of immediate substantial financial and technical support for forest protection is key.This is crucial for levelling the playing field and supporting forest-based economies.REDD+countries have called for developed countries to honour their promises of cl

26、imate and forest finance.The 30th Conference of the Parties(COP30)of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2025 is an excellent opportunity for countries to strengthen their NDCs and to act on deforestation before it is too late.Working together across nations to take these ac

27、tions will put us on the path towards living in harmony with nature.The time to act is now.1.Activities in developing countries that involve reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation,sustainable management of forests and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.Mit

28、igating climate change requires reducing deforestation first,as it takes many years to capture the carbon lost through deforesting an equivalent area through afforestation and restoration.Forests are essential for people and the planet.They regulate water quality,maintain habitat for pollinators and

29、 provide essential resources for people(Thompson et al.2011;Brockerhoff et al.2017;Shackleton and de Vos 2022).They are vital carbon sinks(Harris et al.2021),which contribute to mitigating climate change.They are also home to much of the worlds biodiversity(Gibson et al.2011).Yet this is threatened

30、by continued deforestation.Halting deforestation is essential for the world to meet its socioeconomic development,biodiversity and climate change mitigation goals.It is a cost-effective climate change mitigation action(Austin et al.2020).However,the worlds progress toward halting deforestation by 20

31、30(Box 1)is not on track(Forest Declaration Assessment Partners 2023).Time is running out to protect forestsSource:Envato Elements4Raising ambition,accelerating actionCountries have an opportunity to include their targets to reduce deforestation in Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs),which out

32、line the actions countries will take to adapt to and mitigate climate change.They are updated every five years,starting from 2020.To date the commitments articulated in NDCs are insufficient to curb global emissions in line with the Paris agreement(Fransen et al.2022;United Nations Framework Convent

33、ion on Climate Change UNFCCC 2022).This insufficient ambition is also true for actions related to nature and forests(WWF-UK 2021).For example,only 38%of Parties to the UNFCCC include measures to reduce conversion of forests and other ecosystems(UNFCCC 2023).All countries,including developed countrie

34、s,will need to raise their ambition to reduce their emissions in their next NDC updates in 2025.For countries with high emissions from tropical deforestation,this will include targets related to activities within the reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation(REDD+)framework.Action is nee

35、ded immediately to realize the full potential of forest-based climate change mitigation(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC 2019;Zhu et al.2022).This action needs to be equitable and coordinated.Forest countries need support from developed countries to reduce deforestation and to begin to

36、 address historical and present inequalities.Indigenous Peoples and local communities(IP and LCs),women and young people need to be included in planning and action,and to benefit from forest protection.This is vital to ensure that environmental and social safeguards are met as well as achieving broa

37、der socioeconomic goals.The 30th Conference of the Parties(COP30)to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC)in 2025 is a global milestone for ambition on forest protection.Halfway towards the 2030 goals,it is the time for revised NDCs to be submitted when COP30 is hosted in

38、Belm,Brazil the heart of the Amazon.2 To avert climate catastrophe,the world must reach COP30 with NDCs aligned with the Paris Agreement and progress well underway to halting deforestation.2.https:/www.gov.br/planalto/en/latest-news/2023/12/formally-official-belem-pa-and-brazil-are-preparing-for-cop

39、-30-in-20253.Original declaration in 2014:https:/forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NYDF_Declaration.pdf4.Renewed declaration in 2021:https:/forestdeclaration.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/EN-NYDF-Refresh.pdf5.https:/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230401054904/https:/ukcop

40、26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/Box 1:International recognition of forestsThe world has recognized the importance of the benefits of forests and the dire consequences of their continuing loss.Efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation(REDD+)have

41、been an important part of international climate action for over fifteen years,since the REDD+mechanism was adopted at UNFCCC COP13.Other international and regional agreements have been made,for example:The New York Declaration on Forests aimed to halve deforestation by 2020,which was not achieved(Fo

42、rest Declaration Assessment Partners 2020),and to end forest loss by 2030.3,4 The Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use seeks“to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030 while delivering sustainable development and promoting an inclusive rural transformation.”5 At the

43、Amazon Summit in August 2023,the eight Amazon nations,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Indonesia,the Republic of Congo and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines signed the“United for our Forests”pact,agreeing to do their part in reducing deforestation(Ministrio das Relaes Exteriores MRE 2023).Recentl

44、y,the Global Stocktake from the 28th Conference of the Parties(COP28)to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC 2023)emphasized the importance of enhancing efforts towards the 2030 forest goal,the first time it has appeared in a UNFCCC decision.It is time that this recogniti

45、on of forests turns into outcomes.The benefits of conserving and restoring forests are huge.Forests are essential carbon sinks.The worlds forests sequester twice as much carbon as they emit.6.Bolivia(Plurinational States of),Brazil,Peru,Mexico,Colombia(Latin America and the Caribbean);Cameroon,Cte d

46、Ivoire,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Guinea,Liberia,Madagascar,Mozambique,Sierra Leone(Africa);Indonesia,Lao Peoples Democratic Republic,Malaysia,Myanmar,Thailand and Viet Nam(Asia Pacific).Estimated using annual deforestation emissions data from Global Forest Watch(GFW).Although this data does n

47、ot necessarily match with country data(due to different definitions of forests,among other things),we use this as it has a globally-consistent methodology and provides an overview of trends.7.Using data from the Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research(EDGAR)Community GHG Database(European

48、 Commission Joint Research Council 2023).Between 2018 and 2022(inclusive)there was an average of 463.1 million tCO2e/year for international aviation and 723.6 million tCO2e/year for international shipping.This excludes domestic aviation and shipping.8.The emissions data here are for gross carbon emi

49、ssions from forests,excluding regrowth,afforestation or reforestation.An average of 5.6 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent(tCO2e)was emitted from tropical deforestation per year between 2019 and 2023 for the top twenty countries,according to Global Forest Watch(Harris et al.2021;Figure 1).6 This is mo

50、re than four and a half times the emissions from international aviation and shipping combined.7 Emissions from deforestation have increased since the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use in 2021.Emissions trends are not on track to reach zero by 2030.8Deforestation emissions are not o

51、n trackSource:Envato Elements6Raising ambition,accelerating action9.from 11,594 km(August 2021 to July 2022)to 9,001 km(August 2022 to July 2023),according to data from PRODES,a system from the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research(INPE 2023).Figure 1:Emissions from the top twenty tropical

52、 countries with the highest emissions from tree cover loss,using data from Global Forest Watch(Harris et al.2021).Solid lines are historical emissions.Dashed lines are illustrative pathways for reaching zero deforestation emissions by 2030,assuming a linear decrease year-on-year.Illustrative pathway

53、s begin in 2021 the year of the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use.95730002220262023202720242027202520282029Top 20Pathway Top 20LACPathway LACAsia PacificPathway Asia PacificAfricaPathway AfricaEmissions from forest tree cover loss and pathways for t

54、he 20 top emittersGlasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land UseThe increase in global deforestation emissions until 2022 was mostly driven by those from Latin America and the Caribbean(LAC),which have been going up since 2019.However,a more recent annual decline by 22%in deforestation in Brazi

55、l(Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais INPE 2023)shows that rapid improvements can be made.Despite this progress in 2023,the LAC region still has a gap between the illustrative pathway to 2030(dashed lines in figure 1)and actual emissions.In Africa and Asia Pacific,recent deforestation emission

56、s have shown an increasing trend,illustrating the size of the challenge of halting deforestation by 2030.The drivers of these trends are complex,consisting of both direct and underlying local,national and global factors(Kissinger,Herold and De Sy 2012;Box 2).An equitable and effective approach to ha

57、lting deforestation will require coordinated action at a global level.7Raising ambition,accelerating actionBox 2:The complexity of deforestation driversThe direct causes of deforestation interact with the complex underlying causes,such as global and national socioeconomic and political characteristi

58、cs(Kissinger,Herold and De Sy 2012).Some of these drivers are highlighted below.Agriculture is the major cause of deforestation(Curtis et al.2018;Pendrill et al.2022),with international demand for commodities,such as soybean,beef and oil palm,driving much of this(Hoang and Kanemoto 2021).For example

59、,fluctuations in the market prices of oil palm have been linked to deforestation rates in Indonesia(Gaveau et al.2022).Although deforestation in the Congo Basin is primarily driven by small-scale agriculture(Shapiro et al.2023a;Shapiro et al.2023b),industrial activities and commercial agriculture po

60、se a greater risk to primary forests,often opening intact areas to settlement and small-scale agriculture(Ferrat et al.2022).A lack of effective and enforced land-use policies also contribute to high deforestation rates.For example,high deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon between 2019 and 20

61、22 were attributed to the reduction in environmental policies and lack of enforcement of those that existed(Gatti et al.2023).Assessments of the different drivers have been done at regional level e.g.,for the Amazon(Hnggli et al.2023),the Congo Basin(Shapiro et al.2023a;Shapiro et al.2023b)and South

62、-East Asia(Jamaludin et al.2022;Chen et al.2024)and national or sub-national level e.g.,the Littoral Region in Cameroon(Mahmoud et al.2019),Guinea(Fitzgerald et al.2021),Myanmar(Lim et al.2017),Malaysia(Yan et al.2020),Colombia(Anaya et al.2020)and Peru(Snchez-Cuervo et al.2020).Global synthesis stu

63、dies(e.g.,Busch and Ferretti-Gallon 2023)try to bring these together to understand global trends in deforestation.UNEP/Florian FussstetterTargets to reduce deforestation in the Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)submitted by the twenty countries with the highest emissions from deforestation do

64、 not meet the global ambition to halt deforestation by 2030.10 Indeed,only eight NDCs include targets to reduce deforestation(figure 2).No NDCs reviewed include a goal that aligns with the global goal to halt deforestation by 2030,even when considering conditional commitments.However,Mexico includes

65、 an adaptation target to achieve net zero deforestation by 2030,meaning that area reforested would match or exceed deforested areas.10.Targets are quantified measures,such as a reduction of emissions by a specified amount.Countries as in the previous section.See Annexes for definitions,methodology a

66、nd additional analysis.National commitments on forests fall shortSource:Envato Elements9Raising ambition,accelerating actionOther deforestation targets include Bolivias target to reduce deforestation by 80%by 2030.Over half of this reduction is conditional on international support.Cte dIvoire has an

67、 unconditional target to reduce deforestation by 70%(from 2015 levels)by 2030.Colombias NDC states that it will reduce deforestation to 50,000 hectares/year by 2030 and use co-operative approaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement to reach net zero deforestation.Eleven of the NDCs contain qua

68、ntified targets relating to afforestation,reforestation,or restoration of forested landscapes(hereafter restoration).Although these activities are important,mitigating climate change first requires reducing deforestation,as it takes many years to capture through restoration the carbon lost through a

69、n equivalent area of deforestation(Cook-Patton et al.2021).This is not currently reflected in NDCs,where five countries have restoration targets without deforestation targets.Some NDCs contain multiple forest-related targets.For example,six cover both deforestation and restoration.However,six NDCs p

70、rovide no forest-related targets.Even when NDCs include forest-based targets,they are not always accompanied by planned actions.Some countries provide a detailed breakdown of specific actions that will be implemented to achieve their targets,whereas others state the target with no further detail.202

71、120302020The 2020 goal to halve forest loss was not met.The world keeps promising to halt deforestation by 2030.145 countries signed the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use,committing to halt and reverse forest loss by 2030 while delivering sustainable development and promoting an in

72、clusive rural transformation.This commitment cannot meet the same fate as the 2020 goal.Countries frame their targets in different ways.For example,five countries have area-based targets(e.g.,number of hectares),three have emissions-based targets(e.g.,tonnes of CO2 equivalent)and six have both.This

73、makes it challenging to track progress and align national targets with global ones.NDCs contain different levels of detail regarding the plans to achieve their targets.Some provide a detailed breakdown of specific actions that will be implemented(e.g.,Liberias NDC contains fourteen Mitigation Action

74、s and Policy Measures for their forest targets),whereas others state the target with no further detail(including Mexicos net zero deforestation target).Although NDCs are important catalysts for climate action(Jernns 2023),they do not provide the full picture of countries plans to tackle deforestatio

75、n.Countries may have different or more ambitious targets in other national plans or policies.For example,Brazils updated NDC does not contain any forest-related targets,but they do mention their commitment to end deforestation by 2030.This is part of Brazils multi-agency Action Plan for the Preventi

76、on and Control of Deforestation in the Legal Amazon(PPCDAm).11 Similarly,Indonesias NDC does not have specific forest commitments,but the countrys Forest and Other Land Use(FOLU)Net Sink 2030 Operational Plan aims to achieve net zero emissions in forest and land use sectors by 2030.REDD+National Str

77、ategies or Action Plans may contain more detailed actions that will be taken to reduce deforestation,even if these actions are not specified in their NDCs.Figure 2:For the twenty tropical countries with the highest emissions from tree cover loss,less than half provide quantified targets for reducing

78、 deforestation,just over half for afforestation,reforestation and restoration,and half express at least one forest-related target as a greenhouse gas reduction target.Colours refer to the three regions Africa,Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean.Solid bars represent countries that did in

79、clude targets,and hashed bars,countries that did not include targets.DeforestationRestorationGHG targetsNumber of Nationally Determined Contributions with quantified targets05101520AP(no)Africa(no)LAC(no)LACAPAfrica11.https:/www.gov.br/mma/pt-br/assuntos/prevencao-e-controle-do-desmatamento/amazonia

80、-ppcdam-1/ppcdam_5_en.pdf11Raising ambition,accelerating actionIf the world is going to halt deforestation by 2030,developed countries and forest countries will need to work together to transform their international goals into reality.The first step is strengthening,enhancing and aligning forest-bas

81、ed measures in NDCs and other national policies.Although forest-based targets in NDCs are nowhere near enough,commitments and plans in other national policies(such as Brazils plan for the Amazon and Indonesias FOLU plan)provide an opportunity to enhance NDCs.Many forest countries have REDD+National

82、Strategies,alongside forest reference emission levels(FRELs)and land-use greenhouse gas inventories.These can be used to quickly enhance NDCs while aligning accounting of the land-use sector.Transforming promises into practiceSource:Envato ElementsA recent analysis recommends that targets to end def

83、orestation within NDCs and national policies should be clearly defined(Gasser,Ciais and Lewis 2022).This includes clarifying whether targets refer to net or gross forest loss and specifying separate targets for primary and secondary forests.Retaining primary forests rather than replacing them with p

84、lanted forests(possible under a net target)is significantly better for the climate.Additionally,NDCs should identify specific planned actions and policies that are linked with policies of other sectors(Sato,Langer and Stolle 2019).This is essential for tackling the complex cross-sectoral drivers of

85、deforestation,while helping to reduce costs and increase political momentum(Mehling,Metcalf and Stavins 2018).These policies must be developed to specifically include climate change mitigation to ensure that they are effective(Meehan,Tacconi and Budiningsih 2019).National commitments and NDC targets

86、 to combat deforestation should be designed with inclusivity,considering diverse needs and perspectives of Indigenous Peoples and local communities,women and young people.An analysis of the NDCs from Brazil,Colombia,Mexico and Peru found that Indigenous Peoples and local communities are rarely menti

87、oned within their NDCs(World Resources Institute WRI and Climate Focus 2022).According to the UNFCCC synthesis report of NDCs,only 33%stated that gender considerations would be taken while implementing them(UNFCCC 2023).The burden of these efforts cannot fall on REDD+countries alone.Technical and fi

88、nancial support will be needed to enhance policies,develop integrated approaches and take action.This is clear from the multiple conditional forest-based NDC targets.Forest countries have been clear:financial commitments made by developed countries need to be realized(African Union 2023;MRE 2023).In

89、 addition to fulfilling existing commitments,finance for forests needs to increase significantly.Current and committed finance to reduce deforestation is insufficient(United Nations Environment Programme UNEP 2022;Energy Transitions Commission 2023;Forest Declaration Assessment Partners 2023).There

90、are a number of potential ways to achieve this.Some research suggests that forest carbon prices on the carbon market should increase to at least 30-50 USD/tonne of CO2e in order to incentivize action(Trove Research 2021;UNEP 2023).Innovative financial mechanisms will also be needed to fund forest co

91、nservation at scale(UNEP 2023).Suggested options include a global tax regime for funding climate action(African Union 2023),debt-for-nature swaps(Amazonia for Life Declaration n.d.;Quintallina,Lon and Josse 2022),subsidy reform(Damania et al.2023)and advance payments for emissions reductions(The Nat

92、ure Conservancy 2022).Increased commitments are a fantastic first step,but this needs to translate into action.Enforcing inclusive policies is crucial to enabling action and achieving commitments.This requires political will and often,strengthened institutional capacity(Forest Declaration Assessment

93、 Partners 2022).REDD+activities must also follow social and environmental safeguards as agreed under the UNFCCC,to ensure co-benefits,avoid risks to people and nature and lead to long-term impacts.Commitments to combat deforestation should consider diverse needs and perspectives of Indigenous People

94、s and local communities,women and youth.To ensure sustainable and long-term reductions in deforestation,integrated approaches are essential.Continued action through any political or economic changes is important for a sustained halt in deforestation,rather than short-term reductions.Implementation o

95、f policies that encourage wider sustainable economic practices,for example bioeconomy approaches(e.g.,Halla 2023;Nobre et al.2023),can help drive long-term economic change,provide employment and keep forests intact.They can also tackle the underlying causes of deforestation,helping create persistent

96、 change.Poverty reduction strategies have been successful in reducing deforestation in Indonesia(Ferraro and Simorangkir 2020),highlighting the links between socioeconomic development and environmental protection.Integrated approaches can tackle the local and national underlying causes of deforestat

97、ion,helping create persistent change.However,the drivers of deforestation are often located outside of REDD+countries due to global commodity demand(Box 2).Therefore,developed countries and the private sector will need to take action alongside REDD+countries to effectively reduce tropical deforestat

98、ion and ensure equity.In order to incentivize action forest carbon prices should increase to:30-50USD/tonne,at least.13Raising ambition,accelerating actionImplementing REDD+measures must also include strengthening legal,technical and financial support for Indigenous Peoples and local communities,wom

99、en and young people.REDD+policies and actions have to date rarely empowered or sufficiently considered Indigenous Peoples and local communities,women or young people(Rights and Resources Initiative RRI 2017;New York Declaration on Forests Assessment Partners 2021;RRI 2021;RRI and The Tenure Facility

100、 2021;Thuy et al.2021;WRI and Climate Focus 2022;RRI 2023).This includes a lack of climate finance that is directed to or supporting Indigenous Peoples and local communities(e.g.,Hatcher,Owen and Yin 2021)and women(e.g.,Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Co

101、mmittee Network on Gender Equality 2016).Furthermore,recognizing the stewardship of IP and LCs through finance,and legal recognition of land and carbon rights can play a critical and cost-effective role in conserving forests while maintaining local livelihoods and traditions(Ding et al.2016;Baragwan

102、ath and Bayi 2020;Baragwanath,Bayi and Shinde 2022;Kennedy et al.2023;WRI and Climate Focus 2022).For example,improved enforcement of existing laws through intensified raids on illegal activities occurring on Indigenous lands(Agncia Brasileira de Inteligncia 2023;Ministrio dos Povos Indgenas 2023)ha

103、s contributed to the successful reduction in deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2023(Fearnside 2023).Forest countries have been clear:financial commitments made by developed countries need to be realized.(African Union 2023;United for Our Forests 2023).UNEP/Cory WrightGlobal leaders keep promi

104、sing to halt deforestation by 2030,but current progress is not on track(Forest Declaration Assessment Partners 2023).This commitment to halt and reverse forest loss by 2030 needs to be achieved to protect forests for the sake of people,climate and nature,not least as it offers a crucial contribution

105、 to mitigating global climate change.The 30th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties(COP30)in 2025 is an important milestone to increase ambition on reducing deforestation.It should be reached with progress well underway.Existing national commitments to end deforestation fall short of delivering the 2030

106、goal and avoiding catastrophic forest loss.With the next round of updates for Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)fast approaching,incorporating well-defined forest-based targets,including halting deforestation is imperative.Where countries already have sufficient targets in other national poli

107、cies,these provide an opportunity to easily raise ambition.Otherwise,national policies should be consistent with the new NDC targets to ensure concerted action in a coordinated and equitable way.These commitments need to be accompanied by integrated policies and action to have long-lived impacts.Act

108、ions to reduce deforestation need to be long-term,while following social and environmental safeguards.This includes recognizing and supporting Indigenous Peoples and local communities,women,girls and young people.Empowering Indigenous Peoples and local communities to manage their land,including thro

109、ugh financial support and enhancing land rights,is a proven strategy to protect the vast forests within their lands.To enhance and implement the policies necessary to safeguard our planet from climate-related devastation,REDD+countries will immediately need substantial financial and technical suppor

110、t.This includes developed countries honouring their financial commitments.Furthermore,the drivers of deforestation are a complex interaction between global,national and local factors.REDD+countries should not bear the whole burden of reducing deforestation.Cooperation between REDD+countries,develope

111、d countries and the private sector is the only way to ensure a harmonious and equitable future for people and the planet.Now is the time to deliver coordinated action to conserve forests and turn commitments into reality.Conclusions1.As countries prepare for the submission of the next round of NDCs

112、for COP30 known as NDCs 3.0,with a timeframe extending to 2035 the report urges countries,especially those with extensive forest cover,to include concrete,measurable targets on forests in their revised NDCs.2.Increased NDC ambition must be accompanied by strong and immediate action.Predictable finan

113、cial support at scale for REDD+countries will be needed to take these steps.15Raising ambition,accelerating actionReferencesAfrican Union(2023).The African Leaders Nairobi Declaration on Climate Change and Call to Action,September.https:/www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/2023/09/08/the_african_leader

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164、nges of forests and agricultural lands in Malaysia from 1990 to 2017.Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 192(12),803.doi:10.1007/s10661-020-08765-6.Zhu,Y.,Wang,D.,Smith,P.,Ciais,P.,Piao,S.,Yuan,W.et al.(2022).What can the Glasgow Declaration on Forests bring to global emission reduction?The Inno

165、vation 3(6),100307.doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100307.19Raising ambition,accelerating actionThe most recent Nationally Determined Contributions(NDCs)from the twenty countries with the highest emissions from tree cover loss between 205 and 2022(as defined by Global Forest Watch emissions;Harris et al.202

166、1)were analysed.The Climate Action Tracker tool and reports by the World Resources Institute(Fransen et al.2022)and World WWF-UK(2021)were used for cross-checking and clarification where necessary.Measures within NDCs can be considered as one of three types(adapted from Fransen et al.2021):carbon ta

167、rgets,non-carbon targets,and policies and actions.Targets refers to quantified measures,whereas policies and actions refers to non-quantified measures,such as improve sustainable forest management.Carbon targets are expressed as a reduction in greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions or an increase in absorptio

168、n.Non-carbon targets are expressed as an area-based target,such as increasing forest cover by a certain amount.We analysed NDCs for inclusion of forests-based measures in NDCs.In some cases,where no forest-based measures were specified,we looked at inclusion of the land-use,land-use change and fores

169、try(LULUCF)sector or the agriculture,forestry and other land use(AFOLU)sector.We did not consider measures relating to ecosystems in general,such as restoring a proportion of all ecosystems,or increasing protected area coverage.Targets were categorized into two main categories:targets to reduce defo

170、restation and targets for afforestation,reforestation and restoration of forested landscapes(hereafter,restoration).Targets related to forest degradation,forest fires,and sustainable forest management were noted but not included in the main analysis.Additionally,we noted down GHG targets.These targe

171、ts may overlap with the deforestation and restoration targets because they may be expressed as emissions-based reductions.However,this category also includes general targets to reduce emissions from the LULUCF/AFOLU sector.Annex 1:NDC methodologyTargets to reduce deforestation in the Nationally Dete

172、rmined Contributions(NDCs)submitted by the twenty countries with the highest emissions from deforestation do not meet the global ambition to halt deforestation by 2030.Indeed,only eight NDCs included targets to reduce deforestation.No NDC include a goal that aligns with the global goal to halt defor

173、estation by 2030,even when considering conditional commitments.Mexicos NDC aims to meet net zero deforestation by 2030,though this is presented as an adaptation target.Colombia aims to reach net zero deforestation using internationally transferred mitigation outcomes under Article 6.2 of the Paris A

174、greement.It is possible that some countries may meet net zero deforestation through their restoration targets.However,quantifying this is challenging and beyond the focus of this report.Only eight countries included targets to reduce deforestation and forest degradation.These ranged from aiming for

175、zero deforestation by 2030(in line with global goals),to committing to reduce deforestation by 25%by 2030.Only two NDCs include reducing forest degradation.Eleven countries included targets related to restoration and enhancing carbon sinks.These measures include reforestation,afforestation and resto

176、ration of degraded forests.These commitments make critical contributions to climate change mitigation beyond avoided deforestation and degradation.One country(Bolivia)includes a commitment to reduce forest fires.Not all countries include forests or the LULUCF/AFOLU sector within their NDCs.Sixteen o

177、f the twenty NDCs contain LULUCF measures(quantified and non-quantified),of which fourteen provide quantified targets.LULUCF measures in ten NDCs include a quantified GHG target.Some NDCs provide a GHG target for the whole LULUCF sector,while others provide GHG targets as part of other specific meas

178、ures.Some countries include conditional NDC targets,which significantly increases their ambition.The inclusion of conditional and unconditional measures varies across the countries analyzed.For some countries(e.g.,Madagascar),the entire NDC is conditional on international support.Some countries(e.g.

179、,Guinea)provide specific unconditional and conditional targets for each of the categories included within their NDC.Some countries(e.g.,Cte dIvoire)provide unconditional targets for one category(reducing deforestation)and both for another category(restoration).In some cases,the conditional targets l

180、ead to the ambition to reduce deforestation more than doubling(e.g.,Myanmar).The actions and policies that will be implemented to achieve NDC commitments are reported to different levels of detail by different countries.For example,Liberia contains fourteen Mitigation Actions and Policy Measures for

181、 their forest targets,including implementing its REDD+National Strategy and Bolivia(Plurinational States of)states that it will strengthen institutional frameworks.In contrast,other NDCs state the targets and measures without giving the actions or policies that will be put in place to achieve them.F

182、urthermore,although REDD+is referred to in thirteen of the analyzed NDCs,this can vary from simply mentioning that policies are in place as the national context,to specifically referring to REDD+policies and actions as part of meeting targets.Equity and inclusion are not considered in all NDCs.Some

183、NDCs make specific mention of IP and LCs,as well as gender-responsive climate policies(e.g.,Papua New Guinea).These can refer to the entire NDC,rather than specific LULUCF measures.Some countries do explicitly mention the important role of IP and LCs in their forest measures(e.g.,Bolivia).An analysi

184、s of four Latin American NDCs(Brazil,Colombia,Mexico and Peru)found that policies relating to IP and LCs and their lands are limited,with no specific targets for IP and LC land,unclear participation of IP and LCs(World Resources Institute WRI and Climate Focus 2022).Annex 2:Extended analysis of fore

185、st-related measures in NDCs21Raising ambition,accelerating actionThe ways in which NDC commitments are reported makes it almost impossible to determine how far off the pathway to halt deforestation the world is.NDC commitments related to forests vary by the level of detail,the metrics used,and the a

186、ctions covered.Targets can be expressed as area-based commitments(e.g.,hectares per year),emissions reduction volume commitments(e.g.,tonnes CO2 reduced),relative commitments(e.g.,percent reduction compared to a baseline)or qualitative commitments(e.g.,supporting communities to reforest).Units for e

187、missions reductions vary from referring to GHG,only CO2 or CO2 equivalent.GHG targets are set in a variety of different ways.Some refer to the entire LULUCF/AFOLU sector,not just the forest sector.Forest commitments vary by the level of detail,the metrics used(e.g.,relative reductions,area-based com

188、mitments,or emissions volume commitments)and the actions covered.GHG and forest cover targets do not always distinguish between reduced emissions and enhancing carbon stocks,making it harder to quantify commitments to reduce deforestation.There are no common baselines used to measure commitments aga

189、inst(Jeudy-Hugo et al.2021).Some countries use projected business-as-usual scenarios whereas others used fixed baselines with various reference years.Additionally,the data and methodologies used to assess commitments varies significantly between NDCs(e.g.,data on carbon stores and sequestration rate

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