1、Auto Environmental Guide 2022This report is written by Greenpeace East Asia(hereafter referred to as“GPEA”)to assist public education and scientific research,to encourage press coverage and to promote the awareness of environmental protection.READERS ARE ASKED TO CAREFULLY READ AND FULLY UNDERSTAND

2、THE COPYRIGHT STATEMENT BELOW,AND AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE FOLLOWING TERMS.This report is ONLY for the purposes of information sharing,environmental protection and public interests.Therefore it should not be used as a reference for any investment or other decision making process.If so used,Greenpeac

3、e is exempt from any liabilities arising from such use.A comparative analysis of decarbonisation efforts by global automakersAda Kong,Elli Newman,Daniel Read,Hang Bao,Amber Kim,Erin Choi and Erin Newport.Valuable comments and input were provided byMadeleine Cobbing,Benjamin Gehrs,Kelly Huang,Jiseok

4、Kim,Jude Lee,Benjamin Stephan,Hisayo Takada,Marion Tiemann and Mingyang Zheng.DisclaimerAuto Environmental Guide 2022AuthorsThe content of this report is based only on officially published information that GPEA independently obtained during the time of research.GPEA does not guarantee the promptness

5、,accuracy and integrity of the information contained in this report.If you have any questions or comments,please contact GPEA:enquiry.hkgreenpeace.orgCopyright statementThis report is published by GPEA.GPEA is the exclusive owner of the copyright of this report.September 2022Since the release of the

6、 Auto Environmental Guide 2021,the global auto industry has continued to face challenges as the race towards electrification and decarbonisation continues.The target of carbon neutrality by 2050 is increasingly being accepted by governments,manufacturers,and consumers,but the pathways towards this t

7、arget vary greatly between countries and manufacturers,with some racing ahead and others continuing to languish.The climate emergency is the most critical challenge of our time.In recent years,unprecedented heatwaves and wildfires,heavy rains and floods,diminishing biodiversity,melting ice caps and

8、collapsing ecosystems have provided important reminders of just how far into the danger zone we have already plunged.For the first time in the past five years,the sale of zero-emission vehicles(ZEVsi)as a share of the overall auto market has more than doubled.Meanwhile,the European Union(EU)is final

9、ising a regulation to phase out internal combustion engines in cars by 2035,with some countries legislating for an even earlier timeline.Although the pace of growth in battery electric vehicle(BEV)sales seems rapid,there is still a long way to go if we are to stay within the 1.5 goal agreed in Paris

10、 to save us from the worst impacts of climate change.As vehicles electrify,their supply chain emissions(Scope 3-category 1 purchased goods and services emissions)in particular purchased goods and services emissions,1 take on an increasingly important role.The shift to vehicles using batteries for el

11、ectricity storage means that supply chain decarbonisation and resource reduction and efficiency become increasingly pivotal to reach zero emissions across the whole life cycle of a vehicle.The Auto Environmental Guide 2022 maintains the criteria under three main pillars:(1)internal combustion engine

12、(ICE)phase-out;(2)supply chain decarbonisation;(3)resource reduction and efficiency.In response to increasing concern about the carbon footprint of supply chains,criteria for Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions and steel decarbonisation are added under pillar(2).Key findings across the bo

13、ard For the first time in the past five years,sales of ZEVs as a share of the overall market have more than doubled.In 2021,global ZEV sales surged significantly,from 2,052,750 in 2020 to 4,598,061,with their share of the market increasing from 2.66%in 2021 to 5.72%of global auto sales.Although the

14、global stock of electric cars has now surpassed the 10 million mark,99%of the total global fleet is still burning fossil fuels.For the main markets,the percentage of ZEV sales was well under 10%in the first half of 2022,with the exception of China.2 The market share of BEVs in Europe has increased f

15、rom 4%in 2020 to 6%in 2021;2 that in China rose from 6%in 2020 to 11.3%in 2021,with 2.9 million BEVs sold,170%of last years figure.3 The percentage of ZEV sales for seven out of ten companies increased by at least 50%in 2021,compared to 2020.The highest percentage of ZEV sales are at 8.2%,indicating

16、 that none of the auto companies are transitioning rapidly enough to reach the goal of keeping the Earth within a 1.5 global annual average temperature rise.All companies demonstrated increases in their ZEV sales,but some relied heavily on the Chinese market.General Motors and Honda sell a significa

17、nt percentage of their ZEVs in China,with 96%and 83%,respectively,by the first half of 2022.In the same period,General Motors sold a mere 3.01%of ZEV in the United States(US),while Honda only sold 2.35%in Japan.For almost all automakers,sales of ZEVs in the US are quite low.Even automakers such as G

18、eneral Motors,Honda,Mercedes-Benz,and Stellantis,which all have a considerable presence in the US,fall short when it comes to ZEV sales.Executive summaryi A zero-emission vehicle(ZEV)is an electric car that does not produce exhaust emissions of pollutants or carbon when it operates.In this report,on

19、ly BEV and FCEV are regarded as ZEV,while PHEV is not.There is a general lack of commitments to decarbonise steel and upstream materials.In general,the top automakers are not paying enough attention to cutting the carbon footprint of their steel supplies or Scope 3 purchased goods and services.None

20、of the ten automakers set decarbonisation targets specifically for steel,even though the material accounts for at least 60%of the weight of a vehicle and 50%of the carbon footprint from materials manufacturing.4 Sports utility vehicles(SUVs),which,on average,consume about one-quarter more energy tha

21、n medium-size cars,release more greenhouse gases(GHGs)during use and drive the increase in the automotive industrys demand for steel,rank among the top causes of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions growth over the past decade.SUVs account for 46%of the global market share of private cars in 2021

22、,up from 42%in the previous year.5 From our analysis,all but one carmakers SUV sales continued to grow from 2020 to 2021.Negative climate lobbying remains active.Despite investors protests last year,Toyota continues to have a poor level of climate policy engagement at home and abroad,most notably in

23、 June 2022 pushing the Japanese government to ensure allowances were made for hybrids in its upcoming economic policy,allowing them to be counted equally alongside ZEVs.Key findings from comparative analysis of the companies Overall,the ten companies fall into three leagues of performance.General Mo

24、tors,Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen performed comparatively better in the chart;Ford,Hyundai-Kia,Renault and Stellantis are all average performers;whereas Honda,Nissan and Toyota share the lowest ranking.Nissan and Toyota are the only two companies whose five years compound annual growth rate of the p

25、ercentage of ZEV sales and 2021 percentage of ZEV sales are both lower than the global average.This means that they are the only two companies in the top ten that are transitioning to ZEVs more slowly than the overall global transition rate.Although Toyota made a U-turn in its position on ZEVs in De

26、cember last year,the move was late and it had already lost to its counterparts in terms of ZEV sales.Nissan and Honda were ranked in 5th and 6th place in last years evaluation but have dropped to the bottom of the ranking because of lack of improvement in their percentage of ZEV sales.The percentage

27、 of Hondas ZEV sales is 0.35%,just higher than Toyotas at 0.18%.Nissans ICE phase-out plan and the growth rate of the percentage of ZEV sales are the weakest among all the automakers.Honda and Toyota are also doing significantly less than other companies in supply chain decarbonisation.As Honda and

28、Nissan drop in the ranking,Ford has caught up to 4th place with significant growth in their sales of ZEVs,improvements that make their ICE phase-out plans more ambitious,and fair practices in supply chain decarbonisation.Although Renault has the second highest percentage of ZEV sales,it loses points

29、 for its growth rate and ICE phase-out plan,causing it to fall from 3rd place to 6th this year.It is also doing relatively little on supply chain decarbonisation with no specific actions to reduce the carbon footprint of steel and weak renewable energy commitments in its own operations.Hyundai-Kia h

30、as fallen to the 5th place from 4th last year.Its pace of ICE phase-out is not impressive,however,it is doing relatively better than many other companies on steel decarbonisation.It should be emphasised that almost half of Hyundai-Kias sales of passenger cars are SUVs,with sales that rose from 33%in

31、 2018 to 49%in 2021,the highest among all companies.Hyundai-Kia might be more aware of its carbon footprint from steel,but the company is pumping up the production of it and the related GHG emissions through its SUV-heavy business strategy.The growth of Volkswagens ZEV sales in 2021 is impressive,ye

32、t it loses points for its targets for ICE phase-out and materials decarbonisation.Even though General Motors and Mercedes-Benz reach the top of the list,their ZEV sales are a long way from what is needed to decarbonise road transport 100%by 2030.Only 1%of General Motors sales in the US were BEVs and

33、 zero BEVs were sold in Europe in 2021.General Motors needs to show more action on a global scale instead of boosting its ZEV sales by marketing low-cost cars in only one market.What the automotive companies need to do immediately1.Speed up ICE phase-out The top car manufacturers should take robust

34、actions on the climate emergency,at a level of ambition that matches their advantage of scale and global market penetration.We demand that leading global automakers end the sale of ICE vehicles in their main markets(US,China,Korea,and Japan)before 2030.For Europe,this needs to happen by 2028.Meanwhi

35、le,such a transition should ensure that workers voices are heard and their benefits are protected.2.Promote renewable energy charging and resource reduction Automobile companies should strive to promote renewable energy charging and increase its generation.The automakers also need to build the capac

36、ity required to reuse and recycle batteries,with the goal of reducing resource consumption,carbon emissions and other environmental impacts,and improving the efficiency of repurposing and recycling.3.Fast-track steel decarbonisation Steel comprises the largest part of a cars carbon footprint at the

37、manufacturing stage,contributing to half of cradle-to-gate emissions.4 Automobile companies should start taking action to decarbonise steel by auditing and disclosing the carbon footprint of their materials,committing to purchasing low-carbon steel,setting steel carbon reduction targets,producing fe

38、wer SUVs,and investing in fast-tracking the technological development of zero-carbon steel.4.Ensure just transition Automakers and policy makers must leverage all the tools at their disposal to manage the phase-out of ICE vehicles,while engaging early and often with workers,unions and labour organis

39、ations and other stakeholders.They have the responsibility to plan for robust investments and policies that will ensure a just transition to protect workers and surrounding communities economic,social and physical health and well-being.Policies for industrial transition need to be implemented togeth

40、er with bold investments and an expansion of social safety net programmes and commitments to ensure that workers have a voice.5.Rethink mobility and reduce private car ownership We should beware of the peril of a growing market for cars in the name of phasing out ICE vehicles and economic stimulatio

41、n.The phase-out of ICE vehicles must be accompanied by a reduction in the overall size of the fleet to achieve a meaningful climate impact.Ultimately,the true zero-carbon mobility future should involve far fewer private cars,more efficient public transport systems,more car sharing options,the redesi

42、gn of cities to make space for walking and cycling.Automakers will need to fundamentally rethink their business model,which at the moment is set on profiting from selling more cars at an ever faster pace,while governments need to devise economic strategies to steer the world towards a sustainable,ze

43、ro-emission future.ScorecardRank(change from last year)CompaniesOverall score(out of 100)2021 ZEV sales%Phase-out of ICE vehiclesSupply chain decarboni-sation Resource reduction and efficiencyDeductions1General Motors38.58.18%24.98140.5-1.02Mercedes-Benz37.03.82%21.03143.0-1.03Volkswagen33.35.21%20.

44、76121.0-0.54Ford23.51.40%15.4780.5-0.55Hyundai-Kia22.33.49%11.85110.5-1.06Renault20.36.69%14.2760.5-0.57Stellantis19.32.86%13.8160.5-1.08Nissan13.42.20%6.4152.5-0.59Honda12.80.35%9.7830.5-0.510Toyota10.00.18%7.4830.5-1.054211333CO2Introduction1.1 Global developments in 20211.2 Updates to the Guide 2

45、022Methodology2.1 The manufacturers2.2 The guidelinesEvaluation3.1 Overall results3.2 Phase-out of ICE vehicles Box 1:Case study:Auto workers in South Korea call for a just transition3.3 Renewable energy charging3.4 Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions:Carbon reduction and renewable energy targets3.5 Scope

46、 3 purchased goods and services emissions:Disclosure and reduction targets3.6 Steel decarbonisation Box 2:The urgency of steel decarbonisation3.7 Resource reduction and efficiency3.8 Negative climate lobbying and violations of regulations08097272830323333121313Contents123Appendix 1:Glossa

47、ryEndnotesAppendix 2:Company profilesFordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen345635353739454Introduction111.IntroductionAuto Environmental Guide 2022 9Global developments in 20211.1Since the release of the Auto Environmental Guide 2021,the glo

48、bal auto industry has continued to face a number of challenges in the ongoing race towards electrification and decarbonisation.The target of carbon neutrality by 2050 is increasingly accepted by governments,manufacturers,and consumers as a baseline,but the pathways towards this target vary,greatly w

49、ith some countries and manufacturers racing ahead whilst others continue to languish.Three key areas of particular note are supply chain constraints,the rapidly expanding market for zero-emission vehicles(ZEVs),and developments in the political sphere.Supply chainsSince the outbreak of COVID-19,glob

50、al supply chains have continued to be stretched,and over the past 12 months a number of incidents have further exacerbated these problems.The blockage of the Suez Canal by the container ship Ever Given in March 2021 at a cost to the global economy of an estimated$400m per hour,6 highlighted one of t

51、he inherent weaknesses of a lean business model.The problem is repeating itself as a result of both the Russian invasion of Ukraine,and the ongoing global shortage of semiconductor chips.The former demonstrates the trouble with trying to place sanctions on a country that supplies 30%of the global pl

52、atinum-group export market,7 and 40%of European gas supplies.8 The latter hits closer to home for the auto industry,because automakers have been forced to scale back production as a result of the chip shortage.From Q2 2020,pandemic-induced lockdowns and restrictions caused a drop in demand for autom

53、akers,leading them to cancel orders,whilst increasing chip demand for consumer electronics.9,10Although not yet facing constraints in supply,the growth of the electric vehicles(EVs)market has also led to significant rises in the price of metals,with the cost of lithium increasing more than 300%in th

54、e past five years.11A growing marketAll of the supply chain issues are,at heart,driven by an ever-expanding market and demand for EVs.The global sales of zero-emission vehicles(ZEVs)surged significantly,from 2,052,750 in 2020 to 4,598,061 in 2021,with their share of the market increasing from 2.66%i

55、n 2020 to 5.72%in 2021 of global auto sales.The growth is led overwhelmingly by the Chinese market which boasted 2.9 million battery electric vehicles(BEVs)registrations in 2021,170%of last years figure.3 And yet whilst the global EV market continues to grow,makers in Japan are struggling to keep up

56、 Toyotas bZ4X was recalled due to safety issues less than two months after launch.12As cars electrify there is growing interest from electronics manufacturers in entering the auto space,with Foxconn promising vehicles to be delivered in the first half of 2023,13 and Apple similarly saying they will

57、deliver fully self-driving cars by 2025.141.IntroductionAuto Environmental Guide 2022 10The political landscapeAs the market continues to grow,the political landscape similarly is changing apace,despite noted pockets of recalcitrance.Europe has led the way on progressive auto policy,with the Europea

58、n Union(EU)announcing the Fit For 55 package as part of the European Green Deal,aiming for a 100%reduction of carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions in new vehicles from 2035,effectively banning the internal combustion engine(ICE)and shifting the EU exclusively to ZEVs.15 This comes on top of the proposed Eur

59、o 7 regulations,which would apply more stringent emissions regulations to new vehicles from 2025,a measure thats expected to prevent some 42,000 premature deaths.16 In the United State(US),the Biden administration announced in June 2022 a raft of proposed EV-related investments as well as a target f

60、or 50%of new vehicle sales to be EVs by 2030.17In the past year,promising progress was made in developing legislation that addresses carbon leakage in international trading,such as the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)and the US CBPs Green Trade Strategy.18 These developments could bring e

61、xtra motivation for the automakers to decarbonise their supply chain,such as steel,more progressively.At the other end of the spectrum,Japan has been slowing down the progress of the G7,requesting that sales targets be removed from the G7 communique.19 This came soon after Liberal Democratic Party p

62、olitician Akira Amari publicly admitted that the Japanese government would need to make sure that government policy was amenable to Toyotas preferences,lest they incur the automakers ire.20 Toyota has similarly threatened to pull manufacturing out of the United Kingdom(UK)in response to the governme

63、nts proposed green policies.21 Paul Langrock/Zenit/Greenpeace1.IntroductionAuto Environmental Guide 2022 11Following on from last years report,some new criteria have been added to reflect the areas of growing urgency,due to insufficient attention from the major automakers.For more background on the

64、evaluation criteria,please refer to the Auto Environmental Guide 2021.22Steel decarbonisationUpdates to the Guide 20221.2Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions:Disclosure and targetsAccording to the automakers calculations for their own models of ICE vehicles,Scope 3 purchased goods and serv

65、ices emissions account for around 18%of carbon emissions in an ICE vehicles life cycle.31,32 As vehicles electrify,their Scope 3 upstream emissions,in particular purchased goods and services emissions,1 take on an increasingly important role.Automobile companies are not increasing their efforts in t

66、his emission category accordingly.The transition to ZEVs results in lower GHG emissions over the whole life cycle of a vehicle,due to the lack of emissions during use.A greater percentage of the total life cycle emissions is represented by materials such as steel and batteries,with ZEV manufacturing

67、 typically emitting more than ICE vehicle manufacturing.33 In this context,proactive disclosure from automakers about their Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions,how their manufacturing materials are sourced and used,and setting progressive targets,becomes increasingly important.ii Tesla cl

68、aims to be providing 100%renewable energy from their global Supercharger network,and achieved through a combination of onsite resources and annual renewable matching.Volkswagen plans to build 21,500 quick-charging stations globally and provide renewable energy exclusively.Renewable energy chargingMa

69、ny of the major automakers are committed to zero emissions,however,only very few have started to take action to decarbonise their steel supply.According to the International Energy Agency(IEA),for every metric ton of steel produced,approximately 1.4 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent(CO2-eq)ar

70、e created,23 meaning that steel production alone accounts for nearly 8%of global emissions.24 Steel comprises approximately 60%of the average vehicle body,with some 900kg of steel in the average car,25 and 20%more in sports utility vehicles(SUVs).26 Greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions from the production o

71、f iron and steel used for both ICE vehicles and BEVs makeup 53%and 47%of the vehicles raw materials carbon footprint,respectively.4 Some research indicates that steel production can account for 9%of a cars life cycle assessment.27Furthermore,SUVs rank among the top causes of energy-related CO2 emiss

72、ions growth over the past decade.5 Apart from consuming more energy,larger cars drive up the demand for steel.For this reason,SUV sales have been considered in the evaluation for steel decarbonisation.With commitments to net zero emissions becoming increasingly common from automakers,one obvious sou

73、rce to start supply chain decarbonisation is with steel.Companies such as Volvo and BMW are signing agreements with steel suppliers to produce cars made of low-carbon steel as early as 2026.28,29 Some steelmakers,like JFE and Nippon Steel,have already started experimenting with hydrogen-based green

74、steel production.30 Decarbonisation of steel production and supply is a crucial part of the overall decarbonisation of the automotive value chain.The source of the electricity used to charge BEVs is the basis for a large part of total emissions,and is determined largely by the carbon intensity of th

75、e energy grid.Companies are making efforts to provide renewable energy charging to their consumers.iiNotwithstanding that numerous pieces of research have indicated that regardless of a grids carbon intensity,BEVs almost always have the lowest life cycle emissions,34,35 Thus,promoting the use of ren

76、ewable energy to provide decarbonised electricity for charging is another important measure automakers can take.As such,looking at what measures automakers are taking to ensure that their consumers have access to renewable energy is another metric by which their overall decarbonisation efforts can b

77、e assessed.The transition to BEVs will increase the share of electricity consumption from 0.2%of global power to 4%by 2030.2 Automobile companies should strive to increase the generation of renewable energy to meet this increasing demand.Therefore,the additionality of renewable energy capacity of th

78、e options provided by the automotive companies is one of the factors to be considered in this evaluation category.Methodology222.MethodologyAuto Environmental Guide 2022 13Figure 1.Figure 1.The top ten auto companies and number of vehicles sold in 2021(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data fro

79、m Marklines).The manufacturersThis report evaluates the performance of the top ten carmakers in the world,selected according to their sales of these companies in 2021.The companies and the number of vehicles sold in 2021 are shown in Figure 1.In order to be consistent in the evaluation,available dat

80、a on sales was from Marklines.iii These data were retrieved in July 2022.Unless otherwise specified,all sales data in this report is from Marklines.It is worth noting 2.1Volkswagen8,263,398Nissan3,678,177Ford3,955,133Honda4,435,090General Motors6,134,872Stellantis6,390,814Hyundai-Kia6,656,025Renault

81、 2,496,730Mercedes-Benz 2,413,212Toyota9,848,068iii Marklines sales data was collected only for passenger vehicles such as SUVs,trucks,vans,and others.iv Under Chinese law,the previous restriction of limiting foreign enterprises ownership in joint ventures to 50%has in recent years gradually been li

82、fted.Companies were ranked according to 1.Their performance on phase-out of ICE vehicles(77%);2.Their performance on supply chain decarbonisation(18%);and 3.Their performance on resourcereductionandefficiency(5%).The scoring of the three pillars is weighted according to their life cycle emissions.Th

83、e contribution of tank-to-wheel GHG emissions during the life of an ICE vehicle ranges from 70%to 80%of life cycle emissions,33 therefore scores for companies performance on phasing out ICE vehicles are allocated 77%of the points.Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions account for around 18%o

84、f carbon emissions in an The guidelines2.2that the data from Marklines can be slightly different than the sales data provided by the companies.Sales data for joint ventures have only been included when the company owns more than 50%shares of the joint venture,except for joint ventures in China where

85、 foreign companies had not been allowed to hold over 50%stakes.ivICE vehicles life cycle,31,32 therefore 18%of the points go to performance on decarbonising the supply chain,while 5%goes to resource reductionandefficiency.Based on the scoring rubric,the total possible score is 100 points.Each of the

86、 three sections,ICE phase-out,supply chain decarbonisation,and resource reduction and efficiency,are made up of multiple criteria which,when combined,add up to 100(see the flow chart shown in Figure 2).An additional ranking scheme for the deduction of points due to certain violations or misconduct i

87、s included.Up to 1 point can be deducted.2.MethodologyAuto Environmental Guide 2022 14Figure 2.Figure 2.Flow chart of scoring rubric criteria.2021 ZEV Sales Share 25%2017-2021 ZEV Sales Share 17%CAGR(2017-2021)of ZEV Sales Share 3%Disclosures&Targets 8%Steel Decarbonisation Efforts8%RE 100%Target 1%

88、Carbon Reduction Target 1%Pillar 1:ICE Phase-out 77%Pillar 2:Supply Chain Decarbonisation 18%Deductions(up to 1%decrease)ZEV Sales 45%ICE Phase-out Plan 22%RE Charging 10%Scope 1 and Scope 2 2%Scope 3 Purchased Goods and Services 16%Raw Materials Reduction 2%Secondary Materials Usage 2%EV Battery Re

89、use/Recycle 1%Pillar 3:Resource Reduction&Efficiency5%Share of ZEV sales(42%)For this criterion,the car companies are ranked according to the percentage of BEVs and fuel cell electric vehicles(FCEVs)in relation to the total units sold in 2021(25%)and over the past five years,2017 to 2021(17%).The sh

90、are(proportion)of ZEV sales is then divided by a target value which represents how close the automaker is to the goal,or ideal benchmarker.For the 2021 calculations,a target value of 20%is used;for the five-year calculations,a target value of 18%is used.Target values represent where automakers shoul

91、d be using a linear growth rate to reach the goal of 100%ZEVs by 2050.The resulting ratios are converted to a 25-or 17-point scale to match the weight of the criterion.The equation used is shown below.2.2.1ICE phase-out:77%of total scoreZEV proportion score=X(observed proportion of ZEV sales)(target

92、 proportion of ZEV sales)In the equation,X correlates with the weight of the criteria(25 for the proportion of ZEV sales in 2021 and 17 for the proportion of ZEV sales in 2017-2021)ZEV Compound Annual Growth Rate(CAGR)2017-2021(3%)For a comprehensive assessment,the compound annual growth rate(CAGR)f

93、or the proportion of ZEVs sold between 2017 and 2021 is employed as an indicator to evaluate the companies progress on the phase-out of ICE vehicles.The CAGR of ZEVs accounts for 3%of the overall score.A higher CAGR represents fast growth or expansion of ZEV production and vice versa.The compound an

94、nual growth rates are calculated as follows:CAGR=-1Vfinal1/tVinitialIn the equation,Vfinal=2021 CAGR value,Vinitial=2017 CAGR value,and t=time in years2.MethodologyAuto Environmental Guide 2022 15Additional points are awarded to automakers based upon how much greater their CAGR is compared to the gl

95、obal rate.The automakers respective CAGR value is compared with the global CAGR of 63%to help define which automakers are growing their ZEV market faster or slower than the global market.Automakers whose CAGR from both the current evaluation and last years evaluation is below the global CAGR receive

96、 0 points.On the opposite spectrum,those whose CAGR from the current and last years evaluation are both above the global CAGR,where the current one is also higher than last years,receive 2 points.All other cases receive 1 point.ICE phase-out plan(22%)Target Year FactorBefore 2030 1.0By 2030 0.8By 20

97、35 0.6By 2040 0.3Later than 2040 0.2Target ZEV%Factor100%1.090%0.3.20%0.210%0.1Target Region FactorGlobal 1.0or China 0.3United States 0.2European Union 0.15Regional Factor=(target year factor x target region factor x target ZEV%factor)The regional factor will be calculated for each respective targe

98、t.The sum of them will be multiplied by the total score,22,as shown in the following equation:Score=22 x(Sum of all Regional Factors)In addition,automakers who have demonstrated improvements in their ICE phase-out plan over the past year receive a boost to their score and will either earn an increas

99、e of 0.5 or 1 points depending on the aggressiveness of their improvement.It should be noted that the method used to calculate Toyotas ICE phase-out score required an extra step.Toyota has not released an ICE phase-out date but rather a goal for the number of ZEVs it will sell annually by 2030.Thus,

100、the projected total number of cars to be sold in 2030 was calculated and using their target EV sales,an estimated global percentage was used to calculate its score.Renewable energy charging(10%)For this criterion,the publicly announced targets of the companies to phase-out ICE vehicles are evaluated

101、.Only commitments published on the companys official channels are assessed.Targets that specify plans for BEVs and FCEVs are assessed,but targets including plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle(PHEV)and hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)plans are excluded(including those who only cite a goal for electrification

102、).A perfect score of 22 is awarded for a goal of 100%ZEV globally before 2030.In all other cases,points are deducted based upon the following scoring rubric:Using the scoring mechanism,the overall factor for each region will be calculated as shown by the following equation:Each automaker has been sc

103、ored on a scale of 0-10 points,using published material on renewable energy EV charging options,programmes,and initiatives being implemented.Then,using a similar scoring mechanism as for the ICE phase-out plan,the following factors are used:1.Sources of renewable energy.They are rated according to t

104、he additionality of renewable energy capacity of the option,such as facilitating charging with renewable energy in the local grid,which would receive a higher point score than purchasing unbundled renewable energy certificates.2.Geographical coverage.Companies that provide options in more countries/

105、locations receive higher scores.3.Accessibility.This is to evaluate whether renewable energy options are accessible to a broader base of customers or only to limited customers.2.MethodologyAuto Environmental Guide 2022 16Project Factor=(renewable energy source factor x geographical coverage factor x

106、 accessibility factor)The project factor will be calculated for each respective project and multiplied by the total score,10,as shown in the following equation:Score=10 x(Sum of all Project Factors)Scope 1 and Scope 2(2%)By checking the official reports from automakers,Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions

107、targets were analysed according to the following two metrics:1.Renewable energy 100%commitment(1%)2.Carbon reduction targets(1%)Automakers are awarded full points if they commit to 100%renewable energy by 2035 and if they set a target of at least a 50%emissions by 2030.Scope 3 purchased goods and se

108、rvices:Disclosure and targets(8%)In relation to Scope 3 category 1,or an automakers purchased goods and services,the disclosures and targets are analysed according to the following metrics:1.Scope 3 category 1 emissions data(3%)2.Scope 3 category 1 reductions targets(5%)The relevant information was

109、sourced from automakers official reports and from disclosure to the Carbon Disclosure Project(CDP).Full points are awarded to automakers that disclose their Scope 3 category 1 emissions data.In regard to the Scope 3 category 1 reductions targets,points are awarded only to those with a relatively amb

110、itious goal to reduce carbon emissions with clear targets outlined.Companies with partial target information or less ambitious goals are awarded partial points and automakers with no mentioned goal or target regarding Scope 3 category 1 are given 0 points.Steeldecarbonisationeffortsandcommitment(8%)

111、Also in relation to Scope 3 category 1,the steel decarbonisation efforts of automakers are analysed by awarding points based on the following series of steel-related questions:1.Does the company specifically mention steel in regard to decarbonisation in their official sustainability report?(1%)2.Doe

112、s the company have specific goals or targets related to steel decarbonisation?(1%)3.Does the company disclose any Scope 3 steel GHG emission information or annual steel use?(1%)4.Does the company report the use of scrap steel?(1%)5.Reduction of the percentage of SUV sales(1%)6.Does the company partn

113、er or invest in low-carbon steel?(3%)Criteria 1-4 are scored either 0 or 1,where no equates to 0 points and yes equates to 1 point.Criterion 5 utilises Marklines data to calculate the percentage of SUV sales relative to total sales.Lastly,criterion 6 has a scale of 0,1.5,or 3.Automakers are awarded

114、full points if clear evidence demonstrates a partnership or investment in low carbon steel technological transition as an effort to phase out coal-based blast furnaces,such as the employment of direct reduced iron or electric arc furnace technologies.Only 1.5 points are awarded if there is evidence

115、of some types of partnership or investment in steel decarbonisation but it does not include the aforementioned technologies.Zero points are given to automakers with no history of this.It should be noted that partnerships and investments over the previous five years are considered and both primary an

116、d secondary sources are used.2.2.2Supply chain decarbonisation:18%of total scoreUsing the scoring mechanism,the overall factor for each project is calculated as shown by the following equation:2.MethodologyAuto Environmental Guide 2022 17Resourcereductionandefficiency(4%)This criterion includes anal

117、ysis of performance regarding the automakers target on raw materials reduction(2%)and their secondary materials usage(2%).To score 2 points,the automaker should meet the following two conditions:1.Set ambitious and holistic targets or initiatives on raw materials(metals).2.Set quantifiable targets.2

118、.2.3Resource reduction and efficiency:5%of total scoreWhen considering mergers and acquisitions,it is necessary to explain the scoring process for the following companies.StellantisAs PSA and FCA were merged into Stellantis early in 2021,the information about their performance from 2017 to 2020 was

119、collected separately and added together for the evaluation.The information for 2021 was collected by searching for Stellantis only.In the overall rating,the performance of these two companies is integrated as a whole and presented as Stellantis Group.Specifically,in the section on phasing out ICE ve

120、hicles,the BEV sales of the two companies were put together for the years 2017 to 2020 and the proportions and CAGR were calculated using the combined sales.Hyundai-KiaIn this report,Hyundai and Kia are evaluated as a whole because they share technologies,vehicle platforms,and development strategies

121、 to a great extent.Additionally,as Hyundai and Kia have different ICE phase-out commitments,their scores are calculated separately and added together:the scores were weighted 60%and 40%,respectively,according to their market share.Nissan&RenaultAlthough the Renault Group,Nissan Motor Co.,Ltd.and Mit

122、subishi Motors Corporation formed an alliance in 1999,the strategic partnership between the three companies is not a merger or an acquisition.The decision making of these companies is also independent.This report considers Nissan and Renault as independent car manufacturers.2.2.4Deductions:up to 1 p

123、oint from total scoreUp to 1 point from the total score is deducted according to an automakers violations against environmental regulations and/or its lack of support for Paris-aligned climate policies.For instance,if an automaker has been fined for violating emission regulations or environmental st

124、andards,the score is reduced by 0.5 points.It should be noted that,for the purposes of this scoring mechanism,only violations between August 2021 and July 2022 are considered.Grades assigned by LobbyMap in its Performance Band are used to determine support for Paris-aligned climate policies.36 If an

125、 automaker has a grade lower than B,its score is reduced by 0.5 points.EV battery reuse and recycling(1%)Another criterion of resource efficiency is the evaluation of an automakers performance on EV battery reuse and recycling.Half a point is given if an automaker invests in building capacity for EV

126、 battery reuse and recycling and another half point is given if its investment or capacity is quantifiable.33Evaluation3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 19Overall resultsThe ten auto companies fall into three leagues of performance.General Motors,Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen performed compar

127、atively better in the chart;Ford,Hyundai-Kia,Renault and Stellantis are average performers;whereas Nissan,Honda and Toyota share the lowest ranking.Nissan and Toyota are the only two companies whose compound annual growth rate of the percentage of ZEV sales and 2021 percentage of ZEV sales are both

128、lower than the global average.This means that they are the only two companies in the top ten that are transitioning to ZEVs more slowly than the overall global transition rate.Although Toyota made a U-turn on its position on ZEVs in December 2021,the move was late and the company had already lost gr

129、ound to their counterparts in terms of ZEV sales.Nissan and Honda were ranked in 5th and 6th place in last years evaluation and have fallen to the bottom of the ranking because of their lack of progress with ZEV sales.The share of Hondas ZEV sales is only 0.35%,just higher than Toyotas 0.18%,and Nis

130、sans ICE phase-out plan and growth rate of the percentage of ZEV are the weakest of all the firms analysed here.Honda and Toyota are also performing significantly worse than other companies in supply chain decarbonisation.While Honda and Nissan dropped in the ranking,Ford has caught up to 4th place

131、due to significant growth in its sales of ZEVs,as well as updating and increasing the ambition of its ICE phase-out plan and fair practices in supply chain decarbonisation.In 2021,global sales of ZEVs surged dramatically,from 2,052,750 in 2020 to 4,598,061,with the percentage of global auto sales in

132、creasing from 2.66%to 5.72%.This is still a long way from Greenpeaces demand that leading global automakers end the sale of ICE vehicles in major markets(US,China,Korea,and Japan)before 2030.For the EU,this needs to happen by 2028.This is the key to achieving the low-carbon transformation of road tr

133、ansportation and preventing the most damaging effects of climate change.v,37,38,39Since Greenpeace East Asias first evaluation,released November 2021,the top ten automakers have increased their share of ZEV sales compared to 2020.The improvements made by each of the ten automakers vary widely,howeve

134、r,even the best performers still did not achieve a passing score,revealing that none of the ten biggest automakers are making the necessary adjustments to keep the Planets temperature increase within 1.5.3.1.1Across the boardAlthough Renault has the second highest sales of ZEVs as a percentage,it fa

135、ils to score for its ZEV growth rate and ICE phase-out plan and falls from 3rd place to 6th as a result.Renault is also achieving relatively little on supply chain decarbonisation;it has no specific actions on reducing the carbon footprint of steel and its renewable energy commitment for its own ope

136、rations is weak.Hyundai-Kia dropped from 4th place to 5th this year.The pace of its ICE phase-out is not impressive,but is better than the others in steel decarbonisation.Yet,almost half of Hyundai-Kias sales of passenger cars are SUVs,with sales that rose from 33%in 2018 to 49%in 2021,the highest a

137、mong all companies.Hyundai-Kia is increasing its carbon footprint from steel because it is expanding the production and the related GHG emissions through its SUV-heavy business strategy.The growth of Volkswagens ZEV sales in 2021 is impressive,yet it loses points for its targets for ICE phase-out an

138、d materials decarbonisation.Even though General Motors and Mercedes-Benz reach the top of the list,its ZEV sales are a long way from what is needed to decarbonise road transport 100%by 2030.Only 1%of General Motors sales in the US were BEVs;zero BEVs were sold in Europe in 2021.General Motors needs

139、to show more actions on a global scale instead of boosting its ZEVs sales by marketing low-cost cars in only one market.3.1v ICCT agrees that sales of EVs need to reach between 35%and 75%of the global market by 2030,with higher levels in major markets,to achieve the Paris Agreement objectives to lim

140、it the increase in global annual average temperatures to“well below”2C this century.37 Similarly,Bloomberg NEF states that global sales of new ICE vehicles across all segments need to be phased out by 2035 to stay on track for the Net Zero Scenario.38 Even the IEA,an organisation that has been relat

141、ively conservative on energy transition,suggests that halting global sales of new internal combustion engine passenger cars by 2035 could benefit a shift away from fossil fuels.39 3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 20Phase-out of ICE vehiclesAs many countries and regions have introduced more

142、stringent emissions regulations or market access standards,automotive manufacturers have come under pressure to decarbonise their fleets.As a result,some companies have formulated plans to deal with stricter laws and rules,however,none of the plans are progressive enough to match the ambition of glo

143、bal ICE phase-out by 2030.3.2Mercedes-Benz,Ford,and General Motors achieve the highest scores in this section based on their agreement of the declaration to reach 100%ZEVs by 2035 in all major markets.40 On the other hand,Hyundai-Kia,Renault and Nissan are left far behind.At the end of 2021,Ford,Gen

144、eral Motors,and Mercedes-Benz all signed the COP26 declaration to achieve 100%ZEVs by 2035 in major markets(and globally by 2040).40 While the commitment to this declaration is an improvement for all three companies,considering their respective current ZEV sales are far below the target,more action

145、must be made to show the world that these are not just words.Honda is another company that has announced a global ICE phase-out date:100%by 2040.41 Hondas ZEV sales do not support its target because ZEVs comprises only 0.35%of total sales.Overall,six out of ten automobile groups Hyundai-Kia,Nissan,R

146、enault,Stellantis,Toyota and Volkswagen do not have a global ICE phase-out date.This means that they have not shown the aspiration to achieve 100%3.2.1ICE phase-out plandecarbonisation even though several of them pledge to do so.Furthermore,two of the ten automobile groups,Nissan and Toyota do not i

147、nclude a 100%phase-out target in any market.Stellantis,Renault,and Volkswagen only include a 100%target for the European market.It is also notable that both Nissan(other than the US market)and Kias goals are for electrification,which includes PHEVs,therefore no points were given for these targets.La

148、stly,Toyota does not have any ICE phase-out date,but has instead set a target to sell 3.5 million ZEVs by 2030.42 Based on this goal,the percentage of ZEVs as a proportion of projected sales was calculated and estimated to be only 30%ZEVs in 2030.In terms of improvements on the ICE phase-out plans f

149、rom the previous year,Ford and Mercedes-Benz made substantial strides by announcing ambitious brand level goals for the first time.Toyota and Stellantis also made small improvements to their plan in the past year.These companies are awarded bonus points for their improvements.The remaining automaker

150、s did not substantially improve their ICE phase-out plans.Paul Langrock/Greenpeace3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 21Figure 3.Global sales of all ZEVs from 2017 to the first half of 2022 as the number of units sold and as a percentage of all units sold(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on

151、 data from Marklines).Figure 4.Regional share of ZEV sales from 2017 to the first half of 2022(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 3.Figure 4.For the first time in the past five years,sales of ZEVs as a share of the overall market has more than doubled.That said,only 4

152、.6 million units of ZEVs were sold in 2021,compared to global vehicle sales of 80.4 million units.Although the global stock of electric cars,when including PHEVs,has now surpassed the 10 million mark,99%of the total global fleet is still burning fossil fuels.For the main markets,the percentage of ZE

153、V sales was well under 10%in 2022,with the exception of China.23.2.2 ZEVs as a fraction of sales(units)2,000,0002.50%3,000,0005.00%4,000,0007.50%5,000,00010.00%1,000,00000.00%2002120202022 H1Global ZEV SalesPercentage of Global Sales(units)2002120202022 H125%50%75%100%0%OtherCh

154、inaEUUS85,937136,423245,764509,229855,312449,496106,785237,812238,078261,220502,957379,01891,862147,994194,139287,624496,908330,379457,041766,059833,423995,3972,723,6551,939,4913.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 22Comparative analysis of ZEV sales by companyConsidering the global sales of eac

155、h automaker,Toyota sold the largest number of automobiles in 2021 at a value of 9,848,068 units.Mercedes-Benz and Renault have a similar market size and are the smallest automakers of the ten,both selling slightly less than 2.5 million units.Although Toyota is the overall market leader for all vehic

156、les,its sales of ZEVs is one of the smallest among the ten automakers.Toyota and Honda have the lowest share of the ZEV market,selling just over 17 and 15 thousand,respectively.General Motors and Volkswagen sell the most ZEVs by absolute number,selling just over 500,000 and 430,000 units,respectivel

157、y.The majority of General Motors ZEV sales are within the Chinese market(which is discussed in the next section).Figure 5.Global sales of all vehicles by company in 2021(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 6.Global sales of ZEVs(EVs and FCEVs)by company in 2021(Source:

158、Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 5.Figure 6.2,500,0005,000,0007,500,00010,000,0000.00(units)FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen200,000400,000600,0000(units)FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStella

159、ntisToyotaVolkswagen3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 23For ZEV sales as a percentage only two automakers exceed the 2021 global market share for ZEVs of 5.72%.General Motors and Renault perform the best in this regard with percentages for ZEVs of 8.18%and 6.69%respectively.Ford,General Moto

160、rs,Mercedes-Benz,Stellantis and Volkswagen more than doubled their percentage of ZEV sales between 2020 and 2021,with Ford increasing its share of ZEV sales from roughly 0.01%to 1.40%in just one year.Other companies such as Hyundai-Kia,Nissan,and Renault have also increased their share of ZEV sales.

161、Honda and Toyota,with the smallest percentage of ZEV sales in 2021,do not show much improvement compared to the previous year,only increasing their percentage of ZEV sales by 0.02%and 0.06%,respectively.Figure 7.Global sales of ZEVs as a percentage of total sales by company in 2020 and 2021(Source:G

162、reenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 7.In considering the growth of ZEV sales through the compound annual growth rate(CAGR),all but three automakers exceeded the global CAGR of 63.34%.It should be noted that Fords high CAGR value is largely due to their late start in ZEV develo

163、pment.It is worth noting that Nissan and Toyota are the only two companies whose CAGR of the percentage of ZEV sales and 2021 percentage of ZEV sales are both lower than the global average.This means that Nissan and Toyota are the only two companies in the top ten that are transitioning to ZEVs more

164、 slowly than the overall global transition rate.Figure 8.CAGR for ZEVs as a percentage between 2017 and 2021,by company compared with that of global CAGR indicated by a horizontal line(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 8.2.50%5.00%7.50%10.00%0Percentage of ZEV Sales

165、2020Percentage of ZEV Sales 2021Global Percentage of ZEV Sales 2021FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyota5.72%Volkswagen13871%60%105%53%143%114%18%160%5%48%50%100%150%200%0%FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen63.

166、34%3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 24Additional analysis with data in the first half of 2022Rising dependence on the Chinese marketA significant proportion of ZEV sales by General Motors and Honda are in China,with 96%and 83%respectively,in the first half of 2022.Honda sells six different

167、models in partnership with Guangqi Automobile and Dongfeng Automobile exclusively for sale in China.In contrast to its Chinese market,Honda sold 240 ZEVs in Japan in the first half of 2022,representing only 2.35%of all the ZEVs sold globally in the same period.General Motors sells 14 different model

168、s in partnership with Chinese automakers SAIC and/or Wuling Automotive which are all only for sale in China.The most popular model by far is the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV which makes up around 90%of the sales in China.General Motors sold 96%of ZEVs in China in the first half of 2022,but it only sold

169、7820 ZEVs,3.01%of total ZEV sales,in the US.Toyota sales in China peaked in 2020 due to the iA5 model,which encompassed the majority of sales in China,was subject to alterations in 2021 causing a reduction in battery capacity and limitation in output power ultimately resulting in a plummet of its sa

170、les.43 Similarly,another model sold in China,the C-HR was discontinued shortly afterwards leading to even less sales in the Chinese market.Figure 9.ZEV sales in China as a percentage of global ZEV sales from 2017 to the first half of 2022(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).F

171、igure 9.25%50%75%100%0%2002020212022 H1FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 25Upon review of the 2021 data,the market presence in China,the EU,and the US for each companys total sales and their ZEV

172、sales only,it is apparent that General Motors and Honda have a significantly larger reliance on the Chinese market only for their ZEV sales.General Motors sells 49%of its cars in China,but 94%of its ZEVs in China and,similarly,Honda goes from selling 35%of cars to 72%of ZEVs in China.Similarly,Merce

173、des-Benz,Renault,and Stellantis have a larger presence in the EU when it comes to ZEVs.It is also notable that,with many companies such as General Motors,Honda,Mercedes-Benz,and Stellantis,the market size in the US when it comes to ZEVs shrinks a sizable amount suggesting a lack of effort to impleme

174、nt ZEV transition in the US.Of the ten companies,Ford has the greatest share of their sales in the US.Nearly 50%of its sales are within the US market.Accordingly,Ford has a small presence in China which is similar to Hyundai-Kia and Stellantis.Figure 10.Total sales and ZEV sales by region(China,EU,U

175、S,Japan,Korea,or other)for each automaker in 2021(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Figure 10.KoreaOtherJapanChinaEUUS25%50%75%100%0FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-BenzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen25%50%75%100%0Total SalesZEVSalesTotal SalesZEVSalesTota

176、l SalesZEVSalesTotal SalesZEVSalesZEVSalesTotal SalesTotal SalesZEVSalesTotal SalesZEVSalesTotal SalesZEVSalesTotal SalesZEVSalesZEVSalesTotal Sales3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 26A shift to zero-emission vehicles(ZEVs)is inevitable,but many auto industry employees have expressed concern

177、 about what the transition means for job security.In South Korea,auto union members have spoken out to call for a timely ban on internal combustion engine(ICE)vehicles and measures to protect workers during the transition.South Koreas auto industry is key to the countrys economy.Automobiles are Sout

178、h Koreas number two export,and a substantial portion of the countrys population either works in the auto industry or has a close friend or relative who does.In 2018 the industry employed approximately 360,000 workers,while indirect employment stood at 154,000.44Labour unions are an important part of

179、 Korean society,and auto unions in particular have been central to South Koreas labour movement.The Korea Metal Workers Union(KMWU)represents approximately 115,000 workers from Hyundai Motors,Kia,and General Motors Korea.In Spring 2022,Greenpeace East Asias Seoul office worked with the KMWU to surve

180、y more than 1,000 of the unions members on their views about an ICE vehicle phase-out and just transition.45Box 1:Case study:Auto workers in South Korea call for a just transitionThe survey found strong support for the phase-out of ICE vehicles by 2035,a timeline that is significantly more ambitious

181、 than those announced by Koreas major auto companies.Four out of five workers said that they supported an ICE phase-out by 2035,and nearly two thirds of workers said they were in favour of the even earlier phase-out date of 2030.45Respondents emphasised the need for job security throughout the trans

182、ition.They said that the government needed to take into account of “employment retention during transition,”followed by“governance structure engaging labour unions,”or the need to involve labour organisations in corporate policy-making amid the transition.45Union leaders have repeatedly called on au

183、to corporations to prioritise employee retention and to offer up-skilling programmes during the electric vehicle transition era.Sung-Ki Kim,who works on the public relations team for the Hyundai Motor Company labour union,said,“Corporations should not lay off workers in the name of restructuring;rat

184、her,they should provide opportunities to workers by creating new jobs and offering re-education.Management should not forget that these are the people who have made a huge contribution to growing the company globally.”46 Yeo-sun Park/Greenpeace Ms.Kim Eun-joo,a manager in Hyundai Motors division of

185、Korea Metal Workers Union,urges the company to ensure a just transition for a better life for her son.3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 27Renewable energy chargingScope 1 and Scope 2 emissions:Carbon reduction and renewable energy targets3.33.4BEVs outperform diesel and petrol cars on carbon

186、 emissions,even on carbon-intensive power grids,47 but they are only zero carbon if the electricity used to manufacture and charge the cars is from renewable sources.The transition to BEVs will increase the share of electricity consumption from 0.2%of global power to 4%by 2030.2 Automobile companies

187、 should strive to increase the generation of renewable energy to meet increasing demand and devise solutions to provide renewable energy in all their charging stations.Therefore,the additionality of renewable energy capacity of the options provided by the automotive companies is one of the factors t

188、o be considered in this category.From our analysis,most companies provide renewable charging options through partnerships with charging companies.Renewable energy mainly comes from two sources:from the local grid or through buying certificates to match the use of electricity by eligible EV owners.In

189、 most cases renewables are not available in the local grid,and many companies,such as Ford,General Motors,Hyundai-Kia,Mercedes-Benz,Stellantis,and Toyota,purchase renewable energy certificates with poor traceability to match the electricity charged.These certificates might create a very minimal addi

190、tionality effect to renewable generation.48In general,auto companies are setting better goals for Scope 1 and Scope 2 carbon reduction commitments for their own operations than for Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions that cover GHG emissions from parts and materials.Six of the ten compani

191、es commit to at least 50%reduction of GHG emissions by 2030.The targets set by Honda,Hyundai-Kia,Nissan,and Toyota are not progressive enough.Although the adoption of renewable energy has become the norm in some industries,such as tech companies,the auto industry is falling behind.Only half of the c

192、ompanies commit to adopting 100%renewable energy globally by 2035 or earlier.Hyundai and Kia commit to a later date,while Honda,Nissan,Renault and Toyota do not have a commitment to using 100%renewable energy in their own operations.Moreover,the renewable energy charging options provided by the auto

193、makers are limited to certain cities and small groups of eligible customers.For example,General Motors is offering the programme only to employees of participating suppliers of the automakers.49Mercedes-Benz scores the highest points in this category for offering renewable energy options in the larg

194、est networks of charging stations,even though this is achieved by purchasing renewable energy certificates with unclear sources.Volkswagen receives the second highest points for offering the service in Germany by ensuring renewable energy comes from a network that is physically linked to nearby rene

195、wable sources.Hondas programme in the UK offers renewable energy through partnering with a domestic renewable energy supplier that provides renewable energy from a range of sources.Approaches by Volkswagen and Honda are believed to be able to create relatively better additionality to renewable energ

196、y generation,therefore even though their programmes are only available in a single country,they receive more credits than others.Andr Hemstedt&Tine Reimer/Greenpeace3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 28CompanyRenewable energy in own operationsCurrent percentage of renewable energyTargetsFord3

197、2.4%100%globally by 2035General Motors25%100%globally by 2035HondaN/ANoHyundai-KiaHyundai:NAKia:3.89%Hyundai:100%globally by 2045Kia:100%globally by 2040Mercedes-Benz78%100%globally by 2035Nissan10.5%NoRenaultN/A70%in all sites by 2030 Stellantis45%100%globally by 2030Toyota11%25%globally by 2025Vol

198、kswagen49%100%globally by 2030(except for China)Table 1.Table 1.Companies Scope 1 and Scope 2 renewable energy adoption in own operations(Source:Companies official announcements and sustainability reports).Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions:Disclosure and reduction targets3.5All companie

199、s report their Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions data and disclose their data and methodology through the Carbon Disclosure Project(CDP)platform,apart from Stellantis.Although Stellantis devotes sections of its sustainability report to its upstream supply chain,the Scope 3 purchased goo

200、ds and services emissions data could not be found in either its own report or on the CDP platform.Despite the availability of emissions figures,the quality of the data varies.Only a few companies claim that they collect primary emissions data from their suppliers.Half of the companies,including Hond

201、a,Hyundai-Kia,Nissan,Renault and Toyota,rely heavily on industry average emissions factors to calculate the emissions figures.3.5.1Disclosure3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 29General Motors and Mercedes-Benz aim to procure only carbon neutral materials by 2038 and 2039 respectively.Renault

202、 and Volkswagen aim to cut emissions from their procured goods by 30%by 2030,and Stellantis sets such targets only for its BEVs.Hyundai and Kia have a different timeline.Hyundai aims for a 10%emissions reduction by 2035,and Kia sets a much more ambitious target of 50%reduction by 2030.Although Honda

203、 and Toyota mention life cycle emissions reduction targets,which theoretically include Scope 3 upstream emissions,the targets are too vague to be convincing.The companies must provide a clear roadmap to reduce the carbon footprint of their purchased goods,especially the carbon-intensive sectors,such

204、 as steel and batteries.3.5.2Reduction targetsCompanyDisclosed emissions data(metric tons CO2-eq)Reduction targetsFord45,137,148N/AGeneral Motors50,848,346Carbon neutral by 2038 or sooner for raw materialsHonda33,500,000N/AHyundai-KiaHyundai:17,014,155Kia:9,810,833Hyundai:10%reduction by 2035Kia:50%

205、reduction by 2030Mercedes-Benz17,000,000Plans to procure only CO2 neutral production materials by 2039Nissan12,726,000N/ARenault9,006,76330%reduction for parts and materials supply chain by 2030StellantisN/A40%reduction of CO2 emissions of purchased parts per BEV vs 2021Toyota54,400,725N/AVolkswagen

206、61,301,00830%reduction for production by 2030Table 2.Table 2.Companies Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions and reduction targets(Source:CDP platform and companies official announcements).vi The proposed rule requires listed companies to report Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions,and further req

207、uires the disclosure of Scope 3 emissions when those emissions are material or when a company has announced a net-zero pledge that includes Scope 3 emissions.Companies that make estimates using industry average emissions factors,could ignore actual emissions from their own supply chains.This makes i

208、t difficult to assess whether a companys supply chain is doing better or worse than its counterparts,particularly if other companies are using the same emissions factors.This means that there is no reference point on which to set meaningful targets to reduce the Scope 3 purchased goods and services

209、emissions and no incentive to source materials from less carbon-intensive suppliers.It also makes it difficult for consumers,regulators or investors to compare the information meaningfully across companies and over time.US Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)is proposing regulations to audit supp

210、ly chain emissions.vi The ten companies with global markets would not only need to comply,considering the significant scale of their production and the volume of emissions of their purchased goods,they would be required to disclose good quality Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions data.3.E

211、valuationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 30In general,the top automakers are not paying enough attention to reducing the carbon footprint from their steel supply.It is disappointing that none of the companies have any steel-specific decarbonisation targets.Clear commitments from automakers to purchasi

212、ng zero-carbon steel could guarantee demands and encourage steel makers to invest in transitioning to coal-free technologies.The auto giants should show their ambition.None of the companies specifically disclose the emissions data of their steel supply.Six of the ten companies specifically mentioned

213、 steel in regard to decarbonisation in their sustainability reports.Two companies,Hyundai-Kia and Stellantis,disclose the volume of annual steel usage.Apart from Stellantis and Renault,the European and US automakers have all recently invested or partnered with steel companies to develop low-carbon s

214、teel.Hyundai-Kia scored the highest point in this category with a relatively better steel disclosure practice and a partnership with POSCO to develop the capacity to produce direct reduced iron(DRI)steel using hydrogen.50The SUV problemThe increase in manufacture and sales of electric cars helped to

215、 avoid oil consumption and CO2 emissions in 2021,however these benefits have been reduced or cancelled out by the corresponding increase in the sales of SUVs.The number of SUVs on the worlds roads increased by more than 35 million over the past 12 months,driving up annual CO2 emissions by 120 millio

216、n metric tons.5 Because of their larger size and poor aerodynamics,SUVs release more tailpipe emissions and consume more energy even if they are BEVs.Not only do SUVs on average consume about one-quarter more energy than medium-size cars,they drive the increase in the automotive industrys demand for

217、 steel.This is due to the fact that the average SUV or pickup truck uses 20%more steel than the average car.26 Therefore the share of SUV sales is also included in the criteria for evaluation in this edition.In recent years,SUVs have become increasingly popular across the world.Overall passenger car

218、 sales peaked in 2015 before declining,but the SUV category has taken the lions share of global sales,with a threefold increase between 2010 and 2019.22 Although all the companies rely on SUVs for 30%or more of their sales,Honda,Hyundai-Kia and Volkswagen rely the most on SUVs sales.Almost half of H

219、yundai-Kias sales of passenger cars are SUVs,with sales that rose from 33%in 2018 to 49%in 2021,the highest of all companies.Hyundai-Kia might be more aware of its carbon footprint from steel,however it is increasing the production of steel and the related GHG emissions through its SUV-heavy busines

220、s strategy.It is also notable that Ford,on top of its SUV sales of 37%,also has an overwhelming number of pickup truck sales at 30%,based on 2021 values.In other words,67%of Fords sales are SUVs and pickup trucks,which are highly steel intensive cars.Toyota,Honda and Renault are doing the least conc

221、erning steel emissions reduction in our evaluation.Steel decarbonisation3.63.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 31Figure 11.Figure 11.SUV sales as a percentage of overall sales by company from 2017 to 2021(Source:Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).Table 3.Table 3.Data regardin

222、g companies steel decarbonisation practices(Source:vehicles sales data are Greenpeace compilation based on data from Marklines).CompanySteel-specifictargetsSteel consumptionGreen steel partnership/InvestmentDisclosures(metric tons,2020)Percentage of SUV sales (2021)Percentage of pickup truck sales(2

223、021)Fordno/37%30%$500 million investment towards EAF technology51General Motorsno/32%17%Partnership with Nucor Corp to develop EAF technology52Hondano/45%1%Hyundai-KianoHyundai:940,277(357,493 scrap steel);Kia:175,98249%0%Partnership with POSCO for DRI steel made from hydrogen50Mercedes-Benzno/33%0%

224、Electrolysis technology and scrap steel use with partner53Nissanno/39%6%Renaultno/31%1%Stellantisno8,871,48630%15%Toyotano/34%8%Volkswagenno/41%1%Partnership with steel partner using electrolysis technology54Figure 11.20%30%40%50%0%10%200202021FordGeneral MotorsHondaHyundai-KiaMercedes-Be

225、nzNissanRenaultStellantisToyotaVolkswagen3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide 2022 32During the past ten years,CO2 emissions from steel production have risen sharply because ofthe continued increase in steel production.The CO2 emissions per crude steel cast unit has kept steady at around 1.8 metric

226、tons,while the amount of steel produced has increased by 30%compared to 2010.The growth of CO2 emissions from steel production is faster than that of global CO2 emissions.In 2019,CO2 emitted by steel production accounted for 9.4%of global CO2 emissions.55 Currently,the steel sector is one of the dom

227、inant contributors to CO2 emissions in all sectors with no sign of slowing down,which makes the industry an obstacle on the path to carbon neutrality.According to data from the World Steel Association,around 10%of steel is used in car production every year and is the dominant material used in cars t

228、he average weight of steel in a car is 0.9 metric tons.25 Therefore,decarbonising the steel sector is crucial for decarbonising vehicles and aligning with the Paris Agreement target.The necessary technological transformationClean technologies that effectively reduce carbon emissions in the steel sec

229、tor are still at an early stage of development.At present,the most widely used method of producing steel is called blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace(BF-BOF).The BF-BOF process consumes a significant quantity of coal for the major input of heat and carbon for the reduction process and is carbon inte

230、nsive,emitting about 2 tCO2 per metric ton of steel produced.The hydrogen-based direct reduced iron in the electric arc furnace(DRI/EAF)method of steel production is a Box 2:The urgency of steel decarbonisationpotential technology to decarbonise the sector.However,there is still a huge challenge in

231、producing low-carbon hydrogen.24 More than 95%of the worlds hydrogen is currently produced using the steam methane reforming (SMR)process.This is known as grey hydrogen.Greenhouse gas emissions from the production of grey hydrogen can be separated into two parts:(a)the SMR process and the subsequent

232、 water gas shift(WGS)reaction in which methane is converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen;and(b)the energy used to generate the heat and high pressure needed for the SMR process.56 The CO2 emissions from the production of grey hydrogen lie somewhere between natural gas and coal-fired power.57 If fu

233、gitive methane emissions are also considered,the total emissions for the whole hydrogen production process could be as high as 550.8g CO2-eq/kWh.58The quest for green hydrogenGreen hydrogen is produced by electrolyzing water using surplus renewable energy.Obtaining sufficient and low-cost electricit

234、y from renewable energy sources is the key challenge.At present,the cost of green hydrogen is three to four times as much as that of grey hydrogen.59 In the long term,the price of green hydrogen is expected to reduce together with the development of renewable energy infrastructure.Although some pred

235、ictions project that green hydrogen will be cost competitive with hydrogen made by fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage by 2030.60,61,62 Relying on green hydrogen is not an efficient solution to mitigate the climate impacts of carbon intensive steel production.Automakers must commit to zero

236、carbon steel and reduce sales of SUVsAutomobile manufacturers are in the position to create early demand for zero carbon steel than other industries due to the relatively high price of automobiles.63 Very few automakers have time bound targets for using carbon neutral materials.Automobile companies

237、should start taking action to decarbonise steel by auditing and disclosing the carbon footprint of their materials,committing to purchasing low-carbon steel,setting steel carbon reduction targets,producing fewer SUVs,and investing in fast-tracking the technological development of zero carbon steel.O

238、n the one hand,manufacturers must minimise steel use in the car body and reduce the production of heavy cars such as SUVs to curb the growth of steel production and consumption in the automobile sector immediately.On the other hand,the use of end-of-life(EoL)steel should be promoted.Recycled steel p

239、roduction uses about 50%of the energy of primary steel and currently makes up 23%of current production.64 Steel production can be further decarbonised if steel is recycled using renewable energy,though improving the quality of secondary steel could be a challenge.3.EvaluationAuto Environmental Guide

240、 2022 33An evaluation of resource reduction and efficiency was included in the 2022 ranking scheme to emphasise the importance and scale of upstream(raw material)carbon emissions.Unsurprisingly,but disappointingly,only one of the ten automakers committed to a target on reducing raw materials.Specifi

241、cally,Nissan disclosed a target to reduce new natural resource usage by 30%per vehicle by 2022,but there is no progress in its latest report.In addition,Nissan disclosed its plan to use materials that do not rely on newly mined resources for 70%of the materials used in each vehicle by 2050.65Resourc

242、e reduction and efficiency3.7Similarly,only one of the ten automakers has reported on targets for secondary materials usage.Mercedes-Benz has released plans to reduce the amount of material required for each unit,notably aiming for an increase in the share of secondary raw materials to 40%by 2030.66

243、In regard to EV battery reuse and recycling performance,all automakers report some action or initiative.Mercedes-Benz and Volkswagen have demonstrated the most substantial actions relative to the other automakers.Mercedes-Benz has built the largest capacity for battery reuse as shown by its multiple

244、 second-life battery storage plants with a combined capacity at more than 95 MWh.67 The other automakers have employed such initiatives but have not disclosed any useful quantifiable details.Policy makers also need to formulate stringent policies and standards to limit the use of carbon-intensive st

245、eel in products.It is encouraging that the European Union is legislating the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)that will gradually apply to goods including iron and steel.Moreover,governments can support and promote products that employ green steel and have reduced life cycle GHG emissions thr

246、ough government procurement,provision of tax incentives and incentives for the public.This is a major opportunity to divert the money currently spent by many governments on subsidising fossil fuels and moving towards transforming the steel industry.Over the past 12 months,all ten of the major automa

247、kers have shown an overall low level of engagement on the climate crisis,with InfluenceMap assessing their engagement intensity as at best 52%(Volkswagen)and at worst 26%(Nissan and Renault).68 Engagement on climate policy ranged from a simple lack of participation(Ford,General Motors,and Mercedes-B

248、enz were the only automakers to sign the COP26 Declaration on ZEVs40),to active policy obstruction,with Toyota reported as being the alleged driving force behind the Japanese government holding back on the G7s ZEV sales target commitments.19,20Negative climate lobbying and violations of regulations3

249、.8More than half of the top ten automakers have been involved in emissions violations.Over the past 12 months this notably took the form of falsifying or obstructing the release of emissions data,with Mercedes-Benz being fined nearly$17m by South Korean regulators for the use of defeat devices in Fe

250、bruary 2022.69In June 2022,FCA(now Stellantis)pleaded guilty and was fined$300m by the US Department of Justice for conspiracy to defraud US regulators and consumers by giving false emissions information,70 and General Motors was also fined$100,000 for making unapproved changes to their vehicles whi

251、ch resulted in subsequent emissions violations.71Appendix 1:GlossaryAuto Environmental Guide 2022 34 BBEVBattery electric vehicleBFBlast furnaceBOFBasic oxygen furnaceCCAFE standardsCorporate Average Fuel Economy standardsCAGRCompound annual growth rateCBAMCarbon Border Adjustment MechanismCBPCustom

252、s and Border ProtectionCDPCarbon Disclosure ProjectCOP26The 26th Conference of the Parties(The United Nations Climate Change Confer-ence held in Glasgow)DDRIDirect reduced ironEEAFElectric arc furnaceEoLEnd-of-lifeESPElectronic Stability ProgrammeEUEuropean UnionEVElectric vehicleFFCEVFuel cell elec

253、tric vehicleGGHGGreenhouse gasHHEVHybrid electric vehicleIICCTInternational Council on Clean TransportationICEInternal combustion engineIEAInternational Energy AgencyJJAMAJapan Automobile Manufacturers AssociationKKMWUThe Korea Metal Workers UnionPPHEVPlug-in hybrid electric vehicleRRECsRenewable En

254、ergy CertificatesSSECSecurities and Exchange Commission(US)SMRSteam methane reformingSUVSport Utility VehicleUUKUnited KingdomUSUnited StatesUS EPAUnited States Environmental Protection AgencyVVOCVolatile organic compoundsWWGSWater gas shiftZZEVZero-emission vehicleAppendix 1:GlossaryDefinitionsAddi

255、tionalityAdditionality is the property of an activity being additional,in this report,it refers to being additional to the overall renewable energy capacity.A proposed activity is additional if the recognised interventions are deemed to be causing the activity to take place.The occurrence of additio

256、nality is determined by assessing whether a proposed activity is distinct from its baseline.BEVVehicle without fuel tank or exhaust pipe and relying only on electricity for propulsion,a kind of non-ICE vehicleEVVehicle fully or partially powered by electricityFCEVVehicle using a fuel-cell and powere

257、d by compressed liquid hydrogenHEVVehicle with small battery assisting the engine,a kind of ICE vehiclePHEVVehicle powered by both gasoline and electricity,a kind of ICE vehicleZEVA zero-emission vehicle(ZEV)is an electric car that does not produce exhaust emissions of pollutants or carbon when it o

258、perates.In this report,only BEV and FCEV are regarded as ZEV,while PHEV is not.Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 35 Appendix 2:Company profilesFord Motor Company(Ford)is an American multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1903.North America and Europe are Fords two la

259、rgest markets.Ford was one of the early adopters of hybrid technology and offered its first hybrid model,Escape Hybrid in 2004.Ford has continued to make a small volume of hybrid and EV models with annual sales in the low thousands.Ford is a relatively minor player in Europe,with 5%of the passenger

260、car market,and has struggled for years with the EUs increasingly strict emissions standards.73Companyprofile:Ford4thOverall scorePhase-out of ICE vehiclesSupply chain decarbonisationResource reduction andefficiencyDeductions23.515.4780.5-0.5Percentage of ZEV sales in 2021:1.40%Ford has performed sub

261、stantially better compared to the previous year,mainly due to improvements in its ICE phase-out targets.Ford has been slow to transition to ZEVs which is apparent from its consistently low ZEV sales and percentages up to 2021.Even now,its current percentage of ZEV sales does not support its slightly

262、 more competitive ICE phase-out plan(relative to the other companies),which has a global goal of 50%ZEVs by 2030.Ford has the highest compound annual growth rate(CAGR)value,which is probably due to its slow start on transitioning to ZEVs and its recent increase in ZEV sales,combined with a steady de

263、crease in overall sales.Ford alsoscorespoorlyonitssupplychaindecarbonisationeffortsandresourceefficiency,becauseofinsufficienttarget-setting and disclosure.Ford collects a couple of points due to its recent and considerable investment in EAF technology for green steel.Although half a point has been

264、deducted for poor performance on advocacy and lobbying,72 Ford still manages to move up the ranking from 8th to 4th place.Until now,Ford has been focusing on hybrid models and only began to sell larger volumes of all-electric models from late 2020,lagging far behind in the EV competition.At the Unit

265、ed Nations Climate Change Conference held in Glasgow(COP26),Ford committed to accelerating the transition to achieve 100%zero-emission cars and vans by 2040(and by 2035 for leading markets).40 Phase-out of ICE vehicles15.47ZEV salesFord sold 3,955,133 vehicles in 2021 with ZEVs making up 1.40%,the t

266、hird-lowest in the analysis.Nevertheless,this is a large increase from the four previous years(2017-2020)where the share of ZEVs ranged between just above 0%to 0.03%.Fords jump in its percentages of ZEVs demonstrates huge growth and results in a high CAGR value of about 162%,which is 2.5 times large

267、r than the global CAGR.Fords large CAGR is also due to the steady decrease in yearly total sales,from over 6.2 million cars in 2017 to just under 4 million by 2021.Percentage of ZEV sales(2021)1.75Percentage of ZEV sales(2017-2021)0.22CAGR for percentage of ZEV sales(2017-2021)2.00Appendix 2:Company

268、 profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 36 Ford has committed to 100%of vehicle sales to be all-electric by 2035 in major markets after signing the COP26 declaration on an accelerated transition.This declaration also commits Ford to achieving 100%ZEVs by 2040 globally.40 This is an improvement on pre

269、vious years because Ford had no commitment to an ICE phase-out date in any market until May 2021,when it announced it expected 40%of global vehicle volume to be fully electric by 2030,which was neither ambitious nor detailed.74ICE phase-out plan and improvements10.9 In terms of EV charging,Ford has

270、committed to making EV charging increasingly based on renewable energy by setting up an initiative to buy renewable energy certificates(RECs)to match the at-home energy consumption,75 but this initiative is only currently in California.More widespread access to programmes like this should be impleme

271、nted.Renewable energy charging0.6Supply chain decarbonisation8Scope 1 and Scope 2Ford has committed to reducing absolute Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions by 76%by 2035 from a 2017 base year.In addition,it commits to using 100%renewable energy by 2035.Ford scores perfectly for its renewable energy c

272、ommitment.76Renewable energy commitment1Carbon reduction targets1Scope 3 purchased goods and servicesBased on the CDP database,Ford manages to disclose its Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions data.There are no Scope 3 purchased goods and services targets on Fords official reports or the C

273、DP database.The lack of targets drastically impacts its score.77 Disclosure and targets3While Ford does not disclose any steel-related information or targets in official reports,the company is reported to be making a 500 million dollar investment in a Canadian steel production company,51 towards a c

274、omplete conversion to electric-powered systems by 2028 by converting from coal-fired blast to electric arc furnace technology.Steel3Resourcereductionandefficiency0.5Ford has not set any specific targets to reduce its overall use of raw materials.Targets on raw materials reduction0Ford has not set an

275、y specific targets to increase its percentage of overall use of secondary materials.Secondary material usage0Ford is partnering with Redwood Materials,a battery materials company,to integrate battery recycling into its domestic battery strategy.Ford does not disclose any quantifiable measure of its

276、investment or the capacity at which they work with Redwood Materials.EV battery reuse and recycling0.5Deductions-0.5Ford has actively participated in regressive lobbying in the past,especially in regard to US Federal corporate average fuel economy(CAFE)standards.vii In recent years,LobbyMap reports

277、that Ford has slowed down on regressive lobbying and has been more positively engaged.Ford continues to be a member of several regressive trade associations and only earns a C-on the LobbyMap Performance Band score.72Negative climate lobbying-0.5vii CAFE standards:Corporate Average Fuel Economy(CAFE

278、)standards is set by US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA)to regulate how far vehicles must travel on a gallon of fuel.Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 37 Founded in 1908,the General Motors Company(General Motors)is one of the largest automotive companies i

279、n the world,headquartered in Detroit,US.General Motors was an early pioneer of EV technology and manufactured the EV1 as early as 1996 in response to a 1990 California regulatory requirement.General Motors released its first global BEV the Chevrolet Bolt in 2016 but did not release any new global EV

280、 models between 2017 and 2021.In 2021,General Motors sold 30,668 Bolt EVs globally and 426,482 units of the low-cost Wuling Hongguang Mini EV,sold exclusively in China at a starting price of$4,300,which accounts for 85%of its BEV sales.Furthermore,in the first half of 2022,96%of General Motors BEV s

281、ales are in China.Wuling Hongguang Mini EVAlthough the Wuling Hongguang MINI EV is only sold in China,the models low cost has made it the second best-selling BEV Companyprofile:GeneralMotors1stOverall scorePhase-out of ICE vehiclesSupply chain decarbonisationResource reduction andefficiencyDeduction

282、s38.524.98140.5-1.0Percentage of ZEV sales in 2021:8.18%General Motors performs consistently in its percentage of ZEV sales and for its absolute sales.General Motors sells the most ZEVs relative to the other nine automakers,reaching more than half a million sales in 2021.It is worth noting that 85%o

283、f its ZEV sales in China were from the sale of the Wuling Hongguang Mini EV.Furthermore,their compound annual growth rate(CAGR)is also quite high,demonstrating that General Motors continues to expand its ZEV production resources.In line with its ambitious ZEV sales,General Motors has a goal to reach

284、 100%ZEVs by 2035 in major markets.General Motors performs relatively well on its Scope 1,Scope 2,and Scope 3disclosuresandtargets,butlosessomepointsduetoalackofspecificinformationregardingtargetsonsteeldecarbonisation.Like many other automakers,General Motors fails to disclose a vast amount of info

285、rmation regardingresourcereductionandefficiency.Lastly,duetopetitionsagainstcertainclimatepoliciesandviolationsof environmental regulation,one point has been deducted from General Motors score.General Motors is the top performer amongst the ten companies.Nevertheless,only 1%of sales in the US were B

286、EVs and zero BEVs were sold in Europe in 2021.General Motors needs to show more consistent progress on a global scale rather than boosting ZEV sales by selling low-cost cars in one market.in the world,behind Teslas Model 3.The vehicle is produced as a joint-venture with the Chinese automaker,SAIC-GM

287、-Wuling Automotive.The vehicles basic versions come without air-conditioning and a driving range of 120km.The Wuling Hongguang safety specification is below par and has raised concerns.The basic versions of the model are not equipped with airbags or an Electronic Stability Programme(ESP).78 Under re

288、gulations in the US,EU,Japan and India,it is illegal to sell cars without ESP;while in India and the US,it is illegal to have no airbags in the front seats.79,80The very low cost might also contribute to an overconsumption problem.In May 2021,the Shanghai government removed the eligibility of the Wu

289、ling Hongguang Mini EV for a free New Energy Vehicle licence plate(a policy designed to fasttrack the purchase of EVs),81 because its overwhelming sales contributed to an excess of new cars burdening the citys traffic system.Phase-out of ICE vehicles24.98ZEV salesGeneral Motors has consistently scor

290、ed the highest or second highest(relative to the other nine automakers)percentage sales of ZEVs,which was 8.18%in 2021,representing the sale of 501,828 ZEVs.The number of ZEVs sold has increased nearly 13 fold and its percentage of ZEV sales almost 21 fold.In parallel,overall sales have steadily dec

291、reased from almost 10 million in 2017 to just over 6.1 million in 2021.General Motors growth in the percentage of ZEV sales is more than 1.5 times the global average,with a CAGR of roughly 113%.Percentage of ZEV sales(2021)10.22Percentage of ZEV sales(2017-2021)2.16CAGR for percentage of ZEV sales(2

292、017-2021)1.50Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 38 General Motors regional brands in Europe,China,and the US have all committed to 100%EVs by 2035 through their agreement to the COP26 declaration.40 No substantial improvements have been made to its plan from the previous year.G

293、eneral Motors 2035 EV goal is ambitious considering that in 2021,only 1%of sales in the US were BEVs and zero BEVs were sold in Europe.General Motors needs to show more practical actions to achieve the target.ICE phase-out plan and improvements9.9 General Motors has many projects in progress to make

294、 renewable energy EV charging more accessible.General Motors public charging network,EVgo,is available throughout eight states in US,and the company has a target to expand EVgo stations by adding 3,250 charging stalls by 2025 across the US.82 General Motors claims to provide 100%renewable energy by

295、purchasing renewable energy certificates.The source of the certificates is unclear and the additionality of renewable energy is questionable.Renewable energy charging1.2Supply chain decarbonisation14Scope 1 and Scope 2General Motors has committed to 100%renewable energy by 2035 and,as a milestone,ha

296、s set a goal to achieve 60%globally and 100%in the US by 2025.In addition,it is committed to Scope 1 and Scope 2 goals to reduce GHG emissions by 72%by 2035 from a base year of 2018.79Renewable energy commitment1Carbon reduction targets1Scope 3 purchased goods and servicesGeneral Motors reports its

297、Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions data on CDP.83 Additionally,it has set Scope 3 purchased goods and services decarbonisation targets.Specifically,General Motors plans to be carbon neutral by 2038 or sooner for raw materials.79Disclosure and targets7In regard to steel,General Motors ack

298、nowledges the need to decarbonise steel.While it fails to set any steel-related targets or disclose steel-use data,General Motors partners with Nucors Econiq Net-Zero Steel(which uses EAF technology).General Motors was Nucors first customer and they project that all of the steel purchased from Nucor

299、 will be carbon neutral by the end of 2022.84Steel5Resourcereductionandefficiency0.5General Motors has not set any specific targets to reduce its overall use of raw materials.Targets on raw materials reduction0General Motors has not set any quantifiable targets to increase its uptake of secondary ma

300、terials.Secondary material usage0Official General Motors reports indicate that there are several recycling initiatives,including a collaboration with the US Department of Energy Advanced Battery Consortium and recyclers,to advance lithium-ion battery recycling.In addition,General Motors is incorpora

301、ting responsible battery recycling considerations such as the recycling/reusing of 100%of batteries returned to General Motors.85 Despite these initiatives,no quantitative targets are mentioned.EV battery reuse and recycling0.5Deductions-1.0LobbyMap gives General Motors a score of C-in their Perform

302、ance Band,due to its history of negative lobbying and membership of regressive trade associations.86Negative climate lobbying-0.5Additionally,General Motors has had two recent environmental violations related to excessive volatile organic compounds(VOC)emissions and breaking regulations for gasoline

303、 engines.71,87 These two infractions cost General Motors$10,500 and$110,090,respectively.Violations of environmental regulations-0.5Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 39 Honda Motor Company(Honda)is a Japan-based auto manufacturer,selling approximately 4.4 million vehicles in 2

304、021,with a 5.52%share of the global market.Although Honda is perhaps better known for its motorcycles,having sold more than 400 million units globally since 1949,88 it is also a major automobile manufacturer.Amongst the top three Japanese automakers,Honda is notable for being the first to announce a

305、 global ICE phase-out date of 2040,announced at the inauguration of CEO Toshihiro Mibe in April 2021.89Companyprofile:Honda9thOverall scorePhase-out of ICE vehiclesSupply chain decarbonisationResource reduction andefficiencyDeductions12.89.7830.5-0.5Percentage of ZEV sales in 2021:0.35%As the only o

306、ne of the Japanese majors to have an ICE phase-out date which was announced in April 2021,Honda has appeared to be very progressive.One year on,Honda loses points because it has not followed up its announcement with concrete actions.ZEVs still stand at less than 1%of Hondas total sales,setting a ver

307、y steep path ahead for Honda.There are no further details on interim sales targets or whether there will be earlier phase-out dates for certain regions and markets.Honda has no overarching target for renewable energy uptake,and is performing poorly in supply chain decarbonisation.In addition,45%of i

308、ts total sales last year were SUVs,the secondhighestamongthetencompanies,increasingthecarbonfootprintofitsfleet.Hondadoesnothaveanysignificantresourcereductionandefficiencytargets,withnodisclosurearoundsteeldecarbonisation.Hondafallsfrom 6th place last year to 9 this year.Since that time,Honda made

309、relatively few announcements until June 2022,when it announced another partnership with electronics company Sony to produce electric vehicles,the first of which would be going on sale in 2025.90 Only a minor amount of information has been released demonstrating the plan or progress towards these goa

310、ls.Honda did briefly develop a hydrogen fuel-cell vehicle,the Clarity,but reported that as of June 2021 both the FCEV and hybrid versions would be discontinued due to poor performance.91Unlike most other automakers,Honda has had no recent evidence of falsifying emissions data or any related scandals

311、.InfluenceMap says that despite overall broad support for electrification and decarbonisation,Honda is still a member of numerous trade associations involved in regressive climate legislation lobbying and has shown resistance to ZEV mandates.92Phase-out of ICE vehicles9.78ZEV salesHondas ZEV sales w

312、ithin the past five years have increased tenfold,but this is still at less than 1%of total sales:in 2021 Honda sold 15,420 ZEVs,making up only 0.35%of the 4.4 million vehicles it sold globally.Since the company has a very low starting point,its five years CAGR of the percentage of ZEV sales is 82.71

313、%,placing Honda near the middle in comparison with other automakers.Although it is not part of the evaluation,it is worth noting that Hondas ZEV sales have been heavily relying on the market in China.Refer to Section 3.2.2Percentage of ZEV sales(2021)0.43Percentage of ZEV sales(2017-2021)0.14CAGR fo

314、r percentage of ZEV sales(2017-2021)1.00Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 40 Honda aims for an ICE phase-out date of 2040.41 There have been no further details since the announcement last April on what the intermediate targets are,with not even an update on the plan for Europe

315、 where an ICE phase-out by 2035,including hybrids,will become mandatory.ICE phase-out plan and improvements6.6Honda currently offers the SmartCharge system in the US,93 and e:PROGRESS in the UK both of which help source renewable energy for vehicle charging.94 e:PROGRESS programme partners with Octo

316、pus Energy which offers a mix of sources of renewable energy that might have a certain additionality impact to the overall renewable energy capacity.Honda currently has no renewable energy charging options available in Japan.Renewable energy charging1.6Supply chain decarbonisation3Scope 1 and Scope

317、2Honda has only set a vague 2050 net zero emissions target for all products and activities.Specific to its corporate activities Honda has set an interim target of a 46%reduction of CO2 emissions by 2030 compared with FY2020,although these targets are relatively unambitious.In FY2021 Honda sites glob

318、ally used 804GWh of renewable energy,however there are currently no targets or plans for increased usage.95Renewable energy commitment0Carbon reduction targets0Scope 3 purchased goods and servicesHonda publishes its Scope 3 purchased goods and services emissions,and uses CDP tools and methodology to

319、 set annual reduction targets of 1%for CO2 emissions,however the targets are too weak.95Disclosure and targets3There is no evidence that Honda is taking any steps to decarbonise the steel used in its supply chain,with no mention of it in any reports,no targets set for reduction,and no disclosure of

320、the amount of steel used.Furthermore,the share of SUVs in Hondas overall sales is 45%in 2021,the second highest of the ten companies.Steel0Resourcereductionandefficiency0.5Honda has not set any specific targets to reduce the overall use of raw materials.Targets on raw materials reduction0Honda has n

321、ot set any specific targets to raise its percentage of the use of secondary materials.Secondary material usage0As of 2021,Honda was reported to have partnered with US-based firm Battery Resourcers to recycle lithium-ion batteries,with operations set to go ahead from 2022.96 The new partnership is du

322、e to have an annual recycling capacity of 20 million pounds of lithium-ion batteries,with Battery Resourcers claiming a 97%metal recovery rate.EV battery reuse and recycling0.5Deductions-0.5LobbyMap ranks Honda as having a Performance Band of D+,with 32%engagement in climate policy.92Negative climat

323、e lobbying-0.5Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 41 Hyundai Motor Group(Hyundai-Kia),is a South Korean chaebol headquartered in Seoul,South Korea,mainly focused on the manufacture and sale of automobiles.The group includes the Hyundai Motor Company(Hyundai),the Kia Corporation(

324、Kia),and Genesis.Hyundai is an international auto manufacturing company founded in 1967 and is one of the largest members of the chaebol.The company took over Kia in 1998.Despite complex shareholding arrangements between the affiliated companies,Hyundai is the de facto representative of the group.Hy

325、undai and Kia share technologies,vehicle platforms,and development strategies to a great extent,therefore the two were evaluated together.It is notable that both Hyundai and Kia launched their first dedicated BEV models in 2021,the Ioniq 5 and the EV 6.In April 2022,Hyundai-Kia announced its members

326、hip to Climate Groups RE100 initiative.97 Soon after,Hyundai-Kia announced a plan to build a liquefied natural gas facility in Ulsan which would have the ability to produce about one-quarter the energy needed for its overall production.This was met with criticism that it did not align with the RE100

327、 commitment.98 In this case,Hyundai-Kia demonstrated a principled response as it retracted its plans for the Ulsan facility.Companyprofile:Hyundai-Kia5thOverall scorePhase-out of ICE vehiclesSupply chain decarbonisationResource reduction andefficiencyDeductions22.511.85110.5-1.0Percentage of ZEV sal

328、es in 2021:3.49%Hyundai and Kias combined percentage of ZEV sales rose from 2.18%in 2020 to 3.49%in 2021,which is at the mid-range among all companies.The absolute number of ZEV sales rose from 133,448 to 232,400 units,which represents an increase of about 75%.Hyundai-Kia has not set a global ICE ph

329、ase-out date and has only committed to brand level or regional level targets,all of which are relatively unambitious.Hyundai-Kia set targets for its Scope 3 emissions demonstrating the initiative to decarbonise the raw materials supply chain.Hyundai-Kia performedwellonitssteeldecarbonisationefforts,

330、includingapartnershipwithalow-carbonsteelproducer.Almost half of Hyundai-Kias sales of passenger cars are SUVs,with sales that rose from 33%in 2018 to 49%in 2021,the highest of all companies.Hyundai-Kia might be more aware of its carbon footprint from steel,but it is encouraging the production of st

331、eel and its associated GHG emissions through its SUV-heavy business strategy.Overall,Hyundai-Kia is placed in 5th place.In June 2022,Hyundai and Kia offices in Germany,Frankfurt area,and in Luxembourg were raided by prosecutors and police as part of an ongoing investigation into the diesel scandal a

332、nd suspected violations of emissions standards.99 Hyundai vehicles have shown excessive NOx emissions both in random tests by the Kraftfahrtbundesamt(KBA),the German regulatory authority in charge of associated type approval and market surveillance,and the Emissions-Kontroll-Institut(EKI)of Deutsche

333、 Umwelthilfe(DUH),a German environmental NGO.100Appendix 2:Company profilesAuto Environmental Guide 2022 42 viii A Guarantee of Origin is an EU guarantee that a given amount of power is produced at a particular power plant.It is a voluntary certification scheme allowing consumers to choose a source of production,typically the choice between renewable and non-renewable electricity.48Phase-out of IC