1、Annual Linux market report for 2021E-book Annual Linux market report for Executive summaryThe use cases that organizations have for Linux are changing as they shift their infrastruc-tures to cloud environments.The last two years have seen an accelerated change with IT infrastructures,as organization

2、s have launched digital transformation projects around new customer services and core operational servicesto keep up with shifting workplaces and expectations.Across both public cloud environments and physical infrastructures,Linux has been at the center of digital change and has recognized that org

3、anizations adapt which Linux distribution they will use accord-ing to their specific project needs.Organizations on average are running more than two Linux distribu-tions in their environments,and they shift between distributions based on the operating environment,the production stage,and the worklo

4、ads types.In 2021 Red Hat commissioned Management Insight Technologies to conduct a global survey of enter-prises that deploy Linux in their IT infrastructure.Management Insight Technologies conducted a series of phone interviews and web-based surveys,where respondents were asked a variety of questi

5、ons about how their organizations were using Linux in the infrastructure and what drivers and considerations were used to select Linux distributions.These surveys were conducted in February and March 2021.Respondents show similar flexibility in how they adopt other technologies,such as moving to a p

6、ublic cloud environment,using containers,and deploying devices at the network edge.New technologies are adopted fairly evenly and in a measured way with comparable growth in cloud and containers and steady incremental adoption for edge and Function as a Service(FaaS).The major inflection point for o

7、rganizations to change to a Linux distribution is the shift to a cloud environment.This could mean they are migrating from a different operating system(OS)or they are selecting a specific distribution for a specific reason,but the shift in environment provides an opportuni-ty for them to choose a di

8、fferent infrastructure.This annual report summarizes and shares some key findings about the current usage and future trends pertaining to enterprise Linux use.This report also covers four major areas for how organizations evalu-ate and use Linux within their infrastructures.General Linux deployments

9、(including production stages and workloads)Security Public cloud Containers More than 1,200 IT professionals in a variety of different roles and industries took part in this study.This research explores their current and planned Linux adoption,the patterns in adopting related technolo-gies like cont

10、ainers,and the perspectives on major factors which influence these decisions.HighlightsLinux is the foundation of cloud infrastructures On average,organizations are using 2.03 Linux distributions in their environment and they consider 3.05 distributions before making a decision.E-book Annual Linux m

11、arket report for The top Linux distributions in use are Red Hat Enterprise Linux(40%)and Ubuntu(40%).Security,reliability,and ease of management and maintenance are the top influences for choosing a Linux distribution.58%of organizations have a hybrid cloud strategy,while another 25%have a multiclou

12、d strategy.Adaptability and flexibility matter more than ease-of-access for applications Only 19%of Linux applications are commercial or off-the-shelf software.32%of applications are developed in-house.The release stage of an application has a huge influence on when organizations choose enterprise v

13、ersions of Linux over community,with 78%of production workloads running on Red Hat Enterprise Linux in datacenters and 75%in cloud environments,but only 36%of test environments.Standardization is the top way to manage complex environments 52%of organizations use a single OS as part of their cloud ma

14、nagement strategy.43%of organizations use a single container image as part of their cloud strategy.17%of organizations avoid using cloud provider tools to maintain a consistent management approach.Portability is one of the major factors in how organizations use cloud computing 58%of organizations mi

15、grated an application form a physical environment to a cloud service.31%of organizations move workloads between public cloud environments.Over a quarter of organizations either repatriated a workload from cloud computing to on-premise(27%)or moved a cloud-native application to on-premise(30%).Small-

16、scale container deployments tend to mimic virtual machine deployments 38%of respondents said that they were using containers similar to virtual machines(VMs),while another 38%said that using containers was easier for application migration than re-architecting.55%of containers are deployed on-premise

17、.56%of containers host monolithic applications rather than microservices.39%of respondents said that the main priority when adopting containers was developer productivity.Methodology and firmographics1,204 IT professionals,across all major industries and from nine countries across all major geograph

18、ic areas,took part in this research survey.Management Insight Technologies selected participants based on technology experience and knowledge,and all respondents had Linux experience(though only 484 were Red Hat Enterprise Linux customers)and some level of public cloud adoption.E-book Annual Linux m

19、arket report for Europe,Middle East,and Africa(EMEA)North AmericaRegionRespondent type42%40%40%20%25%25%8%9%Asia-Pacific(APAC)Latin America(LATAM)IT Implementer(ITI)e.g.,architect,IT operationsIT Decision Maker(ITDM)e.g.,CTO,CIO,directorDevelopersCompany sizeLinux OS status9%41%28%Upper mid-market:1

20、,000-4,999Small and medium business:500-999Large enterprise:5,000-9,99922%Very large enterprise:10,000+74%16%6%Deployed only for productionDeployed in production and DevTestDeployed only for DevTest3%Active pilot or evaluation1%Consider for futureSurvey respondent firmographicsE-book Annual Linux ma

21、rket report for Computer hardware,software,and servicesManufacturing and miningIndustryPublic cloud usageFinancial servicesRetail,wholesale,and distributionMixed25-49%CloudMajority in public cloud50-100%CloudHealthcareBusiness and professional servicesPublic sectorTelecommunications,ISP,and CSPIT Ma

22、nagerIT ExecutiveIT ProfessionalSoftware Development ExecutiveSoftware Development ProfessionalSoftware Development ManagerSystem ArchitectDevTest ProfessionalConsumer and personal servicesCloud-based servicesEntertainment,media,and advertisingOtherMajority in datacenter0-24%CloudJob role category18

23、%16%16%14%9%8%7%4%3%2%2%2%1%2%5%5%14%38%27%8%7%64%29%E-book Annual Linux market report for Selecting the right Linux distributionOrganizations have a lot of options and they like to evaluate a mix of enterprise and community distributions.There are a lot of different Linux distributions,and responde

24、nts consider a wide variety of options,but what they decide to use depends on the deployment environment and production stage.Red Hat Enterprise Linux(57%)and Ubuntu(52%)are clear leaders with the majority of respondents considering them,but there is a pattern of evaluating other distributions becau

25、se of the associated cloud service or the workloads which will run on it,such as Oracle Linux(26%)and Amazon Linux(20%).An average of 3.05 distributions have been considered by organizations.Ubuntu ServerRed Hat Enterprise LinuxDebianOracle Linux(OEL)CentOS57%52%29%26%22%22%20%20%17%14%6%5%4%4%3%3%A

26、mazon LinuxUbuntu CoreSLESFedoraOpenSUSERancher OSCentOS StreamClear LinuxN=1204Scientific LinuxPhotonAlpineFigure 1.Linux distributions that organizations have considered usingThe gap narrows once organizations choose what to deploy in their infrastructure.Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Ubuntu are th

27、e top choices(40%each).However,only an average of 2.03 distributions are deployed in infrastructures.This mirrored the respondents preference to standardize on a single OS to manage their cloud environments.It should be noted that these percentages show whether an organization has a Linux server of

28、that type in their infrastructure.It does not show the number of servers by deployment type.E-book Annual Linux market report for The choice of Linux distribution aligns tightly with usage,so there isnt one factor that dominates why respondents choose a distribution over another.The top selected fac

29、tors include security and reliability,both at 39%.Despite the emphasis we hear from IT leaders that skills gaps are one of their top concerns,only 22%of respondents considered their current team skills an important factor in their Linux selection.The least considered factor selected by only about a

30、sixth of respondents was technology innovation(not listed).Ubuntu ServerRed Hat Enterprise LinuxDebianOracle Linux(OEL)CentOS20%18%16%14%13%12%9%7%3%2%2%2%2%Amazon LinuxUbuntu CoreSLESFedoraOpenSUSERancher OSCentOS StreamClear LinuxScientific LinuxPhotonAlpine2%40%40%Figure 2.Linux distributions in

31、useE-book Annual Linux market report for The most important factors for a Linux choice vary depending on how it will be used.There is a slight shift in priority for organizations which are heavily using cloud environments(defined as deploying more than 50%of their Linux instances on the public cloud

32、).39%of those respondents rate“integrating with cloud services”as the most important factor for selecting a vendor,as opposed to only 27%overall,and there is a similar emphasis on containers(34%versus 27%).Likewise,ease of maintenance and scalability are both significantly more important:41%and 40%f

33、or organizations heavily using cloud environments versus 32%and 31%overall.Organizations that were heavily using cloud environments rated code stability and support as important significantly less often than the overall respondents.39%39%32%31%31%29%28%27%27%27%26%22%22%20%19%17%25%Extremely secureE

34、xtremely reliableEasy to manage and maintainExtremely scalableLow cost to acquire and operateLong-term stability/consistency of codeExcellent vendor service and supportSuitable for enterprise applicationsIntegrates well with cloud provider servicesBest Linux for containersBest OS for developmentEasy

35、 to acquire and deployLinux market leaderSupportable with current staffs skillsWide selection of certified applicationsBroad range of hardware/cloud optionsDelivers the latest Linux innovationN=1204Figure 3.Most important factors in selecting a Linux distribution E-book Annual Linux market report fo

36、r The relationship between stated attribute importance and provided preference was analyzed to deter-mine the statistical drivers of Linux preference.With the results of this statistical analysis,some attri-butes strongly lean towards preference,although they may not be top of the list in stated imp

37、ortance.Being a Linux market leader was the top statistical driver of preference for a Linux distribution,but respondents ranked it 13 out of 17 attributes in stated importance.This list includes top statistical drivers of preference in order of stated importance.Market leader Easy to manage and mai

38、ntain Suitable for enterprise applications(otherwise ranked 8 out of 17)Best OS for development(ranked 11 out of 17 attributes)Extremely secure and extremely reliable(tied)The factors that go into using a paid or enterprise Linux distribution differ from evaluating Linux.When there is a vendor relat

39、ionship,the top factors become the overall OS life cycle(42%),the availability of security patches(38%),and the quality of support(37%).35%34%31%31%30%29%29%27%26%25%24%23%22%21%21%19%19%18%17%17%16%24%Product reliability and securityEasy to manage and maintainCostVendor skills available in companyE

40、asy to acquire and deployLeading Linux distributionBest Linux for edge computingBest for containers and KubernetesProduct features and functionsOptimized for customizationDeveloper preferenceCompany standardOptimized for my workloadsWorks well on all cloud environments,datacenterManagement and autom

41、ation capabiltiesBroad range of hardware,cloud deployment optionsOptimized for my preferred cloud platformCompliance with industry and regulatory requirementsOperations preferenceCertified by my application providerOpen source community supportOpen source commercial supportN=1169Figure 4.Most import

42、ant factors for the most recent Linux decisionE-book Annual Linux market report for How Linux workloads are deployedThere are several key aspects to workloads running on Linux systems:the type of deployment environ-ment,the production stage of the environment,and the type of workload.All of those en

43、vironmental factors shape how organizations select a Linux distribution and how they maintain that system.The way that Linux workloads are deployed is shiftingslowly.Although the overall change is minor,respondents are expecting a small drop in their physical systems,from 35%to 29%of systems over th

44、e next two years.Container environments are expected to grow the fastest,rising from 16%of systems to 19%of systems.Linux workloads running on virtual machines remain the most common deployment type,increasing slightly to 42%.Security patch availabilityLong-term supported lifecycleOnline and live su

45、pportSecurity vulnerability identification and guidanceFlexible deployment footprints(cloud,container,virtual,physical)42%38%37%33%30%30%27%25%24%23%22%20%26%31%InnovationValue and Total Cost of Ownership(TCO)Access to all supported versions of the productCertified partner availability(cloud,softwar

46、e,hardware)Access to deployment and operational expertiseDifferent SLA tiers based on response time requirementsAccess to proactive analytics(security,performance,configuration)Access to source codeAccess and influence over product roadmapN=641Figure 5.Most important selection criteria for enterpris

47、e Linux distributionsE-book Annual Linux market report for The shift toward using a public cloud environment seems more pronounced when looking more closely at the most recent deployment and the next planned deployment.Physical systems,private cloud envi-ronments,and virtual machine deployments are

48、expected to drop by a cumulative 8%,while public cloud deployments are expected to increase to 33%(+5%)and container deployments to 14%(+3%).Run on a dedicated physical serverRun in a virtual machineRun in a containerRun as serverless(FaaS only)(On-premises or on cloud environment)10%19%42%29%In two

49、 years9%16%40%35%10%19%42%29%Run on a dedicated physical serverRun in a virtual machineRun in a container9%40%16%35%Run as serverless(FaaS only)(On-premises or on cloud environment)TodayN=1188N=1183FIgure 6.Current and expected allocation of Linux workload typesE-book Annual Linux market report for

50、The production stage is a strong influence on whether organizations choose Red Hat Enterprise Linux or community versions of Linux.There is a strong preference for Red Hat Enterprise Linux for most environments,including development and proof of concept environments.The outlier is testing environmen

51、ts,which lean heavily toward free versions of Linux.In an on-premise private cloud environmentDeployed in a public cloud environmentAs a container7%28%11%15%Run on a dedicated physical serverDeployed as avirtual machine21%18%In an edge deviceIn an on-premise private cloud environmentDeployed in a pu

52、blic cloud environmentAs a container6%33%14%12%Run on a dedicated physical serverDeployed as avirtual machine20%14%In an edge deviceLast new Linux deployed7%11%15%28%18%21%6%14%12%33%14%20%Future new Linux deploymentN=1174N=1086FIgure 7.Last and next Linux deployment,by typeE-book Annual Linux marke

53、t report for This seems to have more to do with the production stage of the workload,rather than directly with the environment,since the percentages of enterprise and community versions of Linux deployed in data-centers and public cloud are the same.75%21%78%19%60%37%36%62%65%34%Prefer Red Hat Enter

54、prise LinuxDevelopmentTestFirst productionproof of conceptProduction workloadsin the datacenterProduction workloadson the public cloudPrefer free LinuxDont knowN=484FIgure 8.Linux preference by life cycle stage(Select one per row)E-book Annual Linux market report for Respondents are expecting a mino

55、r change in what types of applications they are deploying or using within their infrastructures over the next two years.Right now,51%of applications are developed within the organization or developed by a contractor and only about 19%of applications are commercial,off-the-shelf-software.66%34%66%34%

56、Free66%34%PaidLinux workloads in datacenterLinux workloads in a public cloudFree66%34%PaidN=621N=614Figure 9.Percentages of enterprise and community Linux distributions in datacenters and public cloudE-book Annual Linux market report for Even with commercial software,organizations dont just use the

57、software as it is out-of-the-box.Re-spondents agreed that even commercial-off-the-shelf(COTS)software requires customization to be used in their infrastructures,with an average rating of 4.04 out of 5.19%19%13%16%32%19%18%15%16%30%SaaS(Software-as-a-Service)19%32%19%13%Community developed andmaintai

58、ned open-source16%COTS(commercial-off-the-shelf)Home-grown(in-house developed)SaaS(Software-as-a-Service)Contractor and consultant developed,custom foryour companyContractor and consultant developed,custom foryour companyCommunity developed andmaintained open-sourceCOTS(commercial-off-the-shelf)Home

59、-grown(in-house developed)Today19%30%18%15%16%In two yearsN=629N=628Figure 10.Breakdown of Linux workloads by type,current and projectedE-book Annual Linux market report for There was high agreement among the respondents that COTS requires customization,and a lot of or-ganizations prefer to develop

60、their own applications,either directly or through a contractor.The primary reasons relate to cost or because they have unique requirements not available in a COTS option(50%for both).Only 43%develop their own applications explicitly because it is a competitive advantage.1 Strongly disagree2 Disagree

61、3 Neither4 Agree5 Strongly agreeN=531Cost savings50%Unique application requirement50%Competitive differentiator and advantage43%Default application acquisition strategy29%N=803Figure 11.Rating for whether COTS requires customizationFigure 12.Reasons for developing software in-house or through a cont

62、ractorE-book Annual Linux market report for Enterprise Linux is generally the preferred OS for key business-critical applications,especially ones that benefit from a powerful performance or from standard protocols.The top workloads are high performance computing(45%),integration(45%),application per

63、formance(44%),and security analytics(44%).Application integration and middlewareDevelopment languages,platforms,and toolsAI/ML development tools and frameworksHigh performance computing(HPC)and technical computingStructured and unstructured database(s)Application performance managementInternet of th

64、ings(IoT)and edgeData and business analytics,including AI/MLSecurity infrastructure and analyticsIT automation provisioning and configuration managementEngineering applications(CAD,CAM,BIM)Content management and portalsIndustry specific applicationsEnterprise resource managementLinux with apaid subs

65、criptionFree LinuxMicrosoftUnix and legacyRun as SaaSSupply chain managementCustomer relationship managementFigure 13.Primary deployment OS by workloadRed Hat Enterprise Linux instances are stable,with administrators choosing to migrate rather than redeploy for upgrades.Overall,respondents prefer to

66、 upgrade systems rather than redeploy and this pattern holds true both for users,which were heavily using cloud environments and primarily in the datacenter.E-book Annual Linux market report for SecurityFeatures related to security are highly valued by customers.When asking Red Hat Enterprise Linux

67、customers,specifically,they rated security related features as the most critical benefits they get from their subscription,with three of the top 5 features related to security.Proactive analytics/identifying configuration,compliance,and security risks (Red Hat Insights)(54%)Identity management and A

68、ctive Directory integration(53%)Live kernel patching(50%)Use Red Hat upgrade tools on OS image in place65%Deploy a new OS image and reinstall applications32%Dont know2%N=484Figure 14.Approaches to updating a Red Hat Enterprise Linux instanceE-book Annual Linux market report for Looking more deeply a

69、t security features that are in use within infrastructures,over half of Red Hat Enterprise Linux customers(52%)are using their identity management application.Disk encryption is the second most used security technology(46%),while the other three features in the top 5 all relate to network and access

70、 security.31%Report bugs and request featuresSupport resources and knowledge baseIdentity management and active directory integrationIdentification/remediation of security/compliance/configuration risksLive kernel patchesSubscription portability betweencloud providers and physical systemsAccess to s

71、ource codeIn-place upgrade toolsUnlimited cloud instances(not offered)Access to all versions of the productApplication streamsTraining(not offered)Minimum 10-year supported lifecycleOpenSCAP scannerCriticalNice to haveNot neededDont knowSubscription watch i.e.,management toolsEngineering whiteboardi

72、ng(not offered)54%53%50%48%46%46%40%53%43%43%40%37%31%30%42%51%41%41%42%42%40%42%46%48%49%49%46%48%48%54%48%50%5%6%5%7%8%9%7%5%7%6%12%10%11%8%16%17%N=484FIgure 15.Ranking the most important Red Hat Enterprise Linux subscription featuresE-book Annual Linux market report for Those respondents who are

73、not using a particular security feature in Red Hat Enterprise Linux were asked if they addressed that security area with another tool,and the answer seems to be not really.No security area stood out for third-party tools.Disk encryptionIdentity and access managementHost-based firewallsTransport secu

74、rityHost based detection mechanism46%42%40%31%24%22%18%TPMSELinuxSCAP52%N=484Host based detection mechanismDisk encryptionIdentity and access managementSCAPHost-based firewalls24%24%22%21%20%18%17%16%SELinuxTPMTransport securityN=475Figure 16.Red Hat Enterprise Linux Security features in use by cust

75、omersFigure 17.Third-party security tools used by customersWhile organizations have to deal with a variety of security regulations,government-defined standards are more common than industry ones.Only a small percentage of respondents said that complying with regulations was the most important factor

76、 in their Linux deployment requirements.By far,those respondents have to manage compliance with government regulations over industry regulations.The two top compliance standards are Federal Information Processing Standards(FIPS)140-2(34%)and General Data Protection Regulation(GDPR)at 32%.By comparis

77、on,the next industry regulation was electronic protected health information(ePHI)at only 23%and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard(PCI-DSS)at 19%.On average,respondents had to comply with 2.59 government or industry regulations on their most recent Linux project.E-book Annual Linux market

78、report for Overall,while compliance is a necessary part of their Linux deployments,only one in six respondents said that regulatory compliance was a major factor in selecting a Linux distribution.GDPR(General Data Protection Regulation)FIPS 140-2(Federal Information Processing Standards)ISO27001(inf

79、ormation security management)Common criteria security profilesePHI(electronic protected health information)34%32%32%27%23%21%20%19%PCI-DSS(payment card industry)DISA STIG compliance(security technical implementation guides)CIS(center for internet security)benchmark18%16%15%HIPAA(Health Insurance Por

80、tability and Accountability Act)EU-US privacy shieldSOC 1/2(service orginization controls)N=19717%Selected compliance withindustry and regulatory requirements atop factor in Linux selection decisionFigure 18.Top industry or government security regulations to comply with for the last deploymentFigure

81、 19.Percentage of respondents who cited regulatory compliance as the most important factor in their most recent Linux decisionPublic cloudLinux distributions cross all types of environments.Respondents are using a consistent distribution of cloud and on-premise environments that are seen across the

82、industry.The top cloud providers are Amazon(used by 54%of respondents),Azure,and Oracle,with an average of 1.63 public clouds per organization.When breaking down the overall environments,Linux systems are deployed across on-premise and host-ed physical systems(51%combined),with another 21%deployed o

83、n-premise in a private cloud.Only 28%of Linux workloads for this study were deployed on a public cloud.E-book Annual Linux market report for A full 70%of respondents expect it will take at least one year to deploy over half of their workloads on a public cloud;only 9%already have over half of their

84、workloads on a public cloud.Microsoft AzureAmazon Web ServicesOracle CloudGoogle Cloud PlatformIBM Cloud39%20%17%15%9%5%4%Digital OceanVMware CloudAlibaba54%N=570Off-premise,cloudOn-premise,cloudOff-premise,traditional41%21%10%28%On-premise,traditionalOthers including,edge0%Linux instances41%10%28%2

85、1%40%10%28%21%Windows instances(e.g.,hosted)(e.g.,private cloud)(e.g.,public cloud)Off-premise,cloudOn-premise,cloudOff-premise,traditional40%21%10%28%On-premise,traditionalOthers including,edge1%(e.g.,hosted)(e.g.,private cloud)(e.g.,public cloud)N=1167N=1149Figure 20.Public cloud providers used fo

86、r Linux workloadsFigure 21.Linux systems by infrastructure environmentE-book Annual Linux market report for As part of selecting a Linux distribution for a project,developers are more influential than other roles(27%)in selecting a community Linux distribution.However,when deploying Linux in multipl

87、e cloud environments,developer preference was minimal(ranked 10 out of 12 factors).When there are multiple More than half currently deployed on public cloud9%Within the next year17%Between 1-3 years48%More than 3 years away22%Never,do not plan to deploy more than half on public cloud3%N=57025%23%20%

88、18%17%16%16%15%12%14%12%12%Cost optimizationAvailability of consistent security featuresCloud-specific capabilitiesAvailability of tools to monitor and remediate performance,availability,and security issuesConsistent Linux image availability acrossall major public cloud marketplacesConsistent identi

89、ty management across all Linux environments Consistent high availability framework across cloudsAvailability of tooling to create identical imagesAvailability of current staff skillsDeveloper preference(s)Consistent operating system pricingSupport/patching/updates from my Linux vendorN=568Figure 22.

90、Timeline to deploy 50%of Linux workloads on public cloudFigure 23.Factors that influence the Linux selection when deploying in multiple cloudsE-book Annual Linux market report for Moving to cloud environments shifts how respondents want to interact with software vendors and where they want to get th

91、eir software and tools.Respondents were almost evenly split between using the Linux vendor,cloud provider,third party,or in-house development for key software assets like security,management,containers,and support.On average,respondents are using over 1.5 different service providers for each area.19

92、%15%16%12%16%12%8%19%17%19%15%13%10%8%22%19%16%13%11%11%7%23%15%19%14%12%9%6%16%18%17%19%11%12%5%16%18%17%13%16%10%9%Linux OS and cloud providerTools fordeployingLinux on cloudMaintainingperformanceand availabilityInfrastructuremanagementTechnicalsupportContainermanagementMaintaininginfrastructurese

93、curityLinux OS onlyCloud provider onlyIn-house onlyLinux OS and in-houseCloud provider and in-houseLinux OS,in-house,and cloud providerOther combinationThe public cloud provider58%The Linux operating system56%In-house or internally provided41%A third party1%Average number of sources used*:1.58|N=570

94、Figure 24.Where organizations are obtaining tools and services for Linux administrationFigure 25.Where organizations obtain key services or tools(simplified)This is a less than ideal situation for most organizations.Respondents indicated that their preferred re-lationship would be to obtain Linux OS

95、 through their cloud provider and pay them for support,switching the relationship from the vendor directly to their cloud provider.E-book Annual Linux market report for Where workloads reside is surprisingly stable.By far,the majority of respondents(58%)have a hybrid cloud strategy,with active integ

96、ration and migration between physical and cloud environments.A quarter of respondents are using a multicloud strategy,and still expect some level of interoperability between environments.Only 13%of respondents(combined)have little or no interoperability between their cloud environments or hybrid clo

97、ud and on-premise environments.Not applicable or dont know62%36%2%Keep using the same Linux and pay the cloud provider for supportKeep using the same Linux and pay the Linux vendor for support62%36%N=57058%We use a combination of on-premises and cloud environments with workloads and data migrating b

98、etween them13%We use multiple cloud environments with workloads and data migrating between them12%We use multiple cloud environments to serve the needs of individual business objectives9%We have a combination of on-premises and cloud environments with little to no interoperability4%4%We have multipl

99、e cloud environments withlittle to no interoperabilityWe use primarily on-premises environments with little to no cloud0%None,we do not have a cloud computing strategy and deploy on case-by-case basisN=570Figure 26.Preferred way to purchase support for cloud-based Linux deploymentsFigure 27.Current

100、cloud strategyInteroperability and portability are critical considerations for cloud environments because organizations are frequently moving workloads,most frequently from a datacenter to a cloud environment(58%),but also moving between multiple cloud environments(31%).Only 2%of respondents had nei

101、ther moved a workload between environments nor deployed a new workload.E-book Annual Linux market report for Overall,organizations expect to have similar patterns for migrations and new deployments,with three exceptions:a significant in new cloud deployments(from 40%to 48%)and significant decreases

102、in migrating cloud-native workloads into a datacenter(from 30%to 23%)and repatriating workloads(from 27%to 21%).Move workload from datacenter to public cloud58%Deploy net new for the public cloud40%Deploy across hybrid deployment38%Move from one public cloud to another31%Move workload originating in

103、 public cloud to datacenter30%Repatriate workload from public cloud back to datacenter27%None2%N=570Figure 28.Actions taken in the past 12 monthsE-book Annual Linux market report for Although workloads are frequently moving between environments and new workloads are being de-ployed,the overall allot

104、ment of workloads between datacenters and cloud environments stays consis-tent across workload life cycle stages.The only slight difference is production environments,where 6%of workloads are using edge computing,while neither development nor testing environments have edge components.Move workload f

105、rom datacenter to public cloud60%Deploy net new for the public cloud48%Deploy across hybrid deployment40%Move from one public cloud to another29%Move workload originating in public cloud to datacenter23%Repatriate workload from public cloud back to datacenter21%None2%N=570Figure 29.Actions expected

106、in two yearsE-book Annual Linux market report for The top benefits that organizations expect to see when deploying Linux in a cloud environment are increased scalability and ease of deployment,tied at 36%.Rounding out the top five benefits are im-proved performance,security,and cost.Interestingly,co

107、st savings is only the fifth most important ben-efit for using cloud generally,but cost optimization is the primary factor in selecting a Linux distribution for multicloud deployments.49%51%51%49%45%49%6%On the network edgeDevelopment of Linux workloadsTesting of Linux workloadsDevelopment of produc

108、tion Linux workloadsOn a public cloud environmentOn-premiseN=562N=563N=563Figure 30.Linux workloads by production life cycle stageE-book Annual Linux market report for The most common action that organizations have taken within the last 12 months or expect to take over the next two years is to migra

109、te existing on-premise applications into a cloud environment.Most of those migrations are strategic choices as part of their cloud infrastructure strategy or their application strategy.Fewer respondents migrated from one OS to another as part of moving to a cloud environ-ment;the biggest subset was

110、moving from Windows on-premise to Linux in a cloud environment at 27%.36%36%35%ScalabilityEase of deploymentImproved performance34%33%31%28%27%24%24%23%23%22%22%21%20%23%Improved securityCost savingsImproved speed-to-marketImproved availability and reliabilityEase of access for customers,mobile and

111、remote employees,or othersDeveloper satisfactionLinux lighter-weight than other OSs in public cloud and requires less resourcesLeverage new development practices(e.g.,DevOps,agile,microservices)Containerization and container mobilityIncrease ability to customize and address specific use casesAccess

112、to cloud vendor servicesAvoid new infrastructure refresh cyclesPromotes re-architecture of workloadsDecrease dependency on internal staffN=570Figure 31.Primary benefits expected when deploying Linux on a public cloudE-book Annual Linux market report for Consistency is the central principle for cloud

113、 portability.Because workloads are constantly moving between environments in our respondents infrastructures,part of managing applications is trying to define a consistent approach to portability.Interestingly,respondents had slightly different approaches overall depending on whether the migration w

114、as from on-premise to a cloud environment or between multiple cloud environments.For both types of migrations,the number one preferred strategy is using a consistent OS,with some nuances in their approaches to each environment.Standardizing on an OS is the preferred approach to migrate workloads by

115、40%of respondents,the top option.However,respondents also are willing to refactor an existing application or use extensive deploy-ment pipelines for on-premises-to-cloud migrations.Only 17%of respondents avoid using cloud-specif-ic tools to maintain portability.Part of our cloud strategy44%Support c

116、loud native app development38%Support container use36%Migrate to Linux from Windows27%Support the OpenStack use19%Migrate to Linux from other non-Linux OS17%Migrate to Linux from UNIX10%N=331Figure 32.Reasons for most recent on-premise to cloud migrationE-book Annual Linux market report for However,

117、for cloud-to-cloud migrations,standardizing on an OS was preferred by a clear majority of respondents(52%).Another 43%were committed to maintaining consistent container images across cloud environments.As with on-premise migrations,a significant percentage(41%)were willing to use container managemen

118、t services for deploying workloads,but only 17%would avoid cloud provider-spe-cific tools to maintain portability.40%27%21%21%20%19%17%17%12%Standardize on the Linux OS(i.e.,Red Hat Enterprise Linux,Ubuntu)Use public cloud providers on-premises offering(i.e.,Anthos,AWS Outposts,Azure Stack)Use a clo

119、ud agnostic provisioning tool(i.e.,Terraforms,vRA)Use a vendor supported Kubernetes platform that works across clouds(i.e.,OpenShift)Use life cycle automation software(i.e.,Puppet Enterprise,Red Hat Ansible)Use a cloud providers managed and supported Kubernetes service(i.e.,EKS,GKE)Avoid use of clou

120、d-specificservices when possibleUse VMware on public cloud providers(i.e.,VMware on AWS,Azure,GCP,and IBM Cloud)Use only self-managed andself-supported KubernetesN=570FIgure 33.Actions to make datacenter to cloud migrations easierE-book Annual Linux market report for Containers The top container goa

121、l is for developer productivitybut the goals reflect a similar adoption pattern as cloud.The top reason that organizations are adopting containers is to modernize the developer process(39%),but a close second is application portability(37%).Application portability is a similar priority with cloud ad

122、option,since workload migrations from the datacenter to a cloud environment are the most common.Interestingly,portability is much more important to IT executives than it is to developers.Maintain a consistent operating system across clouds52%Maintain consistent container images across clouds43%Stand

123、ardize on one container management service41%Avoid use of cloud-specific services when possible17%Do not use infrastructure providers Kubernetes(e.g.,EKS)9%None,do not take actions specific to achieving portability3%N=570Figure 34.Actions to make cloud-to-cloud migrations easierContainerize applicat

124、ions for better portabilityModernize developer processAbility to attract and retain IT staffReduce time to market for new application deploymentReduce cost for new application development and deployment39%37%32%31%30%Essential requirement of cloud migration28%22%21%20%Replace virtualizationRefactor

125、traditional applications for cloud scaleCreate new web-scale applicationsN=547Figure 35.Top goals for adopting containersE-book Annual Linux market report for Much like cloud adoption,standardization is the preferred way to manage the container environment,although unlike with a cloud environment,th

126、at standardization is on a container management system rather than the container image.Standardized on Linux providers container management(e.g.,OpenShift)26%Standardized on infrastructure software providers container management(e.g.,EKS,GKE,Tanzu)24%Dedicated or specialized Kubernetes provider19%De

127、velopers driving container and container management decisions18%Manage containers via OS tools(e.g.,Podman)7%Just getting started with containers,no strategy at this time6%None,we do not have a Linux container management strategy0%N=547Figure 36.Strategy for managing containersThe approach to contai

128、ner management is segmented,and perceptions of how organizations should manage containers are skewed.Over half,54%,of respondents are using a Kubernetes-based platform to manage containers(either from a container vendor or from a service provider),but an overwhelming majority(71%)say that Kubernetes

129、 is a requirement for deploying containers.E-book Annual Linux market report for Open source and community KubernetesRed Hat OpenShiftNAEMEAAPACLATAM25%39%39%32%10%22%30%9%8%13%15%6%7%13%7%13%5%6%8%31%1%1%5%2%48%15%14%36%17%19%16%22%19%26%18%26%21%20%21%23%12%7%12%19%4%3%8%10%3%2%4%8%1%0%0%2%Vendor

130、Kubernetes productRegion31%17%10%9%VMware TanzuRancherPivotal Container Service(PKS)9%12%2%HeptioAmazon Elastic Container Service(ECS)Docker EnterpriseNon-Kubernetes management33%Azure Kubernetes Service(AKS)Cloud vendor Kubernetes service21%18%21%12%Amazon Elastic Container Servicefor Kubernetes(EK

131、S)Google Kubernetes Engine(GKE)Container management tool built into OSBuilt-in tool3%5%1%PodmanNone of the above,we self-manageN=547N=259N=119N=116N=53Figure 37.Tools to manage Linux containers71%Yes29%No0%Dont know71%29%N=547Figure 38.Is Kuberetes a requirement for deploying containersE-book Annual

132、 Linux market report for Despite the popular association of containers with microservices,the majority of workloads running on containers are architected as monoliths.This is true both for existing container applications(56%)and for upcoming applications that will be developed on containers(52%).44%

133、Architected as multicontainer microservices56%Traditional and legacy applications packaged,run on container48%Architected as multicontainer microservices52%Traditional and legacy applications packaged,run on containerExisting containerized Linux workloads44%56%48%52%New containerized Linux workloads

134、N=536N=538Figure 39.Architecture of applications running on containersExisting applications are commonly converted to containers(simply moved as a monolithic application),and this is a trend that the majority of respondents see continuing for over a year or more.E-book Annual Linux market report for

135、 A major appeal of using containers is simplicity.When organizations create or migrate applications in a single container,major reasons are performance and simplicity.Simplicity could mean the architecture itself(38%),an alternative to virtualization(38%),or application performance(43%).Other consid

136、erations like speed,availability,and cost ranked lower.For less than 6 months4%Between 6-12 months18%Between 1-2 years50%Between 2-3 years20%For 3 years or more6%Dont know1%N=539Figure 40.Expected timelines to port applications to containersSimplicity(easier to package vs.re-architect)PerformanceA g

137、ood alternative to virtualizationTime to marketPredictable availabilty43%38%38%33%32%27%27%25%Application is traditional/monolithicComplex orchestration not requiredLower cost alternatives to virtualization15%Microservices not neededN=539Figure 41.Reasons for using a single container architectureE-b

138、ook Annual Linux market report for Using containers doesnt necessarily mean moving to a cloud environment and moving to a cloud environment doesnt necessarily mean using containers.As with monolithic versus microservices architectures,there is an even divide between containers host-ed in a datacente

139、r or in a cloud environmentwith a slight edge to datacenters(55%).55%Data center(including colos or hosted)45%On public cloud55%45%N=54453%Yes47%No0%Dont knowApplication containerization prerequisite for moving to cloud(select one)53%47%N=547Figure 42.Environments where containers are deployedFigure

140、 43.Is containerization required for public cloud environments?That ratio is reversed when asking whether containerization is required for cloud environments,with 53%of respondents saying that they are required.The overwhelming majority of cloud applications are currently deployed in virtual machine

141、s(60%),a number which is not expected to move much in the next two years(58%).Copyright 2022 Red Hat,Inc.Red Hat,the Red Hat logo,and Ansible are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat,Inc.or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.Linux is the registered trademark of Linus

142、 Torvalds in the U.S.and other countries.The OpenStack word mark and the Square O Design,together or apart,are trademarks or registered trademarks of OpenStack Foundation in the United States and other countries,and are used with the OpenStack Foundations permission.About Red Hat Red Hat is the worl

143、ds leading provider of enterprise open source software solutions,using a community-powered approach to deliver reliable and high-performing Linux,hybrid cloud,container,and Kubernetes technologies.Red Hat helps customers develop cloud-native applications,integrate existing and new IT applications,an

144、d automate and manage complex environments.A trusted adviser to the Fortune 500,Red Hat provides award-winning support,training,and consulting services that bring the benefits of open innovation to any industry.Red Hat is a connective hub in a global network of enterprises,partners,and communities,h

145、elping organizations grow,transform,and prepare for the digital future.North America 1 888 REDHAT1 Europe,Middle East,and Africa00800 7334 2835 Latin America+54 11 4329 7300 info-Asia Pacific+65 6490 4200 RedHat Annual Linux market report for #F31489_122239%Run in containers60%Run on a virtual machine instanceToday39%60%42%58%In two yearsN=526N=52842%Run in containers1%Other0%Other58%Run on a virtual machine instanceFigure 44.How Linux workloads are deployed in public cloud environments