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9、stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum. ISBN-13: 978-2-940631-01-8 Contents Preface v by Anil Menon and Christoph Wolff Executive Summary vii About the Trav

10、el however, it was the average growth in the economies of Western Africa that generated the most subregional improvement. About the Travel the relative cost of hotel accommodation; the cost of living, proxied by purchasing power parity; and fuel price costs, which directly influence the cost of trav

11、el. Explore additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcrxi The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 9. Environmental Sustainability (10 indicators): The importance of the natural environment for providing an attractive location for tourism cannot be overstated, so po

12、licies and factors enhancing environmental sustainability are an important competitive advantage in ensuring a countrys future attractiveness as a destination. This pillar consists of policy indicators such as the stringency and enforcement of the governments environmental regulations and variables

13、assessing the status of water, forest resources and marine life, proxied by fish stock status. Given the environmental impacts of tourism itself, we also take into account the extent to which the T and the estimated loss associated with the H1N1 outbreak for the Mexican tourism industry was $5 billi

14、on. Similarly, between 2002 and 2004, as a result of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Hong Kong saw a 41% reduction in tourism GDP, Singapore 43% and China a 25% reduction as well as a loss of 2.8 million jobs. The World Economic Forum convenes experts from international health organization

15、s and travel and tourism business leaders to mitigate the impact of outbreaks on the industry and subsequently on national GDPs through its Epidemics Readiness Accelerator (ERA). Together, efforts are underway to improve decision-making, coordination and communications within and between both the pu

16、blic and private sectors, relating to risk, travel advisories and border measures. Box 2: Protecting the Ocean Ecosystem: A Case for Public-Private Collaboration Only 7% of the ocean is protected through Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). However, this figure varies based on the criteria used. Further,

17、many MPAs are either only legally designated, poorly managed and enforced, or represent standalone efforts with little integration between them. Yet these national parks in the sea should be seen as part of an economys infrastructure, helping to ensure a sustainable tourism industry and a supply of

18、food from the sea. Addressing this, and increasing levels of protection, is key to restoring ocean ecosystems while generating and safeguarding the businesses, communities, jobs and livelihoods that rely on healthy seas. The Friends of Ocean Action brings together leaders from government, business,

19、civil society, international organizations, science and technology to fast-track solutions to the most pressing challenges facing the ocean. One way to advance the health of ocean ecosystems is to promote the achievement of ambitious marine protection targets by driving concerted, public-private coo

20、peration across geographies and sectors on the establishment of MPAs. The Friends of Ocean Actions efforts include: engaging in key relevant policy fora to support the international community in increasing global MPA coverage; partnering with key stakeholders to set-up and champion a game- changing

21、new MPA platform and building a business case for MPAs that will mobilize a strong coalition of world business champions ready to contribute to reaching a new 30% MPA target by 2030. healthcare, hygiene, safety and security conditions can also prove detrimental to generating T suggested by the corre

22、lation between T however, reduced international openness could potentially dampen the impact. Critical checkpoints for the industry Despite improvements across region, subregion and income level, a number of challenges remain for the T five of the six countries that outperform the global average are

23、 located in this subregion. Nevertheless, this advantage has deteriorated and does not translate to a competitive lead in global terms. Similarly, despite improvement, poor environmental sustainability remains a challenge that threatens the subregions natural assets. Just over half of North and Cent

24、ral Americas member nations improved their competitiveness since the last edition of the report. The United States is the both the highest ranking (5th) and largest T paved road density and ground transport efficiency (3rd). Tourist Service Infrastructure Top scorer: Australia Most improved: Korea,

25、Rep. Australia ranks 9th globally thanks to good hotel density, high ATM density (6th) and positive perception of its tourism infrastructure quality (16th). Natural Resources Top scorer: Australia Most improved: Mongolia Australia ranks 3rd globally thanks to numerous natural sites (2nd), extensive

26、wildlife (22nd), total protected areas (13th) and strong digital demand for its natural assets (14th). Cultural Resources and Business Travel Top scorer: China Most improved: India China ranks 1st thanks to its numerous stadiums (2nd), cultural and entertainment digital demand (1st) and impressive U

27、NESCO-recognized heritage (3rd). Regional average 4.8 Difference from global avg. of 4.5 6.9% Regional average 5.4 Difference from global avg. of 5.3 2.2% Regional average 5.3 Difference from global avg. of 5.1 4.2% Regional average 4.8 Difference from global avg. of 4.5 6.4% Regional average 4.8 Di

28、fference from global avg. of 4.6 5.8% Regional average 4.9 Difference from global avg. of 4.6 6.4% Regional average 3.7 Difference from global avg. of 3.3 11.3% Regional average 5.6 Difference from global avg. of 5.3 4.4% Regional average 4.0 Difference from global avg. of 4.3 7.8% Regional average

29、3.8 Difference from global avg. of 3.1 21.1% Regional average 3.9 Difference from global avg. of 3.5 11.1% Regional average 4.0 Difference from global avg. of 4.0 1.9% Regional average 3.6 Difference from global avg. of 3.1 14.3% Regional average 2.9 Difference from global avg. of 2.2 29.4% Explore

30、additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcr27 The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 DIFFERENCE FROM 2017SCORE DIFF. FROM BENCHMARK AVG. Global RankEconomyScoreRankScore Growth (%)Regional (%)Global (%) 4Japan5.40.02.129.139.6 7Australia5.10.00.823.633.6 13China4.

31、92.03.217.226.7 14Hong Kong SAR4.83.01.115.725.1 16Korea, Rep.4.83.04.714.924.3 17Singapore4.84.02.014.423.7 18New Zealand4.72.01.414.123.4 29Malaysia4.53.00.48.517.3 31Thailand4.53.02.68.116.9 34India4.46.05.76.314.9 37Taiwan, China4.37.03.04.112.6 40Indonesia4.32.02.82.611.0 63Viet Nam3.94.03.45.9

32、1.7 72Brunei Darussalam3.8n/an/a9.11.7 75Philippines3.85.04.29.82.5 77Sri Lanka3.713.02.310.43.2 93Mongolia3.59.04.816.69.8 97Lao PDR3.43.00.417.911.2 98Cambodia3.43.02.418.411.8 102Nepal3.32.02.319.513.0 120Bangladesh3.15.07.325.519.4 121Pakistan3.13.07.125.619.5 Source: World Economic Forum, 2019.

33、 Asia-Pacific TTCI 2019 Rankings Explore additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcr28 The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 Asia-Pacific TTCI 2019 Scores ENABLING ENVIRONMENTT it has Eastern Asia-Pacifics strongest rate of growth for health and hygiene (50th to

34、38th), T paved road density and ground transport efficiency (8th). Tourist Service Infrastructure Top scorer: Portugal Most improved: Georgia Portugal ranks 1st globally thanks to exceptional hotel density, high ATM density (4th) and high-quality tourism infrastructure (5th). Natural Resources Top s

35、corer: France Most improved: Albania France ranks 6th globally thanks to numerous natural heritage sites (13th), total protected areas (9th) and digital demand for natural assets (10th). Cultural Resources and Business Travel Top scorer: France Most improved: Russian Federation France ranks 2nd glob

36、ally thanks to cultural digital demand (3rd), numerous international meetings (5th) and many cultural sites (4th) and listings (5th). Regional average 4.7 Difference from global avg. of 4.5 4.8% Regional average 5.8 Difference from global avg. of 5.3 8.4% Regional average 6.2 Difference from global

37、avg. of 5.1 23.3% Regional average 5.0 Difference from global avg. of 4.5 9.5% Regional average 5.4 Difference from global avg. of 4.6 19.2% Regional average 4.9 Difference from global avg. of 4.6 6.5% Regional average 3.7 Difference from global avg. of 3.3 12.6% Regional average 5.1 Difference from

38、 global avg. of 5.3 3.6% Regional average 4.7 Difference from global avg. of 4.3 8.6% Regional average 3.6 Difference from global avg. of 3.1 15.7% Regional average 4.1 Difference from global avg. of 3.5 18.0% Regional average 4.9 Difference from global avg. of 4.0 22.1% Regional average 3.1 Differe

39、nce from global avg. of 3.1 1.5% Regional average 2.6 Difference from global avg. of 2.2 18.4% Explore additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcr35 The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 DIFFERENCE FROM 2017SCORE DIFF. FROM BENCHMARK AVG. Global RankEconomyScoreR

40、ankScore Growth (%)Regional (%)Global (%) 1Spain5.40.00.327.341.4 2France5.40.01.526.540.4 3Germany5.40.02.026.140.0 6United Kingdom5.21.00.221.534.9 8Italy5.10.01.919.032.2 10Switzerland5.00.01.517.430.4 11Austria5.01.02.015.928.8 12Portugal4.92.03.214.527.2 15Netherlands4.83.03.212.124.5 20Norway4

41、.63.01.47.519.4 21Denmark4.610.03.47.219.1 22Sweden4.62.00.26.818.6 23Luxembourg4.65.01.46.618.4 24Belgium4.53.00.16.418.2 25Greece4.50.00.96.418.1 26Ireland4.53.00.36.218.0 27Croatia4.55.02.45.917.6 28Finland4.55.02.75.717.4 30Iceland4.56.00.45.317.0 35Malta4.41.01.92.013.3 36Slovenia4.35.03.91.713

42、.0 38Czech Republic4.31.02.51.312.5 39Russian Federation4.34.04.01.012.2 42Poland4.24.03.11.010.0 43Turkey4.21.02.01.29.8 44Cyprus4.24.03.61.39.6 45Bulgaria4.20.01.81.49.5 46Estonia4.29.00.71.89.1 48Hungary4.22.03.41.99.0 53Latvia4.01.01.85.45.0 56Romania4.012.05.76.63.7 59Lithuania4.03.01.57.03.3 6

43、0Slovak Republic4.02.02.07.03.3 67Montenegro3.95.05.68.91.1 68Georgia3.92.04.79.30.7 71Azerbaijan3.80.02.711.11.3 78Ukraine3.710.06.512.93.2 79Armenia3.75.05.213.23.6 80Kazakhstan3.72.02.214.14.6 83Serbia3.612.07.215.15.7 86Albania3.612.06.916.16.8 101North Macedonia3.412.03.821.412.7 103Moldova3.31

44、4.06.423.014.5 104Tajikistan3.32.02.423.114.6 105Bosnia and Herzegovina3.38.05.223.214.7 110Kyrgyz Republic3.25.04.124.416.0 Source: World Economic Forum, 2019. Europe and Eurasia TTCI 2019 Rankings Explore additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcr36 The Travel and Tourism

45、Competitiveness Report 2019 Europe and Eurasia TTCI 2019 Scores ENABLING ENVIRONMENTT it outscores the global average score on nearly all pillars and includes six of the top 10 scorers on the TTCI. By leveraging its superior competitiveness, the region is able to maintain the largest T and revised f

46、igures resulted in enhanced environmental sustainability (9th to 6th) and natural resources (119th to 80th). The United Kingdom was the only country in Western Europe to decline in competitiveness (5th to 6th), due to falling digital demand, which also led to significant drops in scores on natural (

47、16th to 21st) and cultural (7th) resources. The Czech Republic (38th) remains the least- competitive T Balkan and Eastern European countries are diverting more resource to the industry, making travel more convenient and less expensive. In part thanks to these trends, subregional arrivals picked upas

48、 more airlines are now offering flightsthereby expanding route capacity. Its no surprise, then, that the subregion had the strongest growth on air transport infrastructure in Europe. However, the subregion still underperforms the global average on six pillars and the European average on all but pric

49、e competitiveness, indicating a need for continued improvements. In particular, subregional Explore additional features of the report at http:/reports.weforum.org/ttcr39 The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 players need to speed up their improvements on aspects related to enabling environment and ground infrastructure. All but one country in the Balkans and Eastern Europe improved its T in particular, its online branding strategy (133rd) should be given more attention. Serbia also needs to continue reducing travel barriers by enter