1、 Study|May 2022 Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System:Opportunities for Shaping Production and Consumption A study commissioned by Huawei Technologies Deutschland GmbH Lena Hennes Melanie Speck Christa Liedtke Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 2|Wuppertal Institut Publisher:Wuppert

2、al Institute for Climate,Environment and Energy Dppersberg 19 42103 Wuppertal www.wupperinst.org Authors:Lena Hennes E-Mail:lena.henneswupperinst.org Prof.Dr.Melanie Speck Prof.Dr.Christa Liedtke The authors would like to thank Dr.Ren Arnold(Huawei)und Dr.Stephan Ramesohl for the valuable comments a

3、nd suggestion,Christoph Tochtrop for the contribution“Food Hub im Quartier”,as well as Lea Epke and Jana Duisberg for their cooperation on the report and research work.This study is a result of the“Shaping the Digital Transformation Digital solution systems for the sustainability transition”project

4、commissioned by Huawei Technologies Deutschland GmbH Hansaallee 205 40549 Dsseldorf The authors of this publication are solely responsible for its content.Please quote the report as follows:Hennes,L.,Speck,M.&Liedtke,C.(2022).Digitalisation for A Sustainable Food System:study within the project“Shap

5、ing the Digital Transformation”.Wuppertal.This work is licensed under the“Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International”(CC BY 4.0).The license text is available under https:/creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Executive Summary Wuppertal Institut|3 Executive Summary Agricultural and food systems a

6、re currently facing comprehensive challenges:Avoidable and negative ecological consequences are apparent throughout the entire value chain of food pro-duction,from inputs,cultivation,and product processing and refining,to marketing and con-sumption.Diets have a significant influence on individual he

7、alth,and an increasingly unbal-anced dietary culture is leading to more diet-related diseases.In addition,as supply chains become more complex and globalized,there is an increasing risk of social problems arising.Responsibility for and control of the transformation of food systems cannot be solely a

8、ssociated with either production or consumption.Instead,it requires techno-economic as well as socio-cultural change throughout the system.This is a task for society to undertake as a whole,in-volving all actors from farm to fork,namely those in agriculture,food processing,trade,and out-of-home cate

9、ring,as well as private consumers and politics.Digitalisation can support the transformation and changes on three levels:Improve-Convert-Transform.These form the framework of our project Shaping Digital Transformation-Dig-ital solution systems for the sustainability transition,as an integrated appro

10、ach.Concrete starting points for digitalisation to achieve sustainability goals in the food sector are as follows:Improve Optimise resource use and minimise environmental impacts through digitalisa-tion:Smart farming technologies,such as precision farming,can combat the adverse environ-mental impact

11、s of agriculture by reducing the use of fertilisers and pesticides and optimising yields.Support consumers through digital tools and assistance systems:The utilization of digital tools,like apps,can ensure consumers are given exactly the information they need at the right time in order to simplify s

12、ustainable purchasing decisions.Recognise the risks of digitalisation and prevent undesirable developments:Digi-talisation should not be an end in itself and its use should always be critically questioned in order to avoid rebound effects or undesirable side effects(e.g.one-sided structural change).

13、Convert Consistently include sustainability indicators along the value chain,from farm to fork:Collecting data throughout the entire supply chain,ensuring it is consistently stored and used is the basis for sound sustainability assessments and can enable all actors to operate with certainty.Networki

14、ng of production and consumption processes within the value chain:The horizontal and vertical networking of companies through shared data spaces and platforms opens the way to optimising production processes,developing new business models,and intro-ducing niche innovations into the mainstream.Transf

15、orm Framework conditions for new product and consumption systems:Digitisation can be a supporting tool for the two core tasks of the transformation-the restructuring of the econ-omy and the creation of value,and the socio-ecological reorientation of society.However,a systemic transformation is also

16、necessary,which must be accompanied by technological,Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 4|Wuppertal Institut economic,cultural,and institutional framework.This framework must cover a reorientation of agricultural subsidies,and thus a shift in production incentives for agriculture,as well a

17、s the creation of food environments that enable consumers to change their diets.Create conditions for the effective digitalisation of the food system:Successfully re-alising the potential of digitalisation will require the support of incentive systems,regulations,and framework conditions.This includ

18、es necessary technical infrastructure,the standardisa-tion of data and interfaces,assistance for companies,especially smaller ones,with high invest-ments to help avoid one-sided structural change,the integration of digitisation within educa-tion and training,and regulations for data protection,sover

19、eignty,and security.The positive effects of digitalisation are already evident to some extent in production and con-sumption at the Improve level.Effective scaling is needed here,for example,to realize the ni-trogen efficiency of fertilization in the agricultural sector.New business models at the Co

20、nvert level are already part of some approaches,and must now be expanded from niche markets to the mainstream.Legal regulations must make certain framework conditions,such as the inclu-sion of sustainability indicators,mandatory.A comprehensive techno-economic and social transformation must create n

21、ecessary institu-tional,social,and political framework conditions.Digital opportunities must be embedded in an analogue context,meaning that agricultural,environmental,food,consumer,and health policies must create the environment within which digitalisation can take effect.Contents Wuppertal Institu

22、t|5 Contents List of abbreviations 6 Acknowledgements 7 1 Introduction 8 2 Starting position and challenges 10 3 Vision 11 4 Improve Optimize production processes,support consumers 14 4.1 Optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact 14 4.2 Supporting consumer decision-making with digi

23、tal tools and assistance systems 15 4.3 The risks of digitalisation and other undesirable developments 15 5 Convert New Business Models and Framework Conditions 17 5.1 Implementing sustainability indicators from field to plate 17 5.2 Networking production and consumption processes 18 6 Transform Ena

24、ble a Comprehensive Nutrition Transition 19 6.1 Framework conditions for new production and consumption systems 19 6.2 Creating conditions for effective digitalisation in the food system 21 7 Conclusion 24 8 Bibliography 25 Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 6|Wuppertal Institut List of ab

25、breviations API Application Programming Interface CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent CAP European Common Agricultural Policy DGE German Nutrition Society e.V.GPS Global Positioning System IT Information Technology VAT Value added tax 5G Fifth Generation of mobile communications Acknowledgements Wupperta

26、l Institut|7 Acknowledgements The authors would like to extend their thanks to all those who participated in the Digi-talisation for a more sustainable food system:Potentials for shaping production and con-sumption workshop.Their thoughts and inputs were invaluable to this report.Partici-pants:Alina

27、 Elsen(best4bps),Martin Hirt(Landwirtschaftskammer sterreich),Daniela Kirsch(Rebional GmbH),Oliver Kohl(Rebional GmbH),Birgit Metz(best4bps),Prof.Dr.Jrn Lamla(Universitt Kassel),Mirko Lampe(Verband der Digitalwirtschaft Berlin&Brandenburg),Karl Heinz Land,PhD Gerlind Oberbach(best4bps),PhD Peter Pas

28、cher(Deutscher Bauernverband),Bettina Re(Universitt Kassel),Andreas Schweikert(Bitcom)und PhD Ren Arnold(Huawei).From the Wuppertal Institute:Prof.PhD.Christa Liedtke,Prof.PhD.Melanie Speck,Lena Hennes,Lea Epke und Jana Duisberg(Department of Sustainable Production and Consumption,Research Area Prod

29、uct and Consumption Systems).The authors of this publication are solely responsible for its content.Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 8|Wuppertal Institut 1 Introduction In 2021,greenhouse gas emissions in Germany saw an increase of 4.5 percent,following a significant decrease in 2020 as

30、a result of the COVID-19 pandemic(UBA,2022).Achieving the German governments climate protection goals by 2030 will require more ambition and an increased willingness to realize ecological sustainability.Digitalisation can be a prerequisite for achieving ecological sustainability.Digital technol-ogie

31、s and applications make it possible to both improve current procedures,processes and structures(Improve)and reorient existing business models and framework conditions(Convert).Digitalisation must also be effectively applied to shift society towards more ecologically-sustainable lifestyles and contri

32、bute to further-reaching transformation of the economy and value creation(Transform)(Figure 1).The Transform level will be decisive for the success of the social-ecological transition,and should therefore be the focus of fu-ture debate.In addition,these three levels are closely interlinked and heavi

33、ly influence each other,and must be holistically addressed together.Figure 1:Impact levels of digitalisation for sustainability transformation(Source:Own illustra-tion from(Ramesohl et al.,2021).This is where Huawei Technologies Germany believes that the Shaping Digitalisation:En-abling Transformati

34、on to Sustainability project can have the biggest impact.Through this project,we aim to highlight and discuss the opportunities that digitalisation can bring to Germany.We will focus on three particular stand-out areas where action is most needed in order to achieve ecological transformation:mobilit

35、y,the circular economy,and agricul-ture and food(Ramesohl et al.,2021).This report addresses the action field of a sustainable food system,while considering the various challenges involved in the related transition.Within this action field,there is a need to address ecological,social,and individual

36、health challenges.This will require not only the transformation of the agricultural sector,but also a change in the diets and lifestyles of consumers(Grethe et al.2021).To overcome these challenges,every actor along the value chain has a responsibility to contribute to the transformation Introductio

37、n Wuppertal Institut|9 of the food system,with neither the production or consumption side holding the majority of the power(ZKL,2021).Achieving a fair,resource-efficient,and climate-neutral food system that provides healthy nutrition for all is a systemic task that must be undertaken by all of socie

38、ty(Grethe et al.,2021;ZKL,2021;WBAE,2020).Using,scaling,and further developing digital technolog-ical innovations offers ways to solve related challenges by optimising existing processes and achieving higher efficiency,supporting consumers through more sustainable con-sumption,and promoting new desi

39、gn of new product and consumption systems.For this purpose,chapter 2 first characterizes the initial situation of our current food system.Chap-ter 3 presents how the above challenges can be addressed.Subsequently,Chapters 4,5 and 6 outline the opportunities that digitalisation can offer.This report

40、does not claim to be exhaustive in terms of the opportunities,challenges,and risks of digitalisation that it presents and does not provide any sort of systemic solution.Rather,various selected impulses and new approaches for a nutritional transition will be presented as examples.These will be classi

41、fied and evaluated in particular from a systemic perspective along the entire value chain and linking consumption and production.Within this report,the findings of an interdisciplinary workshop(March 2022)on Potentials of digitalisation for a more sustainable food system are incorporated,in which va

42、rious actors of the food system participated(see Acknowledgements).The workshop discussion the workshop discussion expands on current research findings related to the political,organi-sational,and technical framework conditions for an ecologically-effective and socially-bal-anced food transition.Dig

43、italisation for a Sustainable Food System 10|Wuppertal Institut 2 Starting position and challenges The way food is produced and our eating habits have far-reaching and multidimensional impacts on the environment,society,and our health.Throughout the food production value chain,from inputs(seed and f

44、ertilisation produc-tion),cultivation,product processing and refining,to marketing and consumption,there are a multitude of avoidable,negative ecological consequences(UBA,2021c).Agricul-ture is responsible for 13.4%of Germanys total greenhouse gas emissions,and if agricul-ture-related transport,proc

45、essing,trade,and preparation are also included,this number rises to about 23%(Grethe et al.,2021).In addition to its impact on climate change,food production affects resources that are essential for the conservation of ecosystems:More than two thirds of the forecasted losses of terrestrial species w

46、ill be caused by the intensi-fication of agriculture(Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity,2014;Wezel et al.,2020).In addition,the excessive amounts of nitrogen used during agricultural ferti-lisation are harmful to biodiversity,air and water quality(BMU,2016;UBA,2014).In par-ticular

47、,the mass production of animal-based food and the associated production of animal feed is responsible for a significant share of the issues(Reisinger&Clark,2018;ZKL,2021).Nutrition significantly impacts individual health status,quality of life,and well-be-ing.In Western dietary culture,an increasing

48、ly unbalanced intake of fats,carbohydrates,sugar,and salt is leading to a rise in diet-related diseases,such as obesity,type 2 diabetes,and heart disease,leading to far-reaching risks for the health system and community re-silience(Morze et al.,2020;RKI,2015).Even in an economically prosperous count

49、ry like Germany,malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies exist.A structural association exists between socioeconomic position and a healthy diet,which is therefore not self-evident or accessible to all population groups(Fekete&Weyers,2016;RKI,2018).Food also fulfils important social functions.Our e

50、ating behaviour is firmly ingrained within our culture,shaping a large portion of our social connections,providing us with identity,and manifesting itself in traditions.As a key action field within everyday life,food shapes regular practices and routines(WBAE,2020).In addition to its influence on ou

51、r personal lives,food production affects the way our immediate living space is distributed.In Germany,over 50%of viable land is used for agriculture,significantly shaping rural areas and creating opportunities for leisure,tourism,and gastronomy(Limmer et al.,2019).In the future,urban farming and ver

52、tical farming will have a growing influence over urban environments.The social impact of our food stretches beyond national borders.In-creasingly globalized and complex value chains are being accompanied by risks regarding working conditions,child labour,and market displacement of local smallholders

53、 through dumping or land grabs(De Schutter,2017;Heydenreich&Paasch,2020;Reichert,2018).Ultimately,the production and consumption of food is embedded within a global system.Vegetation zones,nutrient supply,economic considerations and,particularly in light of current crises,the security of supply have

54、 paved the way for new framework and possible changes in the food system.Therefore,agriculture,and the food system as a whole,must overcome unique and complex challenges in order to achieve related climate and sustain-ability goals.Against this backdrop,despite diverse interests,positions,and starti

55、ng points,it is becoming clearer which goals must be prioritized.These are outlined in the following chapter.Vision Wuppertal Institut|11 3 Vision The above challenges set a clear task:We need a social-ecologically optimised agriculture and food system that also ensures social justice throughout the

56、 value chain and promotes healthy eating patterns(Speck et al.,2021).The starting point for building this system is agricultural production.In addition to the production of animal and plant-based food in accordance with the environment,an objec-tive is to ensure a safe food supply.This includes ensu

57、ring all workers within the supply chain,both domestically and internationally,are fairly remunerated under socially just working conditions.Reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the agricultural sector also requires unique strategies.The strategy of simply replacing fossil fuels with renewable e

58、n-ergy sources is works in other industries,but in agriculture,especially livestock production and intense use of fertilizer inherently results in high methane and nitrous oxide emis-sions.Agriculture also has other ecological impacts in addition to climate change.The only way to manage these impact

59、s will be to develop new production processes.The cultivation will need to be managed in a way that better utilizes production resources such as fertilisers and pesticides.Better management methods must decrease the burden placed on water and nutrient cycles,reduce negative impacts on biodiversity,a

60、nd maintain the general functionality of local ecosystems(Grethe et al.,2021;ZKL,2021).The ecological optimisa-tion of agricultural production will also require a continuous reduction in livestock num-bers.The digestive processes of ruminants and the application of manure simply contrib-ute too sign

61、ificantly to methane and nitrous oxide emissions in this sector(Grethe et al.,2021;ZKL,2021).Therefore,the negative externalities of food production cannot be mitigated without changes in consumption.Private consumers dietary patterns also need to change(Poore&Nemecek,2018;Willett et al.,2019).Scien

62、tific recommendations for sustainable and healthy diets that recommend increasing of the consumption of plant products such as pulses,fruits,and vegetables and reducing the consumption of animal products such as meat and dairy products will be important(Lukas et al.,2018;Willett et al.,2019).Fur-the

63、rmore,in Germany in particular,high food resource consumption is heavily linked with food waste from private consumers,with half of the 10 million tonnes of avoidable food losses that occur in Germany every year caused by private households(Noleppa&Carts-burg,2015).These losses could be mitigated by

64、,among other things,better planning of purchases(Noleppa&Cartsburg,2015;Noleppa&von Witzke,2012).For private consumers to be able to make these changes,however,we will need a nutri-tional environment that actively supports new dietary patterns(WBAE,2020).1 The exist-ing conditions actually favour un

65、sustainable behaviours.For example,the excessive por-trayal of unsustainable and unhealthy products in advertising increases the perception of these products and(WBAE,2020).In addition,meat substitutes are often many times more expensive than meat.It is therefore necessary to include food retailing

66、and out-of-home catering as a link between food production and consumption in the transformation as well(Speck et al.,2021).1 Nutritional environment is understood as all the influences that affect an individuals nutrition.These influences refer not only to the moment of decision,but also to all sta

67、ges of the behavioural process:exposure(e.g.in advertising and social media,which determine which foods are present in our perception),access(determined by price,availability or social norms),choice(influenced by socio-economic aspects,preferences,habits,etc.),consumption(what,how much,when,where an

68、d with whom,etc.)(see WBAE,2020).Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 12|Wuppertal Institut Current ecological crisis and related social challenges highlight the need for more resilient value chains(Liedtke et al.,2020).For the food sector,this means-but is not limited to-developing regional

69、 economic logistics concepts,strengthening structures in rural areas and regionalizing economic cycles(BMNT,2018).Diversified farming concepts,combined with the additional social services provided by agriculture(e.g.shaping of rural land-scapes,leisure,tourism and catering services),can ensure the d

70、iversity of German agricul-tural structures and create a more resilient and sustainable agricultural system(ZKL,2021).Individual stakeholders cannot be made solely responsible for solving these problems.For example,the pressure to economize food production are largely created by increasing na-tional

71、 and global competition,where social or environmental concerns can often not be taken into account by agriculture Schneidewind,2018;ZKL,2021).For private consumers,food offers great opportunity for sustainable action,as changes in consumption patterns,in theory,can be changed at any time.Such change

72、s are also typically quite low cost and less dependent on external conditions,such as infrastructure(e.g.connections to public transport in terms of sustainable mobility),than other areas of demand.However,the way one eats is largely based on personal habits that are not always easy to change,especi

73、ally if a more sustainable option is perceived as time-consuming and more costly(WBAE,2020).Due to the diversity and complexity of the food system and the multitude of environmental,social and health benefits it offers(see Figure 2),it is not conceivable to achieve the nutri-tional transition with a

74、 single approach or instrument(ZKL,2021).Simultaneous trans-formation of our technological,economic,cultural and social systems will require multi-layered technical,economic,cultural,and institutional conditions(Schneidewind,2018).This represents a major challenge that must be mastered through a var

75、iety of measures.In the following sections,we will present some enablers and approaches to illustrate how dig-italisation can support these solutions.Vision Wuppertal Institut|13 Figure 2:Challenges and vision of a sustainable food system(source:Wuppertal Institute)Digitalisation for a Sustainable F

76、ood System 14|Wuppertal Institut 4 Improve Optimize production processes,support consumers Digitalisation is not a new concept within the agricultural and food sector as it is already being used at many stages of the value chain.Today,individual technologies already make it possible to optimize proc

77、edures and processes.Below examples are given of how digital technologies are already being used on the production side to make agricultural processes more ecologically friendly as well as on the consumption side where digital applications support consumer decision-making by providing better informa

78、tion.In addition,this sec-tion will highlight possible undesirable side and rebound effects of digitalisation,which must be avoided.4.1 Optimizing resource use and minimizing environmental impact Throughout history,agriculture has been constantly transformed by technological pro-gress.This progress

79、enabled large increases in production and a significant improvement in the food security.Digital solutions as part of this technological progress are now an in-dispensable part of agriculture(DLG,2018;Hertzberg,2021).For example,around 80%of farms surveyed in a representative study carried out in 20

80、20 stated that they used indi-vidual digital technologies such as automatic feeders or GPS-based agricultural technolo-gies(Bitkom,2020).However,farms tend to limit the scope of their application to indi-vidual technologies,meaning that intensive and comprehensive practical applications are not yet

81、in full use(LfL,2017).Obstacles and concerns within the agricultural sector are most frequently related to the high initial inivestments required to implement new tech-nologies,the uncertain economic efficiency of new technologies,incompatibility between different systems,and data sovereignty and da

82、ta protection.Less relevant are arguments such as technical vulnerability to faults and obstacles relating to complicated operation and a lack of IT expertise(Bitkom,2020).An elementary challenge that agriculture must face in the context of providing basic eco-system services is to optimize the use

83、of inputs.For example,more efficient use of nitro-gen-based fertilizers and the more environmentally compatible use of pesticides will be needed to reduce agricultures greenhouse gas emissions while also maintaining synergies with other goals,such as the preservation of biodiversity and water protec

84、tion(Grethe et al.,2021;UBA,2019a;ZKL,2021).Various technologies,which can be grouped under the term“smart farming”,pursue this goal One group of smart farming technologies is known as Precision Farming.This allows agricultural land to be farmed in a more targeted and thus more efficient manner.Agri

85、cul-tural robotics,like Farmbots,can target weeds more effectively for removal,minimizing pesticide application.Automation through GPS-based guidance systems in combination with precision farming enables better resource utilization,like more precise and need-based applications of fertilizers and pes

86、ticides.Using satellite imaging of local vegetation to determine where fertilizer is most needed.Studies show that precision fertilizer appli-cation can reduce nitrogen residue in the soil by 30-50%(Kliem et al.,2022).Targeted pesticide application can reduce pesticides consumption by up to 80%in in

87、dividual cases(European Parliament,2016).One study even found that more efficient route planning could reduce fuel consumption by agricultural machinery by 17%(Saiz-Rubio&Rovira-Ms,2020).In addition,the use of automated small machines can increase crop diversity through catch cropping or strip cropp

88、ing,which can improve soil quality through reduced compaction and have a positive impact on biodiversity and the population sizes of insects,birds,and small mammals(UBA,2020a).Improve Optimize production processes,support consumers Wuppertal Institut|15 In addition to these solutions,digital informa

89、tion management,which is also part of smart farming,can optimize the handling of data and decisions.Agricultural decision-making is quite complex as it depends on my uncertain factors such as weather and soil conditions and volatile prices,to name a few.Decision algorithms can reduce these uncer-tai

90、nties and formalize actions(Hertzberg,2021).For example,farm management infor-mation systems(FMIS)can improve data management by automatically documenting crop data.Specialized agricultural apps can also support decision-making by providing up-to-date information regarding the weather,market conditi

91、ons,crop protections,and ma-chinery settings and aligning those resources with site-specific conditions(BMNT,2018).4.2 Supporting consumer decision-making with digital tools and assistance systems Consumers almost always have a choice between various product alternatives.The cutlet from the regional

92、 butcher vs.a plastic-wrapped,industrially produced vegan one;an or-ganic tomato from Spain vs.a conventionally produced tomato grown in the region.In some cases it is clear which decision is the more sustainable one,but in many cases it is necessary to weigh up a wide range of product attributes(pr

93、ice,packaging,origin,cultiva-tion method,etc.).The environmental impact of food products is often over-or underesti-mated.For example,the plastic packaging of a product is often considered more relevant than the product itself(Camilleri et al.,2019;F.A.Z.,2019;UBA,2021a).Food itself is often conside

94、red a low-involvement product,and consumers are often unable or unwill-ing to invest much time making purchasing decisions(Young et al.,2009).Consumers therefore want simple,clear information and decision-making aids or heuristics that pro-vide immediate support at the moment of purchase(SVRV,2021;V

95、laeminck et al.,2014).Digital tools for conveying information can contribute here(Kirchgeorg et al.,n.d.).Smartphones in particular have become an indispensable part of everyday life and are available in almost every situation.Mobile apps can increase transparency in terms of sus-tainability by prov

96、iding more complete and simplified product information at the point of sale(Schwarzinger et al.,2019).The acquisition of the necessary knowledge is thus made possible in a shorter amount of time and is associated with less effort.Studies show that the provision of information via apps can positively

97、 influence consumers to buy more sus-tainable products(Joer et al.,2018;Schwarzinger et al.,2019).There are already established applications on the market that scan a products barcode to display additional product information.For example,the app CodeCheck already has 3.5 million users and has retrie

98、ved 100 million pieces of product information(CodeCheck,2020).The information provided by the app is mainly health-related,such as nutritional content or allergens,or related to prices and reviews.Information about sustainability though is becoming increasingly common,such as the CodeCheck“climate s

99、core”assigned to many products.Applications like this could facilitate“smart shopping environments”that deliver personalized additional information,which could in turn address asymmetries resulting from information overload or a lack of information(Stieninger et al.,2019;SVRV,2022).4.3 The risks of

100、digitalisation and other undesirable developments Digitalisation offers a variety of opportunities and starting points for a transformation of the food system.At the same time,digital technologies can promote undesirable and even counterproductive developments that would not support the goals of a r

101、esource-efficient,GHG-neutral,and fair food system.Therefore,expanding the application of digital Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 16|Wuppertal Institut technologies in this field should never be a goal in and of itself.Instead,they should be critically examined in order to detect undesi

102、rable developments at an early stage,to take countermeasures and,if possible,to prevent them.(BMNT,2018;WBGU,2019).One field of application that reflects both the opportunities and risks of digitalisation can be found in livestock farming.Sensors are currently being used to record animal-specific pa

103、rameters,such as body temperature,feed intake,and more.This enables indoor climate management systems,systematic herd management,earlier disease detection,and more targeted veterinary treatments.It is clear these technologies can be used to improve gen-eral conditions for both husbandry and animal w

104、elfare(BMNT,2018).Specific examples of how processes can be automated in animal husbandry include milking robots or milking carousels and automatic cleaning and feeding systems.As a result of automation,larger animal populations can be cared for by less labour and time(BMNT,2018).However,rad-ically

105、improving the efficiency of animal husbandry by increasing automation raises ethical questions related to a change in the position of the animal from being an individual to being a system component or means of production(BMNT,2018).These risks apply not only to animal husbandry,but to agriculture in

106、 general.Automation technologies can clearly be used to intensify agricultural production.However,these effi-ciency gains could be used to solely increase production rather than to reduce the absolute use of pesticides and fertilisers,resulting in so-called rebound effects(Kliem et al.,2022).The cap

107、ital-intensive acquisition of digital technologies,which may be more profitable for large farms,also increases the risk of reinforcing a lopsided structural change,with the risk of reinforcing a one-sided structural change to fewer,but increasingly larger and more uniform farms(BMEL,2021).In this ex

108、ample,efficiency gains through economies of scale must be weighed against farm diversification.Digital technologies must therefore be used carefully and their application should not be a goal in and of itself.Application must come hand in hand with requirements to create a resource-light,climate-neu

109、tral und fair food system.These conflicting objectives must always be considered.Convert New Business Models and Framework Conditions Wuppertal Institut|17 5 Convert New Business Models and Framework Conditions Selective technical improvements of different elements of the value chain can improve sin

110、-gle structures within the food system.These can be optimizations of production technolo-gies through more efficient use of resources or improved consumer information that can push socio-cultural change.However,many fundamental problems such as overproduc-tion or food waste by households can only be

111、 addressed by technological solutions to a limited extent.This next section presents two approaches that use new business models and framework conditions to initiate profound changes in production processes and nu-tritional patterns.5.1 Implementing sustainability indicators from field to plate As i

112、n almost all industrial sectors,the food production value chain is becoming increas-ingly complex,competitive,and global(De Schutter,2017;Schneidewind,2018).Trans-parency and traceability along the value chain are key conditions for a sustainable food system.Compared to other sectors,the food sector

113、 is already a good example in terms of traceability(Hrtel,2017;Willers,2016).The structures already in place for traceability provide a solid foundation for food sustainability assessments,which will be essential to optimising individual process stages and to enable all actors to act sustainably.Sta

114、rting with primary agricultural production,various institutions have long called for the implementation of individual farm nutrient balancing(material flow balancing or farm gate balancing(Hoftorbilanzierung)(Lw et al.,2021;UBA,2020b;WBA&WBD,2013).However,the necessary infrastructural framework cond

115、itions such as software so-lutions to fully implement this individual farm nutrient balancing are missing(Grethe et al.,2021).Automatic digital recording of nutrient balances would also make it pos-sible to more effectively link public funds to the provision of public services within the framework o

116、f the economic incentive system of the European Common Agricultural Policy(CAP).This would ensure farmers are remunerated for providing products and services necessary to the public good and keeping public resources intact.For example,farmers could be compensated for supporting the health of the loc

117、al nutrient cycle or considering greenhouse gas emissions or biodiversity during their operations.This would help better integrate eco-action models into operating costs.The collection and utilisation of sustain-ability data should not stop at agriculture,but should be consistently implemented along

118、 the value chain and made available to all actors(Prause et al.2021).Digital product pass-ports for foodstuffs that automatically record the greenhouse gases generated at every stage of production could be possible with the appropriate digital infrastructure(e.g.digi-tal farm registers at different

119、level of agriculture or their integration into merchandise management systems for the catering industry)and the necessary interfaces(APIs).Clear target values combined with sustainability indicators can also provide guid-ance to actors of downstream stages of the value chain.One example can be found

120、 in the public catering.With a large number of hundreds to thousands of menus served per kitchen,they can achieve significant leverage.Even the smallest changes in recipes,such as reducing the meat content of a dish,can generate significant savings potentials(Speck et al.,2020).To this end,responsib

121、le actors need defined directions and clear targets,like 600g of CO2 equivalents per lunch set,as suggested by Speck et al.(2021a).The integra-tion of sustainability indicators into a companys own commodity management system makes it feasible to retrieve these indicators in the same standardised way

122、 as is already possible with nutritional data,like caloric density,nutrient content,and allergens.This is a prerequisite for taking greenhouse gas emissions into account when developing menus.Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 18|Wuppertal Institut Tenders for public sector catering facili

123、ties(such as day care and school catering)could even incorporate sustainability criteria if the sustainability of recipes is clearly assessed.At the level of food retailers,more informative labelling can be used as a decision aid for consumers at the point of sale and is already being implemented in

124、 for selective products.5.2 Networking production and consumption processes Ecological optimisation across farms can be achieved by using common platforms and data spaces to horizontally link several agricultural enterprises in a region.Better farm networking allows for the implementation of regiona

125、l nutrient concepts.Farms with higher nutrient outputs(e.g.manure and slurry)can coordinate their activities with farms with a higher demand for fertilisers.Such raw material exchanges can bring together sup-pliers and users of unused secondary resources,like biomass and waste heat.Localizing raw ma

126、terial cycles and shortening transport routes can bring direct social and ecological benefits,and networking local businesses can contribute to regional value creation.Both of these can strengthen rural economies in the long term.(BMNT,2018;UBA,2020a).Similarly,vertical networking of production proc

127、esses across both upstream and down-stream segments of the value chain can also provide ecological benefits by optimising lo-gistics processes and increasing the reliability of planning(BVE,2020).Digitalisation can significantly simplify the flow of information between different companies along the

128、value chain and increase responsiveness and flexibility(Kersten et al.,2018).This is particularly important for food products,as the logistics chain requires a high degree of responsiveness and flexibility due to the perishable nature of many food products and variable nature of harvest times.In add

129、ition,digitisation can make information flows more efficient,reduce costs,and enable new business models to become profitable in the first place.New business models that can be enabled by these kinds of digitalisation can be direct or regional marketing of seasonal and regional products via digital

130、platforms and web-based channels(e.g.marktschwaermer.de,vegetable and cooking boxes or community-supported agriculture)or alternative sales opportunities for agriculture and processing companies(e.g.local bakeries and butchers).At the same time,digitalisation creates more opportunities for niche inn

131、ovations to be popularized and brought into widespread use.One example of such an innovation is the distribution of food that is no longer needed via platforms like Foodsharing and ToGoodToGo that reduce food waste(UBA,2019b).Transform Enable a Comprehensive Nutrition Transition Wuppertal Institut|1

132、9 6 Transform Enable a Comprehensive Nutrition Transition The previous chapters have shown that selective optimisation in production and consump-tion can improve existing systems(Improve)and thus provide solutions to clearly defined problems.Digitalisation also makes more innovative business models

133、possible,which can help reorient the food system(Convert).The overall food system,however,needs a com-plete transformation,which will require more radical and systematic changes.Digital tech-nologies can support and facilitate this process,but specific institutional,social,and polit-ical framework c

134、onditions will be essential for any such upheaval to yield the desired re-sults.In this chapter,examples of such framework conditions are presented and discussed how digitalisation can contribute to this process through the measures proposed under Improve and Convert.6.1 Framework conditions for new

135、 production and consumption systems Two primary tasks are needed for the transformation of the food system:the restructuring of the economy and value creation,and the socio-ecological reorientation of society(Schneidewind,2018).Digitalisation can be used at many points to support this process(see Fi

136、gure 4).Figure 3:Approaches to digitalisation in the food system(source:Wuppertal Institute)Basically,a systemic transformation will be necessary,and it must be accompanied by technological,economic,cultural and institutional framework conditions(Schneidewind,2018).This is a responsibility of societ

137、y as a whole,involving all stages of the value chains and the respective actors as well as regional social and economic structures(ZKL,2021).In production,especially agricultural production,economic production constraints must be reduced to create the space for farmers to take ecological and social

138、aspects more into account during their operations(Schneidewind,2018;ZKL,2021).Under the CAP,agri-culture operates within a clearly defined political framework.German farms derive almost half of their income from subsidies,which partially decouples them from the underlying market logic.As a result,su

139、bsidy policies have a substantial impact on agriculture(Federal Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 20|Wuppertal Institut Agricultural Information Centre(Bundesinformationszentrum Landwirtschaft),2019).Therefore,agricultural transformation can only be initiated with a targeted reorienting o

140、f the CAP to incentivize preserving the social and ecological services of agriculture(ZKL,2021).The amount of subsidies,the level of claims and the minimum requirements for receiving direct payments for the eco-scheme programs planned from 2022 play a key role in previous reform attempts2(Grethe et

141、al.,2021).The main stimulus for the agricultural transition has to result from the redesign of the political framework conditions,while dig-itization can subsequently support the implementation.For example,a digitalised and au-tomated monitoring can be used to map nutrient cycles on individual farms

142、 and can align the receipt of direct payments or eco-schemes with the nutrient cycles(see Chapter 5.1).Similarly,a nutrition transition cannot be achieved solely through increased productivity and consistency.It will also require lifestyle shifts towards sufficiency(Speck et al.2021;Lukas et al.,201

143、8;Schneidewind,2018).At the individual level,food choices can be lever-aged to reduce ecological impacts and need to be promoted as such,hence the need for fundamental changes in dietary practices.Nutrition is subject to regularly changing con-ditions and demands on private lifestyles(e.g.the gender

144、 division of household in relation to professional employment)(Schlegel-Matthies,2018).It is also closely linked to demand and consumption in other areas.For example,the choice of shopping location is strongly related to mobility(Pfeiffer et al.,2017).The following example of a neighborhood food hub

145、 illustrates how digitization can enable new,cross-sector consumption systems.However,in addition to reshaping the way we eat through new digital possibilities for pro-moting sustainable consumption(like apps cf.chapter 4.2 or the presented Food Hub),the basic conditions of the food environment will

146、 also have to change.Political support and the creation of a fair food environment for sustainable consumption will be crucial(WBAE,2020).An example of such support would be price incentives through a reduction of VAT rates on plant-based milk,which is currently in Germany taxed at a higher rate tha

147、n cows milk.Sustainable daycare and school catering(e.g.by implementing the quality standards of the German Nutrition Society e.V.(DGE),in combination with the integration of nu-trition education and education for sustainable development in the curricula,can lay the foundation for sustainable diets

148、and lifestyles.Greater regulation of advertising of un-healthy products to children or promotions that use meat at dumping prices as bait offers can reduce the overrepresentation of these products.In the long term,sustainable and healthy nutrition should become a matter of course and a standard that

149、 does not depend on income and educational level or can only be imple-mented by certain population groups,but rather is a general norm for society as a whole(WBAE,2020).2 Within the framework of the CAP,the EU provides financial support to farmers and rural regions.So far,direct payments have played

150、 a major role in this.In addition to a basic payment,which is determined by the area of the farm,there are also additional payments for specific environmental services(previously known as greening,from 2022 eco-schemes),such as the preservation of permanent grassland.The distribution of direct payme

151、nts is linked to the fulfillment of certain conditions(e.g.basic require-ments for farm management and good agricultural and ecological condition).Transform Enable a Comprehensive Nutrition Transition Wuppertal Institut|21 A New Service System:The Neighbourhood Food Hub Throughout the food logistics

152、 chain,the so-called“last mile”of the logis-tics route is usually covered by private consumer vehicles.This last mile is responsible in the largest share of transport-related emissions in food logistics(Stelwagen et al.,2021).During the COVID-19 pandemic,food delivery services and meal kits have exp

153、erienced tremendous growth(BEVH,2022;BVE,2020).Whether these services will continue to de-velop remains to be seen,but inefficient route planning,like if deliveries are to be made in a particularly short time,can also lead to increased emissions(UBA,2021b).To offset both effects,Food Hubs(see Figure

154、 4)can be established in urban areas,similar to parcel stations.These hubs would come equipped with cabinets to store food from delivery services.Food hubs can also be located throughout residential areas and allow for daily delivery and food collection.This would allow for more efficient de-livery

155、service routes and people would be able to walk up and pick up food during their daily commute.Artificial intelligence could also be used to provide solutions that optimize deliveries and pickups based on the users eating behaviour.Figure 4:Food hub(source:Alica Assadi,Christoph Tochtrop,Folkwang Un

156、iversity of the Arts)6.2 Creating conditions for effective digitalisation in the food system In order to successfully harness the potential of digitalisation,a system of political incen-tives and regulations will be needed to support both broad and targeted expansion of the technologies and business

157、 models presented in the chapters Improve and Convert.Similar support will also be needed for the conditions laid out in this Transform chapter.Ulti-mately,the success of this transformation will depend on the framework conditions that allow all actors to enact desirable developments and prevent und

158、esirable developments.Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 22|Wuppertal Institut Solid technical communication infrastructure will be a basic prerequisite for any digital transformation within food systems.As of right now,access to high-performance networks is still insufficient,especially i

159、n rural areas.This not only hinders the develop-ment of all economic sectors located there,but specifically hinders the development of Digital Agriculture 4.0(DLG,2018;Nssel,2018;UBA,2018).Therefore,a nationwide expansion of 5G networks is necessary.Of particular importance is the consistency of the

160、 systems:The food industry is critical infrastructure,so temporary system failures must be prevented by all means(DLG,2018).So far,this vision of a fully networked value chain is still beyond our reach.In addition to the lack of data infrastructure,there is also a lack of data interoperability.It is

161、 not enough to simply collect data;data must also be merged and integrated so that it becomes usable.New possibilities for action can only be opened up through the collaborative use of data(Ramesohl et al.,2022).Barriers that previously restricted data flows must be re-moved and efficient cross-sect

162、oral data use and exploitation must be made possible.This is the only way to connect value chains vertically and horizontally(see chapter 5.2)and to align the use of sustainability indicators(see chapter 5.1)(European Commission,2018).However,our ability to achieve this level of interoperability is

163、not a foregone conclusion.Policymakers will have to work with stakeholders to establish the necessary standards and data infrastructure.Popular debates on data protection,data sovereignty,and data security are closely related to this topic.Producers,whether in agriculture,processing,or trade,cannot

164、be“transparent enterprises”,nor can consumers be“transparent consumers”.Legally bind-ing international framework conditions must allow relevant actors to have data sover-eignty,i.e.“the ability of legal or natural persons to self-determine their data assets throughout the value chain”(Otto&Burmann,2

165、021).According to the German govern-ments data strategy,we need data ecosystems for sustainable food and agriculture to sup-port the interaction of“various stakeholders,services and applications(software)that use and share data for economic or social purpose.In this sense,the data ecosystem is a dat

166、a-based system with an innovative,technical,organisational and regulatory system”(Federal Government,2021).In addition to these prerequisites for the realisation of a digital food system,further frame-work conditions and guidelines are needed to avoid undesirable developments and to steer digitalisa

167、tion in the right direction.In particular,the acquisition of digital technologies in agriculture can be associated with very high investments,while at the same time it can be difficult to prove the economic viability and concrete economic benefits to the users.(BMEL,2021).In order to ensure the broa

168、der adoption of capital-intensive digital technologies,users must be made aware of their benefits(BMEL,2021;BMNT,2018;LfL,2017).Larger farms often benefit from new technology applications as they are more willing to take risks and innovate.Small businesses often cannot afford these risks and are lef

169、t behind(BMEL,2021;Schmidt,2018).Offsetting the lopsided structural changes in agriculture will require significant start-up capital and investment funds.Official and public data such as weather infor-mation,cadastral,and soil data(e.g.water holding capacity and road networks)should be made freely a

170、vailable to stakeholders in agriculture(DLG,2018).The collaborative use of technologies on small farms(already common practice through“Maschinenring”,a form of farmers organisation)needs to be scaled up more consistently and the investment pol-icies need to be rethought(Schmidt,2018).Farmers field-s

171、pecific capabilities cannot be used unchecked as the data base on cloud platforms for third-party business models.But Transform Enable a Comprehensive Nutrition Transition Wuppertal Institut|23 farmers must also be able to economically benefit from making their data available(DLG,2018).Establishing

172、digital technologies in food production and consumption processes as the new status quo necessary for sustainable development will require digital infrastructure that is accessible to,accepted by,and used by the public.The success of these efforts will depend not only on the dynamics of technologica

173、l development,but also on the new social and societal competencies that will be needed achieve the permanent changes we seek(WBGU,2019).These competencies will be particularly important in nutrition,as change in this area will require action from all generations and social strata.All actors,includin

174、g companies from processing,trade,out-of-home catering,and(public)institu-tions,must have the ability to collect,process and use data.Digital technologies will there-fore have to become a regular part of education(i.e.through adding programing languages to curriculums)in order to promote learnabilit

175、y and digital literacy(DLG,2018).The benefit of these skills will be seen both in agriculture,but also in other areas within the food system.Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 24|Wuppertal Institut 7 Conclusion As described in this report,the impact of food production and consumption on th

176、e envi-ronment,social justice,and social health is multifaceted.A systemic transformation will be needed to build a truly sustainable and resilient food system.Digitalisation builds the foundation for selective improvements to existing systems as well as new framework conditions and business models.

177、These improvements can take the form of digital agricultural equipment like agricultural robots for smart farming that make ag-riculture more resource efficient.However,the collection,provision,and use of data flows along the entire value chain can play a greater role in the transformation of food s

178、ystem.Increased transparency and increasing the accuracy of sustainability indicators to reflect the entire supply chains impact on greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity will drive processing companies,caterers,and consumers to change actions and habits.Networking across process stages and conne

179、cting end consumers to original producers can provide new distribution channels or help popularise niche innovations.These solutions all sup-port and facilitate a necessary nutritional transition.In order for all this to happen,there are policy and regulatory frameworks that must exist prior.Infrast

180、ructure,standardised data and interfaces,as well as legal requirements for data security and data sovereignty will be essential to effectively applying new digital so-lutions.Heavy investment will be needed to achieving widespread economies of scale while also minimizing the negative side effects of

181、 digitalization in this sector,such as lopsided structural changes.The introduction and use of digital technologies should not be a goal in and of itself.It must be a tool we use to build a climate-neutral and resource-efficient food system.Losing sight of this goal risks accelerating contrary and h

182、armful economic patterns(BMNT,2018;WBGU,2019).In addition to all of these economic concerns,we must also look at how digitalisation will fundamentally change our social interactions and the challenges it will raise(DLG,2018;WBGU,2019).Without a doubt,digitalisation will require increased digital lit

183、eracy among all population groups(SVRV 2021).Institutional,social,and political framework conditions will also play an important role in achieving coherent and comprehensive techno-economic and social-cultural transfor-mation.Digital opportunities must be embedded in an“analogue”context,i.e.agricult

184、ural,environmental,food,consumer,and health policies must steer actors in the right direction and identify the dynamics of change that will enable digitalisation to take effect.For agri-culture,this means,reorienting the economic incentive system within the CAP framework to reduce production constra

185、ints and better reward social and ecological contributions.If this prerequisite is met,digitalisation can,in turn,support the successful implementation of new incentive systems through improved and automated monitoring.At the same time,the conditions for sustainable consumption must be created for p

186、rivate consumers through appropriate food environments and pricing.This process can be supported by reducing information asymmetries through digital decision aids.The transformation of the food system through the establishment of basic framework con-ditions must receive more attention and be managed

187、 in a politically sustainable manner.Only then will the many opportunities offered by digitalisation have a targeted effect.Bibliography Wuppertal Institut|25 8 Bibliography BEVH.(2022).E-Commerce ist normal.https:/www.bevh.org/fileadmin/con-tent/05_presse/Pressemitteilungen_2022/220126_-_Pra_sentat

188、ion_bevh_Jahres-pressegespra_ch_2022.pdf Bitkom.(2020).Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft(S.15).https:/www.bitkom-rese-arch.de/system/files/document/200427_PK_Digitalisierung_der_Landwirtschaft.pdf BMEL.(2021).Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft.Chancen nutzen Risiken mini-mieren.32.BMNT.(2018)

189、.Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft Entwicklung,Herausforderungen und Nutzen der neuen Technologien fr die Landwirtschaft(S.98)Bericht der Plattform Digitalisierung in der Landwirtschaft des Bundesministeriums fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus.Bericht der Plattform Digitalisierung in der Landwirtsc

190、haft des Bundesminis-teriums fr Nachhaltigkeit und Tourismus BMU.(2016).Klimaschutzplan 2050Klimaschutzpolitische Grundstze und Ziele der Bundesregierung.https:/www.bmuv.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Kli-maschutz/klimaschutzplan_2050_bf.pdf Bundesinformationszentrum Landwirtschaft.(2019).Was v

191、erdienen Landwirte in Deutschland?https:/www.praxis-agrar.de/betrieb/betriebsfuehrung/was-verdienen-landwirte-in-deutschland Bundesregierung.(2021).Datenstrategie der BundesregierungEine Innovationsstrate-gie fr gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt und nachhaltiges Wachstum Kabinettfassung,27.Januar 2021(

192、S.122).https:/www.bundesregierung.de/re-source/blob/974430/1960032/f073096a398e59573c7526feaadd43c4/2021-08-12-da-tenstrategie-deutsch-data.pdf?download=1 BVE.(2020).Jahresbericht 2019/20.https:/www.bve-online.de/presse/infothek/publi-kationen-jahresbericht/bve-jahresbericht-ernaehrungsindustrie-202

193、0 Camilleri,A.R.,Larrick,R.P.,&Hossain,S.(2019).Consumers underestimate the emis-sions associated with food but are aided by labels.9(1),5358.https:/doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0354-z CodeCheck.(2020).Transparenz ist das,was uns bei CodeCheck tglich bewegt“Hinter den Kulissen.https:/www.codecheck.inf

194、o/news/Transparenz-ist-das-was-uns-bei-CodeCheck-taeglich-bewegt-369325#:text=2019%20war%20ein%20sehr%20erfolgrei-ches,Standorten%20Z%C3%BCrich%20und%20Berlin%20gewachsen De Schutter,O.(2017).The political economy of food systems reform.European Review of Agricultural Economics,44(4),705731.https:/d

195、oi.org/10.1093/erae/jbx009 DLG.(2018).Digitale LandwirtschaftEin Positionspapier der DLG(S.12).https:/www.dlg.org/fileadmin/downloads/landwirtschaft/themen/ausschuesse_fachar-beit/DLG_Position_Digitalisierung.pdf Europische Kommission.(2018).Study on emerging issues of data ownership,interop-erabili

196、ty,(re-)usability and access to data,and liability:Final report.Publications Office.https:/data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/781960 Europisches Parlament.(2016).Przisionslandwirtschaft und die Zukunft der Land-wirtschaft in Europa.Wissenschaftliche Vorschau.Publications Office.https:/data.eu-ropa.eu/doi/10

197、.2861/175493 F.A.Z.(2019).Wie sehr hilft der Verzicht auf Plastik tatschlich?https:/ Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 26|Wuppertal Institut Fekete,C.,&Weyers,S.(2016).Soziale Ungleichheit im Ernhrungsverhalten:Befund-lage,Ursachen und Interventionen.Bundesgesundheitsblatt-Gesundheitsfors

198、chung-Ge-sundheitsschutz,59(2),197205.https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00103-015-2279-2 Grethe,H.,Martinez,J.,Osterburg,B.,Taube,F.,&Thom,F.(2021).Klimaschutz im Ag-rar-und Ernhrungssystem Deutschlands:Die drei zentralen Handlungsfelder auf dem Weg zur Klimaneutralitt.https:/www.stiftung-klima.de/app/uploads

199、/2021/06/2021-06-01-Klimaneutralitaet_Landwirtschaft.pdf Hrtel,I.(2017).2 Ernhrungswirtschaftsrecht zwischen Steigerung von Komplexi-tt und dem Anspruch wohlgeordneten Rechts.3772.https:/doi.org/10.5771/9783845280875-37 Hertzberg,J.(2021).Kann Knstliche Intelligenz die Landwirtschaft Transformieren?

200、dfki.de.https:/www.dfki.de/web/news/kann-kuenstliche-intelligenz-die-landwirt-schaft-transformieren Heydenreich,C.,&Paasch,A.(2020).Globale Agrarwirtschaft und Menschenrechte:Deutsche Unternehmen und Politik auf dem Prfstand-Bericht 2020(Bd.116).Bischf-liches Hilfswerk MISEREOR e.V;Germanwatch e.V.h

201、ttps:/www.german-watch.org/sites/default/files/Druckversion%20Bericht%202020%20Globale%20Agrar-wirtschaft%20und%20Menschenrechte_0.pdf Joer,T.,Mai,R.,&Akbar,P.(2018).Nachhaltigkeitsinformationen zu Lebensmitteln am Point-of-Sale mittels mobiler Augmented Reality(S.4).Gesellschaft fr Informatik.https

202、:/dl.gi.de/bitstream/handle/20.500.12116/23138/30_131.pdf?sequence=1&isAllo-wed=y Kersten,W.,von See,B.,&Indorf,M.(2018).Digitalisierung als Wegbereiter fr effizien-tere Wertschpfungsnetzwerke.In A.Khare,D.Kessler,&J.Wirsam(Hrsg.),Marktori-entiertes Produkt-und Produktionsmanagement in digitalen Umw

203、elten:Festgabe fr Klaus Bellmann zum 75.Geburtstag(S.101117).Springer Fachmedien.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-21637-5_8 Kirchgeorg,M.,Weber,A.,&Jger,A.(o.J.).Frderung nachhaltigen Konsumverhaltens am Point of Decision Optimierung der Gestaltung der Kommunikation im Online-und Offline-Kontext auf

204、 Basis psychologischer Erkenntnisse(S.42).DBU;HHL.Abgerufen 7.April 2022,von https:/www.dbu.de/OPAC/ab/DBU-Abschlussbericht-AZ-34764_01-Hauptbericht.pdf Kliem,L.,Wagner,J.,Olk,C.,Kreler,L.,Lange,S.,Krachunova,T.,&Bellingrath-Kimura,S.(2022).Digitalisierung in der LandwirtschaftChancen und Risiken fr

205、 den Natur-und Umweltschutz(S.74).Institut fr kologische Wirtschaftsforschung.https:/www.ioew.de/fileadmin/user_upload/BILDER_und_Downloaddateien/Publika-tionen/Schriftenreihen/IOEW_SR_222_Digialisierung_der_Landwirtschaft.pdf LfL.(2017).Ackerbau technische Lsungen fr die Zukunft(S.86).https:/www.lf

206、l.bay-ern.de/mam/cms07/publikationen/daten/schriftenreihe/ackerbau-technische-loesun-gen-zukunft-landtechnische-jahrestagung-2017_lfl-schriftenreihe.pdf Liedtke,C.,Khlert,M.,Wiesen,K.,Stinder,A.K.,Brauer,J.,Beckmann,J.,Fedato,C.,El Mourabit,X.,Bttgen,A.,&Speck,M.(2020).Nachhaltige Lieferketten:Globa

207、l koopera-tive Regionalwirtschaften fr Wohlstand und Resilienz.https:/epub.wupper-inst.org/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/7635/file/ZI11_Lieferketten.pdf Limmer,I.,Hemmer,I.,Trappe,M.,Mainka,S.,&Weiger,H.(2019).Einleitung&Kurz-zusammenfassung der Beitrge.In Zukunftsfhige Landwirtschaft:Herausforderun

208、gen und Lsungsanstze(S.14).Oekom Verlag.Lw,P.,Osterburg,B.,&Klages,S.(2021).Comparison of regulatory approaches for de-termining application limits for nitrogen fertilizer use in Germany.Environmental Bibliography Wuppertal Institut|27 Research Letters,16(5),055009.https:/doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/a

209、bf3de Lukas,M.,Rohn,H.,&Liedtke,C.(2018).The nutritional footprint:Assessing environ-mental and health impacts of foodstuffs.https:/epub.wupperinst.org/frontdoor/in-dex/index/start/19/rows/10/sortfield/year_sort/sortorder/desc/searchtype/sim-ple/query/Christa+Liedtke/doctypefq/bookpart/docId/7135 Mo

210、rze,J.,Danielewicz,A.,Hoffmann,G.,&Schwingshackl,L.(2020).Diet Quality as As-sessed by the Healthy Eating Index,Alternate Healthy Eating Index,Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score,and Health Outcomes:A Second Update of a Systematic Re-view and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies.Journal of the

211、Academy of Nutrition and Die-tetics,120(12),1998-2031.e15.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.08.076 Noleppa,S.,&Cartsburg,M.(2015).Das grosse WegschmeissenVom Acker bis zum Ver-braucher:Ausma und Umwelteffekte der Lebensmittelverschwendung in Deutschland.WWF Deutschland.https:/www.wwf.de/fileadmin/f

212、m-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/WWF_Studie_Das_grosse_Wegschmeissen.pdf Noleppa,S.,&von Witzke,H.(2012).Ernhrung,Nahrungsmittelverbrauch,Flchen-verbrauchTonnen fr die Tonnen.WWF Deutschland.https:/www.wwf.de/filead-min/fm-wwf/Publikationen-PDF/studie_tonnen_fuer_die_tonne.pdf Nssel,M.(2018).Landwirtschaft 4

213、.0 die Waffe gegen Hunger und Umweltzerstrung?In C.Br,T.Grdler,&R.Mayr(Hrsg.),Digitalisierung im Spannungsfeld von Politik,Wirtschaft,Wissenschaft und Recht:1.Band:Politik und Wirtschaft(S.343363).Sprin-ger.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55720-4_34 Otto,B.,&Burmann,A.(2021).Europische Dateninfrast

214、rukturen.Informatik Spektrum,44(4),283291.https:/doi.org/10.1007/s00287-021-01386-4 Pfeiffer,C.,Speck,M.,&Strassner,C.(2017).What leads to lunch:How social practices impact(non-)sustainable food consumption/eating habits.https:/epub.wupper-inst.org/frontdoor/index/index/start/8/rows/10/sortfield/yea

215、r_sort/sortor-der/desc/searchtype/simple/query/Speck/doctypefq/article/docId/6792 Poore,J.,&Nemecek,T.(2018).Reducing foods environmental impacts through produc-ers and consumers.Science,360(6392),987992.https:/doi.org/10.1126/sci-ence.aaq0216 Prause,L.,Hackfort,S.,&Lindgren,M.(2021).Digitalization

216、and the third food regime.Agriculture and Human Values,38(3),641655.https:/doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10161-2 Ramesohl,S.,Gunnemann,A.,&Berg,H.(2021).Digitalisierung gestalten-Transforma-tion zur Nachhaltigkeit ermglichen:Eine Studie im Auftrag von Huawei Technologies Deutschland GmbH.https:/doi.org

217、/10.48506/opus-7869 Ramesohl,S.,Sebestyn,J.,&Berg,H.(2022).Datenkosysteme fr die Nachhaltigkeits-transformation:Studie im Rahmen des Projekts Shaping the Digital Transformation“.Wuppertal Institut.https:/wupperinst.org/fa/redaktion/downloads/projects/Shaping-DIT_Data_de.pdf Reichert,T.(2018).Lsungen

218、 erkannt aber kaum umgesetzt ber die Afrikapolitik Deutschlands und der EU aus entwicklungs-und handelspolitischer Sicht.In Der kritische Agrarbericht 2018 Schwerpunkt Globalisierung gestalten.(S.4).AgrarBndnis e.V.https:/www.kritischer-agrarbericht.de/fileadmin/Daten-KAB/KAB-2018/KAB_2018_103_106_R

219、eichert.pdf Reisinger,A.,&Clark,H.(2018).How much do direct livestock emissions actually con-tribute to global warming?Global Change Biology,24(4),17491761.https:/doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13975 Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 28|Wuppertal Institut RKI.(2015).Gesundheit in Deutschland.Gesundh

220、eitsberichterstattung des Bundes.https:/doi.org/10.17886/RKIPUBL-2015-003 RKI.(2018).Gesundheitliche Ungleichheit in Deutschland und im internationalen Ver-gleich:Zeitliche Entwicklungen und Trends.https:/doi.org/10.17886/RKI-GBE-2018-019 Saiz-Rubio,V.,&Rovira-Ms,F.(2020).From Smart Farming towards

221、Agriculture 5.0:A Review on Crop Data Management.Agronomy,10(2),207.https:/doi.org/10.3390/ag-ronomy10020207 Schlegel-Matthies,K.(2018).Konsum,Ernhrung und Gesundheit als zentrale Hand-lungsfelder fr die alltgliche Lebensfhrung.HiBiFo Haushalt in Bildung&Forschung,7(3).https:/budrich-journals.de/ind

222、ex.php/HiBiFo/article/view/32106 Schmidt,C.(2018).Landwirtschaft 4.0 Digitalisierung als Chance fr eine nachhaltige Landwirtschaft.In C.Br,T.Grdler,&R.Mayr(Hrsg.),Digitalisierung im Spannungs-feld von Politik,Wirtschaft,Wissenschaft und Recht:1.Band:Politik und Wirtschaft(S.397407).Springer.https:/d

223、oi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55720-4_38 Schneidewind,U.(2018).Die groe Transformation:Eine Einfhrung in die Kunst ge-sellschaftlichen Wandels(Originalausgabe).Fischer Taschenbuch.Schwarzinger,S.,Kaltenegger,I.,&Bird,D.N.(2019).Smarte“Technologien als Schls-sel zu klimafreundlichem Konsum?In R.Hbner&B.Sc

224、hmon(Hrsg.),Das transforma-tive Potenzial von Konsum zwischen Nachhaltigkeit und Digitalisierung:Chancen und Risiken(S.5977).Springer Fachmedien.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-26040-8_4 Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity.(2014).Global Biodiversity Outlook 4.https:/www.cbd.int/gb

225、o/gbo4/publication/gbo4-en-hr.pdf Speck,M.,Bienge,K.,Wagner,L.,Engelmann,T.,Schuster,S.,Teitscheid,P.,&Langen,N.(2020).Creating Sustainable Meals Supported by the NAHGAST Online ToolAp-proach and Effects on GHG Emissions and Use of Natural Resources.Sustainability,12(3),1136.https:/doi.org/10.3390/s

226、u12031136 Speck,M.,Liedtke,C.,Hennes,L.,El Mourabit,X.,&Wagner,L.(2021).Zukunftsfhige Ernhrungssysteme und Konsummuster gestalten:Aktuelle Erkenntnisse aus der For-schung zu nachhaltiger Ernhrung am Wuppertal Institut(Bd.19).Wuppertal Institut fr Klima,Umwelt,Energie.https:/doi.org/10.48506/opus-783

227、4 Stelwagen,R.E.,Slegers,P.M.,de Schutter,L.,&van Leeuwen,E.S.(2021).A bottom-up approach to model the environmental impact of the last-mile in an urban food-system.Sustainable Production and Consumption,26,958970.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.12.039 Stieninger,M.,Auinger,A.,&Riedl,R.(2019).Digi

228、tale Transformation im stationren Einzelhandel.Wirtschaftsinformatik&Management,11(1),4656.https:/doi.org/10.1365/s35764-018-0152-4 SVRV.(2021).Gutachten zur Lage der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher 2021.Gut-achten des Sachverstndigenrats fr Verbraucherfragen.B.https:/www.svr-verbrau-cherfragen.de/

229、wp-content/uploads/SVRV_Gutachten_2020.pdf SVRV.(2022).Personalisierte Verbraucherinformation:Ein Werkstattbericht.Doku-mentation einer Veranstaltung des SVRV.Verffentlichungen des Sachverstndigenrats fr Verbraucherfragen.Berlin:Sachverstndigenrat fr Verbrauerfragen.https:/www.svr-verbraucherfragen.

230、de/2022/02/16/dokumentation-der-veranstaltung-personalisierte-verbraucherinformation-ein-werkstattbericht/UBA.(2014).Reaktiver Stickstoff in Deutschland.Ursachen,Wirkungen,Manahmen(S.Bibliography Wuppertal Institut|29 56).www.uba.de/stickstoff-in-deutschland UBA.(2018).Die Zukunft im Blick:Konsum 4.

231、0:Wie Digitalisierung den Konsum vern-dertTrendbericht zur Abschtzung der Umweltwirkungen(S.104).https:/www.um-weltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/fachbroschuere_kon-sum_4.0_barrierefrei_190322.pdf UBA.(2019a).Entwicklungsperspektiven der kologischen Landwirtschaft in Deut

232、sch-land.https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikatio-nen/2020-03-17_texte_32-2020_oekologische-landwirtschaft.pdf UBA.(2019b).Transformation des Ernhrungssystems:Grundlagen und Perspektiven.https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/transformation-des-ernaehrungssys-tem

233、s-grundlagen UBA.(2020a).Digitalisierung kologisch nachhaltig nutzbar machen Entwicklung von Handlungsempfehlungen zu den wichtigsten umweltpolitischen Manahmen in ausge-whlten Trendthemen der Digitalisierung mittels der Durchfhrung von Stakeholderdi-alogen(S.105).https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/publi

234、kationen/digitalisierung-oeko-logisch-nachhaltig-nutzbar UBA.(2020b).Novellierung der Stoffstrombilanzverordnung:Tickstoff-und Phosphor-berschsse nachhaltig begrenzenFachliche Stellungnahme zur Novellierung der Stoff-strombilanzverordnung.https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/me-dien/575

235、0/publikationen/2020_11_05_texte_200_2020_papier_novellierung_stoff-bilv.pdf UBA.(2021a).25 Jahre Umweltbewusstseinsforschung im Umweltressort Langfristige Entwicklungen und aktuelle Ergebnisse.Umweltbundesamt.https:/www.umweltbun-desamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/5750/publikationen/2021_hgp_umwe

236、ltbewusst-seinsstudie_bf.pdf UBA.(2021b).Teilbericht II-Die kologisierung des OnlinehandelsNeue Herausfor-derungen fr die umweltpolitische Frderung eines nachhaltigen Konsums(S.235).https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/publikationen/die-oekologisierung-des-online-handels-0 UBA.(2021c).Von der Welt auf d

237、en Teller Kurzstudie zur globalen Umweltinanspruch-nahme unseres Lebensmittelkonsums.https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikatio-nen/von-der-welt-auf-den-teller UBA.(2022,Mrz 15).Gemeinsame Pressemitteilung von Umweltbundesamt und Bun-desministerium fr Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz Treibhausgasemissionen

238、stiegen 2021 um 4,5 Prozent Bundesklimaschutzministerium kndigt umfangreiches Sofortpro-gramm an.https:/www.umweltbundesamt.de/presse/pressemitteilungen/treibhaus-gasemissionen-stiegen-2021-um-45-prozent Vlaeminck,P.,Jiang,T.,&Vranken,L.(2014).Food labeling and eco-friendly consump-tion:Experimental

239、 evidence from a Belgian supermarket.Ecological Economics,108,180190.https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.019 WBA&WBD.(2013).Kurzstellungnahme Novellierung der Dngeverordnung:Nhr-stoffberschsse wirksam begrenzen.https:/www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Down-loads/DE/_Ministerium/Beiraete/agrarpolitik/Stel

240、lungnahmeDuen-geVO.pdf?_blob=publicationFile&v=2 WBAE.(2020).Politik fr eine nachhaltigere Ernhrung:Eine integrierte Ernhrungs-politik entwickeln und faire Ernhrungsumgebungen gestaltenWBAE-Gutachten.https:/www.bmel.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/_Ministerium/Beiraete/agrarpoli-tik/wbae-gutachten-nachha

241、ltige-ernaehrung.html WBGU.(2019).Unsere gemeinsame digitale Zukunft:Zusammenfassung.Digitalisation for a Sustainable Food System 30|Wuppertal Institut Wissenschaftlicher Beirat d.Bundesregierung Globale Umweltvernderungen.Wezel,A.,Herren,B.G.,Kerr,R.B.,Barrios,E.,Gonalves,A.L.R.,&Sinclair,F.(2020).

242、Agroecological principles and elements and their implications for transitioning to sustain-able food systems.A review.Agronomy for Sustainable Development,40(6),40.https:/doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z Willers,C.(2016).CSR in der Lebensmittelwirtschaft eine Einleitung.In C.Willers(Hrsg.),CSR und

243、 Lebensmittelwirtschaft:Nachhaltiges Wirtschaften entlang der Food Value Chain(S.322).Springer.https:/doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47016-9_1 Willett,W.,Rockstrm,J.,Loken,B.,Springmann,M.,Lang,T.,Vermeulen,S.,Garnett,T.,Tilman,D.,DeClerck,F.,Wood,A.,Jonell,M.,Clark,M.,Gordon,L.J.,Fanzo,J.,Hawkes,C.,Zura

244、yk,R.,Rivera,J.A.,De Vries,W.,Majele Sibanda,L.,Murray,C.J.L.(2019).Food in the Anthropocene:The EATLancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems.The Lancet,393(10170),447492.https:/doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4 Young,W.,Hwang,K.,McDonald,S.,&Oates,C.J.(2009).Sustainable c

245、onsumption:Green consumer behaviour when purchasing products.Sustainable Development,n/a-n/a.https:/doi.org/10.1002/sd.394 ZKL.(2021).Zukunft Landwirtschaft.Eine gesamtgesellschaftliche AufgabeEmpfeh-lung der Zukunftskommission Landwirtschaft(S.160).https:/www.bmel.de/Shared-Docs/Downloads/DE/Broschueren/abschlussbericht-zukunftskommission-landwirt-schaft.pdf?_blob=publicationFile&v=15