1、2022REGIONAL OVERVIEWOF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONEUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIAREPURPOSING POLICIES AND INCENTIVES TO MAKE HEALTHY DIETS MORE AFFORDABLE AND AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLEVODIANE,UKRAINE.A woman transports a sack of potato on her bicycle during a distribution of seeds a

2、nd potato starter kits in the village of Vodiane.COVER PHOTOGRAPH FAO/Oleksandr MliekovRequired citation:FAO,IFAD,United Nations,UNICEF,WFP,WHO Regional Office for Europe and WMO.2023.Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia 2022.Repurposing policies and incentives

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16、d United Nations World Food ProgrammeWorld Health Organization Regional Office for Europe World Meteorological OrganizationBudapest,2023REGIONAL OVERVIEWOF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONEUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIAREPURPOSING POLICIES AND INCENTIVES TO MAKE HEALTHY DIETS MORE AFFORDABLE AND AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS

17、 MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE|ii|FOREWORD viiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ixACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xiKEY MESSAGES xiiPART I:Overview of food security and nutrition in Europe and Central Asia xiiPART II:Repurposing policies and incentives to make healthy diets more affordable and agrifood systems more en

18、vironmentally sustainable xiiiINTRODUCTION xvPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 11.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2.1:UNDERNOURISHMENT AND FOOD INSECURITY 2Key messages 2Prevalence of undernourishment 3Prevalence of food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience S

19、cale 61.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2.2:MALNUTRITION 11Key messages 11Stunting among children under 5 12Wasting among children under 5 14Overweight among children under 5 14Anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years 181.3 ADDITIONAL WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY NUTRITION INDICATORS 21Key messages 21Adult o

20、besity 21Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life 24Prevalence of low birthweight 261.4 UPDATES TO THE COST AND AFFORDABILITY OF A HEALTHY DIET 28Key messages 28The cost and affordability of a healthy diet in 2020 29CONTENTS|iii|PART II REPURPOSING POLICIES AND INCEN

21、TIVES TO MAKE HEALTHY DIETS MORE AFFORDABLE AND AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE 33INTRODUCTION 342.1 NATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURE POLICY ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE AFFORDABILITY OF HEALTHY DIETS IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 38Key messages 382.1.1 Introduction and definition o

22、f government support to food and agriculture 392.1.2 Stocktaking and analysis:levels and structure of agricultural support in the ECA region 422.2 POTENTIAL OPTIONS TO REPURPOSE POLICY SUPPORT TO FOOD AND AGRICULTURE FOR IMPROVING THE AFFORDABILITY OF A HEALTHY DIET AND COMPLEMENTING POLICIES IN EUR

23、OPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 58Key messages 582.2.1 Potential impacts of changing the composition of food and agricultural policy 602.2.2 Complementing policies within agrifood systems that are needed to ensure repurposing efforts are impactful in Europe and Central Asia 642.2.3 Complementing policies outsi

24、de agrifood systems requiring support for repurposing efforts in Europe and Central Asia 822.3 REORIENTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 98Key messages 982.3.1 Reorienting agricultural production for a healthier planet:agricultures impact on the environment in Europe and C

25、entral Asia 1002.3.2 Policy discussion:repurposing agricultural support with a focus on environmental protection and sustainability 1052.3.3 Global framework for climate services and Regional Agrometeorological Centre 111ANNEXES 114NOTES 158Country groupings 158Food categorization 158Coverage of the

26、 Eastern Europe,Caucasus and Central Asia countries in this report 159REFERENCES 164|iv|FIGURES 1 Prevalence of undernourishment in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 32 Prevalence of undernourishment in Europe and Central Asia by country 43 Prevalence of food insecurity in Europe and Central Asia

27、 by subregion 64 Number of moderately or severely food insecure people in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 85 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Europe and Central Asia by country 96 Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Europe and Central Asia by sex,2021 107 Prev

28、alence of stunting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 128 Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by country 139 Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by subregion,2020 1410 Prevalence of wasting among chi

29、ldren under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by country,latest year available 1511 Prevalence of overweight among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 1612 Prevalence of overweight among children 6 to 9 years old by country,20152017 average 1713 Prevalence of anaemia among women aged

30、 15 to 49 years in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 1814 Prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years in Europe and Central Asia by country 1915 Prevalence of obesity among adults in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 2216 Prevalence of obesity among adults by sex in Europe and Centra

31、l Asia by country,2016 2317 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 05 months of age in Europe and Central Asia by country 2518 Prevalence of low birthweight in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 2619 Prevalence of low birthweight in Europe and Central Asia by country 2720 Change in th

32、e cost of a healthy diet compared to the previous year in Europe and Central Asia by subregion 3021 Percentage of people unable to afford a healthy diet in Europe and Central Asia by country 3122 Total budgetary support to food and agriculture as a share of the total budget and agricultural value ad

33、ded,20172019 4323 Budgetary support to food and agriculture accounting for the differences between the size of the countries,20172019 4524 Agricultural support policies by type of support in selected ECA countries,20182020 4725 Dynamics of agricultural support policies by type of support in selected

34、 ECA countries 4826 Share of most distorting support in transfers to individual producers 4927 The nominal rate of protection by commodity group,globally and regionally,20132018,percent 5128 Share of general services in budget transfers to agriculture for countries and areas in Europe and Central As

35、ia,percent 5329 Share in total calories per day 6530 Consumer nominal protection coefficient,20182020 6731 The traffic light labelling system 73FIGURES,TABLES AND BOXES|v|32 Global competitiveness of countries in Europe and Central Asia(0=low 100=high)7833 Share of public health expenditure,percent

36、of GDP in selected countries of Europe and Central Asia,2019 8634 Adequacy of benefits:Social insurance and social assistance in selected countries and areas of Europe and Central Asia 9235 Total agriculture food emissions in Europe and Central Asia 10236 Total food agriculture emissions in 17 count

37、ries in Europe and Central Asia,2019 10437 Agro-environmental payments as a share of budget transfers to agriculture,percent 10638 Greenhouse gas emissions by commodity,tonnes of CO2 equivalent 10739 Agricultural support as a share of output is higher for commodities with higher nature and climate f

38、ootprint,20182020,percent 109Annex Figure 5.1 Share of impact on biodiversity,by food crop and pasture 152Annex Figure 5.2 Level of water stress in selected countries of Europe and Central Asia 152 TABLES 1 Number of undernourished people,millions 52 Prevalence of food insecurity,percent 73 Number o

39、f moderately or severely food insecure people,millions 84 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 05 months of age in Europe and Central Asia by subregion,percent 245 Policy instruments for supporting food and agriculture and related indicators 416 Share of government expenditures on agr

40、iculture of the total budget expenditures by subregion,percent,20012019 447 Budgetary transfers to agriculture by income group and subregion in ECA region,million USD 468 Structure of budgetary support to food and agriculture in countries and areas of the Western Balkans,20172019 499 Commodity-speci

41、fic support to agriculture in countries of Europe and Central Asia,measured by producer single commodity transfers,million USD 5210 Impact of repurposing policies to support healthy diets in Europe,2030(percentage change with respect to the baseline)6111 Types of nutrition education in Europe and Ce

42、ntral Asia and the world 8612 Social protection coverage in urban and rural areas in percentages(latest data available since 2015)9013 Adequacy of benefits:all social insurance and assistance in ECA countries,percent,2019 or latest data available 9214 Availability of child and adolescent health stra

43、tegies and policies on“unhealthy”foods in schools and marketing to children,2017 9515 Emissions intensity(kg CO2eq/kg product),by food product and country,in selected countries of Europe and Central Asia,2020 10316 Support to producers largely benefit emission-intensive commodities,million USD 10817

44、 Europe and Central Asia countries covered in this report by subregion and income group 159Table A1.1 Prevalence of undernourishment,percent 114Table A1.2 Number of undernourished people,millions 116Table A1.3 Prevalence of food insecurity,percent 118Table A1.4 Number of food insecure people,million

45、s 120|vi|Table A1.5 Prevalence of stunting among children under 5,percent 122Table A1.6 Prevalence of wasting among children under 5,percent 123Table A1.7 Prevalence of overweight among children under 5,percent 124Table A1.8 Prevalence of anemia among women aged 15 to 49,percent 125Table A1.9 Preval

46、ence of obesity among adults,percent 127Table A1.10 Prevalence of obesity among adults by sex,percent 129Table A1.11 Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 0 to 5 months of age,percent 131Table A1.12 Prevalence of low birthweight,percent 132Table A1.13 Affordability of a healthy diet 13

47、4Table A1.14 Cost of a healthy diet(usd per person per day)136Table A5.1 Agriculture emissions by food product in Europe and Central Asia(emissions intensity average across the region)149Table A5.2 Share of impact on species richness(crops without pasture),by country,pasture and total 150Table A5.3

48、Share of impact on threatened species richness(crops without pasture,pasture and total)by country 150Table A5.4 Share of impact on biodiversity range rarity(crops without pasture,pasture and total)by country 151Table A5.5 Share of impact on biodiversity range rarity(crops without pasture,pasture and

49、 total)by crop 151Table A5.6 Share of impact on biodiversity,by food crop and pasture(spatially aggregated index values)152Table A6.1 Policy measures on food security and nutrition for the promotion of healthy diets in Europe and Central Asia 153Table A6.2 Suggested double-duty action road map to ov

50、ercome the double burden of malnutrition in Europe and Central Asia 155 BOXES 1 Food Systems Summit as an accelerator towards the achievement of the SDGs by 2030 352 The triple challenge of agrifood systems 363 Policy measures in response to COVID-19 pandemic and their effect on food security in ECA

51、 countries 554 The impact of the war in Ukraine effect on food security and policy measures in response in ECA countries 565 A healthy,sustainable,equitable and efficient agrifood systems transformation 646 Government policy and support need to be repurposed for the Eurasian Economic Union fruit and

52、 vegetable crop sector 687 Investment for providing livelihoods to farmers and rural communities in Tajikistan 798 Agrarian structure in Central Asian and Eastern European countries is a foundation for sustainable development 819 UNECE work on trade facilitation of food and agricultural products 881

53、0 Food loss and waste and the UNECE Code of Good Practice 8911 Social insurance and social assistance 9112 Inclusive Rural Economic and Climate Resilience Programme in the Republic of Moldova 10913 Agricultural Modernization,Market Access and Resilience project in Georgia 110|vii|The 2022 Regional O

54、verview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia is the eighth Europe and Central Asia(ECA)report monitoring and analysing regional trends and progress made towards reaching SDG 2(Zero Hunger)1 food security and nutrition targets.Governments support food and agriculture through vari

55、ous polices,fiscal subsidies to producers and consumers,and general services support.These policies impact all stakeholders,food environments and the availability and affordability of healthy diets(FAO et al.,2022).The report includes studies on repurposing policies and incentives to make healthy di

56、ets more affordable and agrifood systems more environmentally sustainable in the ECA region.Seven years after the world committed to ending hunger,food insecurity and all forms of malnutrition,neither the world as a whole nor the ECA region in particular is on track to achieve this objective by 2030

57、.There are many obstacles to making progress and achieving the SDGs.Previous editions of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia and The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World have shown that extreme climate variability,war and conflicts,economic sl

58、owdowns and downturns,and the rising costs of nutritious foods undermine efforts to end hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition.In 2022,food security and nutrition throughout the world and in the ECA region have been challenged by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.Both the pandemi

59、c,which started in early 2020,and the war in Ukraine,which began in early 2022,have been undermining efforts to end hunger and improve food security and nutrition.Causes include higher food,agricultural input and energy prices;increased production,transportation and transition costs;higher unemploym

60、ent;reduced incomes;and the rising costs of(and thus diminishing access to)healthy diets.Many of these costs,which hamper increasing access to healthy diets,are at all-time highs.Consistent with previous reports,the most recent estimates for 2021 generally reveal that the ECA region has enjoyed a lo

61、w prevalence of hunger and food insecurity compared to the world average.However,the COVID-19 pandemic has added 25.5 million people in the region to the ranks of the moderately or severely food insecure,leaving them without access to safe,nutritious and adequate food.Progress has been made in reduc

62、ing various forms of malnutrition in most countries of the ECA region,including child stunting,child wasting and low birthweight.However,the region is in a worse position overall regarding the prevalence of childhood overweight,exclusive breastfeeding and adult obesity.In particular,the region is se

63、eing alarmingly high and rising rates of overweight and obesity.The evidence shows that nearly 27 percent of children aged 69 years were overweight in 20152017,a much higher prevalence than among children under 5 years of age.Adult obesity is on the rise in all subregions and all countries in the EC

64、A region.This report shows that more work must be done for the ECA region to fully reach the SDG 2.2 targets to end malnutrition.Healthy diets that contain balanced,diverse,nutritious and appropriately selected foods protect against the effects of malnutrition in all its forms and against non-commun

65、icable diseases.This 2022 edition of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia provides updates on the cost and affordability of a healthy diet for 2020 in the region.The evidence shows that the ECA region and almost all ECA subregions were experiencing increase

66、d costs and reduced affordability of healthy diets in 2020 because of inflation in consumer food prices,stemming from the economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and the measures implemented along food supply chains to contain it.The situation is even worse in 2022 due to the added impacts of the

67、ongoing war in Ukraine.While ECA countries are working to achieve the SDGs,the promotion of healthy diets has been challenging.The 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit provided global momentum to act to achieve the SDGs through an agrifood system lens while ensuring that all people are able to en

68、joy their right to a decent and safe life.One of the necessary building blocks in the agrifood systems transformation is the repurposing of food and agricultural policies,which means replacing inefficient,unsustainable and/or inequitable support measures with support measures that are the opposite(F

69、AO et al.,2022).Repurposing implies the reforming of agricultural policies to make them better suited to addressing the“triple challenge”of current agrifood systems:achieving food security and good nutrition for a growing world population and for better health;providing livelihoods to farmers and ot

70、hers connected to the sector;and reducing the nature and climate footprint of the sector.Government support to food and agriculture in the ECA region has been increasing,in particular in middle-income countries,affecting the availability,accessibility,diversity and prices of foods.However,a signific

71、ant portion of this support distorts market prices which may impact the affordability of a healthy diet and FOREWORD|viii|is destructive to the environment and harmful to small-scale producers and Indigenous Peoples.Making agrifood systems more environmentally sustainable will require more support f

72、or agricultural research and development,education,extension,pest and disease control actions,and public food safety control systems.It also is necessary to develop,disseminate and adopt climate-smart agriculture and more emission-efficient technologies,policies and practices to reduce overall emiss

73、ion from agriculture.While 20 percent of total support to food and agriculture globally was for general services,which can create an enabling environment,the figure was just 11 percent among high-income countries and 15 percent among middle-income countries in the ECA region.Moreover,in response to

74、the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine,the goal of self-sufficiency in agrifood commodities has been getting more attention in many countries in the region,and this has led to import and export restrictions that have imposed extra costs on food for consumers.Policies need to be reshaped to app

75、ly a more balanced approach to designing agrifood trade polices without undermining peoples access to healthy diets.A healthy,sustainable,equitable and efficient agrifood systems transformation will need policy options,interactions and the coordination of multisectoral policies within and outside of

76、 agrifood systems.Some farmers especially small-scale farmers and women who are facing resource constraints and a lack of knowledge and who do not have access to markets are not in a position to specialize in the production of priority nutritious foods.Therefore,policy measures will be needed to pro

77、tect the poor and vulnerable and promote their market access and specialization when considering the repurposing of resources to prioritize food consumers and incentivize sustainable production.It is important to take into account synergies and trade-offs between the affordability of a healthy diet

78、and the environmental sustainability of agrifood systems when considering the implications of agricultural policies.The Global Framework for Climate Services can help accelerate,coordinate and promote the development and application of climate services to assist decision-making at all levels in supp

79、ort of addressing climate-related risks.The Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System can support decision-makers with information to guide valuable and additional emission-reduction actions and build confidence in the role of atmospheric composition measurements.The current state of food

80、security and nutrition in the ECA region requires holistically developed regional and national programmes and projects to make healthy diets more affordable while making agrifood systems more environmentally sustainable.These programmes should encompass agrifood systems,health,nutrition education,cl

81、imate,trade,investment,innovation,social protection and state support for acceleration towards achieving the SDGs.As with previous editions of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia,we hope that this report provides valuable knowledge and evidence and contrib

82、utes to identifying options for informed dialogue and concerted action by all partners as we work together to accelerate progress towards the goal of a hunger-free and healthy Europe and Central Asia.Our organizations stand firmly committed and ready to support governments and bring additional allie

83、s on board to achieve policy coherence at regional and national levels.nMarina Walter Deputy Assistant Administrator and Deputy Director of the UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the CISUNDPVladimir Rakhmanin Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Europe and Central Asia FAOPhil

84、ippe Cori Deputy Regional Director for Europe and Central Asia UNICEFOlga Algayerova Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and ECE Executive Secretary UNECEHans Henri P.KlugeRegional Director for EuropeWHOCorinne FleischerRegional Director for the Middle East and Northern Africa WFPPetteri T

85、aalas World Meteorological Organization Secretary-GeneralWMOJohn AylieffRegional Director forAsia and the Pacific WFP|ix|The Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia 2022 was jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional O

86、ffice for Europe and Central Asia;the International Fund For Agricultural Development(IFAD)for Near East,North Africa,Europe and Central Asia;the United Nations Childrens Fund(UNICEF)Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia;the United Nations Development Programme(UNDP);the United Nations Economi

87、c Commission for Europe(UNECE);the World Food Programme(WFP)Regional Bureau Cairo for Middle East,North Africa,Central Asia and Eastern Europe;the World Health Organization(WHO)Regional Office for Europe;and the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)Regional Office for Europe;in close cooperation wi

88、th the FAO Agrifood Economics Division(ESA)and the FAO Statistics Division(ESS).Cheng Fang coordinated the preparation of the document and led its production under the overall supervision and guidance of Vladimir Rakhmanin,Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for Europe and Central

89、 Asia,with the assistance of Raimund Jehle,Regional Programme Leader.The collaboration of FAO,IFAD,UNICEF,UNDP,UNECE,WFP,WHO and WMO was supported and facilitated by Valeria Rocca of FAO,Taylan Kiymaz of IFAD,Gabriele Fontana of UNICEF,Monica Moldovan of UNDP,Marit Nilses of UNECE,Khalid Al-Qudsi an

90、d Lauren LePage of WFP,Peter Sousa Hoejskov of WHO and Natalia Berghi of WMO.The report was made possible by the contributions of an interdisciplinary team of experts,in particular Cheng Fang,Olga Shik,Guljahan Kurbanova,Zaza Chelidze,Anna Jenderedjian,Keigo Obara,Dmitry Zvyagintsev,Pedro Marcelo Ar

91、ias,Giorgi Kvinikadze,Viliami Fakava and Raimund Jehle from the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia.In addition,technical contributions were provided by colleagues from the Institute for Agrarian Studies of HSE University:Eugenia Serova,Renata Yanbykh,Nadezhda Orlova and Ekaterina Galakt

92、ionova.At IFAD,the report was prepared by Alessandra Garbero,Taylan Kiymaz and Grayson Sakos.At UNICEF,input was provided by Gabriele Fontana.At UNDP,contributions were provided by Maxim Vergeichyk,Monica Moldovan,Joshua Brann and Eva Bortolotti.At WFP,the report was prepared by Siemon Hollema,Khali

93、d Al-Qudsi and Lauren LePage.At UNECE,the report was prepared by Marit Nilses.Input from WHO was provided by Peter Sousa Hoejskov,Kremlin Wickramasinghe,Mirjam Heinen,Marta Buoncristiano and Julianne Williams.From WMO,contributions were provided by Jrg Luterbacher,Estelle De Coning,ngel G.Muoz,Carme

94、n Gonzalez Romero,Oxana Tarasova,Johan Stander,Robert Stefanski,Elena Mateescu,Milan Dacic and Natalia Berghi.Under the overall supervision of Maximo Torero Cullen,Chief Economist and leader of the FAO Economic and Social Development stream,coordination was provided by the ESA Division(for the overa

95、ll document)and the ESS Division(for Part I).Overall technical review and support were led by Marco Snchez Cantillo,the ESA Deputy-Director,and by Cindy Holleman and Giovanni Carrasco Azzini.Technical review and support for Part I were led by ESS Director Jos Rosero Moncayo,Olivier Lavagne dOrtigue

96、and Hernn Muoz.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS|x|Valuable review,comments and contributions were received from the following FAO colleagues:Mara del Mar Polo of the Food Systems and Food Safety Division;Cecile Berranger,Anna Befus,Azeta Cungu,Mari Kangasniemi,Claire Mason,Lourdes Marie Orlando,Serena Pepino and Ro

97、drigo Rivera of the Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division;Iryna Kobuta of the Markets and Trade Division;Trudy Wijnhoven and Maria Xipsiti of the Food and Nutrition Division;Giovanni Carrasco Azzini,Valentina Conti,Cindy Holleman,Valentina Pernechele and Marco Snchez Cantillo o

98、f ESA;and Olivier Lavagne dOrtigue and Francesco Tubiello of ESS.Valuable review comments and contributions also were provided by staff from the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia and the FAO Subregional Office for Central Asia:Raimund Jehle,Nabil Gangi,Viorel Gutu,Sumiter Broca,Tamara

99、Nanitashvili,Dono Abdurazakova,Mary Kenny,Morten Hartvigsen,Tania Santivanez,Goran Stavrik and Valeria Rocca.In addition,this edition also benefited from comments and feedback made by various colleagues from FAO country offices.At the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia,Victoria Kalinin

100、and Irina Tarakanova coordinated the publishing process,with valuable support from colleagues at FAO headquarters in Rome.Special thanks go to Matthew Anderson for his editorial support,to the Neotech company for translating the document into Russian,and to Ignacio Ramirez for graphic design and lay

101、out.n|xi|BT budget transfer to individual producerCIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCFS Committee on World Food SecurityCNPC consumer nominal protection coefficientCOSI Childhood Obesity Surveillance InitiativeCOVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019CPI consumer price indexEAEU Eurasian Economic UnionE

102、BRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentECA Europe and Central AsiaECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the CaribbeanEECCA Eastern Europe,Caucasus and Central AsiaEFTA European Free Trade AssociationESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificESCWA Economic an

103、d Social Commission for Western AsiaEU27 the 27 Member States of the European UnionFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFIES Food Insecurity Experience ScaleGDP gross domestic productGFCS Global Framework for Climate ServiceGFF Global Financing FacilityGHG greenhouse gasGSSE ge

104、neral services support estimateHIC high-income countryHLPE High Level Panel of ExpertsICP International Comparison ProgrammeIFAD International Fund for Agricultural DevelopmentIFPRI International Food Policy Research InstituteIHME Institute for Health Metrics and EvaluationILO International Labour O

105、rganizationIPARD instrument for pre-accession assistance for rural developmentLMIC lower-middle-income countryMPS market price supportNCD non-communicable diseaseNPC nominal protection coefficientNRP nominal rate of protectionOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentPIP poverty and

106、 inequality platformPoU prevalence of undernourishmentPPP purchasing power parityPSCT producer single commodity transferPSCTP gross farm receipts from the commodityRASFF Rapid Alert System for Food and FeedSDG Sustainable Development GoalTBSE total budgetary support estimateTCT transfer to consumer

107、from taxpayerTSE total support estimateUMIC upper-middle-income countryUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNEP United Nations Environment ProgrammeUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNICEF United Nations Childrens FundWFP World Food ProgrammeWHA World Health AssemblyWHO World H

108、ealth OrganizationWMO World Meteorological OrganizationWTO World Trade OrganizationACRONYMS AND ABBREVATIONS|xii|PART I:OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA While the worldwide prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)increased from 8.4 percent in 2019 to 9.9 percent in 2020

109、and rose further in 2021,the PoU in the Europe and Central Asia(ECA)region has remained below 2.5 percent in recent years.However,by subregion,the PoU was above 2.5 percent and experienced increases from 2019 to 2021 in the Caucasus,Central Asia and the Western Balkans.With the impacts of the COVID-

110、19 pandemic on national economies and households,the level of undernourishment is expected to increase but remain below 2.5 percent in some countries of the region.After increasing sharply in 2020,the regional prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity increased again in 2021(from 9.8 percent

111、in 2019 to 11.3 percent in 2020 to 12.4 percent in 2021),reflecting a deteriorating situation for people facing serious hardships as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.Overall,around 116.3 million people in the ECA region were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021,with 25.5 million added in ju

112、st two years.Four subregions had a higher prevalence than the ECA average:Central Asia(20.2 percent),the Western Balkans(19.8 percent)and the Caucasus(16.9 percent).Severe food insecurity rose even higher,with more than 13 million people becoming severely food insecure in the region from 2019 to 202

113、1.Overall in the ECA region in 2020,an estimated 7.3 percent of children under 5 years of age were stunted(22 percent globally),and 1.9 percent were wasted(6.7 percent globally).Both indicators were much lower than the world average.The prevalence of stunting and wasting declined continuous from 201

114、5 to 2020.As of the latest data available(from 2016),adult obesity was on the rise in all subregions,and the regional prevalence of adult obesity was well above the global average.The prevalence of overweight among children under 5 years of age in the ECA region was estimated at 7.1 percent,much hig

115、her than the world average of 5.7 percent.Among boys and girls aged 69 years,26.9 percent were overweight,much more than among children under 5 years of age.The prevalence of anaemia among women aged 1549 years was 17.4 percent in the ECA region in 2020,while globally,nearly one in three women were

116、affected by anaemia.However,the prevalence of anaemia in the Caucasus was higher than the global average.The global prevalence of low birthweight declined at a slow pace from 2000 to 2015.The data for the ECA region show the same slow pattern,with a prevalence of about half the world average.As it h

117、as worldwide,steady progress has been made on exclusive breastfeeding in the ECA region,though the prevalence remains below the global average.The average cost of a healthy diet in the ECA region and in almost all ECA subregions increased in 2020 due to a sharp increase in consumer food prices resul

118、ting from the COVID-19 pandemic.In 2020,the Western Balkans had the costliest healthy diet in the region(USD 3.87 per person per day,much higher the world average of USD 3.54 and regional average of USD 3.14).KEY MESSAGES|xiii|On average,the ECA region in 2020 had a much lower percentage of people u

119、nable to afford a healthy diet(roughly 3.6 percent)than the world(42.0 percent).However,three of the study countries had a very high percentage of their populations who were unable to afford a healthy diet.In 2020,49.6 percent of the population were unable to afford a healthy diet in Kyrgyzstan,42.9

120、 percent in Armenia,and 42.1 percent in Tajikistan.PART II:REPURPOSING POLICIES AND INCENTIVES TO MAKE HEALTHY DIETS MORE AFFORDABLE AND AGRIFOOD SYSTEMS MORE ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to impact global and regional economies.In addition,the o

121、ngoing war in Ukraine,which began in 2022,is disrupting regional and global food markets and whole supply chains.Most countries in the ECA region especially middle-income countries are highly affected and have limited capacity to help mitigate the crisis through food production,export,and investment

122、 in agrifood systems.This is the time for governments to start examining their current support to food and agriculture and to evaluate whether the current money can be reallocated more cost-effectively and efficiently to reduce hunger,food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms.Food and agricu

123、lture policies need to be repurposed to make them better suited to addressing the“triple challenge”of current agrifood systems increasing the affordability of healthy diets,ensuring better livelihoods for farmers and improving environmental sustainability.The countries in the ECA region have very di

124、fferent levels of development and also different levels of budgetary support to food and agriculture.The level of support in high-income countries is much higher,but the share of support in the regions total support is decreasing from high-income ECA countries and growing from middle-income countrie

125、s.The lions share of the support to food and agriculture in the ECA region,on average,is targeted to farmers individually through trade and market policies and fiscal subsidies tied to production or unconstrained use of variable production inputs.Budget support to general services aimed at creating

126、an enabling environment is limited in most ECA countries.Making agrifood systems more environmentally sustainable will require more support for agricultural research and development,education,extension,pest and disease control actions,public food safety control systems,and climate-smart agriculture

127、and emissions-efficient technologies and practices.Trade and market interventions can act as trade barriers for nutritious foods,undermining the availability and affordability of healthy diets.Overall in the ECA region,support to agricultural production largely is concentrated in meat(70 percent)and

128、 milk production,while cereals and oil crops in major producing countries receive disincentives as a result of explicit and implicit export restrictions.The support structure encourages food consumption towards more meat and livestock products,which already are overconsumed,making relatively more ex

129、pensive the consumption of unsubsidized or less-subsidized commodities such as fruits,vegetables and pulses in the ECA region.When repurposing public support to make healthy diets more affordable,policymakers will have to avoid and in some cases manage potential inequality trade-offs,since farmers(i

130、n particular small-scale farmers,women and youth)may not be able to become specialized in the production of priority nutritious foods due to knowledge and resource constraints.The ECA region offers some good examples(as provided in this report)of agricultural investments for inclusive and nutritious

131、 food supply chains.|xiv|A healthy,sustainable,equitable and efficient agrifood systems transformation will require the coordination of policies within and outside of agrifood systems.Complementing policies that are needed to ensure that repurposing efforts are impactful in the region:shifting agric

132、ultural support to priority food groups,supporting nutrition-sensitive production systems and food supply chains,developing and disseminating and adapting climate-smart agriculture or more emission-efficient technologies and practices,improving the food environment,empowering consumers to choose hea

133、lthy diets,making responsible investments to achieve food security and better nutrition,and repurposing agricultural support to better benefit farmers and others connected to the sector.Complementing policies in health,education for nutrition,and trade facilitation,climate and environment,and progra

134、mmes for children in the ECA region can support shifts in food supply chains and consumer behaviour towards healthy diets and ease or mitigate trade-offs.There are differences and gaps in social protection in the ECA region.Some lower-middle-income countries have extremely low social assistance paym

135、ents.Policies and programmes have a strong focus on infants and children younger than 5 years of age and on women of reproductive age but not on nutrition or overweight and obesity among adolescents,which have become severe issues.Significant commodity-specific support is linked to the overuse of in

136、puts and land and water resources.In the ECA region,emissions intensities indicate that greater potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissions can be gained by restructuring food production systems between crop and livestock sectors and within crop and livestock products and by using climate-smart

137、 and energy-efficient technologies and practices along agrifood value supply chains.The risks of climate variability and change and adaptation to climate change can be better managed by the development and incorporation of science-based climate information and coordination systems.The success of rep

138、urposing efforts will need to consider the diversity of each countrys context(political,social,governance,balance of payments,etc.)at local and national levels and engage with stakeholders from the public and private sectors and international organizations.|xv|The Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)

139、,adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,renewed and revitalized the commitment to ending hunger and malnutrition.This 2022 edition of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia is the eighth regional analysis aligned to SDG 2(Zero Hunger)food securit

140、y and nutrition indicators in Europe and Central Asia(ECA),in line with The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022.Regional overviews for the ECA region have been issued annually since 2015.As the previous editions of the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and

141、 Central Asia have shown,many countries in the region face challenges related to food insecurity and malnutrition in one form or another.However,the magnitudes of these problems vary throughout subregions and countries,as the region encompasses great diversity in income levels and other social and e

142、conomic characteristics.The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic,the war in Ukraine and climate change have worsened food security and nutrition and highlighted the fragilities of agrifood systems and the inequalities of our societies.These issues are manifested through three main transmission channels:rising

143、food prices,rising energy prices and tightening financial conditions.Previous regional reports have shown that undernourishment,or hunger,is not a major issue overall in most ECA countries.However,the rate of decline in the prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)has slowed and even reversed in the past

144、several years in some countries of the region.The prevalence of severe food insecurity another indicator to measure food security,based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale(FIES)indicates that severe food insecurity is low in the region.However,the prevalence of food insecurity at moderate or sev

145、ere levels,taken together,is not negligible in the region,including in high-income countries,indicating a lack of access for all people to nutritious and diverse foods throughout the entire year.There also is a disparity between women and men at the moderate or severe level.In Part I,this report con

146、tains a new assessment and presents an up-to-date picture of food security in the region,using the latest 2021 PoU and FIES data.In particular,this report reviews and assesses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security and nutrition(SDG 2.1:undernourishment and food insecurity)at regional

147、,subregional and country levels within the ECA region.Target 2.2 of SDG 2 calls for an end to“all forms of malnutrition”by 2030.The nutrition and health targets in the SDGs build on those set by the 2012 World Health Assembly,which approved six global targets to be met by 2025 for improving maternal

148、,infant and young child nutrition.To align with the deadline of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,the 2025 targets were subsequently extended to 2030.In previous editions,the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia reviewed key indicators related to maln

149、utrition and discussed trend analyses.The findings have highlighted that many in this region face the multiple burdens of malnutrition.This 2022 edition includes reviews and updates on the following indicators of malnutrition:stunting among children under 5 years of age;wasting among children under

150、5 years of age;overweight among children under 5 years of age;anaemia among women aged 15 to 49;and the additional World Health Assembly nutrition indicators adult obesity,prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months of life,and prevalence of low birthweight.This edition INTRODU

151、CTION|xvi|contains,for the first time,an overview and analysis of child overweight among boys and girls aged 69 for 36 ECA countries,based on the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative(COSI).In addition,this issue also for the first time reports the prevalence of obesity among adults

152、 by sex for 51 countries in ECA region.As discussed in the Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia 2020,diet quality is a critical link between food security and nutrition outcomes.Consuming healthy diets can help achieve the SDG 2 targets of ending hunger,achievi

153、ng food security and improving nutrition in particular,in reducing overweight and obesity and health problems stemming from diet-related non-communicable diseases.Healthy diets,on average,are five times more expensive than staple,cereal-based diets in the ECA region,and the high costs of healthy die

154、ts make them unaffordable for poor households.The sharp increase in global-and country-level consumer food prices in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic may be translated into higher costs of healthy diets,negatively affecting their availability and affordability.This report provides a 2020 cost a

155、nd affordability update for ECA countries.Many factors may be involved in the slowdown or reversal of progress on food security and in challenges related to the multiple burdens of malnutrition.Each year,an important priority issue for the region is highlighted in the thematic portion of the Regiona

156、l Overview of Food Security and Nutrition in Europe and Central Asia.The 2020 edition explored the transition to healthy diets by examining their costs and affordability in the fight to end hunger and malnutrition in the ECA region.The 2019 edition assessed the structural transformations of agricult

157、ure for improved food security,nutrition and environment.An in-depth assessment of labour migration,remittances and food insecurity and malnutrition was the primary focus in 2018.The 2017 report appraised the regions exposure to environmental degradation and climate change and the trends and feature

158、s observed related to the triple burden of malnutrition.This 2022 edition contains studies on the repurposing of public policies and incentives to make healthy diets more affordable and more environmentally sustainable.Given the constraints of government budgets and,in particular,financial crises du

159、e to the impacts of war,it becomes an urgent necessity to allocate existing public budgets and price incentives in a different manner and more cost-effectively and efficiently to achieve development objectives,including reducing the costs of healthy diets and making food systems more environmentally

160、 sustainable in the ECA region.Part II of this report includes the following sections:stocktaking and analysis of national food and agricultural policies for the affordability of healthy diets in ECA countries;repurposing food and agricultural support and complementing polices within and outside agr

161、ifood systems to address the“triple challenge”of agrifood systems in the region(improving the affordability of healthy diets,providing livelihoods to farmers and others connected to the sector,and improving environmental sustainability);and a special analysis of the impacts of food and agricultural

162、production on environments and reorienting agricultural production in the ECA region for a healthier planet.The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic continue to impact global and regional economies and have worsened the food security situation.The war in Ukraine,which began in 2022,is disrupti

163、ng regional and global food markets and whole supply chains because the Russian Federation and Ukraine are two of the worlds largest producers of staple cereals and oilseeds and play a pivotal role in the supply of food,energy and finance to the economies of the region.The war is affecting grain,fer

164、tilizer and energy prices,leading to shortages in most countries of the region and limiting financial resources,particularly in middle-income ECA countries.Most countries in the region have limited capacity to help mitigate the crisis through food production and food export,as the financial resource

165、s available for investment in agrifood systems are very limited.As shown in The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022,governments can invest in agrifood systems equitably and sustainably even with the same level of public resources.Governments throughout the region will need to eval

166、uate whether the current money can be reallocated more cost-effectively and efficiently to achieve development objectives.|xvii|The 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit provided global momentum to act to achieve the SDGs through an agrifood systems approach.Agrifood systems need to be transformed

167、 and food and agriculture policies repurposed to make them better suited to addressing the“triple challenge”of current agrifood systems,as well to improve the affordability of healthy diets,make trade-offs for a better life,and improve environmental sustainability(including environmental indicators

168、such as biodiversity loss,greenhouse gas emissions intensity,land use change,eutrophication,water use and others).The options available to transform agrifood systems need to be carefully considered,with the aim of using limited resources in the most cost-effective and efficient ways to achieve devel

169、opment objectives.This report presents the results of a simulated scenario involving the repurposing of food and agricultural policies among lower-middle-income,upper-middle-income and high-income countries.The report identifies the benefits of repurposing agricultural support based on both quantita

170、tive and qualitative evidence,provides an analysis of the potential trade-offs and synergies,and shares guidance for countries on how to repurpose agricultural policies.A healthy,sustainable,equitable and efficient agrifood systems transformation will need policy options and the coordination of mult

171、isectoral policies within and outside of agrifood systems.This report provides reviews and detailed analyses of complementing policies within agrifood systems that are needed to ensure repurposing efforts are impactful in the region:shifting agricultural support to priority food groups,supporting nu

172、trition-sensitive production,improving the food environment and empowering consumers to choose healthy diets,making responsible investments to achieve food security and better nutrition,and repurposing agricultural support to better benefit farmers and others connected to the sector.Complementing po

173、licies in health,education for nutrition,social protection,trade facilitation,climate and environment,and programmes for children are reviewed to see whether they can provide incentives to support shifts in food supply chains and consumer behaviour towards healthy diets and ease or mitigate the unin

174、tended consequences or trade-offs from repurposing support for vulnerable and disadvantaged population groups.The most important synergies and trade-offs between the affordability of a healthy diet and the climate(greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture)are observed when budgetary transfers are re

175、purposed.Ensuring affordable healthy diets and pursuing environmental and climate goals can offer important synergies with the repurposing of food and agricultural support.This report provides a detailed analysis of polices and incentives to achieve environmental and climate-related goals in the ECA

176、 region and includes a data-based analysis of the impacts of agricultural production on the environment.Three impacts are analysed:greenhouse gas emissions,biodiversity impacts from food crops and pastures,and water footprints.Climate change is impacting the ability to produce food.Adapting to a cha

177、nging climate and building resilience to adverse climate events increase production costs.Sufficient agro-environmental payments are necessary to increase the environmental sustainability of production.Agricultural support by commodity groups with different emissions intensities has varying impacts

178、on nature and climate footprints.Climate-smart agriculture is an approach that helps guide the transformation of agricultural systems to support development and ensure food security in a changing climate.This report analyses these issues in ECA countries.The risks of climate variability and change a

179、nd of adaptation to climate change can be better managed by the development and incorporation of science-based climate information and prediction into planning,policy and practices at global,regional and national scales.This report presents as an example the Global Framework for Climate Services,whi

180、ch can enable the development and application of weather,water,climate and related environment services to assist decision-making at all levels in support of addressing related risks.nKYRGYZSTANFarmers,harvesting cucumbers.FAO/Sergey KozminPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASI

181、A|2|1.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2.1:UNDERNOURISHMENT AND FOOD INSECURITYKey messagesnWhile the global prevalence of undernourishment(PoU)increased from 8.4 percent in 2019 to 9.3 percent in 2020 and to 9.8 percent in 2021,the PoU in the Europe and Central Asia(ECA)region has remained below 2.5

182、percent for nearly two decades.However,in the Caucasus,Central Asia and the Western Balkans,the PoU is above 2.5 percent but still well below the world average.The latest results show the persistence of undernourishment in the countries of the region most vulnerable in terms of food security to vari

183、ous shocks.It is expected to increase but remain below 2.5 percent in some countries of the region.nAfter increasing sharply in 2020,the regional prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity increased again in 2021(9.8 percent in 2019,11.3 percent in 2020 and 12.4 percent in 2021),reflecting a d

184、eteriorating situation for people already facing serious hardships due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Around 116.3 million people in the ECA region were moderately or severely food insecure in 2021,an increase of 10.7 million(10.1 percent)from 2020.In all,that is 25.5 million(28.1 percent)added to the num

185、bers from 2019,before the COVID-19 pandemic.The increase was across all subregions but most prevalent in Central Asia and the Western Balkans.nCompared to the world average,the ECA region has a relatively low prevalence of severe food insecurity,similar to the prevalence of moderate or severe food i

186、nsecurity.However,severe food insecurity rose in 2021 from 2020,after an earlier increase from 2019 to 2020.An estimated 27.4 million people in Europe and Central Asia experienced severe food insecurity in 2021,a jump of 5.9 million people(27.4 percent)from 2020 and 13.1 million people(91.6 percent)

187、from 2019.nSex-disaggregated estimates across the region show that moderate or severe food insecurity was experienced more by women(12.5 percent)than by men(10.3 percent)in 2021.NOTEAnother crisis is unfolding as this report is being written with potentially sobering implications for global food sec

188、urity and nutrition:the war in Ukraine.Although the statistics presented in this report refer to the period up until 2021 and,therefore,represent the state of food security before the onset of the war,it is likely that the direct and indirect effects|3|2000200220042006200820002

189、1086420PERCENTAGECIS Europe and UkraineWestern BalkansCentral AsiaEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusof the war will have multiple implications for global agricultural markets through the channels of trade,production and prices over time.Ultimately,this casts a shadow over the state of food s

190、ecurity and nutrition for many countries in particular those that are already facing hunger and food crisis situations and poses an additional challenge for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)2 targets of ending hunger and ensuring access to adequate food for all(SDG Target 2.1)and elimi

191、nating all forms of malnutrition(SDG Target 2.2).PREVALENCE OF UNDERNOURISHMENTThe Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)PoU indicator is derived from country data on food supply,food consumption and energy needs,while taking into consideration demographic characteristics such

192、as age,sex and levels of physical activity.Designed to capture a state of energy deprivation lasting over a year,it does not reflect the short-lived effects of temporary crises or a temporarily inadequate intake of essential nutrients.FAO strives always to improve the accuracy of the PoU estimates b

193、y taking into account new information;the entire historical series is updated for each report.For this reason,only the current series of estimates should be used,including for values in past years(FAO et al.,2019).In the past two decades,countries in the Europe and Central Asia(ECA)region have made

194、significant progress in combating undernourishment.In 2000,the PoU in the entire region was 3.1 percent,and it has since fallen to below 2.5 percent(FIGURE 1).FIGURE 1Prevalence of undernourishment in Europe and Central Asia by subregionNOTE:Projected values based on the middle of the projected rang

195、e for 2020 and 2021.SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FSPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|4|The undernourishment trends by subregion show that the low PoU levels and the stable tre

196、nds at the regional level since 2000 are mainly driven by sustained progress in hunger eradication in the Commonwealth of Independent States(CIS)Europe and Ukraine,Europe Free Trade Association(EFTA),the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(EU27 and the United

197、Kingdom)and the Western Balkans and by rapid declines in undernourishment in the Caucasus and Central Asia.The Caucasus and Central Asia have been negatively impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic;in 2020,the PoU increased by 0.5 percentage points in both subregions,to 3.4 percent in the Caucasus

198、 and to 3.1 percent in Central Asia.By 2021,the PoU in the Caucasus fell to 2.9 percent,while in Central Asia it remains at 3.1 percent.The PoU in all subregions was still lower than the world average of 9.8 percent in 2021.The data in FIGURE 2 for 20132015 and 20192021 show the persistence of the P

199、oU in some countries.According to 20192021 data,the countries that have a higher prevalence of undernourishment in the ECA region are Tajikistan,Georgia and the Republic of Moldova.Tajikistan has achieved significant progress in the reduction of PoU,from 18.5 percent in 20132015 to 8.6 percent in 20

200、192021.During the same period,there was slight decrease in Georgia(from 8 percent in 20132015 to 7.5 percent in 20192021)and a slight increase in the Republic of Moldova(from 6.5 percent in 20132015 to 7 percent in 20192021).There was a slight increase of the PoU in Armenia as well,and the PoU was r

201、educed in Albania,Bulgaria,Kyrgyzstan,North Macedonia,Serbia,Slovenia and Turkmenistan.Since the early 2000s,most countries in the region have achieved the target of eradicating hunger.In 2000,the number of undernourished in the ECA region was 26.6 million(TABLE 1),and 20132015 average20192021 avera

202、geCaucasusArmeniaGeorgiaCentral AsiaKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanRepublic of MoldovaUkraineBulgariaSlovakiaWestern BalkansAlbaniaNorth MacedoniaSerbia0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 PERCENTAGEFIGURE 2Prevalence of undernourishment in Europe and Central Asia by countryNOTE:The estimates referring to t

203、he middle of the projected ranges for the years 2020 and 2021 were used to calculate the three-year averages.The PoU is less than 2.5 percent for Ukraine in 20132015.SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS REGIO

204、NAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|5|2000200202021WORLD796.2601.3588.6618.4721.7767.9Europe and Central Asia26.6n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.Caucasus2.90.60.50.50.60.5Central Asia8.13.72.61.92.32.3CIS Europe and Ukraine10.4n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.EFTA countries

205、n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.EU27 and theUnited Kingdomn.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.Othern.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.n.r.Western Balkans0.80.60.60.50.60.5NOTE:Projected values based on the middle of the projected range for 2020 and 2021.n.r.=not reported,as the prevalence is less than 2.5 percent.SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOS

206、TAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS this has fallen significantly.The numbers are not reported for 2021 due to the PoU being lower than 2.5 percent in many countries.2 The number of undernourished in Central Asia was reduced fr

207、om 8.1 million in 2000 to 3.7 million in 2010 and to 1.9 million in 2019,a drop of 49 percent from 2010 to 2019.The number of undernourished then increased to 2.3 million in 2020,where it remained through 2021 as well.Similar to Central Asia,the number of undernourished in the Caucasus was reduced s

208、ignificantly from 2000(2.9 million)to 2010(600 000).Since then,the number has remained around 500 000 to 600 000 through 2021.There was a 72 percent drop from 2000 to 2021 in Central Asia and an 83 percent drop in the Caucasus during that same period.The number of undernourished in the Western Balka

209、ns was 800 000 in 2000,and that number experienced only minor changes,staying at around 500 000 through 2021.The number of undernourished in the other subregions is not reported,as the PoU in those places is below 2.5 percent.Country data show that in comparison with 20002002,in 20192021 there was a

210、 decrease in the number of undernourished in most of the countries.Large reductions were seen in Tajikistan(from 2.6 million to 800 000),Armenia(from 800 000 to 100 000)and Kyrgyzstan(from 700 000 to 300 000).The number of undernourished has not changed in Georgia and Serbia(300 000 in 20002002 and

211、20192021 in both countries).There was an increase in the number of undernourished in the Republic of Moldova(from 100 000 in 20002002 to 300 000 in 20192021).The worsening food security situation in Europe and Central Asia is reflected in both the prevalence of undernourishment and in the prevalence

212、 of moderate or severe food insecurity.TABLE 1Number of undernourished people,millionsPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|6|PREVALENCE OF FOOD INSECURITY BASED ON THE FOOD INSECURITY EXPERIENCE SCALEThe prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity based on the Food Inse

213、curity Experience Scale(FIES)is an estimate of the proportion of the population facing moderate or severe constraints on their ability to obtain sufficient food over the course of a year.People face moderate food insecurity when they are uncertain of their ability to obtain food and have been forced

214、 to reduce,at times over the year,the quality and/or quantity of food they consume due to lack of money or other resources.Severe food insecurity means that individuals have likely run out of food,experienced hunger and,at the most extreme,have gone for days without eating,putting their health and w

215、ell-being at serious risk.Severe food insecurity affected 2.9 percent of the people in the ECA region in 2021(far lower than the world average of 11.7 percent),up from 1.8 percent in 2014 and 1.5 percent in 2019 (FIGURE 3,TABLE 2).By subregion in 2021,5.3 percent of people were affected by severe fo

216、od insecurity in the Western Balkans,4.9 percent in Central Asia,2.3 percent in the Caucasus,1.2 percent in CIS Europe and Ukraine,2.1 percent in the EU27 and the United Kingdom and 0.9 percent in EFTA countries.Only the EFTA subregion saw a decrease from 2014;in all other subregions,the percentage

217、of severely food insecure people increased.However,the percentage of severely food insecure people was below the world average in all subregions.The prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the ECA region was 12.4 percent in 2021,up from 10.6 percent in 2014(FIGURE 3,TABLE 2).There was an

218、 increase in 2021 of 1.1 percentage points over 2020(11.3 percent).In 2021,the global average was 29.3 percent.As for subregions,in Central Asia,20.2 percent of the people were severely or moderately food insecure in 2021,compared to 19.8 percent in the Western Balkans,16.9 percent in the Caucasus a

219、nd 10.2 percent in CIS Europe and Ukraine.454035302520151050Severe food insecurity Moderate food insecurity2002020020200202002020020200202002020020PERCENTAGEWestern BalkansEU27 and the United KingdomCentral AsiaE

220、urope and Central AsiaCIS Europe and UkraineCaucasusEFTA CountriesOtherFIGURE 3Prevalence of food insecurity in Europe and Central Asia by subregionSOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FO

221、OD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|7|In 2021,only the EFTA countries and the EU27 and the United Kingdom saw decreases from 2014.Other subregions experienced increases,with the largest being in the Central Asia subregion (8.5 percent in 2014 up to 20.2 percent in 2021).An esti

222、mated 27.4 million people in Europe and Central Asia experienced severe food insecurity in 2021(FIGURE 4),a 27 percent increase from 2020,when the number was 21.5 million,and a 64 percent jump from 2014.The number had decreased from 2014 to 2019,by 2.4 million,but started to grow in 2020.The region

223、accounted for 2.5 percent of the global total of 850.1 million in 2020,and in 2021,the ECA region accounted for 3 percent of the global total.The number of severely food insecure people decreased between 2020 and 2021 in the Caucasus,which is consistent with the observed decrease in the PoU.In EFTA

224、countries and the Western Balkans,the number of severely food insecure people remained unchanged from 2020 to 2021.In the other subregions,the number of severely food insecure people increased.In the ECA region,116.3 million people were estimated to be moderately or severely food insecure in 2021,wh

225、ich accounts for 5 percent of the global average(TABLE 3).Despite that the global prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity remained mostly unchanged from 2020 to 2020 after increasing sharply in 2020,the ECA region saw an increase of 10.7 million.The global average annual growth was below 1

226、percent,and in the ECA region,the annual growth was 10 percent.There was a decrease in the number of moderately or severely food insecure people only in the CIS Europe and Ukraine(FIGURE 4,TABLE 3);in the other ECA subregions,the number grew.Moderate food insecuritySevere food insecurityModerate or

227、severe food insecurity200220202202021WORLD13.516.118.617.67.79.310.911.721.225.429.529.3Europe and Central Asia8.88.39.09.51.81.52.32.910.69.811.312.4Caucasus12.814.113.414.61.21.93.32.314.016.016.716.9Central Asia6.910.913.215.31.62.34.74.98.513.217.920.2CIS Europe

228、and Ukraine7.88.29.19.00.70.71.21.28.58.910.310.2EFTA countries3.52.41.73.11.60.70.50.95.13.12.24.0EU27 and theUnited Kingdom6.94.94.84.51.81.11.42.18.76.06.26.6Other23.423.528.232.84.75.47.49.428.128.935.642.2Western Balkans13.211.912.214.53.02.85.45.316.214.717.619.8SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite o

229、f Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS TABLE 2Prevalence of food insecurity,percentPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|8|200020202104045 05MILLIONSCaucasusCentral AsiaCIS EuropeEFTA

230、countriesEU27 and the United KingdomOtherWestern Balkans200202021WORLD1 543.91 693.41 955.92 297.82 308.5Europe and Central Asia97.096.790.8105.6116.3Caucasus2.32.32.72.82.9Central Asia5.77.09.613.315.3CIS Europe and Ukraine17.326.118.220.920.7EFTA countries0.70.60.40.30.6EU27 and the Uni

231、ted Kingdom44.135.030.632.033.7Other24.023.126.733.239.7Western Balkans2.92.72.63.13.5SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS FIGURE 4Number of moderately or severely food insecure people in Europe and Central A

232、sia by subregionSOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FSTABLE 3Number of moderately or severely food insecure people,millions REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|9|010

233、50PERCENTAGECaucasusArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanUzbekistanCIS Europe and UkraineRepublic of MoldovaRussian FederationUkraineEFTA countriesIcelandNorwaySwitzerlandEU27 and the United KingdomAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGr

234、eeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited KingdomOtherIsraelWestern BalkansAlbaniaBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbia20192021 average20142016 averageFIGURE 5Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity

235、 in Europe and Central Asia by countrySOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security Indicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FSPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|10|454035302520151050Severe food insecurity Moderate food insecurityEuro

236、pe and Central AsiaCaucasusCentral AsiaCIS EuropeEFTA countriesEU27 and the United KingdomOtherWestern BalkansMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemaleMaleFemalePERCENTAGEAmong the countries with a high prevalence for the period 20192021,the largest number of moderately

237、or severely food insecure people(6.5 million)lived in Uzbekistan.But,as indicated in the breakdown by subregion,many countries with a low prevalence had significant numbers of people affected by moderate or severe food insecurity in 20192021:France(3.9 million),Germany(2.9 million),Italy(3.8 million

238、),the Russian Federation(8 million)and Spain (4 million).The data show that in many countries,the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was high and trending upward even before the pandemic.FIGURE 5 shows that in comparison with 20142016,in 20192021 the prevalence of moderate or severe fo

239、od insecurity increased in many countries in the ECA region,including by large amounts in Uzbekistan and Georgia.During same period,significant progress was achieved in Albania,Armenia,Greece,Lithuania and Romania(although in Albania the prevalence remains high,at more than 30 percent).In the ECA re

240、gion,women are more likely than men to be food insecure.FIGURE 6 shows that in 2021,the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity was higher for women in the region(15.8 percent)than it was for men(13.8 percent).This gender bias in access to food was widespread across all subregions,although

241、the difference in some of them is within the margin of error.In 2021,34.1 percent of women in the rest of ECA were food insecure,5.4 percentage points higher than men(28.7 percent).In CIS Europe and Ukraine,the prevalence among women(20.1 percent)was 3.6 percentage points higher than the prevalence

242、among men(16.5 percent),and in the Caucasus,where 19.1 percent of women and 16.3 percent of men were food insecure,the difference was 2.8 percentage points.nFIGURE 6Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in Europe and Central Asia by sex,2021SOURCE:FAO.2022.FAOSTAT:Suite of Food Security I

243、ndicators.In:FAO.Rome.Cited November 2022.https:/www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FS|11|1.2 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL 2.2:MALNUTRITIONKey messagesnIn the ECA region in 2020,among children under 5,an estimated 7.3 percent were stunted,1.9 percent wasted and 7.1 percent overweight.The prevalences of st

244、unting and wasting were much lower than the world average(22 percent for stunting,6.7 percent for wasting)and higher than the world average for overweight(5.7 percent).Progress was made towards 2030 targets on stunting and wasting,while childhood overweight was worsening.nIn all subregions and in al

245、most every ECA country,the prevalence of stunting declined continuously from 2015 to 2020.By 2020,in ECA as well as in all subregions,the prevalence of stunting was below the global average of 22 percent.Countries with a higher prevalence of stunting in 2020 in the region are Azerbaijan(16.3 percent

246、),Ukraine(15.9 percent),Tajikistan(15.3 percent)and Kyrgyzstan(11.4 percent).nAmong the ECA subregions,the prevalence of wasting is highest in the Western Balkans;the Caucasus and Central Asia also had a prevalence higher than the average of the ECA region.In all,11 of the 17 countries already have

247、recently met the 2030 target of reducing and maintaining childhood wasting to less than 3 percent,while Armenia,Bulgaria,Kazakhstan,North Macedonia,Tajikistan and Turkmenistan still have a prevalence higher than 3 percent.nThe regional prevalence of overweight among children under 5 was reduced sign

248、ificantly between 2010 and 2015(from 10.4 percent to 8.5 percent)and between 2015 and 2020(to 7.1 percent).Sixteen countries of the ECA region had a reduction from 2000 to 2020,including significant progress in Georgia and Uzbekistan.nThe results of overweight for boys and girls aged 69 show that ov

249、erweight among children in this age range for both genders is more common and severe than among children under 5.The prevalence of overweight among children aged 69 was 26.9 percent in 20152017,compared with 7.1 percent for children under 5 in 2020.nThe prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 4

250、9 years has always been below the world average.However,the region is not making progress;except for slight variations in some years,the prevalence was 17.4 percent in 2000 and remained the same in 2019.In the Caucasus,the prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years was higher than the glo

251、bal average.This section reports on four global nutrition indicators:stunting,wasting and overweight in children under 5 and anaemia in women aged 15 to 49 years.nPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|12|STUNTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5The prevalence of stunting among children

252、 under 5 in the ECA region was 7.3 percent in 2020,down by almost half from 14.2 percent in 2000 and reduced by 2.7 percentage points in comparison with 2015(FIGURE 7).In all subregions and in almost every ECA country,the prevalence of stunting declined continuously from 2015 to 2020.By 2020,in ECA

253、as well as in all subregions,the prevalence of stunting was below the global average of 22 percent.However,the prevalence varies significantly by subregion.While the prevalence has been especially low in the EU27 and the United Kingdom,the prevalence in both the Caucasus and in CIS Europe and Ukrain

254、e remained relatively higher,at 13.1 percent well above the regional average.In Central Asia,the prevalence(10 percent)also was higher than the ECA regional average,while in the Western Balkans subregion,the prevalence of stunting(6.8 percent)was lower than the ECA average.During the past two decade

255、s,most countries in the ECA region have reduced child stunting at a faster rate than has the world at large,and the prevalence of stunting in most countries in the region in 2020 was less than half the world average.As shown in FIGURE 8,the prevalence has declined greatly in Albania,Azerbaijan,Georg

256、ia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Republic of Moldova,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.Despite substantial progress,some countries in Central Asia,the Caucasus and CIS Europe and Ukraine still have a relatively higher prevalence of stunting in the region:Azerbaijan(16.3 percent),Ukraine(15.9 percent),T

257、ajikistan (15.3 percent)and Kyrgyzstan(11.4 percent).200020052052030351510 05PERCENTAGECIS EuropeWestern BalkansEFTA countriesOtherCentral AsiaEU27 and the United KingdomEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusWorldFIGURE 7Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by

258、 subregionSOURCE:UNICEF,WHO&World Bank.2021.Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates.Key findings of the 2021 edition.https:/data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2021 REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL

259、ASIA-2022|13|055PERCENTAGECaucasusArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanCIS Europe and UkraineBelarusRepublic of MoldovaUkraineEU27 and the United KingdomBelgiumBulgariaCzechiaEstoniaGermanyGreeceNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaWestern Bal

260、kansAlbaniaBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbia2020 value2000 valueFIGURE 8Prevalence of stunting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by countrySOURCE:UNICEF,WHO&World Bank.2021.Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutritio

261、n Estimates.Key findings of the 2021 edition.https:/data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2021PART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|14|WASTING AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5The ECA region has made significant progress in reducing the prevalence of wasting for children under 5.In 2020,

262、the prevalence was 1.9 percent which was less than one-third of the global average of 6.7 percent(FIGURE 9).Among ECA subregions,the prevalence of wasting among children was highest in the Western Balkans(2.5 percent),the Caucasus(2.3 percent)and Central Asia(2.3 percent).The other subregions had a

263、prevalence lower than the ECA average.As shown in FIGURE 10,the prevalence of child wasting varies significantly by country;while 11 of the 17 countries have a recent(2014 and after)estimate below the 2030 target of 3 percent,3 six Armenia,Bulgaria,Kazakhstan,North Macedonia,Tajikistan and Turkmenis

264、tan still have a prevalence higher than 3 percent.76543210PERCENTAGECaucasus Central Asia Other Western Balkans WorldEU27 and the United KingdomEurope andCentral AsiaOVERWEIGHT AMONG CHILDREN UNDER 5In 2020,the prevalence of overweight children under 5 in the ECA region was 7.1 percent,roughly 25 pe

265、rcent higher than the world average of 5.7 percent.There was a sharp increase in ECA region from 2000 to 2005,a steadying from 2005 and 2010,and a significant decrease during the last decade(FIGURE 11),from 10.4 percent in 2010 to 7.1 percent in 2020.Despite the decrease,the prevalence remains highe

266、r than the 2030 target of reducing childhood overweight to less than 3 percent and maintaining it at that level.In 2020,only Central Asia and the EU27 and the United Kingdom were slightly below the world average.In the Western Balkans,the prevalence(11.8 percent)was more than double the world averag

267、e.The Caucasus,at 9.3 percent,also had a high prevalence of overweight among children under 5 in 2020.FIGURE 9Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by subregion,2020SOURCE:UNICEF,WHO&World Bank.2021.Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group

268、 Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates.Key findings of the 2021 edition.https:/data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2021 REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|15|ArmeniaGeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanBelgiumBulgariaEstoniaGermanyPor

269、tugalTrkiyeAlbaniaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbia02137654PERCENTAGEOtherEU27 and the United KingdomCentral AsiaWestern BalkansCaucasusAccessing weight status during infancy and childhood is important due to the effects that thinness,overweight and obesity can have on child development,health and wel

270、l-being(Kumar and Kelly,2017).In 2007,the WHO Regional Office for Europe established the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative(COSI)to measure the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity throughout the region.COSI data collection is conducted every three years,and the fourth

271、round(20152017)included 36 countries in Europe and Central Asia.The results of overweight for children among boys and girls aged 69,by subregion and country,are presented in FIGURE 12.Overweight is more common and severe among children aged 69 in the ECA region than among children under 5.On average

272、,in 20152017,the prevalence of overweight for children aged 69 was 28.7 percent among boys and 26.5 percent among girls based on the pooled estimates(compared with 7.1 percent for children under 5).FIGURE 10Prevalence of wasting among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by country,latest yea

273、r availableNOTE:Values shown refer to the latest year within the 20142020 period.SOURCE:UNICEF,WHO&World Bank.2021.Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates.Key findings of the 2021 edition.https:/data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2021

274、PART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|16|The higher percentages were observed in Southern Europe,followed by Eastern Europe,Western Europe,and Northern Europe,whereas the observed prevalences in Central Asian countries were much lower.By country,the highest levels of overweig

275、ht were observed in Cyprus(43.0 percent for boys and 43.1 percent for girls)and other European Union countries in Southern Europe,such as Spain(42.2 percent for boys and 40.2 percent for girls),Italy(41.9 percent for boys and 38.5 percent for girls)and Greece(42.0 percent for boys and 37.8 percent f

276、or girls)and countries in the Western Balkans(including Montenegro,North Macedonia and Serbia).The lower prevalence of overweight was observed in Central Asia(in particular Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan).In the ECA region,the prevalence of overweight differed between boys and girls,and boys were more li

277、kely to be overweight than girls(boys at 28.7 percent vs girls at 26.5 percent).This gender difference in overweight was widespread across all subregions.In Eastern Europe,29.7 percent of boys were overweight,3.2 percentage points higher than girls(26.5 percent).By country,boys had a higher prevalen

278、ce of overweight than girls in 30 of the 36 countries with data available.The countries with boys having much higher prevalence of overweight included Croatia (8.6 percentage points),Montenegro(8.6 percentage points)and Austria(8.0 percentage points).The countries in which girls had a higher prevale

279、nce of overweight than did boys included Portugal(3.4 percentage points higher),Denmark(2.5 percentage points higher)and Kazakhstan(2.3 percentage points higher).200020052051052025 0PERCENTAGECIS EuropeWestern BalkansCentral AsiaEU27 and the United KingdomEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusWo

280、rldFIGURE 11Prevalence of overweight among children under 5 in Europe and Central Asia by subregionSOURCE:UNICEF,WHO&World Bank.2021.Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition.UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates.Key findings of the 2021 edition.https:/data.unicef.org/resource

281、s/jme-report-2021 REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|17|0454020PERCENTAGEEastern EuropeBulgariaCzechiaHungaryPolandRomaniaRussian FederationSlovakiaNorthern EuropeDenmarkEstoniaFinlandIrelandLithuaniaLatviaNorwaySwedenSouthern EuropeAlbaniaCro

282、atiaGreeceItalyMaltaNorth MacedoniaMontenegroPortugalSan MarinoSpainSerbiaWestern Europe*SloveniaAustriaFranceCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstan TajikistanTurkmenistanWestern Asia*CyprusGeorgiaTrkiyeEurope and Central AsiaBoysGirlsFIGURE 12Prevalence of overweight among children 6 to 9 years old by co

283、untry,20152017 averageNOTE:*Estimates for Western Europe and Western Asia were not calculated because too few countries belonging to these two regions participated in COSI.SOURCE:WHO.2021.World Obesity Federation,Obesity Reviews.2021;22(S6):e13214.PART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CEN

284、TRAL ASIA|18|ANAEMIA AMONG WOMEN AGED 15 TO 49 YEARSThe world prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years was 29.9 percent in 2019,which is the same as it was in 2005(FIGURE 13).There was a slight decrease from 2000 to 2005(from 31.2 percent in 2000).As for the ECA region,the prevalence of

285、 anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years has always been below the world average.However,the region is not making progress;except for slight variations in some years,the prevalence was 17.4 percent in 2000 and remained the same in 2019.In some subregions,such as CIS Europe and Ukraine(20.4 percent i

286、n 2019),the Western Balkans(22.8 percent in 2019),Central Asia(28.1 percent in 2019)and the Caucasus(30.4 percent in 2019),the prevalence was higher than the regional average.In the Caucasus,the prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years was higher than the global average.The country-leve

287、l data presented in FIGURE 14 show that 18 countries made some progress in reducing the prevalence of anaemia,in particular Uzbekistan(-21.7 percentage points),Kazakhstan(-6.2 percentage points),Turkmenistan(-6.1 percentage points),Azerbaijan (-5.9 percentage points),Georgia(-4.0 percentage points)a

288、nd Armenia(-3.1 percentage points).The other 30 ECA countries saw increases in the prevalence of anaemia,in particular Ukraine(+4.2 percentage points)and North Macedonia(+3.5 percentage points).In addition,three countries had values in 2019 that were higher than the world average:Kyrgyzstan(35.8 per

289、cent),Tajikistan(35.2 percent)and Azerbaijan(35.1 percent).n2000 2002 2004200620054035302520151050PERCENTAGECIS Europe and UkraineWestern BalkansEFTA countriesOtherCentral AsiaEU27 and the United KingdomEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusWorldFIGURE 13Prevalence of anaemia among wo

290、men aged 15 to 49 years in Europe and Central Asia by subregionSOURCE:WHO.2021.Global anaemia estimates,Edition 2021.In:Global Health Observatory(GHO)data repository.Geneva,Switzerland.Cited 25 May 2021.www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-of-repr

291、oductive-age-(-)REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|19|04020PERCENTAGECaucasusArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanCIS Europe and UkraineBelarusRepublic of MoldovaRussian FederationUkraineEFTA

292、countriesIcelandNorwaySwitzerlandEU27 and the United KingdomAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited KingdomOtherAndorraIsraelWestern BalkansAlbaniaBo

293、snia and HerzegovinaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbia2019 value2000 value4550FIGURE 14Prevalence of anaemia among women aged 15 to 49 years in Europe and Central Asia by countrySOURCE:WHO.2021.Global anaemia estimates,Edition 2021.In:Global Health Observatory(GHO)data repository.Geneva,Switzerland.Cit

294、ed 25 May 2021.www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-(-)|20|TRKIYEGleaning activity by volunteer students.FAO|21|1.3 ADDITIONAL WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY NUTRITION INDICATORSKey messagesnAs of 2016(the latest year for which data are

295、 available),adult obesity was on the rise in all subregions and all countries in the ECA region,with the regional average having increased from 17.2 percent in 2000 to 23.3 percent in 2016.The regional prevalence of obesity was well above the global prevalence of 13.1 percent in 2016.nBased on sex-d

296、isaggregated analyses,women had a much higher prevalence of obesity than male adults in 2000 in the ECA region.However,from 2000 to 2016,the prevalence of adult obesity rose much faster among males(52.2 percent increase)than among women(27.7 percent increase).By 2016,the difference between women and

297、 men in the prevalence of obesity was reduced (21.8 percent for men and 22.6 percent for women).nSignificant gender differences remain in the prevalence of adult obesity by subregion.In 2016,women in Central Asia and the Caucasus had a much higher prevalence of obesity than men (31.9 percent higher

298、and 35.1 percent higher,respectively).This difference was much smaller in the EFTA subregion(9.4 percent higher),and women had a lower prevalence of obesity in the EU27 and the United Kingdom in 2016.nFrom 2012 to 2020,the global prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 37 percent to 44

299、percent worldwide.The ECA region has made significant progress in exclusive breastfeeding,but the prevalence remains below the global average.Data on ECA subregions show that from 2012 to 2020,the prevalence significantly increased in Central Asia(from 29.2 percent to 44.6 percent),the Caucasus(from

300、 24.1 percent to 31.1 percent)and in the Western Balkans(from 20.2 percent to 26.7 percent).nThe global prevalence of low birthweight declined at a slow pace from 2000(17.5 percent)to 2015(14.6 percent).Although the data for the ECA region are incomplete,the regional trend seems to have followed the

301、 same slow pattern,with a prevalence of about half the world average but with a marginal decline,from 7 percent in 2012 to 6.9 percent in 2015.This section assesses progress towards three additional global nutrition targets endorsed by the World Health Assembly(WHA):exclusive breastfeeding,low birth

302、weight and adult obesity.ADULT OBESITY The latest data available on adult obesity are from 2016.That year,in comparison with 2010,the prevalence of adult obesity rose from 11.2 percent to 13.1 percent worldwide and from 20.8 percent to 23.3 percent in the ECA region(FIGURE 15).The growing trend is e

303、ven more striking in the ECA subregions,where the prevalence is consistently above global levels.It was above PART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|22|2000 2002 20042006200520151050PERCENTAGECIS Europe and UkraineWestern BalkansEFTA countriesOtherCentral

304、 AsiaEU27 and the United KingdomEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusWorldFIGURE 15Prevalence of obesity among adults in Europe and Central Asia by subregionSOURCE:WHO.2020.Global Health Observatory(GHO)data repository.In:WHO.Geneva,Switzerland.Cited 28 April 2020.https:/apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A9

305、00A?lang=en20 percent in all ECA subregions except Central Asia in 2016.The most affected by this form of malnutrition were the EU27 and the United Kingdom(22.9 percent),CIS Europe and Ukraine(23.3 percent)and the rest of ECA countries(31.5 percent).All the high-income countries in the ECA region(es

306、pecially countries in the European Union and the EFTA)have a high prevalence of adult obesity that is well above the global prevalence.But adult obesity also affects low-and middle-income countries.TABLE A1.9 shows that at least one in four adults was obese in Bulgaria(25 percent),Ireland(25.3 perce

307、nt),Czechia(26 percent),Israel(26.1 percent),Lithuania(26.3 percent),Hungary(26.4 percent),the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(27.8 percent)and Malta(28.9 percent).In Trkiye,almost one in three adults is obese(32.1 percent).A lower prevalence of obesity among adults in the ECA r

308、egion is found in Central Asian countries:Kyrgyzstan(16.6 percent),Uzbekistan(16.6 percent)and Tajikistan(14.1 percent).However,countries in Central Asia had larger increases in the prevalence of adult obesity from 2000 to 2016(77.5 percent in Tajikistan,72.9 percent in Kyrgyzstan,69.4 percent in Uz

309、bekistan and 69.1 percent in Turkmenistan).As shown in TABLE A1.10,overall in the ECA region,women had a higher prevalence of obesity than did men in 2000.However,from 2000 to 2016,the prevalence of obesity rose much faster among men than among women,nearly eliminating the difference between women a

310、nd men.In all subregions and in all countries of the ECA region,men are experiencing higher increase rates of adult obesity than women.However,significant gender differences remain in the prevalence of obesity by subregion.In 2016,women in Central Asia and the Caucasus had much higher prevalence of

311、obesity than men.This difference was much smaller in ETFA countries,and women actually had a lower prevalence of obesity in the EU27 and the United Kingdom in 2016.For 8 of 53 countries,women had a lower prevalence of obesity than men in 2000.However,all 53 countries reported(TABLE A1.10)that men ha

312、d a higher increase in the prevalence of obesity than women from 2000 to 2016.As a result,the gap between women and men from 2000 to 2016 was reduced significantly in all countries,in particular in CIS Europe and Ukraine.In 2016,women in 25 of 53 countries had a lower prevalence of obesity than men.

313、REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|23|04020PERCENTAGEArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanBelarusRepublic of MoldovaRussian FederationUkraineIcelandNorwaySwitzerlandAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCyprusCzec

314、hiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlandsPolandPortugalRomaniaSlovakiaSloveniaSpainSwedenUnited KingdomAndorraIsraelTrkiyeAlbaniaBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbiaMaleFemaleCentral AsiaCaucasusEFTA countriesCIS Europe a

315、nd UkraineWestern BalkansEU27 and the United KingdomOtherFIGURE 16Prevalence of obesity among adults by sex in Europe and Central Asia by country,2016SOURCE:WHO.2020.Global Health Observatory(GHO)data repository.In:WHO.Geneva,Switzerland.Cited 28 April 2020.https:/apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.A90

316、0A?lang=enPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|24|The following countries had a much higher prevalence of adult obesity among women than among men in 2016:Trkiye(60.7 percent higher),Azerbaijan(49.4 percent higher),the Russian Federation(48.6 percent higher),Tajikistan(44.0

317、percent higher),Uzbekistan (37.7 percent higher),Armenia(34.5 percent higher),Kyrgyzstan(32.9 percent higher),Turkmenistan(31.4 percent higher),and the Republic of Moldova(30.2 percent higher).PREVALENCE OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING DURING THE FIRST SIX MONTHS OF LIFE The ECA region has made progress

318、in exclusive breastfeeding,but the prevalence in many subregions remains below the global average.From 2012 to 2020,the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding of infants for their first six months of life increased from 37 percent to 44 percent worldwide(TABLE 4).While data are not available for the

319、ECA region average,from 2012 to 2020,the prevalence significantly increased in Central Asia(from 29.2 percent to 44.6 percent),in the Caucasus(from 24.1 percent to 31.1 percent)and in the Western Balkans(from 20.2 percent to 26.7 percent).FIGURE 17 compares the levels of the prevalence of breastfeed

320、ing in ECA countries between the first year data are available and the last year data are available for each country.In the Caucasus,Armenia increased the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding for children 05 months of age from 29.5 percent in 2000 to 44.5 percent in 2016.This is the biggest increas

321、e in the Caucasus subregion.In Central Asia,Tajikistan achieved a notable jump from 14.2 percent in 2000 to 35.8 percent in 2017;the increase in Uzbekistan was even greater,from 13.4 percent in 2000 to 49.5 percent in 2017.The most remarkable progress happened in Turkmenistan,where the prevalence wa

322、s 12.1 percent in 2000 but jumped to 56.5 percent in 2019.In CIS Europe and Ukraine,the prevalence of breastfeeding increased in Ukraine and decreased in the Republic of Moldova.An increase was recorded in every country of the Western Balkans subregion,including a big jump in Albania from 2000 to 20

323、17.20122020WORLD37.143.8Europe and Central Asian.a.n.a.Caucasus24.131.1Central Asia29.244.6CIS Europe and Ukraine20.721.7EFTA countriesn.a.n.a.EU27 and the United Kingdomn.a.n.a.Other41.640.7Western Balkans20.226.7SOURCE:UNICEF.2021.Infant and young child feeding.In:UNICEF.New York,USA.Cited 6 April

324、 2022.https:/data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feedingTABLE 4Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 05 months of age in Europe and Central Asia by subregion,percent REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|25|200162

325、000200000020000200052000520004200002000520005205040PERCENTAGECaucasusArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanCIS Europe and Ukraine

326、 BelarusRepublic of MoldovaOtherTrkiye UkraineWestern BalkansAlbaniaBosnia and HerzegovinaMontenegroNorth MacedoniaSerbiaFIGURE 17Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among infants 05 months of age in Europe and Central Asia by countrySOURCE:UNICEF.2021.Infant and young child feeding.In:UNICEF.New

327、York,USA.Cited 6 April 2022.https:/data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/infant-and-young-child-feedingPART I FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA|26|PREVALENCE OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHTThe global prevalence of low birthweight declined at a slow pace from 2000(17.5 percent)to 2015(14.6 percent)

328、(FIGURE 18).The regional trend seems to have followed the same slow pattern,with a prevalence of about half the world average but with a marginal change,from 7 percent in 2012 to 6.9 percent in 2015.From 2012 to 2015,the prevalence of low birthweight remained stable in CIS Europe and Ukraine(from 5.

329、8 percent to 5.7 percent),EFTA countries(from 5.7 percent to 5.6 percent),the EU-27 and the United Kingdom(7 percent in both years)and the Western Balkans(from 4.9 percent to 5 percent).It increased in the Caucasus(6.7 percent to 7.3 percent).FIGURE 19 shows a fuller picture of the differences in th

330、e trends and levels among ECA countries.About half of the 49 ECA countries with data available have not reduced their prevalence of low birthweight.Among the countries that have reduced their prevalence of low birthweight,the largest improvement took place in Sweden,where the prevalence decreased by

331、 2.1 percentage points.There was also some progress in Kyrgyzstan,the Russian Federation and Trkiye.n2000 2002 20042006200086420PERCENTAGECIS Europe and UkraineWestern BalkansEFTA countriesOtherCentral AsiaEU27 and the United KingdomEurope and Central AsiaCaucasusWorldFIGURE 18

332、Prevalence of low birthweight in Europe and Central Asia by subregionSOURCE:UNICEF&WHO.2019.UNICEF-WHO joint low birthweight estimates.In:UNICEF.New York,USA and Geneva,Switzerland.Cited 28 April 2020.www.unicef.org/reports/UNICEF-WHO-low-birthweight-estimates-2019 REGIONAL OVERVIEW OF FOOD SECURITY

333、 AND NUTRITION IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA-2022|27|04261210148PERCENTAGECaucasusArmeniaAzerbaijanGeorgiaCentral AsiaKazakhstanKyrgyzstanTajikistanTurkmenistanUzbekistanCIS EuropeBelarusRepublic of MoldovaRussian FederationUkraineEFTA countriesIcelandNorwaySwitzerlandEU27 and the United KingdomAustriaBelgiumBulgariaCroatiaCzechiaDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyLatviaLithua