1、 BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods A Global Survey 2022 PVPS Report IEA-PVPS T15-14:2022 Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods What is IEA PVPS TCP?The Internationa

2、l Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD).The Technology Collaboration Programme(TCP)was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global collaborati

3、on.The programme is made up of 6.000 experts across government,academia,and industry dedicated to advancing common research and the application of specific energy technologies.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the TCPs within the IEA and was established in 1993.The miss

4、ion of the programme is to“enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.”In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint research project

5、s in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee,comprised of one delegate from each country or organisation member,which designates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia,Austria,C

6、anada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,South Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar Power Europe,the Smart Electric Power Alliance(SEPA),the Sol

7、ar Energy Industries Association,the Solar Energy Research Institute of Singapore and Enercity SA are also members.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 15?The objective of Task 15 is to create an enabling framework to accelerate the penetration of BIPV products in the global market of

8、renewables,resulting in an equal playing field for BIPV products,BAPV products and regular building envelope components,respecting mandatory issues,aesthetic issues,reliability and financial issues.Authors Main Content:Rebecca Yang,W.M.Pabasara U.Wijeratne,Hongying Zhao(RMIT University,Australia),Nu

9、ria Martin Chivelet(CIEMAT,Spain),Erika Saretta,Pierluigi Bonomo(SUPSI,Switzerland),Johannes Eisenlohr(Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE,Germany)Editor:Rebecca Yang,W.M.Pabasara U.Wijeratne,Hongying Zhao(RMIT University,Australia)DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the aus

10、pices of the International Energy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries COVER PICTURE Picture of a BIPV faade conceptual de

11、sign in a digital tool.Source:Rebecca Yang ISBN 978-3-907281-36-9“BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods A Global Survey”INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME BIPV Digitalisation:Design Workflows and Methods A Global Survey IEA PVPS Task 15 Enabling Framework for

12、 the Development of BIPV Report IEA-PVPS T15-14:2022 December 2022 ISBN 978-3-907281-36-9 Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.6 List of abbreviations.7 Executive summary.8 1 Introduction.9 2 Aim

13、of the study.11 3 Methodology.11 3.1 Research process.11 3.2 Data collection.11 3.3 Data analysis.13 4 Literature review on workflows and methods used in BIPV design.14 4.1 Workflows and methods used in solar irradiation modelling and simulation.15 4.2 Workflows and methods used in solar power outpu

14、t modelling or simulation.20 4.3 Workflows and methods used in building performance modelling or simulation.21 4.4 Workflows and methods used in financial,environmental and design outcome.24 5 Questionnaire survey results.27 5.1 Workflows and methods used in solar irradiation modelling and simulatio

15、n.27 5.2 Workflows and methods used in solar power output modelling or simulation.46 5.3 Workflows and methods used in building performance modelling or simulation 51 5.4 Workflows and methods used in financial and design outcome.62 6 Conclusions.75 References.77 Appendix A:Questionnaire Survey.81 T

16、ask 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report received valuable contributions from several IEA-PVPS Task 15 members and other international experts.Many thanks to:This study was supported by global BIPV experts w

17、ithin and outside IEA PVPS Task 15 for survey review and distribution.Contributors names in Alphabetical order:Jennifer Adami(EURAC,Italy),Bruno Hilaire(CSTB,France);Christopher Klinga(Architectural Solar Association,US);Costa Kapsis(University of Waterloo,Canada),David Rinnerthaler(Salzburg Univers

18、ity of Applied Sciences,Austria);Veronique Delisle(Natural Resources Canada);Duo Luo(China Shuifa Singyes Energy Holdings Limited,China);Gabriele Eder(OFI,Austria);Eric Too(RMIT University,Australia);Guillermo Aranda-Mena(RMIT University,Australia);Helen Rose Wilson(Fraunhofer Institute for Solar En

19、ergy Systems,Germany);Hiroko Saito(pvtec,Japan);Hisashi Ishii(LIXIL Corporation,Japan);Jonathan Leloux(lucisun,Belgium);Jose M.Vega de Seoane(TECNALIA,Spain);Karine Lavigne(IBPSA Canada);Lori McElroy(University of Strathclyde,UK);Michael Grobbauer(Salzburg University of Applied Sciences,Austria);Mic

20、hiel Ritzen(Zuyd University of Applied Sciences,Netherlands);Nebojsa Jakica(University of Southern Denmark,Denmark),Patrick Hendrick(Universit Libre de Bruxelles,Belgium);Philippe Alamy(EnerBIM,France);Pierluigi Bonomo(University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern,Switzerland);Priya Gandhi(IBP

21、SA Australia);Simon Boddaert(CSTB,France);Wilfried van Sark(Utrecht University,Netherlands);Xiaolei Ju(China Architecture Design&Research Group,China);Yeong Ming Keow(National University of Singapore,Singapore);Yvonne Soh(Green Building Council,Singapore).This study is financially supported by Austr

22、alian PV Institute,Australian Renewable Energy Agency,Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund(RINGS-BIPV Project with reference PIDOB-C31),Swiss Federal Office of Energy,and German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action(P

23、roject numbers 0324139A and 03EE1061A).Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEC Architecture,Engineering&Construction BAPV Building Attached Photovoltaics BIPV Building-integrated Photovoltaics BOS Balance of

24、System CAD Computer-aided Design CO2 Carbon Dioxide CSV Comma-separated Values DC Direct Current DHI Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance DNI Direct Normal Irradiance DPB Discounted Payback Period EPW Energy Plus Weather ESD Environmentally Sustainable Design GHI Global Horizontal Irradiance GIS Geographic

25、al Information System IEA International Energy Agency IP Internet Protocol IRR Internal Rate of Return JSON JavaScript Object Notation LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging NPV Net Present Value O&M Operation and Maintenance PB Simple Payback Period PI Profitability Index P

26、OA Plane of Array PV Photovoltaics ROI Return on Investment SAM SHGC System Advisory Model Solar Heat Gain Coefficient TMY Typical Meteorological Year Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Building integrated photo

27、voltaic(BIPV)technology is one of the most feasible means of supporting the built environments energy requirements.BIPV systems consist of electrical,mechanical,and structural elements that have a direct impact on the performance of a building.However,the design process of BIPV projects can be compl

28、ex compared to traditional building envelopes or Building Attached Photovoltaic(BAPV)systems.The complexities of BIPV projects are identified as one reason for slow uptake of BIPV projects globally.Therefore,theres a need to investigate a suitable process for BIPV design that would provide the best

29、outcome as a building element and as a renewable energy technology.Currently,BIPV design process involves various methods,approaches and workflows practiced by professionals in both the Architecture,Engineering,and Construction(AEC)and BIPV industries.The aim of this study is to investigate the BIPV

30、 simulation and modelling methods,approaches and workflows used in BIPV design and analysis globally.The study uses a questionnaire survey targeting 10 professional groups which included professionals related to both building envelope design and BIPV design and management process in Europe,Asia,Ocea

31、nia,North America and South America.The professional categories included:Architect,Faade engineer,Electrical engineer,Mechanical/Structural engineer,Fire engineer,Environmentally Sustainable Design(ESD)consultant,Academia,research,and development,PV consultant,BIPV system installer,Developer and Pro

32、perty management.The study evaluated findings from eighty AEC and BIPV professionals in Europe,Asia,Oceania,North America and South America.The survey findings identified methods,approaches and workflows in BIPV design and analysis under four key areas:1.solar irradiation 2.BIPV power output 3.build

33、ing performance and 4.financial and design outcome.The key take-aways of this study are:Preference workflows and methods:Similar preference for the workflows and methods employed in the BIPV design process were found across the five regions.Further,theres a lack of awareness among the respondents on

34、 the methods and models used to estimate POA,power output,embodied emissions,heat island impact,thermal,daylighting,structural and fire requirements of BIPV projects.Therefore,research and development are required for the above methods for BIPV design and analysis.Requirement for BIPV-specific compo

35、nents in digital design platforms:BIPV specific software or a design process can facilitate BIPV design and analysis which would improve the uptake of efficient and cost effective BIPV projects.Therefore,BIPV product database,BIPV system design documentation,shading on BIPV projects,embodied energy

36、in BIPV,customer requirements and decision support models should be considered in future BIPV specific software/design processes.BIPV in urban context:The current BIPV design methods and workflows can be applied in building context.However,the impact of BIPV can be explore in urban scale.Therefore,f

37、urther investigation on the methods and workflows need for identification of the impact of BIPV on the urban environment could provide designers and end users a comprehensive knowledge on the feasibility of BIPV applications in a metropolitan setting.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of

38、 BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 9 1 INTRODUCTION Buildings are one of the largest consumers of the global energy.Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic plays a big role in reducing the fossil fuel based energy production.Solar photovoltaic(PV)can be applied in bui

39、ldings as building attached PV(BAPV)and building integrated PV(BIPV).BAPV is the traditional photovoltaic solutions where the PV modules are fitted on existing surfaces such as the roof.On the other hand,in BIPV,the PV modules replace the traditional building envelope materials.Therefore,the advanta

40、ge of BIPV is that it not just produces energy it also plays the functions of the building material.However,BIPV design,engineering,construction and management is a complex process which spans the interests of multidisciplinary stakeholders and different phases of the BIPV project life cycle.Therefo

41、re,the design and development of a BIPV system cannot be done in isolation.A cross-functional inter-phase approach should be adopted.The BIPV system,similarly to other multifunctional and complex building envelope technologies,is considered as part of an ecosystem consisting of many networked and in

42、terconnected functional and construction elements of different life cycles,from raw materials to end user consumption,and from physical and technical systems to environmental and economic systems.There are four domains under BIPV designing and integration:geophysical,technical,economic and environme

43、ntal(Wijeratne et al.2019,Jackia et al.2019).Sub-factors are found under each domain.These factors can directly impact the successful implementation of the BIPV system.For an example,BIPV is designed to a high degree according to customers or the projects needs(Yang,2015;Kuhn et al.2021).Thus,aesthe

44、tical issues are to a very high degree the origin and the driving factor to consider BIPV(Awuku et al.2021).Otherwise,if only cost and energy output is the driving factor,most likely conventional addon PV is being used.To ensure that informative decision is made,we need to look at geophysical,techni

45、cal,economic and environmental aspects of the BIPV design.Therefore,operative approaches,methods,and workflows relevant to geophysical,technical,economic and environmental aspects of BIPV design and integration need to be identified and applied.In general,the BIPV design process involves the use of

46、various digital tools.However,digitalization and adoption of 3D tools in the construction sector develops very slowly and is led by technology suppliers and not the builders themselves,except for technical building like hospitals where the costs of the building materials are marginal.Even with a per

47、fect design and coordination along the value chain,too often(sub)contractors do not have the skills or would make last minutes decisions based on cheaper alternatives,hence adding to the overall“project failure”costs because the actual construction usually has to be adapted/repaired on the spot.Ther

48、efore,it is important to know which approaches,methods,and workflows would be most feasible for reaching the correct BIPV design decisions.This report explores the workflows and methods used in BIPV digital design through a questionnaire survey distributed globally.It provides information on methods

49、 and workflows that can be used for designing BIPV envelopes under four domains:1.solar irradiation;2.solar power output;3.building performance and 4.financial and design outcome.The BIPV digital design methods and workflows presented in this report can assist building construction professionals,BIP

50、V professionals and anyone interested in BIPV to improve their knowledge on BIPV design and simulation.Thereby improving the uptake of BIPV projects which in return reduce the use of electricity generated with fossil fuel and associated carbon emissions.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development

51、 of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 10 Section two of this report presents the aim of this study.The third section discusses the research methodology used in this study.The findings under the literature review are presented in section four.The fifth section discusses the survey

52、 findings.The sixth and final section presents the conclusions.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 11 2 AIM OF THE STUDY The design process of a BIPV envelope is more complex to a regular building envelope due to its construction an

53、d electrotechnical aspects.Further,the implementation of a BIPV projects involves multiple professionals from architecture,engineering,construction(AEC)and BIPV industries.To make the right BIPV project decisions,geophysical,technical,economic,and environment factors need to be assessed and evaluate

54、d at the design phase of the project.Therefore,it is essential to identify what procedures or methods are used to assess and evaluate BIPV projects by AEC and BIPV industry professionals.Hence,the aim of this study is to investigate the operative methods and workflows relevant to BIPV envelope digit

55、al design process utilized by the AEC and BIPV industries through information and data collected from existing BIPV projects and engineering experts.3 METHODOLOGY To achieve the study aim,this study used a questionnaire survey.First,a preliminary literature review on workflows and methods in BIPV de

56、sign was conducted.The following sections discuss the research process used in the study.3.1 Research process A survey for the study is developed with two main sections.The first section is regarding the respondents background.The background information included country,profession,and level of exper

57、ience.The information helps to gain a general understanding of their experience related to BIPV design and contributes to the data analysis process.To gain insights from a global perspective,the survey was translated into different languages for distribution.The second section is based on the litera

58、ture review(see Section 4),which concentrates on approaches,methods and workflows applied in building envelope/BIPV design.There are four subsections that cover different perspectives from solar modelling to financial performance.Participants are allowed to select one or more than one section accord

59、ing to their own experience and understanding of the specific areas.The complete copy of the questionnaire survey is attached in Appendix A.The online survey was distributed to target population of the ten categories in Europe,Asia,Oceania,and in American continents.This study did not include Africa

60、 because of insufficient information on BIPV activity in Africa to provide meaningful survey input/results.Further,there were no participants in task 15 from the African continent and therefore,there was a difficulty to collect data.3.2 Data collection Eighty valid responses were received globally.F

61、igure 3.2.1 shows the continent wise number of responses.Figure 3.2.2 displays the professions of the 80 respondents who completed the questionnaire survey.The targeted population for the study is the key professionals in the BIPV value chain to support decision making of the property developers.In

62、total,11 categories are chosen for the survey,which are:(1)Architect,(2)Faade engineer,(3)Electrical engineer,(4)Mechanical/Structural engineer,(5)Fire engineer,(6)Environmentally Sustainable Design(ESD)consultant,(7)Academia,research,and development,(8)PV consultant,(9)BIPV system installer,(10)Dev

63、eloper and(11)Property management.Meanwhile,all respondents Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 12 are categorized by 5 major regional groups:(1)Europe,(2)Asia,(3)Oceania,(4)North America and(5)South America.Figure 3.1 Total valid r

64、esponses according to regions Figure 3.2 Total valid responses according to profession Figure 3.2.3 shows the involvement of the respondents in building envelope(faade&roof)simulation and analysis and BIPV designs related simulation and analysis.As the figure shows,the majority of the respondents ha

65、ve experience related to building envelope simulation and analysis and not much in BIPV design simulation.051015202530EuropeAsiaOceaniaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaNo.of respondents024680ArchitectFacade engineerElectrical engineerMechanical/StructuralengineerFire engineerESD consultantAcadem

66、ic,research anddevelopmentConsultantBIPV system installerDeveloperProperty managementNo.of respondentsEuropeAsiaOceaniaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 13 (a)experiences in building envelope(faade&roof)

67、simulation and analysis (b)experiences in BIPV simulation and analysis Figure 3.3 Involvement of the respondents in building envelope(faade&roof)simulation and analysis and BIPV designs 3.3 Data analysis The surveys responses were exported to Microsoft Excel for data screening.To obtain insightful f

68、indings from the survey,the answers were analysed based on:(a)region,and(b)profession.The survey responses were grouped into four categories and each subsection under the four categories consist of two figures demonstrating the result(a)region,and(b)profession.The regional results were sorted by 5 m

69、ajor groups.The profession results were sorted by 11 professions in the building,construction and BIPV industry.Based on the regional results and profession results,the difference and similarity of respondents from different groups can be distinguished.The noticeable findings from the two graphs are

70、 highlighted,which helps to understanding the digital design process of BIPV projects and make contribution to the further study of design and analysis for BIPV projects.0510152025EuropeAsiaOceaniaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaNo.of respondentsYesNo0510152025EuropeAsiaOceaniaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaNo

71、.of respondentsYesNo Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 14 4 LITERATURE REVIEW ON WORKFLOWS AND METHODS USED IN BIPV DESIGN In BIPV,the PV modules are integrated to the building elements.Therefore,both construction and electrotechn

72、ical elements need to be correctly designed which makes the design process of a BIPV system becomes more complex than a conventional building element.The BIPV design simulation and analysis process can be done using various operative approaches,methods,and workflows.As shown in Figure 4.1,these oper

73、ative approaches,methods,and workflows relevant to each domain of BIPV design and integration can be divided into four categories:Workflows and methods used in a.solar irradiation modelling and simulation b.solar power output modelling or simulation c.building performance modelling or simulation d.f

74、inancial,environmental and design outcome Figure 4.1 Mapping of workflows and methods for BIPV design and simulation Source:Adapted from Jackia et al.(2019)and Wijeratne et al.(2019)BIPV DesignGeophysicalWeather TerrainTechnicalBIPV System componentsBuilding envelopeGridConstruction O&MDecommissioni

75、ngEconomicProfitabilityCaptial costsO&M costsSavingsFinance modesIncentivesEnvironmentalEmission avoidedEmbodied emissions Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 15 4.1 Workflows and methods used in solar irradiation modelling and simu

76、lation This section discusses approaches,methods and workflows used in modelling or simulating the BIPV project in a specific location and solar irradiation simulation.4.1.1 Tools used for modelling building envelopes/BIPV envelopes As the first step of designing a BIPV system,the building parameter

77、s such as buildings location,orientation,energy consumption,roof and faade layout etc.should be identified.Often,architectural design software tools such as AutoCAD,Autodesk Revit and Sketchup etc.are used(Jakica,2018,Wijeratne et al.,2019).All of them provide support for architectural design.Also,t

78、hey consist of simple solar irradiation simulation tools.Such software can be used to generate a 3D model of the building and related envelope elements that will host BAPV or integrate BIPV components.The 3D model can provide information such as walls/roofs dimensions,shape of walls/roofs,surface ti

79、lt angles,structural characteristics,and thermal characteristics that can be necessary for developing the BIPV project.Further,the above software has the option to set up the building location which can help to identify the azimuth of the roof or wall surfaces.4.1.2 Tools used for simulating solar i

80、rradiation in BIPV designs There are many solar Photovoltaics(PV)design tools available for calculating solar irradiance and energy output.TRNSYS,Archelios,Polysun,PVSYST,PV*SOL,PVGIS,System advisory model(SAM),PVWatts and RETScreen(Axaopoulos et al.,2014,Freeman et al.,2014)are examples for softwar

81、e that are used often in the industry.However,BIPV is,in contrast to conventional PV,very prone to inhomogeneous irradiation.Therefore,identification of the impact of shading in BIPV designs are important.Yet,none of the tools listed consider shading which is very likely in BIPV applications.Accordi

82、ng to Stameni and Erban(2021),BIPV systems can encounter three types of shading:1.Micro-shading caused by the components of the BIPV module;2.Mezzo-shading caused by the components of the BIPV system and building and 3.Macro shading caused by external objects,adjacent building and trees.However,the

83、tools used for simulating solar irradiation in BIPV do not differentiate between the impact of micro,mezzo or macro shading(Stameni and Erban,2021).4.1.3 Methods used for identifying building location(i.e.,longitude and latitude)in simulation tools Google maps:Google Maps is a web mapping service de

84、veloped by Google.It offers satellite imagery,aerial photography,street maps,and 360 interactive panoramic views of streets.It can be used to identify the coordinates such as longitude and latitude(Google,2020)and helps to identify weather information in BIPV design simulations.IP addresses:An Inter

85、net Protocol address(IP address)is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication.An IP address serves two main functions:host or network interface identification and location addressing to identify weather information in B

86、IPV design simulations.Select from softwares own database:Some software consists of a weather database where the users can select the relevant weather file from a drop-down list.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 16 What3words app:

87、what3words app is like google maps and it helps to find precise locations easily(What3words,2022).4.1.4 Methodology for modelling the geometry of the building and surrounding environment of a BIPV project The geometry of the building and surrounding environment of a BIPV project can be created two-d

88、imensional(2D)and three-dimensional using various tools or techniques,as discussed below.2D CAD:2D drafting and drawing is the process of creating and editing technical drawings,as well as annotating designs.Drafters use computer-aided design(CAD)software to develop floor plans,building permit drawi

89、ngs,building inspection plans and landscaping layouts(Autodesk,2020).3D CAD:3D CAD,or three-dimensional computer-aided design,is technology for design and technical documentation,which replaces manual drafting with an automated process(Jakica,2018).Building information modelling(BIM)is a specialized

90、 field of 3D modelling which includes detailed information attached to every single component of 3D model.GIS based modelling:GIS-based modelling is when Geographical Information System(GIS)is used in the process of creating building and/or terrain models(Imam,2019).GIS information can be incorporat

91、ed into 2D and 3D building designs.Point-cloud data using LiDAR:LiDAR stands for“Light Detection and Ranging”(Reutebuch et al.,2005).This technology can be mounted to aerial vehicles to send laser pulses to the earths surface and once the laser returns back to the sensor,the LiDAR system will record

92、 data based on information received.A point cloud is a collection of data points defined by a given coordinates system which can be created using LiDAR.The LiDAR point cloud data can be used to create 3D models of buildings and its surrounding environment.Photogrammetry:Photogrammetry is the technol

93、ogy for obtaining information about buildings and the environment through recording,measuring,and interpreting photographic images(Aber,Marzolff and Ries,2010).Photogrammetry can generate 3D models of buildings and their surrounding environment in the BIPV design process.4.1.5 Photorealistic visuali

94、zation of BIPV envelope Photorealistic architectural visualization can help architects communicate with their clients and provide a better presentation of their ideas.Photorealistic visualization helps to understand the aesthetic appearance of the BIPV project.It could eliminate the negative concept

95、ions of BIPV appearance and encourage clients to accept BIPV projects.Therefore,photorealistic visualization could improve the uptake of BIPV and ultimately help create energy efficient and sustainable buildings.There are several commercial software tools that can be used to graphically represent th

96、e aesthetic appearance of a BIPV envelope.Rendering tools enable the use of photorealistic representations of solar installations,including simulation of colour,materiality and reflectivity(e.g.,3DS MAX,Maya,Revit,Autodesk rendering.Enscape,Lumion etc.)Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development

97、of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 17 4.1.6 3D formats for data exchange between collaborators or data import A 3D file format is used for storing geometrical information about 3D models.In BIPV project designs,several 3D files formats can facilitate interoperability between BI

98、PV design and simulation software such as proprietary formats:Trimble SketchUp.skp AutoDesk.dwg,.rvt or.fbx Rhinoceros.3DS In addition,open formats,such as:o STL o OBJ o COLLADA o STEP In addition to 3D file formats,there are file formats capable to retain not only the geometrical information about

99、the 3D model but also building component informative parameters.Examples of these file formats are:Open BIM(ISO).ifc GreenBuilding XML(gbXML).xml EnergyPlusTM format.idf AutoDesk REVIT.rvt AutoDesk REVITfamily.rfa 4.1.7 Weather parameters for identifying plane of array irradiation The solar irradian

100、ce can be categorized into several parameters such as:Beam/Direct normal irradiance(DNI):irradiance that comes directly from the solar disk Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance(DHI):Scattered and reflected irradiance that is sent to the earth surface from all directions(reflected from other bodies,molecule

101、s,particles,droplets,etc.)Global Horizontal Irradiance(GHI):Total irradiance from the sun on a horizontal surface on Earth.Sum of direct irradiance(after accounting for the solar zenith angle of the sun z)and diffuse horizontal irradiance For BIPV system sizing or prediction of electricity generatio

102、n,the main parameter to measure or determine is Plane of Array(POA)irradiance,or in-plane irradiance,which is the total irradiance(solar radiant flux incident per unit area)on the modules surface.POA irradiance includes direct plus diffuse irradiance.POA irradiance is measured with a pyranometer or

103、a reference photovoltaic cell.While irradiance is an instantaneous measurement of solar power over the area of the BIPV system,in watts per square meter,solar irradiation,or insolation,measures the cumulative solar energy density of over that area for a defined period of time,e.g.,annual,monthly,or

104、daily irradiation.Irradiation is commonly measured in kilowatt hour per square meter.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 18 Apart from the POA irradiance,temperature and wind speed also play a role in BIPV design.4.1.8 Type of weath

105、er data for designing BIPV Weather data such as solar irradiance,temperature,wind speed etc.are obtained from different types of observing stations around the world.The main methods used to collect weather data are:Ground mounted meteorological stations Satellite based meteorological data Measured a

106、t site Hybrid method(i.e.,combination of ground mounted meteorological data and data measure at site)Long-term averaged data 4.1.9 Type of weather file formats Data formats commonly encountered in climate research fall into 2 categories.Typical Meteorological Year(TMY):A typical meteorological year(

107、TMY)is a set of meteorological data with data values for every hour in a year for a given geographical location.The data are selected from hourly data in a longer time period(normally 10 years or more).Since,weather conditions can vary significantly from year to year,typical meteorological year(TMY)

108、is commonly used for simulations.Since Hall et al.developed the first method for generating TMY,many different approaches are found in the literature to generate weather files Hall,I J,Prairie,R R,Anderson,H E,and Boes,E C.Generation of a typical meteorological year.United States:N.p.,1978.Halls met

109、hod used statistical calculation to select one typical meteorological month from a period of years of data and concatenating the 12 months to form a TMY.Typical Meteorological Year 2(TMY2)developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory(NREL)use synthetic year to represent the temperature,solar

110、 radiation,and other variables,based on improved solar models to more closely match the long-term average climatic conditions.The TMY3 are constructed using more recent data than the TMY2(1991-2005 against 1961-1990 respectively).Many other countries have their own set of TMYs.The Joint Research Cen

111、tre(JRC)of the European Commission supplies TMYs through its PVGIS tool https:/re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/es/#TMY,using satellite data and following the procedure described in ISO 15927-4 for the month selection.Commercial software packages supporting simulations using TMY data include TRNSYS,PV*

112、SOL,PVscout and PVSYST.EPW files from the EnergyPlus website:Weather data file saved in the standard EnergyPlus format.It is used by EnergyPlus energy simulation software and was developed by the U.S.Department of Energy(DoE)(Sabunas and Kanapickas,2017).It can also accommodate TMY weather data whic

113、h can be used for running energy usage simulations.The most used file formats for TMY are CSV(comma-separated values),EPW(Energy Plus Weather File),and JSON(JavaScript Object Notation).CSV and EPW usually include a header with the information of the site(latitude,longitude and elevation),and the lis

114、t of the years used for each month to construct the TMY.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 19 4.1.10 Software used to estimate plane of array(POA)irradiation Various POA irradiance estimation software available for the users to cho

115、ose from.Klise and Stein(2009)have identified this software under five categories:PV Models Developed and Used by Sandia National Laboratories:PVSS,SOLCEL,Evans and Facinelli Model,PVForm,PVSIM,Sandia Photovoltaic Array Performance Model,Sandia Inverter Performance Model,PVDesignPro,Solar Advisor Mo

116、del Other PV Performance Models:Parameter Array Performance Model,PVWatts,PVSYST,PV F-Chart,RETScreen Photovoltaic Project Model,PV*SOL,Polysun,INSEL,SolarPro Simplified PV Performance Models:Clean Power Estimator,PVOptimize,OnGrid,CPF Tools Solar Estimate Hybrid System Models Developed and Used by

117、Sandia National Laboratories:SOLSTOR,HybSim,Hysim Other Hybrid System Models:HOMER,Hybrid2,UW-Hybrid(TRNSYS),RETScreen,PVToolbox,RAPSIM,SOMES,IPSYS,HySys,Dymola/Modelica 4.1.11 Models in software to estimate POA irradiation There are several methods that can be used to estimate Plane of array(POA)ir

118、radiation.POA(Beam only):The plane of array(POA)beam component of irradiance is calculated by adjusting the direct normal irradiance by the angle of incidence(Sandia National Laboratories,2018)POA with shading and ground reflected(Albedo):The plane of array(POA)irradiance on a tilted surface with sh

119、ading impact caused from neighbouring objects and irradiance on a tilted surface that is reflected off the ground Ray tracing with radiosity:Ray tracing follows all rays from the eye of the viewer back to the light sources and radiosity simulates the diffuse propagation of light starting at the ligh

120、t sources(Yu,2010).This can be used to identify and visualise the POA irradiation.Software such as EDSL TAS,DIAL+Suite and Autodesk 360 rendering engine used in INSIGHT(Solar analysis tool)for Revit use this approach(Jakica et al.,2019).Ray tracing with rasterization:A hybrid approach that combined

121、the speed of rasterization with the visual accuracy of ray tracing(HAR-EVEN,2018)4.1.12 POA sky diffuse model to estimate POA irradiance Isotropic Sky Diffuse Model:The isotropic sky diffuse model is the simplest of the POA sky diffuse models and forms the foundation upon which more accurate models

122、build.The isotropic sky diffuse model assumes that the diffuse radiation from the sky dome is uniform across the sky(Sandia National Laboratories,2018).Simple Sandia Sky Diffuse Model:This is an empirical model calculating diffuse sky irradiance developed at Sandia National Laboratories(Sandia Natio

123、nal Laboratories,2018)Hay and Davies Sky Diffuse Model:The Hay and Davies model divides the sky diffuse irradiance into isotropic and circumsolar components to calculate the plane of array irradiance(Hay and Davies,1980).Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Desi

124、gn Workflows and Methods 20 Reindl Sky Diffuse Model:Reindl sky diffuse irradiance model consists of diffuse radiation on the POA,including isotropic,circumsolar brightening,and horizon brightening(Reindl,Beckman,and Duffie,1990).Perez Sky Diffuse Model:BIPV models will often use non-isotropic sky c

125、onditions(Snow and Prasad,2005).The Perez model,accounts for non-isotropic sky characteristics such as variations in clouds,and variations in sky due to atmospheric thickness(Perez et al.,1987)4.1.13 Models to estimate impact of shading in BIPV As discussed in section 4.1.2,BIPV can be impacted by m

126、icro,mezzo and macro shading.There are several shading modelling methods used in PV simulation tools to identify the impact of shading on the level of irradiance receive by the BIPV system such as far-field shading horizon map,far field shading factor,near-field shading factor,shading percentage,red

127、uction of incident irradiation,shading index,sky view factor and ray tracing(Mermoud 2010;Zomer and Rther 2017;Jakica et al.,2019).4.1.14 Weather data interval for solar irradiation data Weather data interval values can be by Minute,Hourly,Daily,Monthly or Annually.The weather data interval can diff

128、er based on purpose of use.For example,for conceptual design stage,monthly and annual values can be considered whereas,in detailed design stage,minute or hourly data is more useful.4.1.15 BIPV module performance with higher spatial resolutions The BIPV module performance with higher spatial resoluti

129、ons(PV cell level or higher)is simulated for complex building envelope installations.Currently,Ladybug tools can simulate BIPV performance on PV cell level when coupled with external script in MATLAB(Hofer et al.,2016).4.2 Workflows and methods used in solar power output modelling or simulation This

130、 section discusses the approaches,methods and workflows used in modelling or simulation of the BIPV power output.4.2.1 Importing properties of the technical components of BIPV modules and other BIPV related components to the simulation.There are several methods that can be used to extract BIPV produ

131、ct information:Database of components such as PV modules and inverters which automatically load the items to the simulation program Online platforms to import product data Specific exchange format to import products Adding properties manually Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BI

132、PV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 21 4.2.2 Methods used for calculating the electric DC output of BIPV There are several methods for calculating BIPV system power output.Most of them are based on different PV module models relating the I-V characteristics and the module temperature:Cell

133、 Temperature Model(Faiman 2008;Trinuruk,Sorapipatana and Chenvidhya,2009)o Sandia Cell Temperature Model o PVSYST Cell Temperature Model o Faiman Cell Temperature Model Single Diode Equivalent Circuit Models o De Soto Five-Parameter Module Model(De Soto,2006)o PVSYST Module Model The two-diode model

134、 Point-value models o Sandia PV Array Performance Model o Loss Factor Model Power model by Heydenreich et al.(2008)4.2.3 Software for calculating the electric DC output of BIPV There are various models and software which can be used to calculate the electric DC output(Klise and Stein,2009;Jakica,201

135、8;Jakica et al.,2019;Wijeratne et al.,2019):PV Models developed and used by Sandia National Laboratories:PVSS,SOLCEL,Evans and Facinelli Model,PVForm,PVSIM,Sandia Photovoltaic Array Performance Model,Sandia Inverter Performance Model,PVDesignPro,Solar Advisor Model Simplified PV Performance Models:C

136、lean Power Estimator,PVOptimize,OnGrid,CPF Tools Solar Estimate Other PV Performance Models:Parameter Array Performance Model,PVWatts,PVSYST,PV F-Chart,RETScreen Photovoltaic Project Model,PV*SOL,Polysun,INSEL,SolarPro,Aurora Solar,Helioscope,BIMSolar,Skelion,Archelios,PVGIS Hybrid System Models dev

137、eloped and used by Sandia National Laboratories:SOLSTOR,HybSim,Hysim Other Hybrid System Models:HOMER,Hybrid2,UW-Hybrid(TRNSYS),RETScreen,PVToolbox,RAPSIM,SOMES,IPSYS,HySys,Dymola/Modelica 4.3 Workflows and methods used in building performance modelling or simulation This section discusses the appro

138、aches,methods,and workflows to identify BIPV related building dynamics such as energy consumption,thermal load,structural load and fire safety.4.3.1 Method used for identifying building energy consumption If not designed properly,most buildings can consume far more energy than they produce with BIPV

139、.An efficient BIPV system could reduce the energy consumption of the building as well Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 22 as supply excess energy to the grid.Therefore,BIPV systems need to be accurately sized.For that,we need to

140、understand the energy consumption of the building and the energy offset potential of a BIPV system.There are several methods to identify the energy consumption of a building,such as measuring real-time data via smart meter or sensors or simulating the building energy performance and building energy

141、systems demand.In the survey,the methods considered are listed as below:Calculate total watt-hours per day for each appliance used in the building/project Calculate the percentage of monthly energy consumption based on habitual use and use during weekends and holidays Use historical information from

142、 electricity bills Measure building energy consumption real time Simulate using a building energy simulation software:data of building consumption can be generated by building energy simulation software such as EnergyPlus,DeST,DOE2 or Ecotect(Amasyali et al.2018)Definition of the building type and u

143、tilization of Energy Use Intensity(EUI)data based on building type.This data is published for US buildings by the U.S.Energy Information Administration(EIA)ref.eia.gov 4.3.2 Energy consumption data interval Interval data is simply energy data collected at defined intervals,typically every 15 minutes

144、 or hourly(gridium,2012).Generally,energy data intervals can be taken annually,monthly,daily,hourly,sub-hourly,one minute and in seconds.However,in BIPV design,the required interval may differ depending on the software time resolution or based on whether the design is done in the conceptual design p

145、hase or detailed design phase.4.3.3 Type of data file formats for storing building energy consumption data Building energy consumption data can be stored in file formats such as:Text file MS Excel spreadsheet Comma Separated Values(CSV file)4.3.4 Thermal load The photovoltaic effect in BIPV produces

146、 a substantial amount of heat,while generating power.Consequently,BIPV has significant influence on the amount of heat transfer through the building fabrics,and could affect the indoor air temperatures,cooling load and the comfort of the occupants,as it changes the thermal properties of the building

147、 envelops(Toledo et al.2020).Although BIPV heats up the glass and the envelope,it also blocks light from entering the envelope.Given that most envelopes are protected by an air gap within an insulated glass unit,the heat of the BIPV unit does not pose a detrimental threat to the envelopes cooling lo

148、ad.The benefit of solar technologies absorbing the sunlight and converting it into electricity likely far outweighs this risk due to the thermal break.Therefore,the SHGC for BIPV glass is typically lower than that of conventional glass,despite the BIPV being hotter(Olivieri et al.2015;Moralejo-Vzque

149、z et al.2015;Kapsis,Athienitis and Harrison 2017).Therefore,understanding the SHGC of BIPV glass is important due to the energy savings potential.Various thermal models of BIPV system have been proposed and examined to achieve a good Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digita

150、lization:Design Workflows and Methods 23 thermal prediction of BIPV systems(Assoa et al.2017).This can be done by calculating solar heat gain manually or simulate using a building energy simulation software such as IES-VE,EnergyPlus.4.3.5 Heat island impact of BIPV systems According to Genchi et al.

151、(2003),if PV panels are installed over a large area,the surface heat balance of the city will be altered.There are not many methods to explore heat island effects of BIPV systems.A study by Thomas(2014)have explored heat island effect using a Revit 3D model and EnergyPlus simulation.Further,the City

152、Sim thermal models was used by Thomas et al.,(2014)to simulate the target building to identify the heat island effect.Boccalatte,Fossa,and Mnzo,(2020)created a method with EnergyPlus model with OpenStudio plug-in and the Urban Weather Generator(UWG)to simulate the heat island impact of a BIPV system

153、.Further,there are studies which have used various methods/tools to simulate the impact of BAPV on heat island effect.For example,Taha(2013)used a method with the albedo and the solar conversion efficiency to estimate the heat island impact of solar PV.Masson et al.(2014)have used Town Energy Balanc

154、e(TEB)model to simulate roof top BAPV related heat island effect on the Paris metropolitan area.4.3.6 Methods to identify the impact on daylighting in BIPV design When implementing a semi-transparent BIPV faade,natural daylighting can be affected because of opacity of the solar cells in the glass pa

155、nes.Therefore,the impact needs to be calculated manually or use simulation software such as DIVA for Rhino,Sefaira,Revit Insight(Yi He and Schnabel,2018).Further,a multitude of online tools provided by glass manufacturers such as Pilkington,Saint-Gobain,AGC can be used for analysing the daylighting

156、in BIPV projects.4.3.7 Structural loads As part of building elements,structural load analysis needs to be considered for the selection of BIPV products.However,like other building envelope elements,poor design or lack of design standard of structural loads could lead to technical flaws on BIPV proje

157、cts(Yang 2015).According to Bernalillo County(2017),dead load,wind load,earthquake(seismic)load,live load,rain load,snow loads need to be identified in BIPV Engineering.4.3.8 Methods and software for the structural impact of BIPV designs Not many PV simulation tools have the option for analysing the

158、 structural impact of BIPV designs.For instance,Easy PV provide options for structural load calculations.Easy PV offers a simple calculation for the dead load and the wind load based on roof structure types(such as flat,truss,rafters,roof with hips and valleys,asymmetric pitched roof etc.)(Wijeratne

159、 et al.,2019).However,the majority of all BIPV panels are made from glass any glass calculation software can do the job(e.g.,SJ-Mepla,Glasstik).According to local norms on construction sector,the structural engineering of BIPV systems(e.g.,roof,facades,balustrades,etc.)usually follows the building d

160、esign code practices.Therefore,building design software already has this capability through the use of a BIPV plugin.4.3.9 Methods and software to identify the fire related impact in BIPV designs As BIPV consist of construction and electrical parts,it is necessary to check whether the selected BIPV

161、design comply with building fire regulations,which is crucial to the safety.There is no international fire safety harmonization.Furthermore,there is a lack of fire-related Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 24 international standar

162、ds and building codes specific for BIPV systems(Yang 2015).However,some countries have their national fire safety standards(e.g.,Europe-EN 13501,Germany-ENV1187 or DIN4102).In some countries,the practice is based on separated standards for construction and conventional PV systems(Bonomo,2018).For th

163、is fire testing process,there is no straightforward technique.Some new methods for fire testing in BIPV are proposed by Jol et al.(2009)and Parolini(2020)such as conventional fire test with burning brands and radiant heat,and self-developed test protocol for fire behaviour.With the development of co

164、mputer technology,simulation software can facilitate the numerical analysis of smoke and heat transport from fires,such as Fire Dynamics Simulator(McGrattan et al.2010).4.4 Workflows and methods used in financial,environmental and design outcome This section discusses the approaches,methods and work

165、flows used for identifying the economic impact of BIPV designs.4.4.1 Economic feasibility indicator(s)of BIPV designs The cost-benefits is important for decision making in BIPV adoption.The indicators used to identify the economic feasibility of BIPV projects could help the evaluation process of the

166、 decision makers such as property developers.For renewable energy technologies and projects,there are a variety of economic indicators(Short et al.1995).Sommerfeldt and Madani(2017)investigated studies regarding PV generation and summarized the popularity of different economic indicators.Some extens

167、ive references investigating BIPV cost competitiveness and real case-studies are already available in literature(SUPSI-Becquerel Institute,2020;BIPVBOOST,2021).The selection of economic indicators should depend on the emphasis of the economic analysis and the need of audience.The following 6 indicat

168、ors are included:Net Present Value(NPV):The difference between the present value of cash inflows and the present value of cash outflows over a period of time.When NPV is above zero,the BIPV project can make profit during its lifespan.Simple Payback Period(PB):Payback period refers to the time requir

169、ed to recoup the funds expended in an investment,or to reach the break-even point.Discounted Payback Period(DPB):Similar to PB,DPB is the amount of time it takes to recover the cost of an investment.The difference is DPB considered the time value of money in the calculation.Internal Rate of Return(I

170、RR):Discount rate that makes the NPV of all cash flows equal to zero in a discounted cash flow analysis.If the IRR is higher than a particular interest rate or the discount rate used,the BIPV project can be financially feasible.Profitability Index(PI):Measure of a projects or investments attractiven

171、ess.The PI is calculated by dividing the present value of future expected cash flows by the initial investment amount in the project Return on Investment(ROI):Return on investment or return on costs is a ratio between net income and investment.A high ROI means the investments gains compare favourabl

172、y to its cost.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 25 Levelized cost of energy(LCOE):The levelized cost of energy(LCOE),or levelized cost of electricity,is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a gen

173、erating plant over its lifetime.Incremental Cost(IC):The incremental cost of a BIPV system is the cost of the components that are additional to the elements that would otherwise be intrinsic to the built environment.The IC serves as a cost basis for the financial analysis of BIPV systems.4.4.2 Capit

174、al cost(initial costs)of BIPV designs Capital costs are fixed,one-time expenses incurred on installing a BIPV system.Total capital cost of a BIPV project consists of(Norton et al.,20011;Fu et al.,2016;Yang et al.,2019 Weerasinghe et al.2021):Solar PV module costs Solar PV mounting structure cost Sol

175、ar PV installation cost Costs of electrical devices(Balance of System)and installation costs Contingency 4.4.3 Operations and maintenance costs The Operation and Maintenance(O&M)costs of BIPV system is the cost associated with operating and maintaining of the BIPV system throughout its lifetime.O&M

176、costs of a BIPV system can include the following(Agrawal&Tiwari 2010;Gholami et al.2020;Frischknecht et al.2020;Weerasinghe et al.2021):Cleaning costs Repair of solar PV modules Repair of electrical devices(Balance of System)Repair of mounting system Replacement of solar PV modules Replacement of el

177、ectrical devices(Balance of System)Replacement of mounting system Insurance Depreciation 4.4.4 Life cycle income of BIPV system Life cycle income of BIPV systems refers to the profit generated by the BIPV system throughout its lifetime.The benefits from BIPV systems that can be considered as life cy

178、cle income are listed below(Agrawal&Tiwari 2010;Bonomo et al.2017;Gholami et al.2020):Saving from energy self-consumption Income from feed in tariffs Salvage value at the end of BIPV system life Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 2

179、6 Savings from reducing building cooling load 4.4.5 Incremental cost One benefit of BIPV modules is that they completely replace traditional building materials.Therefore,the overall system costs should reflect the corresponding cost offset in the design evaluation(Eiffert,2003).However,there is limi

180、ted research regarding the material cost offset brought by different BIPV applications(Yang et al.,2019).Moreover,according to Wijeratne et al.(2019),none of the available software and apps have considered building material cost offsets in their PV system design platforms or in financial analysis.4.

181、4.6 CO2 emissions associated with BIPV designs The environmental impact of BIPV systems can be evaluated considering different approaches and indexes.The most common approaches allow calculating the reduction of CO2 emissions and/or embedded emissions.Reduction of the CO2 emissions/CO2 emissions avo

182、ided:Avoided emissions are emission reductions that occur as a result of free electricity generation of the BIPV system during the operational phase of BIPV system(Seng et al.2008).Usually,the CO2 emission avoided can be calculated by the reduction in CO2 emission by the electricity production of th

183、e conventional power plants,which should consider the local utility sectors.Calculating the embedded emissions:Embedded emission of BIPV system is the emissions that occur in BIPV during the manufacturing,construction,and decommissioning phase,which is used for the calculation of energy payback peri

184、od(Hammond et al.2012;PAYET and Moreau,2016).4.4.7 Optioneering/decision making methods in BIPV design Designing BIPV envelopes is a complicated task where you are required to balance various antagonistic parameters.Several key factors impact the decision of choosing a BIPV system design to a buildi

185、ng.Besides the initial investment costs,amount of energy saved,annual maintenance costs,reduction of greenhouse gases and profitability of the overall project are considered.There are several methods that can be used to evaluate BIPV design options:Multiple solution comparisons using parametric work

186、flows:This includes use of parametric software to generate feasible BIPV design options Multiple solution comparisons using traditional workflows:The traditional workflows consider use of 2D design drawing and use of basic software such as MS excel or manual calculation methods to identify the feasi

187、ble BIPV design options.Integrated optimization:Integrated optimisation uses advanced methods such as machine learning techniques such as genetic algorithms,neural networks etc.to identify the feasible BIPV design options.4.4.8 Factors that impact optimum BIPV design options When identifying the mos

188、t suitable design option,designers can determine and fix any variables that meet their design priorities/preferences.Among them,some parameters are high on the list of priorities for any BIPV project from diverse perspectives,such as(Erban and Ley 2020;Samarasinghalage et al.2022):Aesthetic appearan

189、ce(size,shape,colour and transparency)Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 27 Design and functionality(flexibility,cell coverage and combination with other building functions)Cost Energy generation CO2 emissions avoided Thermal impac

190、t 5 QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY RESULTS 5.1 Workflows and methods used in solar irradiation modelling and simulation 5.1.1 Tools used for modelling building envelopes/BIPV envelopes The Figure 5.1.1 shows the survey results on tools used for modelling building envelopes and BIPV envelopes.Overall results s

191、how that AutoCAD is used by most respondents followed by Sketch-up and Autodesk Revit.AutoCAD is commonly used for 2D drafting(Gindis and Kaebisch,2017).However,the AutoCAD platform can be used to create 3D models.Sketch-up and Autodesk Revit are used for 3D modelling and building information modell

192、ing(Jakica,2018).It can be seen that regionally(Figure 5.1.1a),AutoCAD and Sketchup is highly used by the respondents from Asia and Europe compared to other regions.Autodesk Revit is also prefered in Australia,Asia and Europe.Other design software such as Rhinoceros and ArchiCAD are also used by the

193、 respondents in Europe.As shown in Figure 5.1.1b,AutoCAD,Sketchup and Autodesk Revit are mostly used by Architects and Academic research and development for modelling building envelopes and BIPV envelopes.However,other professions such as Electrical engineers and Faade engineers also use Sketchup an

194、d Mechanical/structural enginners use AutoCAD and Autodesk Revit.The resutls show that AutoCAD,Sketchup and Autodesk Revit can cater many professions for modelling building/BIPV envelopes.Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 28 (a)Su

195、rvey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.1 Tools used for modelling building envelopes/BIPV envelopes 05540AutoCADSketch-upRhinocerosArchiCADRevit SolidworksPV*SOLTasIES-VEEcotecteQuestDesignBuilder/EnergyPlusBIMSolar2D3DNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloper

196、BIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect05540AutoCADSketch-upRhinocerosArchiCADRevit SolidworksPV*SOLTasIES-VEEcotecteQuestDesignBuilder/EnergyPlusBIMSolar2D3DNo.of

197、respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 29 5.1.2 Tools used for simulating solar irradiation in BIPV designs Figure 5.1.2 illustrates the survey results on tools used for simulating

198、 solar irradiation.In total,the number of respondents who use PVSYST is relatively high.Further,EnergyPlus,Revit Solar Analysis,PVGIS,PV*SOL,SAM and Ladybug/Honeybee are also used by many respondents.In terms of the region of the respondents,PVSYST is highly used by the respondents from Europe and A

199、sia.Compared to Europe and Australia,Revit solar analysis is used more in Asia.However,the respondents who use Energyplus for PV simulation is high in Europe and Australia.Compared to other regions the use of PVGIS and PV*SOL is higher in Europe.Although PVGIS calculator covers solar data in America

200、,Europe,Asia and Africa,it is more popular with the respondents from Netherland.On the other hand,PV*SOL is popular with the respondents from Germany.The reason for the popularity is that PV*SOL was developed by a German-based software company and the software has been available since 1998(Internati

201、onal Solar Energy Society,German Section,2013).Professional wise,Architects and Academics use EnergyPlus and Revit Solar Analysis for solar PV simulation.PV*SOL is also considered by Architects.The respondents from professions such as electrical engineering,faade engineering,academic and consultancy

202、 use PVSYST for solar PV simulation.Overall,the results show that building design professionals prefer PV simulation tools which can be used with CAD or BIM software whereas professions such as BIPV system installers and PV consultants use solar PV simulation software that are more devoted to techni

203、cal parameters such as SAM,PVSYST and PVGIS.(a)Survey results by region 024680PVGISDiVALadybug/HoneybeeRevit Solar AnalysisPVSYSTEnergyPlusHomer proSolar Advisory Model(SAM)HelioscopePV*SOLBIMSolarPleiadessolar monekyTasRevit-Sefaira-Formit-Dyanamo for solar energyloads and building envel

204、ope geometry/behaviourIESeQuestNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 30 (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.2 Tools used for simulating BIPV 5.1.3 Methods used for iden

205、tifying the location for BIPV design in simulation tools As discussed in Section 4.1.3,simulation tools typically require the user to identify the location(i.e.,longitude and latitude)of the building to collect local weather data parameters.There are three common ways to identify the building locati

206、on in simulation tools.Figure 5.1.3 a and Figure 5.1.3 b shows the survey results on the methods used in simulation tools to identify the building location.Overall,most of the respondents have selected the use of google maps to determine the location.Compared to methods such as identifying the locat

207、ion manually from a list or use of IP addresses for identifying location,higher number of respondents from Europe,Oceania,Asia and North America are using google maps to determine the location of the project in the simulation tools.The same pattern can be observed in the professional wise responses.

208、Most professions use google maps to select the location of the BIPV project in the simulation tool.It can be seen from the survey results that the use of maps to identify the location and weather data is a suitable approach for BIPV design in simulation tools.024680PVGISDiVALadybug/Honeyb

209、eeRevit Solar AnalysisPVSYSTEnergyPlusHomer proSolar Advisory Model(SAM)HelioscopePV*SOLBIMSolarPleiadessolar monekyTasRevit-Sefaira-Formit-Dyanamo for solar energyloads and building envelope geometry/behaviourIESeQuestNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcade

210、mic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 31 (a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figu

211、re 5.3 Methods used for identifying the location 5.1.4 Methodology for modelling the geometry of the building and surrounding environment Generally,there are five common methods for modelling the geometry of the building and surrounding environment as discussed in Section 4.1.4.Figure 5.1.4 shows th

212、e survey results on the methods used for modelling the geometry of the building and surrounding environment by region and by profession.In total 3D CAD is the most popular method,accounting for about 50%of all choices.2D CAD takes the second place,making up 21%of total respondents.0554045

213、50Google mapsIP addressesManually selected from a listNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America055404550Google mapsIP addressesManually selectedfrom a listNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD co

214、nsultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 32 Compared with CAD-based methods,GIS-based modelling and Point-cloud data are less adopted.In addit

215、ion,Photogrammetry is used for developing the geometry of building models.Eight survey respondents have mentioned that they do not model building geometry and surrounding environment in BIPV related simulation.Regionally,higher number of respondents from Europe,Oceania,Asia and North America use 3D

216、CAD.2D CAD is also considered in Europe,Oceania,Asia.Although theres a low use of GIS-based modelling,the methods are used in all the regions under consideration.In contrast,photogrammetry has been considered for modelling the geometry of buildings only in Europe.Furthermore,use of point cloud data

217、with LiDAR 3D scanning is used in Europe,Oceania,and America.Professionally,higher number of Architects uses 3D CAD and 2D CAD for modelling buildings.Professions such as Engineers,ESD consultants,BIPV installers and Academics prefer to use 3D CAD compared to other methods.The overall results sugges

218、ts that 2D CAD and 3D CAD are popular methods for developing the geometry of building models.However,3D CAD is more suitable for BIPV designs as it provides a more realistic visualisation of the building model.(a)Survey results by region 05540452D CAD3D CADGIS based modellingPoint-cloud d

219、ata usingLiDAR-assisted modellingPhotogrammetryDo not model the buildingand surroundingenvironmentNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 33 (b)Survey results by profession Fi

220、gure 5.4 Methodology for modelling the geometry of the building and surrounding environment 5.1.5 Methods for photorealistic visualization of building/BIPV envelope designs The visualization of 3D BIPV envelope models provide great support for evaluating BIPV designs.Figure 5.1.5 shows the survey re

221、sults on whether photorealistic visualization is considered in building/BIPV envelope designs.Out of all the respondents,only twenty have used photorealistic visualization in building/BIPV envelope designs.It can be seen that a higher number of respondents who have used photorealistic visualization

222、methods are from Europe and Asia.Professionally,higher number of Architects uses photorealistic visualization methods compared to other professions who have used photorealistic visualization methods in building/BIPV envelope designs.Architects are responsible for creating aesthetically pleasing buil

223、ding envelope designs.Therefore,photorealistic visualization methods are useful for Architects to demonstrate the realistic views of the building model.The survey responses revealed that Autodesk Revit,Sketchup,Rhino and Autodesk Maya,3D studio max,Lumion,SU Podium rendering plugin for SketchUp,Micr

224、oStation and KeyShot software are employed to generate photorealistic building/BIPV envelope designs.05540452D CAD3D CADGIS based modellingPoint-cloud data using LiDAR-assisted modellingPhotogrammetryDo not model the buildingand surroundingenvironmentNo.of respondentsProperty managementDe

225、veloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 34 (a)Survey results by

226、region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.5 Methods for photorealistic visualization of building envelope with solar panels 5.1.6 Commonly used 3D format for data exchange between collaborators or data import Figure 5.1.6 presents the common 3D formats adopted for the data exchange between col

227、laborators in BIPV projects,which mainly depend on the software/tools they used.18%of respondents are not used to share 3D file whereas most respondents mainly deal with 3D data formats such as Autodesk Revit.rvt(20%),Open BIM(ISO).ifc(19%)and SketchUp.skp(18%),which are the most popular.In terms of

228、 the region,Open BIM(ISO)format(.ifc)is highly used 0554045YesNoNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America0554045YesNoNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechan

229、ical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 35 in Europe,especially by the respondents from Germany and France.Autodesk Revit.rvt format is more popular in Asia and Oceania

230、.Compared to BIPV industry professionals,more building professionals use the 3D format for data exchange between collaborators and data import.Among the building professionals a higher number of Architects use SketchUp.skp,Autodesk Revit.rvt and Autodesk Revit family.rfa files.On the other hand,Open

231、 BIM(ISO).ifc is used by a higher number of Academic research and development professionals.Its quite interesting to highlight that most BIPV system installers,electrical engineers and PV consultants stated that they do not import 3D formats.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by professio

232、n Figure 5.6 3D format for data exchange between collaborators or data import 024680Open BIM(ISO).ifcGreenBuildingXML(gbXML).xmlEnergyPlusTM format.idfTrimbleSketchUp.skpAutoDeskREVIT.rvtAutoDeskREVITfamily.rfaLI DISEGNOdgnDXFSolidworks.sldprtSTEP.stpParasolid.x_tHave not imported3D forma

233、tsNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America024680Open BIM(ISO).ifcGreenBuilding XML(gbXML).xmlEnergyPlusTM format.idfTrimble SketchUp.skpAutoDesk REVIT.rvtAutoDesk REVITfamily.rfaLI DISEGNOdgnDXFSolidworks.sldprtSTEP.stpParasolid.x_tHave not imported 3D formatsNo.of res

234、pondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Met

235、hods 36 5.1.7 Weather parameters for identifying plane of array irradiation As discussed in Section 4.1.7,estimation of POA irradiation need to consider solar irradiation data such as beam/direct normal irradiance,diffuse horizontal irradiance,and global horizontal Irradiance.As shown in Figure 5.1.

236、7,the beam/direct normal irradiance,diffuse horizontal irradiance,and global horizontal irradiance components have been confirmed by the survey respondents in terms of region and profession.Overall,the most common parameter used for estimating plane of array irradiation is GHI in region-wise results

237、 and in professional results.However,DNI and DHI can also be used to determine the plane of array irradiation.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.7 Weather parameters for identifying solar potential(Plane of array irradiation)05540Global HorizontalIrradian

238、ce(GHI)Direct NormalIrradiance(DNI)Diffuse HorizontalIrradiance(DHI)Not sureNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America05540GlobalHorizontalIrradiance(GHI)Direct NormalIrradiance(DNI)DiffuseHorizontalIrradiance(DHI)Not sureNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV

239、 system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 37 5.1.8 Type of weather data for d

240、esigning BIPV As show in Figure 5.1.8,long-term averaged data is the most popular type of weather data for designing BIPV,followed by data from ground mounted meteorological stations as well as hybrid weather data.Long-term averaged data and ground mounted meteorological data is popular among respon

241、dents in Europe,Oceania,Asia,and North America.However,country wise,Australia has the highest usage rate of long-term averaged data.In China,hybrid data is the most common choice.Furthermore,respondents from France self-adjust the solar data based on their experience on past BIPV projects.Long-term

242、averaged solar data is the most popular type among most of the professional groups.However,many respondents from Academic research and development also uses solar data ground mounted meteorological stations.The results show that long-term averaged data and ground mounted solar data is suitable for s

243、imulating BIPV designs.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.8 Type of weather data for designing BIPV 055Ground mountedmeteorologicalstationsSatellite basedmeteorological dataMeasured at siteHybridLong-termaveraged dataNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNort

244、h AmericaSouth America055Ground mountedmeteorological stationsSatellite basedmeteorological dataMeasured at siteHybridLong-term averaged dataNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/S

245、tructural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 38 5.1.9 Type of weather file formats As discussed in Section 4.1.9,TMY and EPW files from the EnergyPlus website are weather data fil

246、e formats commonly used in BIPV simulations.As shown in Figure 5.1.9 both EPW and TMY are widely used regionally and professionally,accounting for 85%of all respondents.It can be seen that TMY weather data is preferred in Europe,Oceania,Asia,and North America.Although TMY weather data is used by mos

247、t of professional categories,a higher number ESD consultants,Faade engineers and PV consultant have used EPW.As EnergyPlus can be used with building design software,use of EPW weather data is makes the BIPV simulation process easier.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure

248、5.9 Type of weather file formats 055EPW files from the EnergyPluswebsiteTypical Meteorological Year(TMY)Not sureNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America055EPW files from theEnergyPlus websiteTypicalMeteorological Year(TMY)Not sureNo.of respondentsProperty ma

249、nagementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 39 5.1.10 Soft

250、ware used to estimate Plane of array irradiation(POA)As discussed in Section 4.1.10,various software can be used for estimating POA irradiance.Figure 5.1.10 demonstrates the survey responses on the software used to estimate POA irradiation.Overall,the survey results identified twelve tools which can

251、 be used to estimate POA by region and profession.Among all tools,BIMSolar is widely used in European countries such as France,Belgium,and Switzerland.IES considered in Oceania,Asia(Singapore)and North America.PVSYST is more popular in Asian countries and professions such as Faade engineers,Electric

252、al engineers and BIPV system installers use it.ESD consultants seem to prefer IES,TAS and Revit Solar whereas Academics have used PV watts,Pleiades,Radiance and SAM to estimate POA irradiation.The results also show that that there are custom-made tools to estimate POA irradiation used by PV consulta

253、nts.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.10 Software used to estimate Plane of array irradiation(POA)012345PVSYSTBIMSolarProprietary toolsHelioscopePVGISIESTASRevit SolarPVWattPleiadesRADIANCESAMcustom toolsNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system inst

254、allerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect012345PVSYSTBIMSolarProprietary toolsHelioscopePVGISIESTASRevit SolarPVWattPleiadesRADIANCESAMcustom toolsNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth Americ

255、aSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 40 5.1.11 Models in software to estimate POA Section 4.1.11 described that POA can be estimated using several methods such as POA(Beam only),POA with shading and ground reflected(Al

256、bedo),POA sky diffused,Ray tracing with radiosity and Ray tracing with rasterization.The survey results on models to estimate POA are demonstrated in Figure 5.1.11.Overall,42%of the respondents that are not sure about model used for POA estimation.The reason for the respondents to reply as“not sure”

257、could be because the estimation of POA irradiance consists of complex mathematical concepts which the respondents may not be specialised in to provide a direct answer.However,the survey results show that POA with shading and ground reflected(Albedo)is widely used in Europe,Oceania,Asia and North Ame

258、rica followed by POA(Beam only).POA with shading and ground reflected is applied in software used by Architects,faade,electrical,mechanical,and structural engineers.ESD consultants,Academics and PV consultants.Ray tracing with radiosity is considered in Europe,Asia and North America and Ray tracing

259、with rasterization is used only in Europe and applied in software used by Faade engineers and Academics.The results indicate that further improvement on the knowledge and training of the methods to estimate POA in BIPV projects is required to improve the awareness of building construction profession

260、als.(a)Survey results by region 051015202530POA(Beam only)POA with shadingand groundreflected(Albedo)Ray tracing withradiosityRay tracing withrasterizationNot SureNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:D

261、esign Workflows and Methods 41 (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.11 Models in software to estimate POA 5.1.12 POA sky diffuse model to estimate POA irradiance Figure 5.1.12 shows the survey results on sky diffuse model used to estimate POA irradiance.The results show that the respondent use I

262、sotropic Sky Diffuse Model,Simple Sandia Sky Diffuse Model,Hay and Davies Sky Diffuse Model,Reindl Sky Diffuse Model,Perez Sky Diffuse Model to estimated sky diffuse irradiation.However,24 out of 40 respondents are not sure about which POA sky diffuse model can be used for POA estimation in BIPV pro

263、jects.This indicates that more investigation is required to identify which sky diffuse irradiation model is suitable for BIPV projects.In Europe and Oceania both Isotropic Sky Diffuse Model and Perez Sky Diffuse Model is preferred.However,Isotropic Sky Diffuse Model is considered in Asia and Perez S

264、ky Diffuse Model is considered in North America.Profession wise,Academics prefer both Isotropic Sky Diffuse Model and Perez Sky Diffuse Model.However,BIPV installers and PV consultants use Isotropic Sky Diffuse Model.Hay and Davies Sky Diffuse Model is preferred by Architects.The results show that t

265、he use of sky diffuse models may vary based on the region and profession.Therefore,more research investigations are required to identify the suitable model for BIPV projects.051015202530POA(Beam only)POA with shading and groundreflected(Albedo)Ray tracing with radiosityRay tracing with rasterization

266、Not SureNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design

267、Workflows and Methods 42 (a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.12 POA sky diffuse models 5.1.13 Methods for shading approximations As identified in Section 4.1.13,there are several methods that can be used to estimate the impact on shading in BIPV projects.As shown in

268、Figure 5.1.13,the survey results show the methods employed for to estimate the impact on shading.In total the most popular method region wise and professional wise for shading approximation is ray tracing approach which is used in most building simulation software.Furthermore,use of shading percenta

269、ge is popular in Europe,Oceania,and Asia among Electrical engineers and Academics.However,there are many respondents who are not sure on the suitable for method for estimating shading in BIPV projects.Therefore,a study which investigates the suitability of the above methods could facilitate these pr

270、ofessionals to select the appropriate method for BIPV projects.051015202530Isotropic SkyDiffuse ModelSimple SandiaSky DiffuseModelHay and DaviesSky DiffuseModelReindl SkyDiffuse ModelPerez SkyDiffuse ModelNot SureNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America051015202530IsotropicSkyDif

271、fuseModelSimpleSandiaSkyDiffuseModelHay andDaviesSkyDiffuseModelReindl SkyDiffuseModelPerez SkyDiffuseModelNot SureNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineer

272、Facade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 43 (a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.13 Methods for shading approximations 5.1.14 Weather data step values used for solar irradiation da

273、ta As discussed in Section 4.1.14,weather data interval values can be by Minute,Hourly,Daily,Monthly or Annually.It may vary based on the stage of design in BIPV project.As shown in Figure 5.1.14,the survey results show that annual weather data is used at the conceptual design phase most widely in a

274、ll regions and all by most professional categories.However,the 0510152025Far-field shadinghorizon mapFar-field(Horizon)shading factorNear-field shadingfactorShading percentage(SP)Reduction of IncidentIrradiation(RII)Shading Index(SI)Sky View FactorRay-tracing approachNot SureNo.of respondentsEuropeO

275、ceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America0510152025Far-field shading horizon mapFar-field(Horizon)shadingfactorNear-field shading factorShading percentage(SP)Reduction of IncidentIrradiation(RII)Shading Index(SI)Sky View FactorRay-tracing approachNot SureNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV

276、system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 44 hourly data is more used at the d

277、etailed design stage of the project in all regions and professions.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.14 Weather data step values used for solar irradiation data 0510152025Conceptual designphase(Minute)Detailed design phase(Minute)Conceptual designphase(Hourly)Detai

278、led design phase(Hourly)Conceptual designphase(Daily)Detailed design phase(Daily)Conceptual designphase(Monthly)Detailed design phase(Monthly)Conceptual designphase(Annually)Detailed design phase(Annually)No.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America0510152025Conceptual design phase(M

279、inute)Detailed design phase(Minute)Conceptual design phase(Hourly)Detailed design phase(Hourly)Conceptual design phase(Daily)Detailed design phase(Daily)Conceptual design phase(Monthly)Detailed design phase(Monthly)Conceptual design phase(Annually)Detailed design phase(Annually)No.of respondentsProp

280、erty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 45 5.1.

281、15 Models used for simulating higher spatial resolutions(PV cell level or higher)Figure 5.1.15 shows the survey results on the use of models for simulating higher spatial resolutions in BIPV projects.In total,11 out of 19 respondents mentioned that they do not perform simulation of higher spatial re

282、solutions in BIPV projects.The respondent who simulates the higher spatial resolutions in BIPV projects include respondents from North America,Europe,Oceania,and Asia.The survey results show Academics and PV consultants used custom made tools to perform simulation on higher spatial resolutions.(a)Su

283、rvey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.15 Models suitable for simulating higher spatial resolutions(PV cell level or higher)0246810121416YesNoNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America0246810121416YesNoNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV syste

284、m installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 46 5.2 Workflows and methods used in sola

285、r power output modelling or simulation 5.2.1 Methods used to import properties of the technical components of BIPV modules As discussed in the Section 4.2.1,it is important to select the appropriate BIPV module and related components to accurately estimate the BIPV power output.Figure 5.2.1 a and Fi

286、gure 5.2.1 b show the survey results on methods used to import properties of BIPV system components.In total,a higher number of survey respondents use the databases available in the software to import the BIPV system properties.Respondents from Europe,Oceania,Asia and North America added BIPV proper

287、ties manually.Higher number of Architects and Electrical engineers added BIPV properties manually.Moreover,a very low number of respondents from Asia and Oceania imported the BIPV product properties from online databases of BIPV products.The results show that having a BIPV product database within th

288、e BIPV simulation tools is preferred by both Building design professionals and BIPV professionals.(a)Survey results by region 051015202530In my software,I can access adatabase of components(e.g.PVmodules,inverters)and canautomatically load themI am using online platforms toimport product dataI am ad

289、ding properties manuallyNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 47 (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.16 Methods used to import properties of the technical components of

290、 BIPV modules 5.2.2 Methods used for calculating the Electric DC output of BIPV As discussed in Section 4.2.2 several methods are available for estimating the amount of electricity produced by a BIPV system such as PV cell temperature model,power model by Heydenreich et al.(2008),the Sandia PV Array

291、 Performance Model(SAPM),loss factors model(LFM),single diode model,the two-diode model etc.Figure 5.2.2 a and Figure 5.2.2 b shows the survey results on the above methods by region and by profession.Twenty-seven respondents have mentioned Not sure about the model used for estimating the electric DC

292、 output of BIPV.The reason could be because these methods consist of complex mathematical concepts which the respondents may not be specialised in or aware of to provide a precise answer.However,seventeen survey respondents from Europe,Asia,Oceania and North America have selected forecasting the BIP

293、V power output with PV cell temperature model.Compared to other methods,Architects,Faade engineers,Electrical engineers and Academics use the PV cell temperature model to forecast the power output.051015202530In my software,I canaccess a database ofcomponents(e.g.PVmodules,inverters)and canautomatic

294、ally loadthemI am using onlineplatforms to importproduct dataI am addingproperties manuallyNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect

295、 Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 48 (a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.17 Methods used for calculating the Electric DC output of BIPV 051015202530Forecasting power outputusing PV cell temperatur

296、emodelPower model by Heydenreichet al.(2008)The Sandia PV ArrayPerformance Model(SAPM)Loss factors model(LFM)Single diode modelSingle diode Rs-model/4-parameter modelDe Soto Five-ParameterModule ModelThe two-diode modelKNMI Zonnestraling inNederland;author C.A.Velds;1992.proprietaryCustom(TECNALIA)s

297、imple power modelNot sureNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America051015202530Forecasting power output using PV celltemperature modelPower model by Heydenreich et al.(2008)The Sandia PV Array Performance Model(SAPM)Loss factors model(LFM)Single diode modelSingle diode Rs-model/4-p

298、arametermodelDe Soto Five-Parameter Module ModelThe two-diode modelKNMI Zonnestraling in Nederland;authorC.A.Velds;1992.proprietaryCustom(TECNALIA)simple power modelNot sureNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire

299、 engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 49 5.2.3 Software for calculating the Electric DC output of BIPV designs As discussed in the Section 4.2.3,softwa

300、re can be used to estimate the electric DC output of BIPV designs.Figure 5.2.3 a and Figure 5.2.3 b show survey results on use of software to estimate the electric DC output.A higher number of respondents from Europe use software to estimate the BIPV DC output.It can be seen that a higher number of

301、PV consultants,Academics and Electrical engineers prefer to use software to estimate the BIPV DC output.Figure 5.2.3 c and Figure 5.2.3 d show survey results on the software used to estimate the BIPV DC power output.BIMsolar and PV*SOL are mostly used in European countries.PVSYST is considered in Eu

302、rope,Oceania,and Asia.SAM and PVwatts is used in North America.In terms of the profession,Electrical engineers prefer PVSYST.PV*SOL and Retscreen are considered by Architects.PV*SOL and SAM are popular with Academics.BIM solar is popular among a variety of professionals such as Faade engineers,Elect

303、rical engineers,PV consultants,and Property managers.Overall,the results show that not many respondents are aware of the use of software for estimating BIPV power output.Therefore,further research in this area is required.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey resutls by profession 055YesN

304、oNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America055YesNoNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 En

305、abling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 50 (c)Software:Survey resutls by region (d)Software:Survey resutls by profession Figure 5.18 Software for calculating the Electric DC output of BIPV designs 012345PV*SOLBuildOptFraunhofer ISE in-housedevelo

306、ped BIPV toolBIMSolarPleiades PVSYSTRETscreenIES VESAMPVWattsNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect00.511.522.533.544.5PV*SOLBuil

307、dOptFraunhofer ISE in-housedeveloped BIPV toolBIMSolarPleiades PVSYSTRETscreenIES VESAMPVWattsNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 51 5.3 Workflows and methods used in buil

308、ding performance modelling or simulation 5.3.1 Method used for identifying the energy consumption patterns of a building Building energy consumption is required to identify the amount of BIPV system energy fed to the building.As discussed in Section 4.3.1,here are several ways to identify the energy

309、 usage of a building.Figure 5.3.1 a and Figure 5.3.1 b show the survey results on the method used for identifying the energy consumption patterns of a building.The most popular method selected by the respondents is the historical information from energy bills to identify the energy consumption patte

310、rns of a building,followed by calculating watt hour per day for each appliance used in the building/project and the use of simulation software to identify building energy demand.The survey results show that the calculation of watt-hour data is applied most commonly in Europe while the use of histori

311、cal information is most popular in Asia and Oceania.Architects and Mechanical/Structural Engineers prefer calculating the watt hour data and using historical information.Consultants and BIPV system installers prefer to use historical information.ESD consultants and Academics prefer the use of simula

312、tion software.Figure 5.3.1 c and Figure 5.3.1 d shows survey results on the software used for the energy consumption simulation.A higher number of respondents from Oceania and North America use IES VE.IES VE software is popular among ESD consultants and PV consultants.EnergyPlus is preferred by many

313、 respondents from Europe.Both EnergyPlus and Design builder are preferred in Asia.EnergyPlus is more popular among Architects,Academics,and consultants.(a)Method:Survey results by region 05540Calculate totalWatt-hours per dayfor each applianceused in thebuilding/projectPercentage ofmonthl

314、y energyconsumption basedon habitual use anduse duringweekends andholidaysUse historicalinformation fromelectricity billsMeasure buildingenergyconsumption realtimeSimulate using abuilding energysimulationsoftwareNo.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework

315、for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 52 (b)Method:Survey results by profession (c)Software:Survey resutls by region 05540Calculate totalWatt-hours perday for eachappliance usedin thebuilding/projectPercentage ofmonthly energyconsumptionbased onhabit

316、ual use anduse duringweekends andholidaysUse historicalinformationfrom electricitybillsMeasurebuilding energyconsumptionreal timeSimulate using abuilding energysimulationsoftwareNo.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultan

317、tFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect02468101214No.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 53 (d)Software:Survey resutls by prof

318、ession Figure 5.19 Method used for identifying the energy consumption patterns of a building 5.3.2 Suitable interval to be considered in energy consumption data Figure 5.3.2 a and Figure 5.3.2 b shows the survey results on the energy consumption data considered in the conceptual design phase and the

319、 detail design phase.It is noticeable that annual and monthly building energy consumption data are considered for the conceptual design phase by most respondents from all regions and all professions.Hourly and daily building energy consumption data are considered for the detailed design phase by mos

320、t respondents from all regions and all professional categories.02468101214No.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling

321、 Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 54 (a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.20 Suitable interval to be considered in energy consumption data 051015202530Conceptual design phase(Annually)Detailed design phase(Annually

322、)Conceptual design phase(Monthly)Detailed design phase(Monthly)Conceptual design phase(Daily)Detailed design phase(Daily)Conceptual design phase(Hourly)Detailed design phase(Hourly)Conceptual design phase(Sub-hourly)Detailed design phase(Sub-hourly)Conceptual design phase(Minute)Detailed design phas

323、e(Minute)Conceptual design phase(Second)Detailed design phase(Second)No.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth America051015202530Conceptual design phase(Annually)Detailed design phase(Annually)Conceptual design phase(Monthly)Detailed design phase(Monthly)Conceptual design phase(Daily)Det

324、ailed design phase(Daily)Conceptual design phase(Hourly)Detailed design phase(Hourly)Conceptual design phase(Sub-hourly)Detailed design phase(Sub-hourly)Conceptual design phase(Minute)Detailed design phase(Minute)Conceptual design phase(Second)Detailed design phase(Second)No.of respondentsProperty m

325、anagementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task 15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 55 5.3.3 Data

326、 file formats for storing building energy consumption data As discussed in Section 4.3.3,building energy consumption data can be stored as excel files,text files or as Comma Separated Value(CSV)files.Figure 5.3.3 a and Figure 5.3.3 b shows the survey results on the file formats used for building ene

327、rgy consumption data.In total,a higher number of respondents across all regions and professions use MS Excel spread sheets to store building energy consumption values,followed by Comma Separated Value(CSV)files.Further,MS Excel spread sheets are more popular among both BIPV professionals and buildin

328、g professionals than CSV files.(a)Survey results by region (b)Survey results by profession Figure 5.21 Data file formats for storing building energy consumption data 055404550Text fileMS Excel spreadsheetComma Separated Values(CSVfile)No.of respondentsEuropeOceaniaAsiaNorth AmericaSouth A

329、merica055404550Text fileMS ExcelspreadsheetComma SeparatedValues(CSV file)No.of respondentsProperty managementDeveloperBIPV system installerConsultantAcademic,research and developmentESD consultantFire engineerMechanical/Structural engineerElectrical engineerFacade engineerArchitect Task

330、15 Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV BIPV Digitalization:Design Workflows and Methods 56 5.3.4 Methods used to identify the thermal impact of BIPV designs BIPV envelopes need to comply with the building standards relating to thermal comfort.As discussed in Section 4.3.4 there are severa

331、l methods to identify the thermal impact of BIPV designs.As shown in Figure 5.3.4 a and Figure 5.3.4 b,majority of respondents use simulation software to identify thermal impact.Simulation of thermal load needs to be done while considering the whole building project.Also,it requires specific knowled

332、ge on the subject.Therefore,many respondents employ building simulation software.Compared to other methods,many respondents from Europe,Oceania and North America prefer the use of simulation software.Respondents from Asia also prefer to calculate solar heat gain manually.ESD consultants and Academic

333、s primarily use simulation software.Figure 5.3.4 c and Figure 5.3.4 d shows the software used for simulating thermal load.IES VE is mostly used for identifying the thermal impact in BIPV projects,especially in Oceania and North America.EnergyPlus is more popular in Europe.It can be noted that Architects,Engineers,ESD consultants and PV consultants favour IES VE.(a)Method:Survey results by region (