1、Global Entrepreneurship Monitor2022/2023 Global ReportAdapting to a“New Normal”Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportAUTHORSGEM GlobalProfessor Stephen Hill,DSc(Lead Author)Aileen Ionescu-Somers,PhDProfessor Alicia Coduras,PhDGEM ChileProfessor Maribel Guerrero,PhD,Arizona State Uni

2、versity,USA,and Universidad del Desarrollo,ChileGEM IsraelProfessor Emeritus Ehud Menipaz,P.Eng,Ben Gurion UniversityGEM MoroccoFatima Boutaleb,PhD,Hassan II University of CasablancaGEM PolandProfessor Przemysaw Zbierowski,PhD,University of Economics in KatowiceGEM TurkeyProfessor Thomas Schtt,PhD,U

3、niversity of Agder,NorwayGEM UKProfessor Sreevas Sahasranamam,PhD,University of Strathclyde,GlasgowGEM USAProfessor Jeffrey Shay,PhD,Babson CollegeIn collaboration with GEM National Teams,the GEM Global Data Team Francis Carmona and Alicia Coduras produced the Economy Profiles in Part 2 and all figu

4、res and tables,while Kevin Anselmo produced the Entrepreneur Profiles used throughout the report.Although GEM data were used in the preparation of this report,the interpretation and use of the data are the sole responsibility of the authors.Published by the Global Entrepreneurship Research Associati

5、on,London Business School,Regents Park,London NW1 4SA,UK Please cite as:GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)(2023).Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report:Adapting to a“New Normal”.London:GEM.Cover image:iS and production:Witchwood Production House http:/BBR Design https:/bbrdesign.c

6、o.uk 2023 The authors and the Global Entrepreneurship Research Association(GERA)1Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportContentsGEM Policy Influence:Examples from the UK,Guatemala and the USA 6Key GEM Definitions and Abbreviations 8Acknowledgements 10Foreword 11About GEM 13Executive

7、Summary 15Key findings 15Conclusions 19Report format 20Key Thoughts for Policymakers from the GEM 2022/2023 Global Report Authors 21Part 1 Analysis 251.What Is GEM?261.1 Brief introduction 261.2 The global context 261.3 Why entrepreneurship matters 271.4 The GEM methodology 291.5 GEM 2022 participat

8、ing economies 321.6 The impact of the pandemic on household incomes 341.7 Conclusion 362.The Social and Cultural Foundations of Entrepreneurship 372.1 The influence of society and culture 372.2 The recognition of opportunities 382.3 Can I start a business?432.4 Investing in someone elses business 46

9、2.5 Conclusions and policy implications 493.Levels of Entrepreneurial Activity Across the Globe in 2022 503.1 Measuring entrepreneurial activity 503.2 Where is entrepreneurial activity highest?503.3 How has the pandemic affected levels of entrepreneurship?553.4 In what sectors are new businesses sta

10、rted and does this matter?593.5 Conclusions and policy implications 604.Entrepreneurial Motivations and Responsibilities 614.1 Introduction:a world of change 614.2 Changing the world 614.3 Why start a business?624.4 Becoming a digital world 664.5 Social and environmental responsibilities 684.6 Entre

11、preneurship and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)704.7 Conclusions and policy implications 722Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report5.The Impacts of Entrepreneurial Activity 735.1 What determines entrepreneurial impacts?735.2 Entrepreneurship and the United Nati

12、ons Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)735.3 Entrepreneurship and employment expectations 765.4 Entrepreneurship and innovation 795.5 Entrepreneurship and competitiveness35 815.6 Entrepreneurship and international revenue 835.7 Conclusions and policy implications 846.All Kinds of Entrepreneurs 866.1

13、 Introduction 866.2 The entrepreneurial gender gap 876.3 The entrepreneurial age gap 906.4 The entrepreneurial graduation gap 916.5 Conclusions and policy implications 927.Exiting a Business 947.1 Introduction 947.2 Exit rates and Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)947.3 The pandemic and

14、 exit rates 977.4 Exit and continuation 987.5 Reasons for exit 997.6 Conclusions and policy implications 100Part 2 National Contexts and Economy Profiles 1038.The Context for Entrepreneurship 1058.1 Introduction 1058.2 Defining and assessing context 1058.3 Contemporary Entrepreneurial Framework Cond

15、itions(EFCs)1078.4 The National Entrepreneurship Context Index(NECI)1088.5 The evolution of NECI 1108.6 The entrepreneurial environment and innovation 1118.7 Conclusions and policy implications 112Economy Profiles 114Part 3 Appendix Tables 217GEM Indicators 218GEM Global Sponsor 250Report Sponsors 2

16、513Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportFiguresFigure 1.1 The GEM Conceptual Framework 28Figure 1.2 The entrepreneurial process and GEM indicators 30Figure 1.3 The impact of the pandemic on household income 34Figure 2.1 Knowing someone who has started a business in the last two yea

17、rs(%adults)38Figure 2.2 In the next six months,there will be good opportunities to start a business in my area(%adults agree)40Figure 2.3 In the next six months there will be good opportunities to start a business in my area(figures for 2019 and 2022,37 economies;%adults agree)41Figure 2.4 In my cou

18、ntry,it is easy to start a business(%adults agree)41Figure 2.5 I have the knowledge,skills and experience to start my own business(%adults agree)43Figure 2.6 You would not start a business for fear it might fail(%of those agreeing there are good opportunities locally)44Figure 2.7 Are you expecting t

19、o start a business in the next three years?(%adults responding yes)46Figure 2.8 Informal investors(%adults)47Figure 2.9 Median amount invested($US)by those investing in someone elses new business 47Figure 3.1 Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and Established Business Ownership(EBO)(both

20、%adults)51Figure 3.2 Levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and GDP per capita 52Figure 3.3 Levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and the UN Human Development Index 54Figure 3.4 Levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity each year since 2019(32 economies partic

21、ipating in GEM for all four years;%adults)55Figure 3.5 The percentage of those starting or running a new business who think doing so is more difficult(includes both somewhat and much more difficult)than one year ago(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)56Figure 3.6 The percentage of those sta

22、rting a new business who agree that the pandemic has led to new opportunities they wish to pursue,and the proportion of those running established businesses who are pursuing such opportunities(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and%Established Business Ownership)57Figure 3.7 Business servic

23、es and consumer services as a percentage of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(%TEA)59Figure 4.1 The proportion of those starting or running a new business and reporting lower growth expectations than a year ago(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)62Figure 4.2 Expectations of lower g

24、rowth for new entrepreneurs:comparison between 2021 and 2022(38 economies;%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity).63Figure 4.3 Agreement with motivations“to make a difference in the world”and“to build great wealth or very high income”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)644Global Entrep

25、reneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportFigure 4.4 Agreement with motivations“to continue a family tradition”and“to earn a living because jobs are scarce”(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)64Figure 4.5 The proportion of those starting or running a new business,or running an established b

26、usiness,who expect to use more digital technologies to sell their products or services in the next six months(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and%Established Business Ownership).66Figure 4.6“When making decisions about the future of my business,I always consider social implications”(agre

27、e,%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and%Established Business Ownership)69Figure 4.7“When making decisions about the future of my business,I always consider environmental implications”(agree,%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and%Established Business Ownership)69Figure 4.8 Are you

28、aware of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals?(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity and%Established Business Ownership)70Figure 5.1 The percentage of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)agreeing that they always take environmental implication into account in 2022,min

29、us that percentage in 2021 74Figure 5.2 Job growth expectations among early-stage entrepreneurs expecting to employ 0,15 or 6 or more people in five years time(%adults)76Figure 5.3 The percentage of those starting or running a new business and expecting to employ no additional people in five years t

30、ime(%Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity)77Figure 5.4 The proportion of adults starting a new business with products or services that were new to their area,new to their country,or new to the world 79Figure 5.5 The proportion of adults starting a new business with any technologies or procedur

31、es that are either new to their area,new to their country or new to the world 80Figure 5.6 The level of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and those within this that will have only customers in their local area,only within their country and those that will have international customers(%a

32、dults)81Figure 5.7 The percentage of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)anticipating 25%or more of revenue from outside their country 83Figure 6.1 Levels of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)by gender(%women,%men)87Figure 6.2 Levels of Established Business Ownership(EBO)by g

33、ender(%women,%men)88Figure 6.3 Relative gender gaps for new businesses(female%TEA/male%TEA)and for established businesses(female%EBO/male%EBO)89Figure 6.4 The relative entrepreneurial gender gap(female Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)/male TEA),2022 and 2019 89Figure 6.5 The level of

34、Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)for adults aged 1834 and for those aged 3564(%of adults in each age group)91Figure 6.6 The level of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)for graduates and for non-graduates(%of adults in each age group)92Figure 7.1 The level of business exits

35、in the previous 12 months(%adults)95Figure 7.2 Scatterplot of exit rates and Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)rates(both%adults)96Figure 7.3 The ratio of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)to business exits(both%adults)965Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Rep

36、ortFigure 7.4 The percentage of adults exiting a business,20192022 97Figure 7.5 The percentage of adults exiting a business and reporting that the business did,or did not,continue 98Figure 7.6 Reasons for exiting a business:negative,COVID-related and positive(all%adults)99Figure 7.7 The percentage o

37、f business exits attributed to the pandemic(%exits),20202022 100Figure 8.1 Number of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(from 13)scored as sufficient or better(score 5.0)(51 economies,2022)108Figure 8.2 National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI)2022 109Figure 8.3 Scatterplot of National Entrepren

38、eurial Context Index and Global Innovation Index scores(both for 2022)111TablesTable 1.1 Economies in GEM 2022,categorized by income group(GDP/cap)33Table 3.1 Number of economies in each category by income group 51Table 8.1 National Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions:Summary 106Table 8.2 Entrepren

39、eurial Framework Conditions:highest and lowest scores by income level 107Table A1 Impact of pandemic on household income in past year(%of adults aged 1864)220Table A2 Entrepreneurial activity(%of adults aged 1864)224Table A3 Public attitudes and perceptions(%of adults aged 1864 somewhat or strongly

40、agree)226Table A4 Attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurs:%of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)and%of Established Business Ownership(EBO)230Table A5 Entrepreneurial activity by age,gender and education 234Table A6 Sector distribution of new entrepreneurial activity(%of Total early-s

41、tage Entrepreneurial Activity)238Table A7 Business exits,and reason for exit(positive,negative non-COVID and COVID-related),%of adults aged 1864 240Table A8 Entrepreneurial expectations and scope(%of adults aged 1864)242Table A9 The motivation to start a business(%of Total early-stage Entrepreneuria

42、l Activity who somewhat or strongly agree)246Table A10 National Entrepreneurship Context Index and number of Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)scored as sufficient or better(score 5)2486Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportGEM Policy Influence:Examples from the UK,Guatemala

43、 and the USA“GEM research has certainly influenced policymakers discussions about entrepreneurship.”These are the words of Mark Hart,GEM UK Team Lead and Deputy Director of Enterprise Research Centre at Aston Business School,shared during a GEM webinar held in November 2022.“Throughout the years,GEM

44、 data has been consistently used by government officials in Scotland,Wales,Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom,”said Hart.“Individuals from a range of departments look at our reports and seek to understand them.We have discussions all the time with officials on how GEM data can impact policy.The

45、re is particular interest around gender,ethnicity and immigration.”An example of such a conversation was the Savvitas Business&Parliament Forum which took place on 6 December at the Chess Room,House of Commons.Over lunch,Hart and GEM Executive Director Aileen Ionescu-Somers shared key findings from

46、the GEM 2021/2022 Womens Entrepreneurship Report and their implications for UK enterprise policy(participants are featured in the image above).Outcomes from the discussion with the officials will be taken forward as policy suggestions across government and to all political parties and relevant bodie

47、s.The Savvitas Business&Parliament Forum,6 December 2022,Chess Room,House of Commons,London.Standing,left to right:Paula Whitehouse(Director,Aston Centre for Growth);Claire Harwood(Permira Credit);Shernett Ranson(Cabinet Office);Catherine Wright(Silicon Valley Bank);Helene Martin Gee(President,Savvi

48、tas savvy women with gravitas!);Jill Pay(The Gender Index);and Aileen Ionescu-Somers(CEO,GEM Global).Seated:Professor Mark Hart(Deputy Director,ERC and GEM UK Lead).7Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportMnica Ro Nevado de Zelaya,Dean of the School of Economic Sciences at the Univer

49、sidad Francisco Marroqun and head of the GEM Guatemala Team,noted on the webinar that her teams research has significant influence among the media and with policymakers in the country.“When we launch our National Report,we are very visible in the press,and throughout the year we present results to d

50、ifferent groups,”she said.“GEM is an indicator referenced for good results by the Economics Ministry Department in Guatemala.Everyone here uses GEM as the reference point for entrepreneurial activity.”Most poignantly,GEM research in Guatemala helped influence a new law on entrepreneurship.The GEM Gu

51、atemala Team shared feedback about changes to make to the law due to the evidence from GEM data.Some of these recommendations were adopted.“One of the main purposes of our university is to increase freedom of action for entrepreneurs,”explained Nevado de Zelaya.“That is why GEM is so important.We wa

52、nt to read the answers from our entrepreneurs to know what is holding them back and to make this visible.This increases the possibility of entrepreneurs to act more freely and to move forward in a better way.”In the United States,White House officials have previously drawn on GEM results.The GEM USA

53、 research team has provided testimony to the United States House of Representatives Committee on Small Business.There is great potential for policymakers concerned about racial equity to leverage the findings from the latest GEM USA Report which features breakdowns across white,black and hispanic en

54、trepreneurs(see the graphic for an example).“We provide breakdowns in various ways,”said Jeff Shay,Professor of Entrepreneurship at Babson College and head of the GEM USA Team.“If I am a policymaker and I want to make the case for funding my diverse city or state,I would be drawing on GEMs data.”Con

55、cluded Ionescu-Somers:“The above are just a few examples that highlight how we provide policymakers everything they need to know about entrepreneurship in a country,region or city.Our GEM data tells a remarkable story about entrepreneurship over some 23 years.However,aside from tracking and monitori

56、ng the data,it is equally important for GEM to provide an up-to-date year-on-year narrative to policymakers so that,in turn,they can make decisions that pave the way for more successful,high-quality entrepreneurship in their countries.”To explore collaboration possibilities with GEM,contact infogemc

57、onsortium.org.“Entrepreneurial Intentions,Total Entrepreneurial Activity,Established Business Ownership,and Business Closure Activity by Race and Ethnicity in the US Adult Population,2021”,from the GEM 2021/2022 United States Report8Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportKey GEM Defi

58、nitions and AbbreviationsAdult Population Survey(APS)The APS is a comprehensive interview questionnaire,administered to a minimum of 2,000 adults in each GEM economy,designed to collect detailed information on the entrepreneurial activities,attitudes and aspirations of respondents.National Expert Su

59、rvey(NES)The NES is completed by selected experts in each GEM economy and collects views on the context in which entrepreneurship takes place in that economy.It provides information about the aspects of a countrys socio-economic characteristics that,according to research,have a significant impact on

60、 national entrepreneurship:referred to as the Entrepreneurship Framework Conditions(EFCs).Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)The percentage of adults(aged 1864)who are starting or running a new business.Established Business Ownership(EBO)The percentage of adults(aged 1864)who are current

61、ly the owner-manager of an established business,i.e.owning and managing a business that has paid salaries,wages or any other payments to the owners,for more than 42 months.Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions(EFCs)The conditions identified by GEM that enhance(or hinder)new business creation in a giv

62、en economy,and form the framework for the NES.The conditions are:A1.Entrepreneurial Finance Are there sufficient funds for new startups?A2.Ease of Access to Entrepreneurial Finance And are those funds easy to access?B1.Government Policy:Support and Relevance Do they promote and support startups?B2.G

63、overnment Policy:Taxes and Bureaucracy Or are new businesses burdened?C.Government Entrepreneurial Programs Are quality support programs available?D1.Entrepreneurial Education at School Do schools introduce entrepreneurship ideas?D2.Entrepreneurial Education Post-School Do colleges offer courses in

64、starting a business?E.Research and Development Transfers Can research be translated into new businesses?F.Commercial and Professional Infrastructure Are these sufficient and affordable?G1.Ease of Entry:Market Dynamics Are markets free,open and growing?G2.Ease of Entry:Burdens and Regulation Do regul

65、ations encourage or restrict entry?H.Physical Infrastructure Is this sufficient and affordable?I.Social and Cultural Norms Does culture encourage and celebrate entrepreneurship?National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI)This summarizes in one figure the average state of 13 national Entrepreneurial

66、Framework Conditions selected by GEM researchers as the most reliable determinants of a favourable environment for entrepreneurship.It is calculated as the simple average of 13 variables that represent the EFCs,and which have been measured through a block of items evaluated by an 11-point Likert sca

67、le and summarized by applying factorial analyses(principal component method).National TeamGEM is a consortium of“National Teams”.Each Team is led by a local university or other institution with a strong interest in entrepreneurship.The team is the official national representative of the project:resp

68、onsible for collecting GEM data in the country on an annual basis,producing a“National Report”on their findings,and acting as the point of contact for GEM enquiries.9Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportGEM Income ClassificationLevel AEconomies with a Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per

69、 capita of more than$40,000.Level BEconomies with a GDP per capita of between$20,000 and$40,000.Level CEconomies with a GDP per capita of less than$20,000.10Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportAcknowledgementsIt is a great pleasure to present Global Entrepreneurship Monitors 2022/

70、2023 Global Report:Adapting to a“New Normal”.The GEM Global Report is published annually and requires the time,expertise and resources of several hundred people around the world,including technical experts at top academic institutions and research institutes,sponsoring organizations and national exp

71、erts.Our first acknowledgement therefore goes to our dedicated GEM National Teams and to their sponsors,without whose efforts and support GEM would not be able to point to 24 years of existence.One of our founding organizations and GEM Global Sponsor,Babson College,has,over many years,devoted very s

72、ubstantial financial and in-kind resources to GEM.2022 was no exception.For Babson Colleges unconditional contributions,both in 2022 and in the past two decades,we are exceedingly grateful.In particular,we thank the leadership of Babsons Arthur M.Blank School for Entrepreneurial Leadership,Donna Lev

73、in,Jeffrey Shay and Smaiyra Million,as well as Donna Kelley,Babsons Frederic C.Hamilton Professor of Free Enterprise Studies,for their strong support.We also warmly thank the Cartier Womens Initiative(CWI),with which GEM has had a strategic partnership for the last three years.Acknowledgement goes t

74、o Wingee Sampaio,Global Program Director of CWI for her passionate interest in GEMs activities and willingness to help us boost the womens entrepreneurship dimensions of GEM research.We highly appreciate CWIs generous financial support for both the GEM Global Report and the GEM Womens Entrepreneursh

75、ip Report.The School of Management Fribourg(HEG-FR)at the University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland has also dedicated financial resources for GEMs work on womens entrepreneurship and on the contribution of entrepreneurship to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Both of these t

76、hemes figure prominently in this Global Report.We warmly thank Professor Rico Baldegger,Director and Professor of Strategy,Innovation and Entrepreneurship at the School of Management Fribourg(HEG-FR),Switzerland,for this support and also for hosting the launch of this report at his institution in Fe

77、bruary 2023.This report,expertly orchestrated by Stephen Hill as main author,brings together results and analysis from GEM National Team authors across the world.There are too many co-authors to list here(they are named in the individual chapters),but their work is highly appreciated since it brings

78、 a high degree of diversity to GEM thought leadership and helps us to truly reflect a global perspective on the“state of the art”of entrepreneurship.Special recognition is due to two of the co-authors Thomas Schtt and Sreevas Sahasranamam for their additional efforts to review the entire report.GEM

79、is fortunate to have an extremely dedicated GEM Global core team that work virtually and truly globally from Tokyo,Spain,Portugal,Switzerland,the United Kingdom and the United States.We acknowledge the careful project management and data harmonization work of our data managers,Francis Carmona and Al

80、icia Coduras,with support from Henrique Bastos,and the efforts of our Communications Advisor Kevin Anselmo,especially for his great work with Steve on the Economy Profiles.We appreciate the tireless efforts of Stephen Hill and Dean Bargh,of Witchwood Production House,in steering the final draft of t

81、his complex report to successful completion.Last,but certainly not least,thanks to our GEM Finance and Administration Manager Aurea Almanso for her unfailing dedication to ensuring that GEM runs smoothly,like the 24-year-old well-oiled machine that it is.To all,warm thanks and appreciation.Aileen Io

82、nescu-Somers,PhDGEM Executive Director11Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportForewordThe well-known opening line of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens may well apply to the current world state of affairs:“It was the best of times;it was the worst of times.”There is no doubt th

83、at,depending on where you live in the world,many are effectively experiencing the worst times of their lives to date,because of the spillover effects of multiple crises.The remaining economic impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the significant consequences of conflict in Ukraine have produce

84、d unprecedented global supply chain disruptions,increases in energy and food prices,and overall commotion in markets worldwide.However,the quote is interestingly paradoxical since out of crisis,very often,come opportunities.For some at least,that means the worst of times can truly become the best of

85、 times.We at GEM would suggest that,in many ways,it is the best of times for entrepreneurs.The world is undergoing an energy crisis and,in many countries,an energy transition that struggles to take hold.We are living through a time of increasing climate change and decreasing biodiversity,requiring s

86、ubstantial mitigation and adaptation.After a period of marked progress in alleviating extreme poverty,it is unfortunately again taking hold in some regions across the world.Markets are rapidly shifting.Our supply chains are clearly not resilient enough or designed to be shock-proof.Our retail and di

87、stribution systems are disrupting.Our global economic monetary system is transforming by the day.The pandemic catapulted the world towards a so-called“New Normal”,which has not yet fully landed in the collective conscience such that it can be properly described.However,can all these phenomenal event

88、s,and multiple others not mentioned here,constitute opportunities for entrepreneurs?The answer,of course,is“Yes!”Entrepreneurship is undoubtedly and has always been an important part of the solution to repair damaged economies and societies.Results presented in our GEM 2022/2023 Global Report show t

89、hat not only are policymakers in some countries striving harder to make it easier for entrepreneurs to put down their commercial“roots”and create successful businesses,but entrepreneurs themselves are clearly dusting themselves off from the hardship effects of the global pandemic and continuing to d

90、o what they do best:grasp opportunities.If the interface between policymaking and entrepreneurship is working effectively,then entrepreneurship can contribute richly to economic recovery,thus making economies more resilient and,dare we hope,shock-proof.At the very least,entrepreneurs can help econom

91、ies return to the“best of times”.As always,the GEM Global Report is based on hard data collected from literally thousands of entrepreneurs and national experts around the world.This 2022/2023 Global Report adds a 24th year of data collection and results to the GEM portfolio.Our aspiration at GEM is

92、clear:to provide transparency to policymakers so that they can make better decisions to truly promote entrepreneurship,and also observe and act on the impact of their decision-making over time.A fundamental question is:Can policymakers transform the results of our research into robust and productive

93、 decision-making,allowing increasing numbers of entrepreneurs to create wealth and contribute to societal well-being worldwide?Based on our scientific observations at GEM from over the years,the answer to this question is also a resounding“Yes!”Heres to a return to the“best of times”in the“New Norma

94、l”,however that lands,leaving no one behind.Aileen Ionescu-Somers,PhDGEM Executive DirectorJos Ernesto Amors Espinosa,PhDGEMGERA Board Chair and GEM Mexico12Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportGEM APS GRIPS*GROUPCoordination:Aileen Ionescu-Somers&Francis Carmona,GEM GlobalNiels Bo

95、sma,GEM Senior Research Advisor/GEM UKAna Fernndez-Laviada and Nuria Calvo,GEM SpainChristian Friedl,GEM AustriaMaribel Guerrero,GEM ChileMark Hart,GEM UKPeter Josty,GEM CanadaMahdi Majbouri,GEM USA*GRIPs=GEM Research&Innovation ProjectsGEM NES GRIPS*GROUPCoordination:Alicia Coduras,GEM Global&GEM S

96、audi ArabiaMiguel Angoitia,GEM SpainNiels Bosma,GEM Senior Research Advisor/GEM UKChafik Bouhaddioui,GEM UAEAngus Bowmaker-Falconer,GEM South AfricaSimara Greco,GEM BrazilMark Hart,GEM UKJeffrey Shay,GEM USAAnna Tarnawa,GEM PolandGLOBAL TEAMAileen Ionescu-Somers,PhDExecutive Directorasomersgemconsor

97、tium.orgKevin AnselmoCommunications AdvisorJonathan Francis Carmona,MScData Team SupervisorProfessor Alicia Coduras,PhDNational Expert Survey CoordinatorAurea Almanso,MBAOperations,GEM Globalaalmansogemconsortium.orgStephen Hill,DSc2022/23 Global Report Lead AuthorGOVERNANCE BOARDJos Ernesto Amors,P

98、hDInterim Board Chair National Team RepresentativeGEM MexicoFatem Boutaleb,PhDNational Team Representative GEM MoroccoMaribel Guerrero,PhDNational Team RepresentativeGEM ChileEhud Menipaz,PhDNational Team RepresentativeGEM IsraelJeffrey Shay,PhDNational Team Representative GEM USANiels Bosma,PhDSeni

99、or Research AdvisorNational Team Representative GEM UK13Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportAbout GEMEntrepreneurship is an essential driver of societal health and wealth.It is also a formidable engine of economic growth.It promotes the essential innovation required not only to ex

100、ploit new opportunities,promote productivity and create employment,but to also address some of societys greatest challenges,such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)or the economic shock wave created by the COVID-19 pandemic.The promotion of entrepreneurship will be central to m

101、ultiple governments worldwide for the foreseeable future,especially considering the significant negative impacts on economies due to the pandemic.Governments and other stakeholders will increasingly need hard,robust and credible data to make key decisions that stimulate sustainable forms of entrepre

102、neurship and promote healthy entrepreneurial ecosystems worldwide.During its 24 years of existence,Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)has repeatedly contributed to such efforts,providing policymakers with valuable insights on how to best foster entrepreneurship to propel growth and prosperity once

103、again.GEM carries out survey-based research on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship ecosystems around the world.GEM is a networked consortium of national country teams primarily associated with top academic institutions.It is the only global research source that collects data on entrepreneurship di

104、rectly from individual entrepreneurs.GEM tools and data are therefore unique and benefit numerous stakeholder groups.By becoming involved with GEM:Academics are able to apply unique methodological approaches to studying entrepreneurship at the national level;Policymakers are able to make better-info

105、rmed decisions to help entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial ecosystems thrive;Entrepreneurs have better knowledge on where to invest sometimes scarce resources and how to influence key stakeholders so that they get the support they need;Sponsors both advance their organizational interests and gain a hi

106、gher profile through their association with GEM;International organizations leverage insights,but can also incorporate or integrate GEM indicators to their own data sets,or use GEM data as a benchmark for their own analyses.GEM has an impressive and highly credible track record.In numbers,GEM repres

107、ents:24 years of data,allowing longitudinal analysis in and across geographies on multiple levels;Up to 170,000+interviews annually with experts and adult populations including entrepreneurs of all ages;Data from 120 economies across five continents;Collaboration with over 500 specialists in entrepr

108、eneurship research;Involvement of some 300+academic and research institutions;Support from more than 200 funding institutions.GEM began in 1999 as a joint research project between Babson College(USA)and London Business School(UK).The consortium has become the richest source of reliable information o

109、n the state of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ecosystems across the globe,publishing not only the GEM Global Report annually,but also a range of national and special topic reports each year.GEMs first annual study covered 10 countries;since then some 120 countries from every corner of the glob

110、e have participated in GEM research.As a result,GEM has gone beyond a project to become the highly networked organization that it is today.GEM can confidently stake a claim to be the largest ongoing study of entrepreneurial dynamics in the world.Join our research projectIt is diffi cult for policyma

111、kers to make informed decisions without having the right data.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)fi lls this void.GEM is the only global research project that collects data on entrepreneurship directly from the sourceentrepreneurs!It is your one-stop shop for everything you need to know about entre

112、preneurship in your country,region or city.Be part of future Global Reports,providing a snapshot of entrepreneurial activity across the world.You can contribute towards National Reports that include international benchmarking,local context and national entrepreneurship policy recommendations.For mor

113、e information,visit www.gemconsortium.org or write infogemconsortium.org“GEM off ers academics the opportunity to be part of a prestigious network,explore various dimensions of entrepreneurship and gain a full picture about the entrepreneurial activity of a country.”Virginia Lasio,Team Leader of GEM

114、 Ecuador and Professor at the ESPAE Graduate School of Management15Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportExecutive SummaryStephen Hill,Aileen Ionescu-Somers and Ehud MenipazEntrepreneurship,or the act of starting and running a new business,is a key catalyst of economic development.I

115、t is also an important driver of economic recovery:from the effects of the recent COVID-19 pandemic as well as more recent shocks,such as the war between Russia and Ukraine,with its related supply chain issues and rising energy costs.At any time,but especially during times of crisis,it is vital that

116、 the entrepreneurship dynamics and national frameworks to promote entrepreneurship are carefully defined and measured.Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)research can provide significant metrics to policymakers along the road to economic recovery,which enable informed and astute but,most importantly

117、,effective decision-making.This 2022/2023 Global Report presents the results of GEMs 24th research cycle.This adds another round of extensive national surveys to an already substantial GEM database of entrepreneurial results.In 2022,over 170,000 individuals were interviewed across 49 different econo

118、mies,adding their views and experiences to over 3 million previously interviewed for the GEM Adult Population Survey(APS)over the previous two decades.These 49 economies represent about two-thirds of the global population in 2022.It includes China with a population of 1.3 billion,as well as India,wh

119、ich according to the United Nations is likely to be declared the worlds most populous country in 2023.Furthermore,GEMs National Expert Survey(NES)features 51 economies(all of the 49 economies that participated in the GEM APS,plus Italy and Argentina).The NES is a survey of national experts in each e

120、conomy charged with assessing the key components and characteristics of the entrepreneurial environment for that economy.KEY FINDINGS Although the worst effects of the COVID-19 pandemic appear to be coming to an end,its economic impacts are still being felt across the globe and household incomes con

121、tinue to be reduced.As noted in the two previous Global Reports,the pandemic hit hardest those who could least afford it.Within the group of lowest-income economies(Level C),the share of adults reporting that the pandemic had reduced their household income ranged from almost nine out of 10 in Togo t

122、o just over half in Iran.Among the high-income(Level A)economies,that range was from two out of three in the United Arab Emirates to less than one in 10 in Norway.16Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report Fear of failure is a serious constraint on business startups in many economies

123、from all income groups.In a number of economies,with examples including Brazil,Saudi Arabia,Qatar,the Netherlands,Puerto Rico and Poland,high proportions of adults agree that starting a business is relatively easy,and see good opportunities to start a business locally,while also considering themselv

124、es to have the skills and experience to create a startup.However,around half of those seeing such opportunities are nevertheless deterred from taking action by fear of failure.Reducing the risks and perceived costs of new business failure for example,by making changes to insolvency regulations,or be

125、tter promoting entrepreneurial successes and role models could have a positive impact in increasing startup rates,in particular for women.The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurial perceptions across the globe has been highly varied,with some counterintuitive findings.Of the 38 economies

126、 participating in the APS in both 2019(thus pre-pandemic)and again in 2022,there were 12 economies in which the percentage of adults seeing good local opportunities to start a business fell by five points or more.These included developed economies such as the United States(21 percentage points),Pola

127、nd(15)and Greece(14).However,there were another nine economies in which that THE PANDEMIC HIT HARDEST THOSE WHO COULD LEAST AFFORD ITShare of adults reporting that the pandemic had reduced their household income by income category(weighted by population size;including the five economies who were the

128、 hardest hit)62%LEVEL AaverageLEVEL BaverageLEVEL Caverage32%72%Indonesia(75%)India(74%)Mexico(78%)Venezeula(79%)Togo(88%)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 202217Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Reportpercentage actually increased by more than five points:including Puerto Rico(+25),

129、Brazil(+21)and Saudi Arabia(+16).Further research is required to explain these differences,but one key may be the level of support that governments were willing(and able)to offer to businesses and households.In 2022,the highest levels of early-stage entrepreneurial activity were in the Latin America

130、&Caribbean region.However,levels of entrepreneurial activity were also highly variable from country to country.Of the 49 economies that participated in the GEM APS,just six had more than one in four adults starting or running a new business:Guatemala,Colombia,Panama,Chile,Uruguay and the United Arab

131、 Emirates.In contrast,three economies had less than one in 20 adults doing the same:Morocco,Greece and Poland.The explanation for these differences may lie with social and cultural norms as much as with economic variables.There is a negative association between the level of early-stage entrepreneuri

132、al activity and human capital development,as measured by the UN Human Development Index(HDI).Previous GEM Global Reports have noted a negative association between Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)rates and levels of GDP per capita,even if that association has weakened over the years.Th

133、is 2022/2023 Global Report tested an alternative measure of well-being the UN HDI and found that this also had a negative association with TEA rates.This also raised some interesting,but as yet unanswered,questions.Why do a few economies have high levels of both HDI and TEA,and why do rather more ec

134、onomies have high levels of HDI and low levels of TEA?Could it be because higher levels of human development potentially mean more rewarding employment opportunities,thereby reducing the attraction of entrepreneurship as a career choice?The global pandemic had a mixed effect on entrepreneurship acro

135、ss the world.Again,we looked at the 38 economies that participated in GEM research in both 2019 and 2022.Discounting small(less than one percentage point)changes,there are 12 economies in which the level of TEA was higher in 2022 than in 2019,and 16 economies in which TEA levels fell.It is difficult

136、 to draw out commonalities,since all regions and income levels are represented in each group.New entrepreneurs frequently declare that they take social and environmental implications into account when making strategic decisions about the future of their business.Notwithstanding the potential for soc

137、ial desirability bias,it is nevertheless significant that more than half of new entrepreneurs declare that they always take social implications into account in every participating economy(with the exception of Norway,interestingly).A majority of new business entrepreneurs also declared taking enviro

138、nmental implications into account in every economy but two(Oman and Israel).Conversely,more than four out of five took social implications into account in 18Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report19 of the 49 economies,and in 21 of the 49 economies for environmental.Hence there is ro

139、om for optimism about the positive social and environmental impacts of these future businesses.Job creation expectations of those starting new businesses declined somewhat during the pandemic.Of the 32 economies participating in the APS in each year from 20192022,there are 13 in which the percentage

140、 of those starting a new business and expecting to employ no additional people fell(most notably in Poland,Brazil and the Republic of Korea),but another 19 in which that proportion increased(most notably in the Slovak Republic,Germany and Switzerland).The differentiating characteristic may have been

141、 the inclination of people in some countries to start a business just to generate an income during times of hardship.In 2022,men were more likely than women to start a new business.Of the 49 economies participating in the APS,there were just four in which the level of female new entrepreneurial acti

142、vity exceeded that of men:Togo,Indonesia,Qatar and Poland,representing the three income levels used by GEM to categorize economies.However,one trend that may have been accelerated by the pandemic could be the spread of greater entrepreneurial gender equity beyond just low-income economies.Of the 38

143、economies participating in GEM in both 2019 and 2022,there were 21 in which the relative gender gap had decreased,just four of which were Level C.United Arab Emirates1Saudi Arabia2The Netherlands5India4Taiwan3THE FIVE BEST ECONOMIES IN WHICH TO START A BUSINESSAccording to the GEM 2022 National Entr

144、epreneurship Context IndexSource:GEM National Expert Survey 202219Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report Younger people are still more likely than older people to be starting new businesses.The Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA)rate of the 1834 age group exceeded that o

145、f the 3564 age group in 37 of the 49 economies in the GEM APS.This gives a distinct entrepreneurial advantage to societies with younger populations,and an entrepreneurial disadvantage to those with more ageing populations,such as many economies in northern Europe.The lowest business exit(and TEA)rat

146、es are within Europe and the highest business exit(and TEA)rates are in Latin and North America,and in the Gulf.Of the 49 GEM APS economies,every European economy had a business exit rate of less than 6%and a TEA rate of less than 15%.Every economy outside Europe had either an exit rate greater than

147、 6%or a TEA rate of more than 15%.Most had both.This may point to differences in entrepreneurial culture between Europe and the rest of the world.The proportion of business exits attributed to the pandemic is declining rapidly,indicating the end to at least some of the direct economic hardship it ha

148、s caused.In 2020,COVID-19 was cited as a reason for less than one in five business exits in just 10 economies.In 2022 this had grown to 22 economies.While high income is a helpful contributory factor,it does not in itself assure a high-quality entrepreneurial environment.For the GEM NES survey,the q

149、uality of a national entrepreneurial environment is assessed by national experts from that economy against 13 Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions.In 2022,three Level C economies India,China and Indonesia had nine or more of these conditions scored as sufficient.Only seven of the 22 participating Le

150、vel A economies either matched or improved on this assessment.Two Level A economies,Spain and Italy,had three or fewer conditions rated as sufficient.However,high-income United Arab Emirates was,for the second year in succession,rated as the best place to start a new business.CONCLUSIONSAt the end o

151、f the day,entrepreneurship matters and it matters greatly.That is why GEM brings important annual research findings to the attention of policymakers worldwide.Entrepreneurship brings jobs and incomes,turns ideas into new goods and services,hastens structural change and improves lives.Certainly,most

152、governments have long lists of issues and projects competing for their attention and resources.However,few propositions have the transformative power of new businesses,with entrepreneurs at their helm helping to build a more prosperous,inclusive,and socially and environmentally conscious future alon

153、g with undeniable commercial benefits.While there is no doubt that the road to economic recovery and sustainability is currently a 20Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Reportrocky one,successful entrepreneurship can drive economic recovery,help to create innovative business models(whic

154、h,for example,mitigate the impacts of current higher energy costs),offer new ways to live,work and consume,and can fulfil the ambitions of creative,optimistic and determined people.REPORT FORMATPart 1 of this GEM 2022/2023 Global Report presents a brief analysis of the 2022 APS results,looking acros

155、s results in 49 participating economies to identify commonalties and differences.Consistency in the GEM APS questions and in the derivation of key variables allows comparisons between economies in 2022 and,as importantly,in the evolution of those variables over time.Exploring how the global COVID-19

156、 pandemic impacted entrepreneurial variables by comparing results since 2020 is an obvious,highly practical and useful application of GEM research.Not surprisingly,many key entrepreneurial variables fell with the onset of the pandemic.Results for 2022 show that recovery from the direct economic impa

157、cts of that pandemic has been highly variable across economies,and that many countries are still suffering.The 2022 GEM results also offer a glimpse of the initial entrepreneurial effects of the war in Ukraine and subsequent changes in prices,particularly for energy.Part 2 mainly focuses on the entr

158、epreneurial environment,or context,in which an individual decides to pursue entrepreneurship through the NES findings.As such,it provides food for thought not only for policymakers but also entrepreneurs thinking of creating new businesses with global growth potential and seeking the most conducive

159、environment to do so.These assessments are used by GEM researchers to calculate a single figure representing the overall quality of the economys entrepreneurial environment:the National Entrepreneurial Context Index(NECI);and the final ranking is also presented in this part of the report.Following t

160、his,the reader will find a full series of individual national economy profiles,presenting key entrepreneurial activity data and summarizing that economys Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions,alongside a brief Policy Roadmap,identifying key entrepreneurial strengths and weaknesses.Finally this 2022/2

161、203 GEM Global Report concludes with a useful Appendix for researchers,which tabulates entrepreneurial variables across the participating economies in 2022.21Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportKey Thoughts for Policymakers from the GEM 2022/2023 Global Report AuthorsIt is difficu

162、lt to make informed decisions without having the right data.GEM fills this void for policymakers.GEM is the only global research source that collects data on entrepreneurship directly from the source entrepreneurs!Policymakers can take action based on GEM data to help their respective entrepreneuria

163、l ecosystems to thrive.Based on this years research,the GEM 2022/2023 Global Report authorship team shared some key insights for policymakers.“In the midst of turbulence and uncertainty,policy focused on innovation becomes a priority for recovery and growth.It is a solution for better competitivenes

164、s and development by bringing the economy to a better quantitative and qualitative level,creating added value,quality jobs and strengthening human capital.Policymakers have more interest than ever in pivoting to new holistic paradigms of intervention,abandoning those that crises have made obsolete.T

165、his prevents missed opportunities that by definition multiply after crises and,of course,to address issues related to population anchoring and regional inequalities in order to foster a more cohesive,inclusive and sustainable entrepreneurship.”Fatima Boutaleb,PhD,Hassan II University of Casablanca,G

166、EM Morocco“The economic recovery in many countries following the COVID-19 pandemic has been complicated by the ongoing conflict in Ukraine.Governments have implemented measures to promote entrepreneurial activity,but these efforts have been hindered by inflation,fluctuations in the stock and financi

167、al markets,and difficulties in managing funds.As a result,starting and maintaining a business has become a challenge for many due to high costs and limited demand.Policymakers will need to be innovative in order to overcome these challenges and support entrepreneurship in 2023.”Alicia Coduras,PhD,GE

168、M Global and GEM Saudi Arabia22Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report“The GEM Global Report provides a unique window into this turbulent and dynamic world of entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurs take multiple risks to directly and indirectly impact society.In economic terms,new entreprene

169、urs create jobs,translate ideas into products and services,introduce technologies,stimulate market competitiveness,generate income and add value in domestic and international markets.In social terms,new entrepreneurs tackle societal issues in their value-creation process and business models.This yea

170、rs GEM Report motivates us to re-legitimize entrepreneurs socio-economic impacts and rethink public policy instruments for enhancing entrepreneurs impacts.”Maribel Guerrero,PhD,Arizona State University,USA,and Universidad del Desarrollo,Chile;GEM Chile“Year after year,entrepreneurial education at sc

171、hool is consistently rated worst of all Entrepreneurial Framework Conditions.With a small number of notable exceptions,most countries are foregoing the opportunity to add to their entrepreneurial potential.The costs of this failure will reverberate through decades of new starts that never happened,s

172、imply because many people were just not aware.”Stephen Hill,DSc,Lead Author of the GEM 2022/2023 Global Report“GEM national experts score against 13 Framework Conditions that lead to the country ranking in GEMs National Entrepreneurship Context Index(NECI).This provides policymakers with a how to gu

173、ide on fostering entrepreneurship within their specific national context.With this in mind,I strongly encourage you to review the Economy Profiles within this report.They highlight the 13 framework scores behind each participating economys NECI ranking.Just a few examples in 2022:Entrepreneurial Edu

174、cation Post-School increased dramatically in Switzerland;Taiwan ranked first for three conditions(Government Policy:Taxes and Bureaucracy,Commercial and Professional Infrastructure,and Physical Infrastructure);and Morocco improved in almost all of the 13 framework scores.The wealth of knowledge behi

175、nd these profiles can be used to support more effective strategic decision-making and robust policies for promotion of entrepreneurship in your own context.”Aileen Ionescu-Somers,PhD,GEM Executive Director“Over GEMs 24-year existence,hundreds of policy recommendations on innovation and entrepreneurs

176、hip have been made nationally and globally in GEM reports by top-level GEM scientists.Policymakers can turn GEM recommendations into policies and directives at national,regional and local levels,implement them effectively and efficiently,and then monitor and measure their impact on the innovation an

177、d entrepreneurship ecosystem.I invite policymakers to reflect on our main GEM findings,summarized in Part 2 of this report,related to National Contexts and Economy Profiles.We can collaborate to focus on achieving great beneficial impact for society from GEMs mammoth multi-year scientific endeavour.

178、”Prof.Emeritus Ehud Menipaz,Ben Gurion University;GEM Israel23Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report“The impact of COVID-19 on entrepreneurial activity has been highly variable,evidenced from our comparison over the 20192022 period.After excluding countries with changes of less than

179、 one percentage point,12 economies saw an increase in entrepreneurial activity,while 16 saw a decrease.Preliminary evidence suggests differences in the entrepreneurial ecosystem and support offered to entrepreneurs during the pandemic as potential reasons for the divergent trends.”Sreevas Sahasranam

180、am,PhD,University of Strathclyde,Glasgow;GEM UK“The diversity of human values that bring people to start a business is striking.Policymakers need to understand these motivations.Some people start a business because they value making a difference in the world.Others long to continue a family traditio

181、n of running businesses.There are individuals motivated to accumulate wealth.Then there are some who resort to entrepreneurship because jobs are difficult to find.Despite this diversity of motives,entrepreneurs form a kind of community,united by their mutual awareness,networking and aspirations.The

182、GEM Global Report provides clarity to these and other important aspects that help define the strengths and weaknesses of an economys entrepreneurial ecosystem.”Thomas Schtt,PhD,University of Agder,Norway“Entrepreneurial action continues to be constrained by fear of failure,despite high self-confiden

183、ce,encouraging perceptions of startup opportunities and belief that starting a business is easy.Access to educational programs specifically focused on risk assessment and mitigation coupled with policies that reduce the perceived personal costs of failure could unleash a significant,and pent-up,wave

184、 of entrepreneurial activity.”Jeffrey P.Shay,PhD,Babson College,Professor of Entrepreneurship,Entrepreneurship Division;GEM USA“In 2022,we have again witnessed disparities between genders,age groups and levels of education.In some countries,only one in five businesses is owned by a woman,while in ot

185、hers,three-quarters of new businesses are started by individuals under the age of 35.These gaps highlight areas for improvement and should be a focus for policymakers seeking to support the success of future entrepreneurs.”Przemysaw Zbierowski,PhD,Associate Professor,University of Economics in Katow

186、ice;GEM PolandWhat makes a city or region attractive to entrepreneurs?Which factors draw creative entrepreneurs to a city or region indeed,to any entrepreneurial ecosystem?What gives them the confi dence that they can build successful,value-adding and profi table companies in a nurturing context?How

187、 good are cities and regions at building these contexts and nurturing entrepreneurship?Collaborate with GEM to fi nd answers to these questions in cities and regions that are important to you!Our Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Quality Composite Index(ESI)is a diagnostic tool that provides frameworks and

188、data to analyse just about any subnational ecosystem.ESI reports have been conducted in several ecosystems around the world.For more information,visit www.gemconsortium.org or write infogemconsortium.org“The GEM ESI methodology provided a valuable contribution to deepen our knowledge of Madrids entr

189、epreneurial ecosystem.It is a solid scientifi c approach and offers the possibility to analyse a number of variables aligned to different key pillars.This enabled us to identify how the main actors interact and the key issues to be addressed to foster ecosystem development.The ESI tool is a great in

190、put for diagnosis and policymaking.”Isidro de Pablo Lpez,Universidad Autnoma de Madrid“Reporting on the fi ndings from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitors Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Quality Index in our region of Nova Scotia,Canada,generated a signifi cant amount of interest from policymakers and ec

191、osystem actors.Some of the notable fi ndings,based on our data,have informed debate and helped leading ecosystem players to think about strategies for further ecosystem development.”Kevin McKague,PhD,Canada Research Chair and Associate Professor of Entrepreneurship,Shannon School of Business,Cape Br

192、eton UniversityCollaborate with GEM to assess city and regional readiness for entrepreneurshipPART 1Analysis26Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportWhat Is GEM?Stephen Hill and Aileen Ionescu-Somers1.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTIONThe Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM)is a long-term collabor

193、ative research initiative which aims to measure and monitor entrepreneurship.GEM was started in 1999 by forward-thinking academics at its founding organizations:Babson College in Boston,USA,and London Business School in the UK.This collaboration quickly grew from a handful of economies to what is to

194、day the most extensive and longest-running global study of entrepreneurship.This 24th annual GEM Global Report draws on extensive survey results from 51 economies across the world.1.2 THE GLOBAL CONTEXTStarting a new business is never easy,even when all the requisite stars align i.e.confidence is up

195、,the business context is ideal and incomes are growing.Last years GEM Global Report1 was cautiously optimistic that the global economy would begin its recovery from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic,despite supply-side issues and some rising costs.However,such optimism proved short-lived.Russian t

196、anks rolled into Ukraine in February 2022,sparking not only conflict and destruction but a slew of international sanctions and unprecedented energy price rises.This had the further negative effect of lifting household and business costs to dizzying heights,prompting governments with sufficient resou

197、rces to reintroduce support packages on a scale that easily matched those of the pandemic,further increasing national debt burdens worldwide.Longer-term impacts include an increase in the costs of energy-intensive products and services,and strong incentives to minimize the use of fossil fuels.Becaus

198、e of these developments,many of those starting a business in 2022 face possibly the most difficult business environment since the GEM project began in 1999.Starting a business is always a triumph of hope over circumstance;starting that business in 2022 required a hefty dose of optimism.Because of th

199、e global pandemic,recent GEM Global Reports have addressed questions such as whether some entrepreneurs find opportunity amid disruption,and how entrepreneurs have been leveraging these opportunities.Moreover,while steeply rising energy prices represent a significant burden for energy users,they can

200、 be a windfall to energy producers.Similarly,energy-exporting economies and their governments have made unanticipated gains and have enjoyed an influx of foreign currency.Such a pattern of gains and losses inevitably has its effects on household incomes and business costs,reducing real incomes and i

201、ncreasing costs in energy-importing economies.Of course,even in those adversely affected economies,crisis and change always bring opportunities.And entrepreneurs have proved themselves to be particularly adept at grasping opportunities.1 11 GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)(2022).Global Entrepren

202、eurship Monitor 2021/2022 Global Report:Opportunity Amid Disruption.London:GEM.https:/www.gemconsortium.org/reports/latest-global-report27Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report1.3 WHY ENTREPRENEURSHIP MATTERSThere are many reasons why entrepreneurship is important,and why increasing

203、 levels of entrepreneurship can indicate a vibrant,dynamic economy.Again,entrepreneurship is defined by GEM as the act of starting and running a new business.In other words,it is the act itself that is important.Merely thinking about starting a business,or intending to do so even in the near future,

204、does not meet this requirement.To be considered an entrepreneur by GEM,an individual must have acted.This can include spending time and funding in seeking to get a business off the ground.New businesses created by entrepreneurs deliver jobs,incomes and value-added the three cornerstones of economic

205、development often Claudia Isabel BaronaCo-founder of Lifepack(Colombia)Optimism in responding to disruption“An entrepreneur is passionate,a dreamer,creative,optimistic and has confidence to bring ones ideas to fruition.”These are the words of Claudia Isabel Barona,co-founder of Lifepack,a Colombian-

206、based company that produces 100%biodegradable ecological products made from natural fibres and seeds.Lifepack relies on an environmentally sustainable business model and is supported by NGOs,government entities and universities,among others.This optimism has been on display throughout her entreprene

207、urial journey,especially over the past few years.Lifepack has evolved in response to COVID-19.Before COVID,business was primarily conducted face to face.But,as sales channels changed due to the pandemic,Lifepack adapted;now over 70%of its transactions are digital.Lifepack used the disruptions caused

208、 by the pandemic as an opportunity to improve internal operational and production processes,something that had not been done since the companys founding in 2014.“We had the opportunity to explore other fibres(agro-industrial residues/agricultural residues)in our production process and to expand our

209、lines of business,further encouraging the circular economy.”As a result,new lines of business were born including a technology transfer programme.The company sell its knowledge in implementing the production process in other regions and countries.In 2022,Lifepack has needed to operate in the face of

210、 inflation that has doubled the prices of raw materials.This inflation is reflected in the companys selling prices,but has resulted in lower sales due to the lack of purchasing power of the peso.This reality doesnt deter Claudia.She concluded:“The entrepreneur identifies opportunities that arise fro

211、m the environment and creates innovative solutions with global and social well-being in mind.”ENTREPRENEUR HIGHLIGHT28Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Reportby introducing new products,technologies or processes.In doing so,new businesses launched by entrepreneurs can also accelerate

212、structural change.They can speed up the shift of resources away from things people no longer want or wish to pay for,towards things they want or for which the entrepreneur perceives a gap in the market or can create a need.Hence a dynamic economy needs a steady stream of new and innovative businesse

213、s,replenishing the overall stock of businesses and firms and transforming ideas into new goods and services.Of course,not all new businesses engender growth;a new coffee shop concept,for example,if it better serves the needs of consumers,may in fact hasten the decline of existing providers,since,in

214、some economies at least,consumers are unlikely to drink more coffee.But even this displacement is significant,since it is the market that ultimately dictates whether a new coffee shop concept is more economically sustainable than those that already exist.Evidently,not all new businesses succeed;many

215、 fail.Hence,some resources expended in starting that business may be lost.Yet,even in these cases,it is important to bear in mind that not everything is lost.Learning from previous failure may provide the entrepreneur and other stakeholders with knowledge and experience that can prove vital to futur

216、e business success.Failure also tests resolution and determination,important characteristics of successful entrepreneurs.If the level of entrepreneurship in any given economy is important,then defining and measuring that level must also be important.If comparisons are to be made,both between economi

217、es and of the same economy over time,then it is crucial that entrepreneurship is defined and measured in a manner that is both precise and consistent over time.It is this precision and consistency that has been,and is today,the real strength of GEM.For example,the GEM database,stretching back more t

218、han two decades,can shed light on the details of historical rises and falls in levels of entrepreneurship in a particular economy.This continuity and consistency allows comparisons to be made,so that like may always be compared to like.Similarly,the level of entrepreneurship in one economy in a give

219、n year can be compared to the level in another,because both are defined and measured in exactly the same way year on year.The act of starting a new business is the result of a highly individual and personal decision-making process.This process reflects an individuals attitudes as well as personal at

220、tributes such as knowledge,experience,values and motivation,alongside their access to resources.Furthermore,this act takes place within a context of social values that may promote or hinder entrepreneurship,and in a locality(termed the entrepreneurial ecosystem)that can facilitate or constrain acces

221、s to resources.FIGURE 1.1 The GEM Conceptual FrameworkSocial,cultural,political,economic contextNational Framework ConditionsBasic requirementsEfficiency enhancersInnovation and business sophisticationEntrepre-neurial Framework ConditionsSOCIETAL VALUES ABOUT ENTREPRENEURSHIPINDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES(se

222、lf-perceptions and demographics)ENTREPRENEURIAL OUTPUT(new jobs,new value added)ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY BY PHASE Nascent,new,established,business exits BY IMPACT High growth,innovative,market scope BY TYPE TEA,EBO,EEAOUTCOME(socio-economic development)29Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Glo

223、bal ReportGEM keeps its finger on the pulse of all these aspects of entrepreneurial activity across the entrepreneurial community:they are explored in more detail in later chapters of this report.To illustrate the structure and components of GEM research,Figure 1.1 presents the GEM Conceptual Framew

224、ork.An entrepreneurs social environment may also,for example,encourage or discourage risk-taking,or may value collective endeavour over individual achievement.This,too,can influence access to resources,including both expertise and capital.It may determine other aspects of the new business,including

225、choice of sector,levels of innovation and scale of ambition.These factors in turn greatly influence the impacts of any new business in terms of jobs generated,income levels and economic value-added.1.4 THE GEM METHODOLOGYAt the heart of GEM research are two complementary core surveys.The first is th

226、e Adult Population Survey(APS),which is administered to a structured random sample of at least 2,000 adults(aged 1864)in each participating economy,and often more in larger or more complex national economies.The national sample is structured to reflect the overall population in terms of age,gender a

227、nd location:so,for example,if 20%of adults in a particular economy are aged 1834,then 20%of sampled adults will be in that age group.The APS provides detailed information on the characteristics of entrepreneurial individuals,their activities,attitudes,motivations and ambitions.It also allows for exp

228、loration of the entrepreneurs active involvement in starting or running a new business at different stages of development,whether nascent,established,high-growth,etc.Exactly the same questions are asked in each participating economy,either by face-to-face or telephone interview,occasionally by onlin

229、e survey,with careful attention to accurate translation into the many different national languages required.It is primarily the consistency of these questions,and the manner in which results are verified and used to estimate key variables,that enables comparison within and between economies over tim

230、e.By surveying the activities and perceptions of individuals,GEM research offers insights into the personal decision-making process involved in starting a business,and the subsequent development of that business,in a way that official business statistics,such as the number of registered businesses,s

231、imply cannot.In addition,because of the APSs focus on individuals and its anonymization of results,it reflects activity in the informal or unregistered economy which is normally beyond the reach of most official statistics.This is especially important in many developing countries,where unregistered

232、businesses may represent a significant proportion of the total stock,and where many new businesses never mature to the point of being formally registered.In 2022,more than 173,000 people completed the GEM APS interview,adding to an existing GEM database of over 3 million respondents across 120 econo

233、mies since the first APS survey in 1999.While maintaining continuity and consistency in the APS questions is fundamental,this does not prevent GEM from responding to changing circumstances and priorities.In recent years,the COVID-19 pandemic has cast a deep shadow over national and international eco

234、nomies,and GEM has responded with new and additional questions that have allowed some of the impacts of that pandemic to be assessed.2 The pandemic has hastened changes in the ways that people work and live,with less commuting,more online shopping,and a steady drift away from city centres,shopping m

235、alls and retail parks as the focal points of consumer activity.Rising energy prices provide a new impetus to more sustainable production and consumption,important parts of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).3 Other SDGs,such as reducing poverty and promoting inclusion,may have be

236、come more difficult to achieve,given rising household and business costs.2 See GEM(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor)(2020).Diagnosing COVID-19 Impacts on Entrepreneurship:Exploring Policy Remedies for Recovery.London:GEM.http:/www.gemconsortium.org/reports/covid-impact-report3 The 17 Sustainable Deve

237、lopment Goals(SDGs)adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as part of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development are an urgent call for action by all countries to help achieve these goals by 2030(https:/sdgs.un.org/goals).30Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global

238、 ReportIn 2021,GEM introduced new questions in the APS related to the role that social and environmental considerations play in the long-term decision-making of entrepreneurs in relation to new businesses.These questions are repeated in the 2022 APS(thereby allowing comparisons to be made),but also

239、extended by new questions about awareness of the UN SDGs and whether these play a part in business priorities and strategies.The volume of data collected by the APS allows key variables to be estimated and compared with confidence.4 These key variables can then be used to profile and track the entre

240、preneurial process:from having an initial business idea and perceiving related opportunities(conception),to starting a business and beginning to pursue those opportunities(nascent entrepreneurship),to transitioning the new startup into an established business,or in some cases towards a business exit

241、.These entrepreneurial processes are presented in Figure 1.2,which also offers a guide to some important GEM definitions and measurements.GEM distinguishes between three distinct stages in the development of entrepreneurial activity and therefore defines a related typology for entrepreneurs in each

242、stage.The Nascent Entrepreneur has actively devoted resources to starting the business but the business has not yet paid wages or salaries(including to themselves)for a period of three months.The New Business Owner has started and is running a business and has paid wages or salaries for three months

243、 or more,but for less than 42 months,because those running a business and paying wages or salaries for 42 months or more are classed as Established Business Owners.A healthy and vibrant economy would have enough entrepreneurs operating at each stage of enterprise development to ensure that there is

244、a constant throughput of potential established and high-growth businesses.Low levels of Nascent Entrepreneurs may indicate significant barriers to OF AN ESTABLISHED more than 3.5 years)OF A NEW BUSINESS(up to 3.5 years)EXITING THE BUSINESSPERSISTENCEFIRM BIRTHCONCEPTIONTOTAL EARLY-STAGE ENTREPRENEUR

245、IAL ACTIVITY(TEA)EARLY-STAGE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROFILEPOTENTIALENTREPRENEUR:opportunities,capa-bilities and intentionsNASCENTOWNER-MANAGEROWNER-MANAGERENTREPRENEUR:involved in setting up a businessINDIVIDUAL ATTRIBUTES Gender Age MotivationIMPACT Business growth Innovation Market scope IndustryFIGURE

246、 1.2 The entrepreneurial process and GEM indicators4 Including tests of statistical significance and the estimation of confidence interval.These are not included in this Global Report for reasons of brevity.31Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportAnna NiszkcsOwner and Managing Direc

247、tor of Gerbeaud Gasztronmia Kft.(Hungary)Innovating in the midst of global disruptionTaking over a reputable family business in the midst of a pandemic is no small undertaking.Just ask Anna Niszkcs,owner of Gerbeaud,one of the best-known Hungarian confectionery brands.Begun in 1858 as a stand-alone

248、caf,the Gerbeaud group now includes multiple restaurants and other hospitality services.Prior to 2020,Gerbeaud had never needed to shut down because of a global pandemic in its over 160 years of operation.Anna,however,has experienced a different reality ever since she took over in February of that y

249、ear.Essentially,she only knows what it is like to own and manage a business that is operating in the midst of disruption due to global events.Once the pandemic emerged in March 2020,all the thriving businesss units had to close and Gerbeaud lost over 90%of its revenue overnight.Difficult as these ci

250、rcumstances were,Anna used them as an opportunity to innovate.“The COVID-19 pandemic has been an important multiplier for us and provided us with the opportunity to rethink our well-established brands.During times of peace and normalcy,leaders are reluctant to rethink their successful products.”An e

251、xample is the Gerbeaud-owned restaurant Onyx,which opened in 2007 as a pioneer in fine dining and had received two Michelin stars before the pandemic closed it down.The company took this as an opportunity to launch a large-scale professional development program.Another of the companys units mile,a r

252、estaurant located in the residential area of Budapest launched a home delivery service out of necessity shortly after being obliged to terminate in-person dining.When on-site service became possible again in June 2021,mile was able to improve on previous years results thanks to its new delivery serv

253、ice.Just as the extreme pandemic-related disruptions were subsiding,Anna has been forced to lead Gerbeaud through another global disruption:the outbreak of the war in Ukraine(a neighbour of Hungary).“I now see that the handling of the pandemic was an opportunity to prepare for the war between Russia

254、 and Ukraine,inflation and the rise in energy prices.COVID-19 was a disaster for companies in the hospitality sector we are focusing on stabilizing the business.But this does not mean were staying the same.Rather,we are looking to the future and innovating even more boldly.”ENTREPRENEUR HIGHLIGHT32G

255、lobal Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Reportnew business development,while having too few Established Business Owners may suggest that not enough new businesses are surviving into maturity.On the other hand,it may also point to a dearth of innovation and new ideas,or may suggest some barri

256、ers to the sustainable entry of new firms,restricting competition and consumer choice.The most important GEM variable is the level of Total early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity(TEA),or the proportion of the adult population that is starting or running a new business(including both Nascent Entreprene

257、urs and New Business Owners).5The second GEM survey is the National Expert Survey(NES).Each year every GEM National Team invites at least 36 identified national experts6 to complete an online survey in which they each assess a number of carefully defined statements relating to their economys entrepr

258、eneurial framework conditions.These conditions range from the availability of entrepreneurial finance to the quality and affordability of physical infrastructure,and from government policies to encourage entrepreneurship to the social support for that entrepreneurship.These assessments are used to j

259、udge the quality of the context for entrepreneurship in each economy and to calculate a National Entrepreneurship Context Index(NECI),which allows the ranking of economies in terms of their support and encouragement for entrepreneurship.This is useful to entrepreneurs since it answers a key question

260、:where are the best places to start a new business?It is also useful to policymakers,since not only do they get feedback on the relative conduciveness of their national business context to promote entrepreneurship but the results of the study also enable benchmarking against other national contexts.

261、New NES questions in 2022 focus on the pace of recovery post-pandemic and the awareness,application and prioritization of the SDGs.Together,the APS and NES present,for each economy,a unique,comprehensive and detailed annual snapshot of national entrepreneurial activity,and of the attitudes,experienc

262、es,activities and ambitions of the entrepreneurs themselves.The APS study also delivers an in-depth and evidenced account of the values,ambitions and intentions of the majority of adults in each economy who are not,at the moment,starting or running a business,even if many know someone who is.The dat

263、a that GEM collects in relation to business exit is also significant,since by exiting businesses entrepreneurs release resources,including knowledge and experience,into the wider business context.Many of the businesses that individuals exit continue in some form or another,so exit does not necessari

264、ly mean business closure.Finally,some of those not starting a new business may nonetheless be investing resources,usually funding,in someone elses new business.This informal type of investment is especially important in some economies,and will also be considered later.1.5 GEM 2022 PARTICIPATING ECON

265、OMIESTo present the data analysis in the 2021 GEM Global Report,participating economies were solely categorized by income,using World Bank data on Gross Domestic Product per capita(GDP/cap),but introducing,for the first time,GEMs own definitions of low,medium and high income.These categories have be

266、en retained this year,and are set out below.The boundaries between categories are,of course,arbitrary,and have been chosen to give three(reasonably)even groups and to be consistent with last year.However,it should be noted that rising incomes mean that an increasing proportion of participating econo

267、mies find themselves in the high-income group.For this reason,in future reports the boundaries will require upward revision.Level A:economies with a GDP/cap of over$40,000;Level B:economies with a GDP/cap of between$20,000 and$40,000;Level C:economies with a GDP/cap of less than$20,000.5 To avoid do

268、uble-counting,minus the very few who are doing both.6 That expertise may be in entrepreneurship,on the economy,on access to finance,etc.The individual expert can be from a wide variety of specialities:an academic,a financial journalist,a venture capitalist,etc.Each team utilizes a range of experts.3

269、3Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportTable 1.1 lists the economies participating in GEM in 2022,divided into these three categories,using World Bank data.7 These are the categories that will be used in presenting results,analyses and conclusions throughout this report.All the econ

270、omies listed participated in both the APS and NES,with the exception of Italy and Argentina,both of which participated solely in the NES.Having 51 GEM participating economies is a considerable achievement given current turbulent times.It is also a strong testament to the tenacity of GEM National Tea

271、ms and their belief in the GEM project,as well as to the support of their sponsoring bodies,most often policymakers and entities that perceive entrepreneurship as part and parcel of the solution to the current global economic challenges.The combined total population of these 51 economies represent m

272、ore than 64%of the global population.8 Level A includes 14 European economies,two in North America,three Gulf States plus Japan,the Republic of Korea and Israel.Level B economies are mostly from Latin America or Eastern Europe,plus Taiwan and Oman,while Level C economies are more widely spread,from

273、Latin America,the Middle East,East Asia and Africa.None are from Europe,despite European economies comprising nearly a half of the 2022 GEM-participating economies.TABLE 1.1 Economies in GEM 2022,categorized by income group(GDP/cap)Level A$40,000Level B$20,000$40,000Level C$20,000AustriaCanadaCyprus

274、FranceGermanyIsraelItalyJapanLithuaniaLuxembourgNetherlandsNorwayQatarRepublic of KoreaSaudi ArabiaSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandUnited Arab EmiratesUnited KingdomUnited StatesArgentinaChileCroatiaGreeceHungaryLatviaMexicoOmanPanamaPolandPuerto RicoRomaniaSerbiaSlovak RepublicTaiwanUruguayBrazilChin

275、aColombiaEgyptGuatemalaIndiaIndonesiaIranMoroccoSouth AfricaTogoTunisiaVenezuela7 World Bank data for GDP/cap(and population)was accessed on 24 October 2022,giving estimates for 2021(those for Iran and United Arab Emirates were for 2020).World Bank data may have been revised since then.Taiwan is abs

276、ent from World Bank data,so an IMF estimate has been used instead.See https:/data.worldbank.org and https:/www.imf.org/en/Home.8 Estimated using World Bank data.34Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Report1.6 THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON HOUSEHOLD INCOMESHousehold income is an importan

277、t,and broad,measure of the pandemics impact.In 2020 and 2021,a question in the APS asked individuals whether,for each of those years,the pandemic had led“your household income to strongly decrease,to somewhat decrease,to show no substantial change,to somewhat increase,or to increase strongly”.This q

278、uestion was repeated in 2022.Figure 1.3 shows that the economic impacts of the pandemic were far from over in 2022.As in the previous two Global Reports,the pandemic continues to hit those hardest who could afford it least,with the highest proportions of adults reporting a decrease in household inco

279、me in the poorest economies,with the lowest proportions in the richest although with considerable variation between countries.In Level C economies,the share of adults still reporting a decrease in household income due to the pandemic ranged from almost nine out of 10 in Togo to just a half in Iran;i

280、n Level B the range was from three out of four in Mexico to one in five in Croatia,and in Level A economies from two out of three in the United Arab Emirates to less than one in 10 in Norway.This high variation in impact may reflect a number of factors,such as the wide diversity of approaches to man

281、aging the pandemic,different FIGURE 1.3 The impact of the pandemic on household incomeSource:GEM Adult Population Survey 2022%of adults 4050908070605040302010TogoVenezuelaIndonesiaIndiaChinaColombiaEgyptTunisiaMoroccoGuatemalaSouth AfricaBrazilIranMexicoPanamaPolandGreeceUruguaySlovak Rep

282、ublicPuerto RicoChileSerbiaOmanTaiwanRomaniaHungaryLatviaCroatiaUnited Arab EmiratesSaudi ArabiaCyprusQatarSpainIsraelRepublic of KoreaCanadaUnited StatesFranceAustriaGermanyLithuaniaLuxembourgUnited KingdomJapanSloveniaNetherlandsSwitzerlandSwedenNorwayStrongly decreaseSomewhat decreaseStrongly inc

283、reaseSomewhat increaseLevel BLevel CLevel A35Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportMaxwell PengFounder of VMFi(Taiwan)The power of pivotingMaxwell Peng,an entrepreneur based in Taipei,was passionate about bringing innovation to the in-person event space when he launched VMFi in 2020

284、.The companys 5G Blazing Fast AI Speech Translation System encourages multi-language visitors to attend the same event.Backed by 5G and AI technology,the scalable speech translation turnkey solution reduces dependence on costly interpreters and radio technology during face-to-face meetings,conferenc

285、es and exhibitions.As the pandemic halted all in-person gatherings,Maxwell knew he needed to pivot and create a digital solution:“The pandemic pushed VMFi to evolve speech translation services from offline only to online.We evolved to offer speech translation services for any offline event and onlin

286、e webinar at the same time.”In addition to addressing concerns around COVID-19,the product also addresses a challenge faced by those with hearing impairments:“We show both captions and subtitles.This can prevent overseas travellers and local staff both from COVID-19 infection,providing security with

287、out a language barrier.Our service can be deployed at any location in the world via wireless broadband service.”As VMFi moves into the future,Maxwell can always look back to a time period when a global disruption necessitated a successful pivot.ENTREPRENEUR HIGHLIGHT36Global Entrepreneurship Monitor

288、 2022/2023 Global Reportsocial and cultural factors affecting the reaction of populations,and,importantly,the willingness(and ability)of governments to introduce and sustain support packages for individuals and businesses.Amongst these 49 economies,Croatia in particular stands out,with the second lo

289、west proportion of adults reporting a decrease(just one in five only Norway had less),and almost one in two adults even reporting an increase in income,by far the highest of the 49 economies.The next highest were the United States and South Africa.Although Figure 1.3 presents a relatively bleak pict

290、ure,there are some signs that it may be slowly improving.A total of 37 economies participated in the GEM APS in both 2022 and 2021,and so answers to the same question in both years can be compared for these economies.In 26 of those 37,the proportion of adults reporting that the pandemic has decrease

291、d their household income had fallen,the largest falls being in India(from 98%to 74%)and in Canada(46%to 34%).The largest increases were in Germany(from 21%to 32%)and in Romania(21%to 34%).However,more generally,while the totals reporting a decrease are still high,the numbers selecting“strongly decre

292、ases”have gone down,and the numbers selecting“somewhat decreases”have risen.This appears to indicate a sluggish shift to recovery despite the overall gloom implied in Figure 1.3.1.7 CONCLUSIONWhile the economic and social impacts of the global chaos created by the pandemic and the war in Ukraine con

293、tinue to reverberate throughout the global economy,many of those impacts have been amplified by the ensuing supply-chain difficulties and rapidly rising energy costs.In these circumstances,to have so many economies participating in the 2022 GEM research program is a considerable achievement.Credit i

294、s due to those national teams that carried out the research,sometimes under extremely difficult circumstances.Four of those economies share a border with Ukraine(Hungary,Romania,Poland and the Slovak Republic).The picture of how entrepreneurs are coping in these circumstances will be developed in su

295、bsequent chapters.For now,suffice it to note that,as in 2021,the poorest economies continue to be worst affected by the lingering impacts of the global pandemic.The economic crisis stirred by the war in Ukraine has not improved matters.The consequences are significant,bearing in mind that,before the

296、 pandemic struck,extreme poverty rates had been steadily declining for over two decades.The United Nations was confident about achieving the eradication of extreme poverty,in line with one of the aforementioned SDGs.This positive trajectory promised great hope for the future,but within a very short

297、period has been greatly jeopardized by the current volatility and uncertainty,again exacerbating inequalities.In any case,while starting a new business will continue to be an option even in such challenging economic contexts,there is a new wave of entrepreneurs,often operating informally in developi

298、ng economies,who now simply have to earn a living through entrepreneurship because jobs are so scarce.However,these businesses are most unlikely to transform into value-adding growth-oriented businesses for those economies.This years report presents analysis of large-scale population survey results

299、from 49 economies across the globe.All continents are represented in the participating economies except for the Arctic,Antarctic and Australasia,although some are better represented than others.Nevertheless,the results presented in this report provide a comprehensive and timely overview of the level

300、 and nature of early-stage entrepreneurship across the world,and an informative guide to social attitudes and perceptions of entrepreneurship,together with a careful expert assessment of the entrepreneurial ecosystem in each participating economy.37Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Re

301、portThe Social and Cultural Foundations of EntrepreneurshipStephen Hill and Jeffrey Shay2.1 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIETY AND CULTUREStarting a business can be considered very much a personal choice.How entrepreneurship is viewed,including whether it is seen as an attractive career choice,depends in part

302、 on the social and cultural context of the individual.In the developed world,it is very easy to assume that a common career path is to go from school to college,then on to a full-time job with a good employer.In the less developed world,where earning a living may be much more difficult,working for y

303、ourself may seem a necessity.However,the role of social and cultural context is not just about the stage of development.The level of early-stage entrepreneurial activity varies considerably,both within and between income groups.For example,high-income economies like Canada and Saudi Arabia consisten

304、tly have much greater levels of entrepreneurial activity than equally high-income Germany and Norway.Similarly,low-income Brazil and South Africa typically have much higher levels than low-income Morocco and Iran.These within-income-level differences may reflect social mores and cultural attitudes,s

305、uch as how the collective good is viewed compared to individual success,and how people and groups weigh risk against reward.9So attitudes and perceptions are not solely intrinsic to the individual:they are shaped and constructed by family and social values,themselves reflecting tradition and culture

306、.GEM assesses an economys social and economic context in two important ways.The Adult Population Survey(APS)asks all individual participants a number of questions about their attitudes,actions and intentions.Some of the results of these questions will be considered and assessed in this chapter.The s

307、econd way that an economys context is assessed is via the National Expert Survey(NES),asking national experts within that economy for their judgement of that economys environment with regard to entrepreneurship,including factors such as access to entrepreneurial finance,educational programs to devel

308、op entrepreneurship,and social support for those starting their own business.The results of the NES are discussed in detail later in a separate section(“The Context for Entrepreneurship”,p.105),but individual perceptions and national framework conditions for entrepreneurship are clearly interrelated

309、.Global and regional contexts will also influence attitudes and perceptions.The pandemic has changed,perhaps forever,the culture of using digital technologies in accessing and delivering information,products and services,and even influenced new forms of collaboration,like working from home,online sh

310、opping,or fast food deliveries.These may be permanent shifts in the ways that digital technologies are utilized and,in turn,perceived.Meanwhile,economies and societies do not stand still,so attitudes,expectations and intentions also evolve.This chapter discusses some of these changes,including some

311、limited pre-and post-pandemic comparisons.Opportunities need to be recognized before they can be grasped,so the APS enquires about seeing 2 29 Sahasranamam,S.,Nandakumar,M.K.,Pereira,V.,&Temouri,Y.(2021).Knowledge capital in social and commercial entrepreneurship:Investigating the role of informal i

312、nstitutions.Journal of International Management,27(1).doi:https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2021.10083338Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global Reportgood opportunities to start a business locally,and whether starting a business is easy.Finally,investing in someone elses new business,known a

313、s informal investment,is an important dimension of entrepreneurial activity in some economies.This can be a crucial source of finance for new entrepreneurs in those economies.This chapter will consider the proportion of adults investing in someone elses startup10 in 2022,and the median level of inve

314、stment for those that did.2.2 THE RECOGNITION OF OPPORTUNITIESBefore examining opportunity recognition directly,there is another social and cultural dimension to consider.The perception of entrepreneurship as a viable career choice may well be influenced by whether the individual personally knows so

315、meone who has recently started a business.The answer to this question is not just about the level of entrepreneurial activity in a particular economy it is also about the positive(or negative)publicity,and other forms of social reaction,increasingly expressed online,given to those starting their own

316、 business.Figure 2.1 shows the proportion of adults in each participating economy reporting that they know at least one person who has started their own business in the past two years.Across all 49 economies,the highest level was in Saudi Arabia,at almost nine in 10 adults,and the lowest level in Ja

317、pan,just two out of 10.There is substantial variation in the share of adults knowing someone who has started a new business within income groups,with perhaps some weak indication that rising levels of income reduce the likelihood of an adult knowing someone who has recently started a business.It may

318、 be easier to know an entrepreneur in a small economy like Cyprus or Qatar,than in a large economy like Japan or Egypt,although the chart does include exceptions.FIGURE 2.1 Knowing someone who has started a business in the last two years(%adults)Source:GEM Adult Population Survey 2022%of adults 1864

319、00708090100EgyptSouth AfricaVenezuelaIndiaMoroccoChinaTogoColombiaIranTunisiaIndonesiaGuatemalaBrazilGreeceTaiwanLatviaRomaniaPolandMexicoHungaryPanamaSerbiaOmanSlovak RepublicUruguayPuerto RicoCroatiaChileJapanGermanyRepublic of KoreaLuxembourgSpainNorwayCanadaUnited KingdomAustriaSwitze

320、rlandLithuaniaSloveniaSwedenNetherlandsUnited StatesIsraelFranceUnited Arab EmiratesQatarCyprusSaudi ArabiaLevel BLevel CLevel A10 The terms“starting a new business”,and“startup”,are used interchangeably in this Global Report.39Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportTatiana PimentaCE

321、O&Founder,Vittude(Brazil)Cartier Womens Initiative Fellow,2019Democratizing access to mental health servicesNearly a billion people around the world live with a diagnosable mental disorder.Many do not have access to effective care for various reasons.According to the World Health Organization,Brazil

322、 leads the world in anxiety cases and ranks fifth for cases of depression.Public health support for treatment remains low,so many Brazilians living with mental health conditions are not getting the care they need and deserve.Tatiana Pimenta experienced this first-hand.A successful business executive

323、,Tatiana faced a host of personal challenges in 2012.Anxious to avoid a negative impact on her career,she sought therapy,but this brought its own set of problems.After frustrating and unhelpful sessions with inexperienced psychologists,she finally found a reputable practitioner.Said Tatiana:“His off

324、ice was 11 km away and traffic in So Paulo is atrocious.It took nearly three hours to get there and back every time.I got to thinking,Couldnt it be easier to connect patients with therapists?”In 2016,she launched a company,Vittude,with an ambitious mission:to democratize access to mental health serv

325、ices by removing the financial barrier to mental health care.As a B2B2C-driven marketplace,the company connects high-quality psychologists to individuals and corporations.The platform combines behavioural science,AI technology and human interaction to optimize personal growth and professional develo

326、pment in support of a persons whole health,at work and in life.With Vittude Match,the company is positioned to provide a highly personalized employee experience driving not only well-being but also growth and peak performance.Vittude Match helps eliminate trial and error by using machine-learning mo

327、dels to match each employee to the most effective care.Since its founding,Vittude has built the largest network of qualified psychologists in Brazil.In the past two years,Vittudes annual revenue has grown fivefold its and its total customer base twentyfold.To date,it has served over 100,000 members,

328、and the number of psychotherapy sessions has more than tripled year-on-year,as the willingness to invest in employee well-being and development has been growing significantly.Today,Vittude serves over 70 enterprises,including SAP,LOral,Saint-Gobain,Grupo Boticrio and Banco do Brasil.Tatiana said:“Im

329、 very happy and grateful for all we have built in the past years.There is a lot of work to do concerning mental health awareness.I strongly believe we have the opportunity to positively impact millions of people.”ENTREPRENEUR HIGHLIGHT40Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2022/2023 Global ReportFigure 2

330、.2 compares the proportion of adults agreeing11 that,in the next six months,there will be good opportunities to start a business locally.The highest level is again in Saudi Arabia(and again almost nine out of 10),but now closely followed by Indonesia.Japan again has the lowest level(just one in eigh

331、t).More generally,in all of the Level C economies,in nine out of 15 Level B,and in 10 out of 21 Level A economies,more than half of adults agree there are good opportunities locally;but in five economies less than one-third of adults agree with this(Japan,Spain,Cyprus,the Slovak Republic and Hungary

332、).It may be anticipated that the pandemic has reduced the share of adults agreeing that there will be good opportunities to start a business locally,either by reducing those opportunities or by decreasing their visibility,or perhaps some combination of the two.One simple,but inevitably inconclusive,

333、way to assess this is to compare the proportion of adults agreeing there are good opportunities locally in the same economy before the pandemic(2019)and after what is surely the full brunt of the pandemic(2022).Figure 2.3 compares the proportions agreeing there will be good opportunities to start a business locally in 2019 and 2022 for the 37 economies that participated in GEM research in both yea