1、 1 The Importance of Licensed Spectrum and Wireless Telecommunications to the American Economy Aren Megerdichian,Ph.D.Compass Lexecon December 7,2022 2 Contents I.Executive Summary.3II.Overview of Spectrum and the Wireless Industry.4A.Overview of Spectrum and Spectrum Licensees.4B.Consumers Have Ben

2、efited From Substantial Investments Made by Wireless Operators.7C.Demand for Wireless Services and Mobile Broadband is Projected to Continue to Grow.12III.The Core Wireless Industry Contributes Substantially to the American Economy.14A.The Core Wireless Industry Contributes Substantially to Output.1

3、5B.The Core Wireless Industry Employs a Large Number of People and Provides High-Wage Jobs.17IV.The Core Wireless Industry Generates Additional,Secondary Benefits to the American Economy.18A.The Core Wireless Industry Generates Additional Economic Output.19B.The Core Wireless Industry Contributes Si

4、gnificantly to the Employment of People in Other Industries.21V.There are Broader,Downstream Economic Benefits From Wireless and Mobile Broadband Services.22A.Social Networking Sites.24B.Mobile Gaming.26C.Smartphone App Developers.29D.Search Engines.31E.Digital Advertising Agencies.32VI.Conclusion.3

5、4Appendix A:Additional Tables Summarizing Gross Output,GDP,and Employment.37Appendix B:Additional Details On Input-Output Analyses and Multipliers.40 3 I.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Between 1985 and 2020,wireless(mobile)network operators have spent more than$600 billion in capital investment,not including ove

6、r$120 billion paid to the federal government for the right to use spectrum to power the networks and support the wireless services that consumers demand.During the past decade alone,spectrum auctions pertaining to wireless services have raised$155 billion in revenues.During the decade,wireless netwo

7、rk operators invested$265 billion in infrastructure,deployed hundreds of thousands of cell sites and other antenna structures,and cut the cost of mobile data by 98%,even while delivering nearly 50 x the volume of data,at higher speeds.The substantial investments in licensed spectrum and infrastructu

8、re during the past decade have allowed the industry to deliver wireless services to hundreds of millions of consumers throughout the U.S.,contributing nearly$9.5 trillion in gross output and$5.4 trillion in GDP to the American economy,and employing an annual average of more than three million people

9、.See Table 1.In 2020 alone,the wireless industry contributed over$1.3 trillion in gross output,$825 billion in GDP,and nearly 4.5 million jobs to the American economy.These trillions in output and millions of jobs include the direct effects of the core wireless industry(mobile network operators and

10、resellers)on the economy,as well as the secondary effects of the wireless supply chain and select downstream market segments that rely heavily upon wireless and mobile broadband services(including smartphone app developers,search engines,digital advertising agencies,mobile gaming,and social networki

11、ng sites).It does not take into account the contributions made by other sectors that also depend on and use wireless services that could represent hundreds of billions in additional gross output and GDP,as well as millions of workers.Therefore,the estimates presented in this study are a baseline,or

12、lower bound,for the contributions made by wireless-related sectors to the American economy.4 For the wireless industry to continue to provide these considerable,widespread positive effects to the American economy,it is necessary to provide mobile network operators access to dedicated,licensed spectr

13、um.It is also important to allow potential licensees to compete to acquire the spectrum licenses,and,once acquired,to allow the licensees to determine the optimal allocation and usage of that spectrum in the economy based on economic market forces.This will promote economic efficiency in the distrib

14、ution and allocation of spectruma scarce resourceand will allow the wireless industry to continue to grow and provide numerous,substantial economic benefits to the American economy.Table 1 Summary of Economic Benefits to the U.S.Economy,2011-2020 II.OVERVIEW OF SPECTRUM AND THE WIRELESS INDUSTRY A.O

15、verview of Spectrum and Spectrum Licensees Radio spectrum is the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum.The Federal Communications Commission(FCC)oversees licensed spectrum for commercial use,while the National Telecommunications and Information Administration oversees licensed spectru

16、m for federal use.Commercially licensed spectrum enables services such as mobile broadband(BB),broadcast television,broadcast radio,and satellite communications.A spectrum band is acquired through a license from the FCC,typically specifying a given geographic area,time period,and operating rules tha

17、t a licensee must follow.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment(Annual Avg.)Direct Effects:Core Wireless(MNOs,MVNOs)$2,702.3$1,329.9252,022Secondary Effects:Core Wireless Supply Chain$3,794.7$2,431.41,568,011Direct Effects:Selected Downstream App and Mobile Industries$1,478.9$753.5270,267Secondary Effect

18、s:Selected Downstream App and Mobile Industry Supply Chains$1,501.2$857.7982,154Total$9,477.1$5,372.63,072,454 5 In contrast to licensed spectrum,unlicensed spectrum involves radio frequencies that the FCC manages generally without licenses.Unlicensed spectrum often includes near-range and low-power

19、 services,such as Wi-Fi,certain wireless devices,Bluetooth devices,and so-called internet-of-things devices.Unlike licensed spectrum,which guarantees licensees have exclusive rights to a particular frequency range,unlicensed spectrum is dedicated to public and commercial use.This report focuses on t

20、he economic benefits of licensed spectrum.During the five-year period FY 1997 to 2001,the FCC had 24 spectrum auctions,resulting in 12,545 licenses won,generating about$5.5 billion.Two decades later,during FY 2017 to 2021,this grew to 49,245 licenses won,generating about$115 billion.See Table 2.Sinc

21、e FY 1994,the FCCs spectrum auctions program has generated$233 billion,with an expense of$2.3 billion,for the U.S.government.1 Between 2011 and 2020,spectrum auctions pertaining to wireless services have raised$155 billion in auction revenues.2 As of 2020,the FCC reported that 5,693 MHz of licensed

22、spectrum are available for the use and provision of mobile wireless services.3 1 FCC,2023 Budget Estimates to Congress,March 2022,p.48.FCC aggregate figures reflect some auctions that may not be applicable to wireless network operators or wireless services that are discussed within this paper,such a

23、s FM Broadcast auctions.CTIA estimates suggest that such auctions account for only about$4 billion of the$233 billion.2 This includes auctions 92,96-97,101-103,105,107 and 1002.See FCC,“Auction 92:700 MHz Band,”available at https:/www.fcc.gov/auction/92;FCC,“Auction 96:H Block,”available at https:/w

24、ww.fcc.gov/auction/96;FCC,“Auction 97:Advanced Wireless Services(AWS-3),”available at https:/www.fcc.gov/auction/97;FCC,“Winning Bidders Announced For Auction of 28 GHz Upper Microwave Flexible Use Service Licenses(Auction 101),”available at https:/docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-19-484A1.pdf;FCC

25、,“Auction of 24 GHz Upper Microwave Flexible Use Service Licenses Closes,”available at https:/docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DA-19-485A1.pdf;FCC,“Auction 103 Upper 37 GHz,39 GHz,and 47 GHz,”available at https:/auctiondata.fcc.gov/public/projects/auction103;FCC,“Auction 105-3.5 GHz,”available at htt

26、ps:/auctiondata.fcc.gov/public/projects/auction105;FCC,“FCC Announces Winning Bidders In C-Band Auction,”available at https:/docs.fcc.gov/public/attachments/DOC-370267A1.pdf;FCC,“Forward Auction,”available at https:/auctiondata.fcc.gov/public/projects/1000.3 FCC,2020 Communications Marketplace Repor

27、t,December 31,2020,pp.22-23.This includes mmW spectrum.The FCCs spectrum screen includes spectrum that the FCC finds“suitable and available for the provision of mobile wireless services.”See Id.,n.92.6 Table 2 FCC Auction Statistics Deploying licensed spectrum for wireless consumer services requires

28、 wireless infrastructure.Mobile network operators(MNOs)have invested significantly in the U.S.to build and maintain the infrastructure that enables high-quality,low-cost wireless and mobile BB services to consumers.Between 1985 and 2020,wireless operators in the U.S.had collectively made over$600 bi

29、llion in capital investments.4 During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020 alone,the cumulative investment was over$265 billion.5 Extensive capital spending in the U.S.by MNOs has allowed for a rapidly growing wireless infrastructure.Wireless service providers deploy cell sites to expand or to improve c

30、overage in existing service areas and to accommodate newer technologies.6 CTIA estimates that the number of cell sites in commercial use has increased from 283,385 in 2011 to 417,215 in 2020.7 4 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry Indices Report(July 2021),Table 14 and Appendix B.Excludes the cost of licen

31、ses.5 Id.6 FCC,2020 Communications Marketplace Report,December 31,2020,p.25.7 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry Indices Report(July 2021),Chart 19 and Appendix B.CTIA notes that“the 417,215 cell sites in active service at year-end 2020 include traditional macro cells,small cells,DAS nodes,and other cell-

32、extending devices.The cell site count originally included repeaters and other cell-extending devices,some of which have been rendered obsolete by new technology generations.The extent to which one category or another may have grown or shrunk is not reported.While CTIA tracks the total number of cell

33、 sites in service as of the end of each -20-20-2021Thru Jan.2022TotalNumber of Auctions198Licenses Won2,75912,54514,5346,4635,18949,2454,04194,776Amount Generated(billions)$10.9$5.5$16.4$19.2$43.3$115.3$22.4$233.0Source:FCC,2023 Budget Estimates

34、to Congress,March 2022,p.48.Data ranges are based on fiscal years(FY 2021=Oct 1,2020 to Sept 30.2021).7 As described next,MNOs use the licensed spectrum and their wireless infrastructure to deliver wireless services to hundreds of millions of consumers throughout the U.S.,including selling access to

35、 their wireless networks to mobile virtual network operators(MVNOs),also known as resellers,at wholesale rates,which MVNOs use to sell their own wireless services to consumers.Consumers of wireless services,including mobile BB,have benefitted from lower prices,higher output,and higher quality over t

36、ime associated with the investments made by MNOs in licensed spectrum and wireless infrastructure.B.Consumers Have Benefited From Substantial Investments Made by Wireless Operators The extensive investments in spectrum and wireless infrastructure by MNOs,coupled with a competitive wireless industry,

37、have delivered to consumers low prices,high output,and high-quality wireless services over the past few decades,promoting consumer welfare and thus fulfilling a well-established goal of competition policy in the U.S.8 Price indices published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS)demonstrate declinin

38、g prices for wireless services.Both wireless consumer and producer price indices have fallen steadily and markedly over the years.Between 2000 and 2021,the wireless services consumer price index(CPI)declined by nearly 37%,and the wireless carriers producer price index(PPI)declined by over 50%.9 In c

39、ontrast,the CPI for all items in the U.S.increased by 57%between 2000 and 2021.See Figure 1.Similarly,average revenue survey period,it does not track the number that are removed from service,nor the number of newly added cell sites in any specific survey period,though we know that such removals and

40、additions have occurred as new generations of technology have been deployed.Nor do we track base stations.”Id.,p.54.8 The consumer welfare standard employed by the antitrust agencies and courts in the U.S.is intended to promote competition and protect consumers.See,e.g.,Opening Statement of Professo

41、r Carl Shapiro,Senate Judiciary Committee Subcommittee on Antitrust,Consumer Protection and Consumer Rights,“The Consumer Welfare Standard in Antitrust:Outdated,or a Harbor in a Sea of Doubt,”December 13,2017,p.2,available at https:/www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/12-13-17%20Shapiro%20Testimo

42、ny.pdf.9 Wireless CPI is based on Wireless Telephone Services(CUUR0000SEED03).Wireless PPI is based on Wireless Telecommunications Carriers(PCU5).8 per unit(ARPU)that is,the average revenue per subscriber per month for wireless serviceshas declined from$48.6 to$35.3,or about 27%,between 2

43、000 and 2020.10 Finally,the average service revenue per gigabyte(GB)of mobile data has declined from$195.9/GB in 2011 to just$4.5/GB in 2020,representing a decline of about 98%.11 Figure 1 BLS Price Indices,2000-2021 While prices have been falling,output in the wireless industry has steadily grown o

44、ver time.The estimated number of wireless connections increased from approximately 109 million in 2000 to 469 million in 2020 in the U.S.,representing a four-fold increase.12 Pew Research reports that ownership of cellular phones in the U.S.increased from 83%in May 10 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry In

45、dices Report(July 2021),Chart 17 and Appendix B.The FCC notes that while“it is difficult to directly compare prices between providers or over time,because providers offer a variety of plans,”measures of ARPU are“frequently used as a proxy for price.”See FCC,2020 Communications Marketplace Report,Dec

46、ember 31,2020,pp.31-33.11 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry Indices Report(July 2021),Charts 2 and 14.12 Id.,Table 5.2000100.02005113.42010126.62015137.62021157.4200585.5201082.1201572.7202163.4200584.6201068.5201556.3202145.90.020.040.060.080.0100.0120.0140.0160.0180.0200020004200520062007200

47、82009200001920202021CPI-AllCPI-WirelessPPI-WirelessSource:BLS Data Series CUSR0000SA0,CUUS0000SA0,CUUR0000SEED03,PCU5.9 2011 to 97%in February 2021,and smartphone ownership increased from 35%to 85%during the same period.13 The number of active smartphones

48、increased from 111.5 million to over 296 million between 2011 and 2020,and the number of wireless-enabled laptops,tablets,and routers active on networks more than doubled from 20.2 million to 41.3 million in the same period.14 This is especially noteworthy given that an increasing share of household

49、s are relying on mobile data.Between 2016 and 2019,the share of internet-subscribing households with mobile data had increased from 83.3%to 90.0%.15 Moreover,the share of internet-subscribing households with only mobile data plans had increased from 13.2%to 14.1%in the same period.16 Another key mea

50、sure of output is mobile data traffic.As shown in Figure 2,total mobile data traffic in the U.S.grew nearly 50-fold from 867 billion megabytes(MB)in 2011 to over 42 trillion MB in 2020.Mobile data usage per device also increased markedly during the same period,with the average monthly data traffic p

51、er average smartphone growing over 21-fold from 0.5 GB in 2011 to 10.8 GB in 2020.See Figure 3.Minutes of use experienced modest growth within the same period,increasing from 2.3 trillion to 2.9 trillion minutes between 2011 and 2020.17 13 Pew Research,“Mobile Fact Sheet,”April 7,2021,available at h

52、ttps:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/.14 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry Indices Report(July 2021),Appendix B.15 FCC,2020 Communications Marketplace Report,December 31,2020,Fig.II.B.33.16 Id.,Fig.II.B.32.17 CTIA,CTIAs Wireless Industry Indices Report(July 2021),Chart 2 and Appendix B.10

53、 Figure 2 Total Mobile Data Traffic,2010-2020 Figure 3 Average GB Per Average Smartphone Per Month,2010-2020 0.40.91.53.24.19.713.715.728.637.142.20.05.010.015.020.025.030.035.040.045.020000192020(Trillion MB)Source:CTIA 2020 Indices Report,Chart 2 and Appendix B.0.2

54、0.50.71.11.32.83.95.16.69.210.80.02.04.06.08.010.012.020000192020Source:CTIA 2020 Indices Report,Chart 4.11 In addition,as a result of the considerable investments in licensed spectrum and wireless infrastructure,wireless service coverage has expanded in the U.S.In J

55、anuary 2012,89.6%of the population in the U.S.was covered by at least three service providers(3G or better).By January 2017,the coverage had increased to 98.2%.By December 2019,the share of population covered by at least three LTE providers had increased to 99%.See Figure 4.Increased wireless covera

56、ge also has occurred in rural areas.As of May 2020,there were 2,885 counties(89%)nationwide with three or more tower or cell site operations and 2,457 counties(76%)with four or more tower operators.18 Moreover,in January 2012,the share of the rural population covered by at least three service provid

57、ers was about 58%,increasing to just over 91%five years later.The share of rural population covered by at least three LTE providers had reached 95.5%by 2019.See Figure 4.Figure 4 Share of U.S.Population With Three or More Providers 18 FCC,2020 Communications Marketplace Report,December 31,2020,Fig.I

58、I.A.17.89.6%58.4%93.4%72.0%98.2%91.2%99.0%95.5%0.0%20.0%40.0%60.0%80.0%100.0%OverallRuralSource:FCC Communications Marketplace Reports.2012(3G+)2012(3G+)2014(3G+)2017(3G+)2019(LTE)2014(3G+)2017(3G+)2019(LTE)12 While prices have been falling and output has been increasing,wireless service quality has

59、 been increasing.An important measure of performance and quality in the wireless industry is mobile BB speed.Higher mobile BB speeds can enhance user experience(e.g.,streaming video)and facilitate new software applications(e.g.,virtual reality).The median download speed for 4G LTE nationwide more th

60、an doubled from 11 megabits per second(Mbps)to 26.2 Mbps between 2014 and 2019.19 Moreover,data from Ookla shows that the overall average mobile download speed in the U.S.increased from 19.3 Mbps in July 2016 to 31.2 Mbps in November 2018,and further increased to 128.3 Mbps by June 2022.20 According

61、 to Ookla,median mobile download speed in the U.S.increased from 36 Mbps in October 2020 to 59.5 Mbps in June 2022.21 Other measures of quality,such as consumer satisfaction,also have increased over time.The American Customer Satisfaction Index(ASCI)a national indicator of the quality of economic ou

62、tput for goods and services as experienced by consumersshows that the ASCI for wireless phone service increased from 63 in 2005 to 74 in 2021.22 C.Demand for Wireless Services and Mobile Broadband is Projected to Continue to Grow It is clear that there has been immense growth in wireless services an

63、d service quality,primarily driven by mobile BB.The growth in output and increasing quality of mobile BB,19 Id.,Fig.II.A.29.20 Ookla,“Speedtest,”July 2017,available at https:/web.archive.org/web/206/http:/ 2019,available at https:/web.archive.org/web/20200106224809/https:/ 2022,available

64、at https:/web.archive.org/web/20220728224651/https:/ Ookla,“Speedtest,”October 2021,available at https:/web.archive.org/web/202/https:/ 2022,available at https:/web.archive.org/web/20220728224651/https:/ American Customer Satisfaction Index,Wireless Phone Service,available at https:/www.t

65、heacsi.org/industries/telecommunications-and-information/wireless-phone-service/.13 as well as declining prices,in the U.S.has been facilitated by extensive investments by MNOs to acquire spectrum licenses and associated capital spending on wireless infrastructure to meet growing consumer demand.The

66、 growth in demand for mobile BB is expected to continue.Industry market research reports predict that demand for wireless and mobile BB services will increase,primarily driven by the growth in 5G mobile BB technology.A GSMA report finds that 5G connections represented only 3%of total connections in

67、the U.S.in 2020 but is projected to grow to represent 68%of total connections by 2025.23 GSMA also estimates that mobile BB users as a share of the population in the U.S.will increase from 78%to 82%between 2020 and 2025.24 According to a report by Ericsson,400 million 5G subscriptions in North Ameri

68、ca are anticipated by the end of 2027,accounting for 90%of all mobile subscriptions,and average data usage is expected to reach 52 GB per smartphone per month in 2027.25 As shown in Figure 3,the average monthly data traffic per smartphone was about 10.8 GB in 2020.Therefore,Ericssons projection sugg

69、ests an almost five-fold increase in data traffic per smartphone by 2027.IBISWorld notes that the wireless telecommunications carriers industry“is well-positioned for growth over the five years to 2027,”and that“enhanced speed of fourth-generation(4G)and LTE networks has already driven more customer

70、s to abandon landlines altogether.”26 The report also notes that the share of households in the U.S.with only wireless service will continue increasing,while the share of households with both wireline 23 GSMA,The Mobile Economy North America,2021,p.6,available at https:/ Id.,p.12.25 Ericsson,Mobilit

71、y Report,June 2022,pp.7,16,available at https:/ IBISWorld,Wireless Telecommunications Carriers in the US,March 2022,pp.14-15.14 and wireless service is projected to decline,attributable to the rollout of 5G networks.27 IBISWorld forecasts that the number of mobile internet connections will grow from

72、 334 million in 2022 to 348 million in 2028.28 III.THE CORE WIRELESS INDUSTRY CONTRIBUTES SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE AMERICAN ECONOMY The core wireless industrycomprised of MNOs(wireless carriers)and MVNOs(resellers)that provide wireless services to consumershas played a critical role in the American econ

73、omy,both in terms of growing output and providing relatively high-paying jobs compared to the rest of the private sector.As a result of its investments in spectrum and wireless infrastructure,the core wireless industry provides goods and services to consumers in the U.S.that amounted to$2.7 trillion

74、 in gross output and over$1.3 trillion in GDP during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,as well as over 250,000 jobs on average per year during the same period.In 2020 alone,the core wireless industry generated over$300 billion in gross output and over$160 billion in GDP,as well as nearly 218,000 jobs

75、.See Table 1 and Appendix A.For the wireless industry to continue to play a major role in the American economy,especially in a climate of continued expected growth in demand for mobile BB,extensive investments in spectrum licenses and accompanying investments in wireless infrastructure by MNOs will

76、be required.27 Id.28 Id.15 A.The Core Wireless Industry Contributes Substantially to Output Annual gross output29 from the core wireless industry30 grew from$222.3 billion in 2011 to$303.7 billion by 2020,or approximately a 37%increase.Wireless mobile network operators contributed about 85%of this g

77、rowth(approximately$69 billion),and wireless resellers accounted for the remaining 15%(approximately$12.3 billion).31 In comparison,gross output from the wired telecommunications industry had only increased from approximately$316 billion to$339 billion during the same decade.32 During the decade spa

78、nning 2011 to 2020,the core wireless industry directly contributed over$2.7 trillion in gross output to the U.S.economy,or an annual average of about$270 billion.See Table 3.In terms of value added(GDP),during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the core wireless industry directly contributed$1.3 trill

79、ion to the American economy.33 See Table 3.29 Gross output is a measure of sales or revenue from production for most industries,although it is measured as sales or revenue less cost of goods sold for margin industries like retail and wholesale trade.See BEA,“What is gross output by industry and how

80、does it differ from gross domestic product(or value added)by industry?”February 12,2018,available at https:/www.bea.gov/help/faq/1197.30 NAICS 517312 reflects the 2017 NAICS code for the wireless carriers.The NAICS code was updated to 517112 in 2022.See Census Bureau,North American Industry Classifi

81、cation System-Wireless Telecommunications Carriers(except Satellite),available at https:/www.census.gov/naics/?input=51&chart=2022&details=517112.America Movil Quarter Filings;FCC Local Telephone Competition reports;FCC Voice Telephone Services reports.31 Gross output for MVNOs is estimated as the p

82、roduct of TracFones monthly average revenue per user(including equipment revenues)and the FCCs estimates of the number of MVNO subscribers each year.32 Bureau of Economic Analysis,Gross Output by Industry,available at https:/apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=150&step=2&isuri=1&categories=ugdpxind

83、.33 Value added(GDP)for MVNOs is estimated by calculating the MVNO revenues(see n.31)as a share of total output from IMPLANs Satellite,telecommunications resellers,and all other telecommunications sector,and applied to IMPLANs estimates of value added for this sector.16 Between 2011 and 2020,nominal

84、 GDP in the U.S.grew by$5.3 trillion.34 During the same period,nominal GDP for MNOs alone grew by$54 billion,representing just over 1%of the growth in GDP in the economy.35 By comparison,the wired telecommunications industry experienced an increase of just$8 billion in GDP during the same period,rep

85、resenting just 0.15%share of total GDP growth in the U.S.36 MNOs rank 33 out of 138 sub-industries within the American economy in terms of all sub-industries share of GDP growth between 2011 and 2020 in the U.S.37 By comparison,wired telecommunications ranks 94 out of 138.Table 3 Total Core Wireless

86、 Industry,Select Economic Data 34 Bureau of Economic Analysis,Value Added by Industry,available at https:/apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=150&step=2&isuri=1&categories=ugdpxind.35 Id.36 Id.37 The most disaggregated industry category available in each industry group is used for the purpose of co

87、mparison,resulting in 138 industries.The category“Addenda”is excluded from this analysis.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employees Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employees Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employees2011$216.7$99.4238,071$5.6$2.328,337$222.3$101.7266,4082012$230.5$101.6230,101$7.2$3.031,547$237.7$104.6261,64820

88、13$238.2$118.3230,409$9.3$3.833,411$247.5$122.1263,8202014$256.9$117.8232,169$10.6$4.235,782$267.5$122.0267,9512015$261.6$126.3235,818$10.6$4.234,556$272.2$130.5270,3742016$265.2$130.9216,537$11.7$4.736,541$276.9$135.6253,0782017$263.8$131.4207,324$12.8$5.140,741$276.6$136.5248,0652018$281.5$147.720

89、6,855$13.9$5.540,215$295.4$153.2247,0702019$287.1$156.8188,639$15.4$6.335,355$302.5$163.1223,9942020$285.7$153.4179,460$18.0$7.238,356$303.7$160.6217,816Total$2,587.2$1,283.6$115.1$46.3$2,702.3$1,329.9Average$258.7$128.4216,538$11.5$4.635,484$270.2$133.0252,022Sources:Wireless CarriersWireless Resel

90、lersCore TotalGross Output:BEA,Gross Output by Industry;IMPLAN.Value Added(GDP):BEA,Value Added by Industry;IMPLAN.Employees:CTIA 2020 Indices Report,Table 17,Appendix B.IMPLAN,America Movil Quarter Filings;FCC Local Telephone Competition reports;FCC Voice Telephone Services reports.17 B.The Core Wi

91、reless Industry Employs a Large Number of People and Provides High-Wage Jobs The core wireless industry employed an average of 252,022 employees per year during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020.See Table 3.This average is comprised of 216,538 wireless network operators employees38 and an estimated 3

92、5,484 wireless reseller employees.39 The average weekly wage earned by wireless network operator employees is considerably higher than wages earned in the private sector broadly.The average weekly wage for employees of the wireless network operators was$1,880 in 2020,over 52%higher than the average

93、overall private sector weekly wage($1,236)in the same year.Average wages among employees of the wireless network operators have consistently been substantially higher than average private sector wages the entire decade spanning 2011 to 2020.See Figure 5.Moreover,the average weekly wage for employees

94、 of the wireless network operators in 2020 has been higher than the average private sector weekly wage for 45 out of 47 states with available data.40 This shows that the above-average wages to wireless network operator employees is shared by nearly all states in the U.S.,including relatively higher-

95、income states(e.g.,New York,California,and Washington)and relatively lower-income states(e.g.,Montana,Mississippi,and Idaho).Growth in the average weekly wage among employees of the wireless network operators also has outpaced the growth in wages in the overall private sector.The average weekly wage

96、 earned by employees of wireless network operators increased by$583(45%38 Unlike BLS estimates,CTIA employment figures for the wireless carriers include the types of positions that may be classified by the BLS into other sectors of the economy(such as call centers),as well as headquarters personnel.

97、39 MVNO employment figures are estimated by first calculating MVNO revenues(see n.31)as a share of total output from IMPLANs Satellite,telecommunications resellers,and all other telecommunications sector,and applied to IMPLANs employment estimates for this sector.40 BLS,Quarterly Census of Employmen

98、t and Wages.Average weekly wage data for the wireless telecommunications industry(wireless network operators)is not available from BLS for Delaware,North Dakota,and Vermont in 2020.Massachusetts and West Virginia had lower wireless average weekly wages compared to their respective average private se

99、ctor weekly wages in 2020.18 growth)between 2011 and 2020,while the average weekly wage of all private sectors increased by$316(34%growth)during the same period.See Figure 5.Figure 5 Average Weekly Wage,2011-2020 IV.THE CORE WIRELESS INDUSTRY GENERATES ADDITIONAL,SECONDARY BENEFITS TO THE AMERICAN E

100、CONOMY In addition to the direct positive effects of the core wireless industry on the American economy(described above),there are even greater secondary effects that result from spending by the core wireless industry throughout the supply chain and spending by employees of the core wireless industr

101、y and its supply chain.These secondary effects accounted for nearly$3.8 trillion in additional gross output and approximately$2.4 trillion in GDP during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,as well as over 1.5 million jobs on average per year during the same period.In 2020 alone,secondary effects genera

102、ted over$400 billion in gross output and nearly$289 billion in GDP,as well as over 1.6 million jobs on average each year.See Table 1 and Appendix A.$1,297$1,358$1,389$1,434$1,488$1,546$1,613$1,648$1,780$1,880$920$946$956$986$1,017$1,029$1,064$1,100$1,138$1,236$0$200$400$600$800$1,000$1,200$1,400$1,6

103、00$1,800$2,0002000020Wireless TelecommunicationsTotal PrivateSource:BLS,Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.19 A.The Core Wireless Industry Generates Additional Economic Output While the direct impact by itself is substantial,there are secondary,positive effects

104、 on economic output from the wireless industrynamely,indirect effects and induced effects.Indirect effects are the business-to-business purchases in the supply chain that stem from the initial input purchases by the core wireless industry.41 As the core wireless industry spends more for inputs from

105、its suppliers,such spending creates economic output from those suppliers.In turn,those suppliers of intermediate goods will also purchase more of their inputs.Induced effects primarily encompass spending by employees of the core wireless industry and employees of suppliers to the wireless industry.T

106、hat is,the induced effects are generated from spending by employees within the core wireless industrys supply chain on goods and services in the U.S.economy.42 A simplified example can be drawn from the deployment of 5G technology.The rollout of 5G requires considerable investment in new infrastruct

107、ure that will drive an increase in demand for broadcast and wireless communication equipment.To meet this higher demand,domestic broadband and wireless equipment producers will increase their production and purchase more inputs,such as semiconductors,printed circuits,and other electronic components.

108、This continues throughout the supply chain.Additionally,each of these industries in the supply chain may need to increase employment to meet the increase in demand,thereby increasing employee compensation and household income.This increase in household income can be spent throughout many sectors of

109、the U.S.economy.The indirect and induced effects continue throughout the economy in a diminishing manner due to leakages,such as demand fulfilled by imported goods or demand dampened by higher rates of household savings.Purchasing imported goods,either as an intermediate input to manufacturing,or as

110、 final goods and services,means that domestic producers do not increase production to meet demand,and therefore there are no“flow-through”effects from 41 Bureau of Economic Analysis,“RIMS II User Guide:An essential tool for regional developers and planners,”December 2013,available at https:/www.bea.

111、gov/sites/default/files/methodologies/RIMSII_User_Guide.pdf,pp.3-5,and G-2.42 Id.20 increased spending.Similarly,higher rates of household savings out of income,which result in less consumer spending out of income,will result in less of an increase in demand elsewhere in the economy.These leakages m

112、ultiply throughout the economy,such that,eventually,there is virtually no more effect from the initial industry stimulus.A way to estimate the secondary impact resulting from the wireless industry that is,induced and indirect effectsis by applying a multiplier to the core wireless industrys gross ou

113、tput.Appendix B provides details on this approach.Table 4 below provides the core wireless industrys total direct and secondary effects on gross output in the U.S.economy based on a multiplier approach.As described earlier,the direct effect is$2.7 trillion for the decade spanning 2011 to 2020.The es

114、timated secondary effects amount to nearly$3.8 trillion for the same period,reflecting$2.3 trillion from indirect effects and nearly$1.5 trillion from induced effects.The total effect on gross output generated during the decade is about$6.5 trillion,or$650 billion on average per year.Table 4 Estimat

115、ed Effects of the Core Wireless Industry on Gross Output Similarly,Table 5 illustrates the core wireless industrys total direct and secondary effects on value added(GDP)in the U.S.economy.As described earlier,during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the core wireless industry has directly contributed

116、$1.3 trillion to U.S.GDP.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$2.4 trillion,reflecting Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Total($B)2011$216.7$182.6$123.8$5.6$4.9$6.2$222.3$187.6$130.0$539.92012$230.5$201.0$134.4$7.2$6.

117、4$7.4$237.7$207.4$141.8$586.92013$238.2$193.4$131.2$9.3$8.2$8.3$247.5$201.6$139.5$588.62014$256.9$225.0$147.5$10.6$9.4$9.3$267.5$234.4$156.8$658.62015$261.6$222.8$141.7$10.6$9.3$9.0$272.2$232.1$150.6$654.92016$265.2$227.1$141.5$11.7$10.4$9.4$276.9$237.5$151.0$665.42017$263.8$229.3$139.4$12.8$11.4$10

118、.5$276.6$240.8$149.9$667.32018$281.5$247.2$147.2$13.9$12.5$10.9$295.4$259.7$158.1$713.22019$287.1$240.5$142.8$15.4$13.5$12.0$302.5$253.9$154.8$711.32020$285.7$243.7$134.8$18.0$15.8$13.0$303.7$259.5$147.8$711.0Total$2,587.2$2,212.6$1,384.4$115.1$101.8$95.9$2,702.3$2,314.4$1,480.3$6,497.0Average$258.7

119、$221.3$138.4$11.5$10.2$9.6$270.2$231.4$148.0$649.7Sources:Wireless CarriersWireless ResellersCore TotalBEA,Gross Output by Industry;IMPLAN.IMPLAN,America Movil Quarter Filings;FCC Local Telephone Competition reports;FCC Voice Telephone Services reports.21 nearly$1.5 trillion in indirect effects and$

120、960 billion in induced effects.During the decade,the core wireless industry contributed a grand total of over$3.76 trillion to GDP in the U.S.,or about$376 billion on average per year.Table 5-Estimated Effects of the Wireless Industry on Value Added(GDP)B.The Core Wireless Industry Contributes Signi

121、ficantly to the Employment of People in Other Industries As described earlier,during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the core wireless industry employed over 252,000 workers per year on average.The impact of the core wireless industry goes beyond this direct effect on the U.S.economy.There also are

122、 secondary effectsboth indirect and inducedthat the industry is responsible for with respect to employment.Indirect effects capture the employment effects of business-to-business transactions throughout the supply chain,while induced effects capture the employment effects stemming from increased hou

123、sehold demand for goods and services in the economy as employment and incomes increase.Table 6 provides the core wireless industrys direct,indirect,and induced effects on employment in the U.S.economy.Direct employment in the core wireless industry is 252,022 employees on average during the decade s

124、panning 2011 to 2020.The estimated secondary effects amount to over 1.56 million employees on average each year during the Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Direct($B)Indirect($B)Induced($B)Total($B)2011$99.4$103.7$72.7$2.3$2.7$3.4$101.7$106.4$76.1$284.22012$101.6$113

125、.8$77.9$3.0$3.4$4.0$104.6$117.3$81.9$303.82013$118.3$114.5$78.9$3.8$4.4$4.5$122.1$118.9$83.4$324.52014$117.8$135.0$91.1$4.2$5.1$5.1$122.0$140.1$96.2$358.32015$126.3$138.4$90.1$4.2$5.1$5.0$130.5$143.5$95.1$369.12016$130.9$144.7$93.3$4.7$5.7$5.3$135.6$150.4$98.6$384.62017$131.4$149.1$93.7$5.1$6.2$5.8$

126、136.5$155.4$99.6$391.42018$147.7$177.6$108.7$5.5$6.8$6.1$153.2$184.4$114.8$452.32019$156.8$165.1$101.6$6.3$7.4$6.7$163.1$172.4$108.3$443.82020$153.4$173.6$99.0$7.2$8.7$7.4$160.6$182.3$106.3$449.2Total$1,283.6$1,415.5$906.8$46.3$55.6$53.5$1,329.9$1,471.1$960.3$3,761.3Average$128.4$141.6$90.7$4.6$5.6$

127、5.3$133.0$147.1$96.0$376.1Sources:Wireless CarriersWireless ResellersCore TotalBEA,Value Added by Industry;IMPLAN.IMPLAN,America Movil Quarter Filings;FCC Local Telephone Competition reports;FCC Voice Telephone Services reports.22 same period,including 865,764 and 702,247 additional employees from i

128、ndirect and induced effects,respectively.Together,the total employment effects on the U.S.economy from the core wireless industry is over 1.8 million employees on average each year during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020.43 Table 6 Estimated Effects of the Core Wireless Industry on Employment V.THER

129、E ARE BROADER,DOWNSTREAM ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM WIRELESS AND MOBILE BROADBAND SERVICES The services offered by the core wireless industryin particular mobile BB powered by licensed spectrumare an important contributing factor to the growth of many sectors in the U.S.economy,including mobile devices,

130、IT,the app economy,as well as education and 43 There are differences in the numbers of wireless carrier employees reported by CTIA and the BLS.BLS does not include employees working in positions that may be classified as part of other sectors of the economy(e.g.,call centers)or headquarters personne

131、l.For the current analysis,CTIA data are relied on for the total number of wireless carrier employees.Because part of these figures may fall under different industries within IMPLANs multipliers database,a more conservative set of multipliers is applied to the remaining CTIA employment figures that

132、exceed BLS estimates to measure indirect and induced employment effects.That is,two sets of multipliers are used to estimate secondary employment effects of the wireless carriers:Multipliers from IMPLANs Wireless telecommunications carriers(except satellite)industry are applied to the portion of emp

133、loyment that is equal in size to BLS estimates,and the remaining employment that makes up the rest of CTIAs estimates is instead applied with smaller multiplier values to conservatively estimate the total effects from indirect and induced employment from wireless carriers.DirectIndirectInducedDirect

134、IndirectInducedDirectIndirectInducedTotal2011238,071750,582634,72328,33725,70341,537266,408776,285676,2611,718,9532012230,101803,619663,47731,54732,40248,000261,648836,021711,4771,809,1452013230,409771,528647,68333,41140,61753,374263,820812,146701,0561,777,0222014232,169824,340670,47535,78246,60458,

135、468267,951870,944728,9431,867,8382015235,818829,157671,55934,55645,38855,980270,374874,545727,5391,872,4592016216,537815,203643,97136,54149,86958,749253,078865,072702,7201,820,8692017207,324799,513613,99540,74153,92863,186248,065853,441677,1811,778,6862018206,855826,926631,15840,21555,41763,806247,0

136、70882,343694,9641,824,3782019188,639863,930644,23635,35557,52268,428223,994921,451712,6641,858,1102020179,460898,028616,21238,35667,36173,458217,816965,389689,6701,872,874Average216,538818,282643,74935,48447,48158,499252,022865,764702,2471,820,033Sources:Wireless CarriersWireless ResellersCore Total

137、BLS,CEU5051731201;CTIA 2020 Indices Report,Table 17 and Appendix B;IMPLAN.IMPLAN;America Movil Quarter Filings;FCC Local Telephone Competition reports;FCC Voice Telephone Services reports.23 health care,among other sectors.As general-purpose technologies,wireless and mobile BB services have been abl

138、e to transform the economy,broadly promoting economic growth in the U.S.This section quantifies the output and employment of selected downstream industries,including social networking,mobile gaming,smartphone app developers,search engines,and digital advertising agencies.These industries sell goods

139、and services that are highly reliant on wireless and BB services,and thus would not be what they are today without the wireless and mobile BB infrastructure created by MNOs.Including direct and secondary effects,during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,these industries accounted for nearly$3 trillion

140、 in gross output,contributed over$1.6 trillion in GDP to the U.S.economy,and employed an annual average of 1.25 million workers in the U.S.44 In 2020 alone,these industries generated over$600 billion in gross output and over$375 billion in GDP,as well as nearly 2.6 million jobs.See Table 1 and Appen

141、dix A.It is important to note that there are substantial benefits to the broader economy not quantified in the analyses presented here.Several other sectors of the American economy also will continue to benefit from enhanced wireless and mobile BB services,including,e.g.,the healthcare sector,45 fin

142、ancial services,46 and energy,47 to name a few.The additional benefits to the American economy from these sectors and many others,driven in part by wireless and mobile BB services,could represent hundreds of billions in additional gross output and GDP,as well as millions of workers,that are not capt

143、ured in the analyses 44 Includes indirect and induced effects from downstream industries on the U.S.economy.45 See,e.g.,PwC,“5G in healthcare,”available at https:/ See,e.g.,Oracle,“Accelerating the next generation of financial services with 5G,”May 10,2022,available at https:/ See,e.g.,Dash Energy,“

144、What Does 5G Mean For The Energy Sector?”available at https:/dash.energy/2022/02/17/what-does-5g-mean-for-the-energy-sector/.24 presented below.Thus,the estimates of the benefits to the American economy from the wireless industry presented in this study should be considered to be a lower bound.A.Soc

145、ial Networking Sites The social networking industry has benefitted significantly from mobile BB and an uptake in smartphone use.Facebook has noted that“the most important factor driving advertising revenue growth was an increase in revenue from ads on mobile devices.”48 In 2012,mobile advertising re

146、venue made up approximately 11%of Facebooks advertising revenue;by 2018,it had reached approximately 92%.49 As of December 2021,Facebook(excluding WhatsApp and Instagram)had 2.9 billion monthly active users(MAUs)worldwide.50 Mobiles share of Facebooks worldwide MAUs grew from 28%in December 2009 to

147、91%in December 2015.51 Similarly,Twitter has noted that“mobile has become the primary driver of our business.Our mobile products are critical to the value we create for our users,and they enable our users to create,distribute and discover content in the moment and on-the-go.”52 In the three months e

148、nding December 2013,76%of Twitters average MAUs accessed the platform from a mobile device and over 75%of its advertising revenue was generated from mobile devices.53 By December 2018,93%of Twitters advertising revenue was generated from mobile devices.54 Moreover,Pinterest also has documented the i

149、mportance of mobile 48 Facebook Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2018,p.44.49 Facebook Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2012,p.47;Facebook Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2018,p.44.50 Facebook,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year

150、ended December 31,2021,p.57.51 Facebook Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2015,pp.35-36;Facebook Inc.,SEC From 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2012,pp.37,39.Facebook does not provide data on worldwide mobile MAUs after 2015.52 Twitter,Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fisc

151、al year ended December 31,2013,p.6.53 Id.54 Twitter,Inc.,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2018,p.35.25 devicesnamely that 85%of its 400 million MAUs access its platform via a mobile device.55 As the increasing number of mobile internet connections has encouraged companies and thei

152、r advertisers to target mobile devices,mobile revenues for the social networking industry have increased from approximately$500 million in 2012 to$53.3 billion in 2020 in the U.S.56 The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$286.6 billion,reflecting$137.3 billion in indirect effects and

153、$149.3 billion in induced effects.57 During the period spanning 2012 to 2020,the social networking industry(mobile)has generated a combined total of$484 billion in gross output in the U.S.58 See Table 7.The industrys value added(GDP)from mobile grew from$200 million in 2012 to$33.7 billion in 2020.D

154、uring the period spanning 2012 to 2020,the social networking industry contributed$133 billion to GDP in the U.S.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$252.8 billion,reflecting$122.2 billion in indirect effects and$130.6 billion in induced effects.During the period spanning 2012 to 2

155、020,the social networking industry(mobile)has contributed a combined total of nearly$386 billion to GDP in the U.S.See Table 7.During 2012 to 2020,the social networking industry employed an average of 38,087 workers per year that is estimated to be attributable to the mobile segment.Including second

156、ary effects,this amounts to an additional 381,056 workers,reflecting 178,226 in indirect employment and 202,830 in induced employment.Within the period,the mobile 55 Pinterest,“A brief history,”available at https:/ To estimate this industrys gross output,value added(GDP),and employment attributable

157、to mobile wireless,Facebooks reported mobile ad revenue as a share of total ad revenues is applied to revenue,GDP,and employment data,respectively,from IBISWorld.57 Indirect and induced effects are estimated by using multipliers from IMPLANs Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portal

158、s industry,which includes social networking sites.See IMPLAN,546 Industries,Conversions,Bridges,&Construction-2018 Data,available at https:/ In 2011,the share of Facebook mobile ad revenues is negligible.26 social networking industry contributed nearly 420,000 workers to total employment in the U.S.

159、See Table 7.Table 7 Social Networking Sites Selected Economic Data B.Mobile Gaming As mobile internet connections and the demand for smartphones have increased,so too has the demand for mobile games.59 In the U.S.,revenues from the mobile segment of video games publishers reached$19.1 billion in 202

160、0,over a 600%increase from$2.6 billion in 2011.60 Gross output from the mobile gaming industry during 2011 to 2020 was over$100 billion.The estimated secondary effects contribute an additional$75 billion,reflecting$13.5 billion in indirect effects and$61.5 billion in induced effects.61 During the 59

161、 IBISWorld,Video Game Software Publishing in the US,July 2022,p.9.60 IBISWorld,Video Game Software Publishing in the US,July 2022,p.49;IDC,Gaming Spotlight 2022 Review,p.4.Mobile gamings shares of the total video games publishing industry are calculated by applying IDCs reported share of consumer sp

162、ending from mobile gaming to IBISWorld figures.61 Indirect and induced effects are estimated by using multipliers from IMPLANs Software publishers industry,which includes video game publishers.See IMPLAN,546 Industries,Conversions,Bridges,&Construction-2018 Data,available at https:/ Indirect Induced

163、TotalDirect Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotal2011-2012$0.5$0.4$0.4$1.3$0.2$0.3$0.3$0.81,0656,0405,90713,0122013$2.8$2.3$2.5$7.5$1.7$1.9$2.1$5.66,09729,72934,64270,4682014$6.3$4.9$5.2$16.4$4.2$4.3$4.6$13.113,89462,90971,947148,7502015$11.1$8.3$9.1$28.4$6.7$6.7$7.3$20.722,38999,292115,

164、581237,2622016$17.7$12.9$14.1$44.7$11.8$11.4$12.4$35.633,312153,544178,020364,8752017$25.5$18.1$19.7$63.3$19.4$17.8$19.2$56.446,583216,910247,797511,2892018$34.7$20.0$24.0$78.7$25.6$16.2$19.0$60.858,672220,230283,314562,2162019$45.4$34.4$35.7$115.5$29.6$32.6$33.4$95.673,313381,333415,048869,6942020$

165、53.3$36.1$38.6$128.0$33.7$31.1$32.4$97.287,457434,050473,215994,722Total$197.4$137.3$149.3$484.0$133.0$122.2$130.6$385.9Average$21.9$15.3$16.6$53.8$14.8$13.6$14.5$42.938,087 178,226 202,830 419,143Sources:IBISWorld Report;IMPLAN;Facebook Annual Reports.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 27 decade spa

166、nning 2011 to 2020,the mobile games publishing industry has generated a combined total of over$176 billion in gross output in the U.S.See Table 8.The industrys value added(GDP)grew from approximately$600 million in 2011 to$6.8 billion in 2020.During the same period,the estimated secondary effects am

167、ount to an additional$16.1 billion,reflecting$2.9 billion in indirect effects and$13.2 billion in induced effects.During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,this industry has contributed a combined total of nearly$51 billion in GDP to the U.S.economy.See Table 8.During the decade,the mobile games publi

168、shing industry employed an average of 32,587 workers each year.Including secondary effects,this amounts to an additional 63,358 workers,reflecting 10,902 in indirect employment and 52,456 in induced employment.During 2011 to 2020,the mobile games publishing industry contributed an annual average of

169、nearly 96,000 employees.See Table 8.Table 8 Mobile Video Games Publishers Select Economic Data It is noteworthy that the importance of the mobile gaming industry is emphasized through various discussions and reported figures from game companies in the U.S.Activision Blizzard has noted the importance

170、 of mobile gaming,explaining that the mobile Direct Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotal2011$2.6$0.6$1.6$4.8$0.6$0.1$0.3$1.03,5672,3016,91912,7872012$3.6$0.7$2.2$6.5$1.0$0.1$0.4$1.56,1643,25811,15620,5782013$5.0$1.0$3.0$9.0$1.5$0.2$0.6$2.310,6515,96019,59436,

171、2042014$6.2$1.2$3.8$11.1$1.8$0.2$0.7$2.713,9457,46725,46246,8742015$8.1$1.3$5.1$14.5$2.6$0.3$1.1$4.022,9259,80940,43273,1662016$10.2$1.6$6.3$18.1$3.5$0.4$1.4$5.237,40915,54263,442116,3932017$13.3$1.6$8.1$23.0$4.9$0.4$1.9$7.155,84316,35588,287160,4862018$15.4$2.4$9.2$27.1$5.7$0.6$2.2$8.455,17123,0529

172、4,954173,1772019$17.5$1.6$10.8$29.8$6.1$0.3$2.3$8.858,93012,11786,289157,3352020$19.1$1.8$11.4$32.2$6.8$0.4$2.5$9.761,26513,16088,024162,449Total$101.1$13.5$61.5$176.1$34.4$2.9$13.2$50.6Average$10.1$1.4$6.2$17.6$3.4$0.3$1.3$5.132,58710,90252,45695,945Sources:IBISWorld Report;IMPLAN;IDC Gaming Spotli

173、ght 2022 Review.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 28 segment was“the largest and fastest growing platform.”62 Activision Blizzards global revenue from their“Mobile and ancillary”category63 was approximately$3.2 billion in 2021,growing substantially from$703 million in 2012.64 Mobile and ancillary is

174、 the companys largest source of revenues as of 2021.65 Another example is Roblox Corporation,which developed the Roblox gaming platform.As of Q4 2021,there were about 11.2 million daily active users(DAUs)in the U.S.and Canada,a significant increase compared to 4.4 million DAUs as of Q1 2018.66 About

175、 75%of global users access the Roblox gaming platform through their mobile devices.67 Mobile gaming is expected to grow with the emergence of 5G mobile BB technology.The increased capabilities provided by 5G will result in faster speeds,lower latency,and seamless,portable gameplay.68 According to Ve

176、rizon,the latency of 5G is expected to be“significantly lower”than with 4G.Verizon further explains 5G will provide smoother 62 Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.4.63 Net revenues from“Mobile and ancillary”include revenues from mobile devices,as well as n

177、on-platform-specific game-related revenues,such as standalone sales of toys and accessories.Blizzard has explained that revenue increases in this segment between 2017 to 2021 are mainly attributable to in-game ads and purchases and increased monetization in their mobile games,such as Candy Crush and

178、 Call of Duty.See Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.51;Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2019,p.45;Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2018,p.56.64 Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K

179、,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.51;Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2014,p.62.In 2021,the Americas region represented 56%of the companys net revenues.See Activision Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.F-33.65 Activi

180、sion Blizzard,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.51.66 ROBLOX Corporation,SEC Form 10-K,for the fiscal year ended December 31,2021,p.75.67 Id.,p.9.68 Verizon,“5G Gaming:What can we expect from a 5G network for gaming?”available at https:/ gameplay even with large numbers of u

181、sers on the network.69 These improvements in user experience attributable to advances in mobile BB will drive increased consumer demand for mobile gaming,resulting in additional future output and employment in the U.S.C.Smartphone App Developers Smartphone app developers have benefitted immensely fr

182、om mobile BB adoption in the U.S.IBISWorld notes that“as the number of mobile internet connections rises,so does the number of smartphones,”and“the smartphones instant popularity and high adoption rate among consumers has prompted high demand for developers to introduce new apps.”70 As described ear

183、lier,the number of active smartphones in the U.S.has grown from 111.5 million to 296.1 million(a 2.7-fold increase)between 2011 and 2020.Pew Research notes that the share of adults in the U.S.who own a smartphone increased from 35%in 2011 to 85%in 2021.71 As 5G adoption accelerates,consumer uptake o

184、f 5G-enabled smartphones will facilitate even greater usage of mobile apps.As noted by IBISWorld,“the proliferation of smartphone devices with application capabilities as a key part of daily life for consumers and businesses had facilitated substantial revenue growth over the five years to 2022.”72

185、The estimated revenue attributable to smartphone app developers increased from$10.1 billion in 2011 to$150.8 billion in 2020 in the U.S.Gross output from the industry during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020 was nearly$825 billion.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$613.2 billion,

186、comprised of$110.3 billion in indirect effects 69 Id.70 IBISWorld,Smartphone App Developers,June 2022,pp.9-10.71 Pew Research,“Mobile Fact Sheet,”April 7,2021,available at https:/www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/mobile/.72 IBISWorld,Smartphone App Developers,June 2022,p.11.30 and$502.9 billio

187、n in induced effects.73 During 2011 to 2020,smartphone app developers have generated a combined total of approximately$1.4 trillion in gross output in the U.S.See Table 9.The industrys value added(GDP)grew from$3.5 billion in 2011 to$87 billion in 2020.The industry contributed nearly$364 billion to

188、GDP during 2011 to 2020.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$170 billion in GDP,comprised of$30 billion in indirect effects and$140 billion in induced effects.During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,smartphone app developers have contributed a combined total of nearly$534 billion

189、to GDP in the U.S.See Table 9.During 2011 to 2020,smartphone app developers employed an annual average of 157,773 workers.With secondary effects included,this amounts to an additional 311,043 workers,reflecting 54,755 in indirect employment and 256,288 in induced employment.In total,the industry con

190、tributed an annual average of nearly 469,000 workers.See Table 9.Table 9 Smartphone App Developers Select Economic Data 73 Indirect and induced effects are estimated by using multipliers from IMPLANs Software publishers industry.See IMPLAN,546 Industries,Conversions,Bridges,&Construction-2018 Data,a

191、vailable at https:/ Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotal2011$10.1$2.2$6.2$18.5$3.5$0.5$1.5$5.518,72312,07836,31667,1172012$19.1$3.5$11.5$34.1$6.8$0.8$2.7$10.335,66418,85064,550119,0642013$36.1$6.8$21.8$64.7$13.1$1.7$5.2$20.067,93538,012124,977230,9242014$46.9

192、$8.8$28.8$84.5$17.0$2.1$6.8$25.983,90544,931153,203282,0392015$88.7$14.2$55.9$158.8$32.8$3.4$13.3$49.5159,82768,386281,877510,0902016$104.8$16.7$64.5$186.0$40.5$4.2$16.2$60.9197,55582,075335,032614,6622017$113.9$13.7$69.6$197.2$47.3$3.6$17.9$68.8233,29268,325368,829670,4462018$122.4$18.9$73.2$214.5$

193、51.0$5.2$19.8$76.0243,711101,832419,450764,9932019$132.0$11.8$81.3$225.0$64.7$3.5$24.2$92.5251,73551,761368,608672,1032020$150.8$13.9$90.0$254.7$87.0$5.0$32.2$124.3285,38761,301410,042756,729Total$824.7$110.3$502.9$1,437.9$363.7$30.1$139.8$533.6Average$82.5$11.0$50.3$143.8$36.4$3.0$14.0$53.4157,773

194、54,755 256,288 468,817Sources:IBISWorld Report;IMPLAN.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 31 D.Search Engines Like many web-related industries,consumers are shifting their activities on search engines towards mobile platforms.IBISWorld notes that“the number of mobile internet connections and search en

195、gine usage on mobile platforms is becoming an increasingly important demand determinant for industry operators.Google reported that more searches took place on the site through mobile platforms than on desktop computers for the first time in 2015,a proportion that has risen significantly since,as we

196、ll.”74 One study reports that by 2019,about 63%of Googles organic search traffic in the U.S.originated from mobile devices.75 This is a significant increase when compared to Comscore estimates suggesting that U.S.mobile queries were only about 25%of total search volumes as of Q4 2013.76 As the share

197、 of mobile searches has grown,estimated mobile revenue for the search engine industry in the U.S.has grown over 10-fold from$6.2 billion in 2011 to$64.2 billion in 2020.77 For the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,gross output was$289 billion.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$426 bi

198、llion,comprised of$204.9 billion in indirect effects and$221.1 billion in induced effects.78 During the decade spanning 2011 74 IBISWorld,Search Engines in the US,June 2022,p.18.75 Oberlo,“10 Google Search Statistics You Need to Know in 2022,”January 2,2022,available at https:/ Search Engine Land,“I

199、ts Official:Google Says More Searches Now On Mobile Than On Desktop,”May 5,2015,available at https:/ For the purpose of attributing share of online searches to mobile,Comscores estimates are used as a baseline for 2013 and 2014 and Oberlos reported estimates are used for 2019.Using these two sources

200、,the compounded annual growth rate for the shares between 2013 and 2019 is used to estimate the share of mobile searches for the remaining years with insufficient data(2011-2012,and 2015-2018.)To be conservative,the share for 2020 is assumed to be the same as 2019.Calculated shares of online searche

201、s from mobile are then applied to revenues,GDP,and employment data,respectively,from IBISWorld.78 Indirect and induced effects are estimated by using multipliers from IMPLANs Internet publishing and broadcasting and web search portals industry.See IMPLAN,546 Industries,Conversions,Bridges,&Construct

202、ion-2018 Data,available at https:/ to 2020,the mobile search engine industry has generated a combined total of about$715 billion in gross output in the U.S.See Table 10.The industrys value added(GDP)grew from$4 billion in 2011 to$44.6 billion in 2020.During 2011 to 2020,the search engine industry co

203、ntributed nearly$194 billion to GDP in the U.S.The estimated secondary effects resulted in an additional$379.3 billion,reflecting$184.1 billion in indirect effects and$195.2 billion in induced effects.During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the industry contributed a total of 573 billion to GDP in t

204、he U.S.See Table 10.Between 2011 and 2020,the mobile search engine industry employed an average of 22,679 workers each year.Secondary effects add 227,071 workers,comprised of 106,510 workers in indirect employment and 120,561 workers in induced employment.During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the

205、industry contributed an average of 249,751 workers to total employment in U.S.economy each year.See Table 10.Table 10 Search Engines Select Economic Data E.Digital Advertising Agencies The digital advertising landscape also has shifted towards mobile advertising.PwCs Internet Advertising Revenue Rep

206、ort notes that digital advertising revenue has grown from$31.7 billion to$139.8 billion between 2011 and 2020,and mobile advertising revenue as a Direct Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotal2011$6.2$4.7$4.5$15.5$4.0$3.8$3.7$11.66,07926,98027,94161,0012012$8.5$

207、7.7$7.1$23.3$5.7$8.5$7.8$22.07,97545,21844,22897,4222013$11.7$9.3$10.3$31.3$8.0$8.8$9.7$26.510,46351,02059,451120,9342014$14.7$11.3$12.1$38.1$9.5$9.7$10.5$29.713,51361,18069,970144,6622015$19.2$14.4$15.8$49.4$12.3$12.3$13.4$38.116,70574,08386,237177,0242016$26.4$19.2$20.9$66.5$17.4$16.7$18.1$52.221,

208、64399,759115,662237,0642017$34.2$24.2$26.4$84.8$23.1$21.2$22.8$67.127,680128,890147,243303,8132018$44.9$25.9$31.1$101.9$30.0$19.0$22.3$71.434,157128,210164,935327,3022019$59.0$44.7$46.4$150.1$39.0$43.0$44.1$126.142,573221,440241,019505,0312020$64.2$43.4$46.4$154.0$44.6$41.1$42.7$128.446,005228,32424

209、8,926523,255Total$289.0$204.9$221.1$714.9$193.7$184.1$195.2$573.0Average$28.9$20.5$22.1$71.5$19.4$18.4$19.5$57.322,679 106,510 120,561 249,751Sources:IBISWorld Report;IMPLAN;Oberlo;Comscore.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 33 share of total digital advertising revenue grew from 5%to 70%during the s

210、ame period.79 As a result,digital advertising agencies are expected to increasingly adapt their business strategies towards a mobile-oriented marketplace.IBISWorld notes that“the shift from desktop to mobile has bolstered demand for digital advertising agency industry services,”and that“mobile adver

211、tising is growing fast in the internet age,and companies are continuing to invest strongly in the format.This trend is facilitated by the number of mobile internet connections,which is expected to increase over the five years to 2027.”80 Between 2011 and 2020,mobile revenue from digital advertising

212、agencies grew from approximately$200 million to$19.2 billion.81 During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,gross output from this industry was$66.8 billion.Secondary effects added$100.3 billion in output to the economy,comprised of$38.8 billion in indirect effects and$61.5 billion in induced effects.82

213、 For the decade,mobile digital advertising agencies generated a total of over$167 billion in gross output in the U.S.See Table 11.The industrys value added(GDP)attributable to mobile grew from about$100 million in 2011 to$7.5 billion in 2020.During the decade spanning 2011 to 2020,the industrys cont

214、ribution to GDP amounted to$28.7 billion.The estimated secondary effects amount to an additional$39.4 billion,reflecting$15.2 billion in indirect effects and$24.2 billion in induced effects.During the decade,this industry has contributed a total of over$68 billion to GDP in the U.S.See Table 11.79 P

215、wC,Internet Advertising Revenue Report 2020,April 2022,available at https:/ IBISWorld,Digital Advertising Agencies,October 2022,pp.10,13.81 Mobiles shares of digital advertising agencies are calculated by applying PwCs reported shares of digital advertising revenues from mobile(see n.79),to revenue,

216、GDP,and employment data respectively,from IBISWorld.82 Indirect and induced effects are estimated by using multipliers from IMPLANs Advertising,public relations,and related services industry.See IMPLAN,546 Industries,Conversions,Bridges,&Construction-2018 Data,available at https:/ During the same de

217、cade,mobile digital advertising agencies employed an annual average of 22,949 workers.Including secondary effects results in an additional 37,730 workers employed in the economy,comprised of 14,865 workers from indirect employment and 22,865 workers from induced employment.In total,the industry cont

218、ributed an annual average of 60,680 workers in the U.S.See Table 11.Table 11 Digital Advertising Agencies Select Economic Data VI.CONCLUSION Wireless telecommunications services,including mobile broadband,have grown substantially in the U.S.,attributable to extensive investments made by mobile netwo

219、rk operators to both acquire licensed spectrum and to deploy the spectrum with the necessary wireless infrastructure.This has led to more wireless connections,higher coverage throughout the U.S.(including to populations in rural areas),higher mobile broadband data usage,lower service prices,faster m

220、obile broadband speeds,and greater consumer satisfaction with wireless services.Several projections and forecasts suggest that the demand for mobile broadband,fueled by 5G technologies,will continue to grow in the coming years.The wireless industryincluding the core industry(wireless carriers and re

221、sellers),the wireless supply chain,and certain downstream industries that are highly reliant on wireless and mobile broadband serviceshas generated an estimated$9.5 trillion in gross output during the decade spanning 2011 to 2020 in the U.S.,enabled by extensive Direct Indirect InducedTotalDirect In

222、direct InducedTotalDirect Indirect InducedTotal2011$0.2$0.1$0.2$0.4$0.1$0.0$0.1$0.28246249482,3962012$0.4$0.2$0.4$1.1$0.2$0.1$0.2$0.61,9831,4392,2555,6762013$1.1$0.6$1.1$2.9$0.6$0.3$0.5$1.44,7723,4215,37613,5682014$2.0$1.1$2.0$5.1$1.0$0.5$0.9$2.48,2765,8569,09423,2262015$3.4$1.9$3.3$8.6$1.6$0.8$1.4$

223、3.913,4199,33214,46037,2112016$6.2$3.8$6.1$16.0$3.0$1.7$2.8$7.523,86118,46127,05169,3732017$8.5$5.3$8.3$22.0$3.8$2.2$3.5$9.530,87124,27033,81488,9552018$11.7$7.0$11.2$29.9$5.0$2.8$4.4$12.139,49828,83042,091110,4192019$14.2$9.0$13.0$36.2$5.9$3.5$5.1$14.546,60528,42744,931119,9622020$19.2$9.7$16.0$44.

224、9$7.5$3.3$5.4$16.259,38327,99448,632136,010Total$66.8$38.8$61.5$167.2$28.7$15.2$24.2$68.2Average$6.7$3.9$6.2$16.7$2.9$1.5$2.4$6.822,94914,86522,86560,680Sources:IBISWorld Report;IMPLAN;PwC IAB Report 2021.Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 35 investments in licensed spectrum and wireless infrastructu

225、re.It also has contributed$5.4 trillion to GDP during the decade,and contributed an annual average of more than three million jobs to the American economy.In 2020 alone,the wireless industry generated over$1.3 trillion in gross output,$825 billion in GDP,and nearly 4.5 million jobs.For the wireless

226、industry to continue to provide these considerable,widespread positive effects to the American economy,it is necessary to provide mobile network operators access to dedicated,licensed spectrum.It is also important to allow potential licensees to compete to acquire the spectrum licenses,and,once acqu

227、ired,to allow the licensees to determine the optimal allocation and usage of that spectrum in the economy based on economic market forces.This will promote economic efficiency in the distribution and allocation of spectruma scarce resourceand will allow the wireless industry to continue to grow and

228、provide numerous,substantial economic benefits to the American economy.36 About the Author Aren Megerdichian is an Executive Vice President at Compass Lexecon.He conducts economic analyses on behalf of clients on a wide range of matters involving litigation and regulatory investigations.Dr.Megerdich

229、ian has applied his expertise in econometrics and forecasting,demand estimation,oligopoly pricing models,and competition policy to numerous cases involving mergers,regulatory proceedings,price fixing,and damages.Dr.Megerdichian has submitted white papers and declarations to the FCC and DOJ,presented

230、 to the FTC and DOJ on the potential competitive effects of mergers,and has submitted expert reports and testified in U.S.District Court.Prior to joining Compass Lexecon,Dr.Megerdichian was an Associate Lecturer with the College of Business at San Diego State University and Teaching Associate and Le

231、cturer with the Department of Economics at the University of California,San Diego.He holds a Ph.D.in Economics from the University of California,San Diego.Dr.Megerdichian was supported during this engagement by Rob Foley(Economist;Bachelor of Commerce(Hons),Economics,University of Otago),Akawin Tanj

232、itpiyanond(Senior Analyst;Bachelor of Arts,Economics,Cornell University),and Yu Zhu(Senior Analyst;Master of Science,Economics,Georgetown University),with additional consulting support from Lily Chen(Vice President;Ph.D.,Economics,University of California,San Diego).37 APPENDIX A:ADDITIONAL TABLES S

233、UMMARIZING GROSS OUTPUT,GDP,AND EMPLOYMENT Total CY 2011-2020DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$2,587.2$2,212.6$1,384.4$6,184.2$1,283.6$1,415.5$906.8$3,606.0216,538 818,282 643,749 1,678,570 Wireless Resellers$115.1$101.8$95

234、.9$312.8$46.3$55.6$53.5$155.435,484 47,481 58,499 141,464 Total Core$2,702.3$2,314.4$1,480.3$6,497.0$1,329.9$1,471.1$960.3$3,761.3252,022 865,764 702,247 1,820,033 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$101.1$13.5$61.5$176.1$34.4$2.9$13.2$50.632,587 10,902 52,456 95,945 Social Networking Sites$197.4$13

235、7.3$149.3$484.0$133.0$122.2$130.6$385.934,278 160,404 182,547 377,229 Smartphone App Developers$824.7$110.3$502.9$1,437.9$363.7$30.1$139.8$533.6157,773 54,755 256,288 468,817 Search Engines$289.0$204.9$221.1$714.9$193.7$184.1$195.2$573.022,679 106,510 120,561 249,751 Digital Advertising Agencies$66.

236、8$38.8$61.5$167.2$28.7$15.2$24.2$68.222,949 14,865 22,865 60,680 Total Downstream$1,478.9$504.8$996.4$2,980.1$753.5$354.6$503.1$1,611.3270,267 347,436 634,718 1,252,421 Total$4,181.2$2,819.2$2,476.7$9,477.1$2,083.5$1,825.8$1,463.4$5,372.6522,289 1,213,200 1,336,965 3,072,454 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)E

237、mployment(Annual Average)CY 2020DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$285.7$243.7$134.8$664.2$153.4$173.6$99.0$425.9179,460 898,028 616,212 1,693,699 Wireless Resellers$18.0$15.8$13.0$46.8$7.2$8.7$7.4$23.338,356 67,361 73,458 1

238、79,175 Total Core$303.7$259.5$147.8$711.0$160.6$182.3$106.3$449.2217,816 965,389 689,670 1,872,874 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$19.1$1.8$11.4$32.2$6.8$0.4$2.5$9.761,265 13,160 88,024 162,449 Social Networking Sites$53.3$36.1$38.6$128.0$33.7$31.1$32.4$97.287,457 434,050 473,215 994,722 Smartph

239、one App Developers$150.8$13.9$90.0$254.7$87.0$5.0$32.2$124.3285,387 61,301 410,042 756,729 Search Engines$64.2$43.4$46.4$154.0$44.6$41.1$42.7$128.446,005 228,324 248,926 523,255 Digital Advertising Agencies$19.2$9.7$16.0$44.9$7.5$3.3$5.4$16.259,383 27,994 48,632 136,010 Total Downstream$306.5$104.8$

240、202.4$613.8$179.6$80.9$115.3$375.8539,497 764,829 1,268,839 2,573,165 Total$610.2$364.3$350.2$1,324.7$340.2$263.2$221.6$825.0757,313 1,730,218 1,958,509 4,446,039 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2019DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWire

241、less Carriers$287.1$240.5$142.8$670.3$156.8$165.1$101.6$423.4188,639 863,930 644,236 1,696,804 Wireless Resellers$15.4$13.5$12.0$40.9$6.3$7.4$6.7$20.435,355 57,522 68,428 161,305 Total Core$302.5$253.9$154.8$711.3$163.1$172.4$108.3$443.8223,994 921,451 712,664 1,858,110 DownstreamVideo Games Softwar

242、e Pub.$17.5$1.6$10.8$29.8$6.1$0.3$2.3$8.858,930 12,117 86,289 157,335 Social Networking Sites$45.4$34.4$35.7$115.5$29.6$32.6$33.4$95.673,313 381,333 415,048 869,694 Smartphone App Developers$132.0$11.8$81.3$225.0$64.7$3.5$24.2$92.5251,735 51,761 368,608 672,103 Search Engines$59.0$44.7$46.4$150.1$39

243、.0$43.0$44.1$126.142,573 221,440 241,019 505,031 Digital Advertising Agencies$14.2$9.0$13.0$36.2$5.9$3.5$5.1$14.546,605 28,427 44,931 119,962 Total Downstream$268.0$101.5$187.2$556.6$145.4$82.9$109.2$337.5473,155 695,077 1,155,894 2,324,126 Total$570.5$355.4$342.0$1,267.9$308.5$255.3$217.6$781.3697,

244、149 1,616,528 1,868,558 4,182,235 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 38 CY 2018DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$281.5$247.2$147.2$675.8$147.7$177.6$108.7$433.9206,855 826,926 631,158 1,664,939 Wireless Resellers$13.9$12.5$1

245、0.9$37.3$5.5$6.8$6.1$18.440,215 55,417 63,806 159,439 Total Core$295.4$259.7$158.1$713.2$153.2$184.4$114.8$452.3247,070 882,343 694,964 1,824,378 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$15.4$2.4$9.2$27.1$5.7$0.6$2.2$8.455,171 23,052 94,954 173,177 Social Networking Sites$34.7$20.0$24.0$78.7$25.6$16.2$19

246、.0$60.858,672 220,230 283,314 562,216 Smartphone App Developers$122.4$18.9$73.2$214.5$51.0$5.2$19.8$76.0243,711 101,832 419,450 764,993 Search Engines$44.9$25.9$31.1$101.9$30.0$19.0$22.3$71.434,157 128,210 164,935 327,302 Digital Advertising Agencies$11.7$7.0$11.2$29.9$5.0$2.8$4.4$12.139,498 28,830

247、42,091 110,419 Total Downstream$229.2$74.2$148.7$452.1$117.3$43.8$67.7$228.8431,208 502,153 1,004,744 1,938,106 Total$524.6$333.9$306.8$1,165.3$270.4$228.2$182.5$681.1678,279 1,384,496 1,699,708 3,762,483 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2017DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalD

248、irectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$263.8$229.3$139.4$632.5$131.4$149.1$93.7$374.3207,324 799,513 613,995 1,620,832 Wireless Resellers$12.8$11.4$10.5$34.7$5.1$6.2$5.8$17.240,741 53,928 63,186 157,854 Total Core$276.6$240.8$149.9$667.3$136.5$155.4$99.6$391.4248,065 853,441 677,181

249、 1,778,686 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$13.3$1.6$8.1$23.0$4.9$0.4$1.9$7.155,843 16,355 88,287 160,486 Social Networking Sites$25.5$18.1$19.7$63.3$19.4$17.8$19.2$56.446,583 216,910 247,797 511,289 Smartphone App Developers$113.9$13.7$69.6$197.2$47.3$3.6$17.9$68.8233,292 68,325 368,829 670,446

250、Search Engines$34.2$24.2$26.4$84.8$23.1$21.2$22.8$67.127,680 128,890 147,243 303,813 Digital Advertising Agencies$8.5$5.3$8.3$22.0$3.8$2.2$3.5$9.530,871 24,270 33,814 88,955 Total Downstream$195.4$62.8$132.2$390.4$98.5$45.1$65.2$208.8394,269 454,750 885,970 1,734,989 Total$472.0$303.6$282.1$1,057.7$

251、235.0$200.4$164.8$600.3642,333 1,308,191 1,563,151 3,513,675 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2016DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$265.2$227.1$141.5$633.8$130.9$144.7$93.3$368.9216,537 815,203 643,971 1,675,711 Wireless

252、 Resellers$11.7$10.4$9.4$31.6$4.7$5.7$5.3$15.736,541 49,869 58,749 145,159 Total Core$276.9$237.5$151.0$665.4$135.6$150.4$98.6$384.6253,078 865,072 702,720 1,820,869 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$10.2$1.6$6.3$18.1$3.5$0.4$1.4$5.237,409 15,542 63,442 116,393 Social Networking Sites$17.7$12.9$14

253、.1$44.7$11.8$11.4$12.4$35.633,312 153,544 178,020 364,875 Smartphone App Developers$104.8$16.7$64.5$186.0$40.5$4.2$16.2$60.9197,555 82,075 335,032 614,662 Search Engines$26.4$19.2$20.9$66.5$17.4$16.7$18.1$52.221,643 99,759 115,662 237,064 Digital Advertising Agencies$6.2$3.8$6.1$16.0$3.0$1.7$2.8$7.5

254、23,861 18,461 27,051 69,373 Total Downstream$165.3$54.2$111.8$331.3$76.1$34.4$50.8$161.3313,781 369,382 719,206 1,402,368 Total$442.2$291.7$262.8$996.7$211.7$184.8$149.4$546.0566,859 1,234,453 1,421,926 3,223,238 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2015DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect Induc

255、edTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$261.6$222.8$141.7$626.1$126.3$138.4$90.1$354.8235,818 829,157 671,559 1,736,534 Wireless Resellers$10.6$9.3$9.0$28.8$4.2$5.1$5.0$14.334,556 45,388 55,980 135,924 Total Core$272.2$232.1$150.6$654.9$130.5$143.5$95.1$369.1270,374 874,545 7

256、27,539 1,872,459 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$8.1$1.3$5.1$14.5$2.6$0.3$1.1$4.022,925 9,809 40,432 73,166 Social Networking Sites$11.1$8.3$9.1$28.4$6.7$6.7$7.3$20.722,389 99,292 115,581 237,262 Smartphone App Developers$88.7$14.2$55.9$158.8$32.8$3.4$13.3$49.5159,827 68,386 281,877 510,090 Sear

257、ch Engines$19.2$14.4$15.8$49.4$12.3$12.3$13.4$38.116,705 74,083 86,237 177,024 Digital Advertising Agencies$3.4$1.9$3.3$8.6$1.6$0.8$1.4$3.913,419 9,332 14,460 37,211 Total Downstream$130.5$40.0$89.2$259.8$56.0$23.6$36.5$116.1235,265 260,902 538,587 1,034,754 Total$402.6$272.1$239.9$914.6$186.6$167.1

258、$131.6$485.3505,639 1,135,447 1,266,126 2,907,213 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 39 CY 2014DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$256.9$225.0$147.5$629.4$117.8$135.0$91.1$343.9232,169 824,340 670,475 1,726,984 Wireless Resell

259、ers$10.6$9.4$9.3$29.3$4.2$5.1$5.1$14.435,782 46,604 58,468 140,854 Total Core$267.5$234.4$156.8$658.6$122.0$140.1$96.2$358.3267,951 870,944 728,943 1,867,838 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$6.2$1.2$3.8$11.1$1.8$0.2$0.7$2.713,945 7,467 25,462 46,874 Social Networking Sites$6.3$4.9$5.2$16.4$4.2$4.

260、3$4.6$13.113,894 62,909 71,947 148,750 Smartphone App Developers$46.9$8.8$28.8$84.5$17.0$2.1$6.8$25.983,905 44,931 153,203 282,039 Search Engines$14.7$11.3$12.1$38.1$9.5$9.7$10.5$29.713,513 61,180 69,970 144,662 Digital Advertising Agencies$2.0$1.1$2.0$5.1$1.0$0.5$0.9$2.48,276 5,856 9,094 23,226 Tot

261、al Downstream$76.0$27.2$51.9$155.1$33.5$16.9$23.5$73.8133,533 182,342 329,676 645,551 Total$343.5$261.6$208.7$813.8$155.5$156.9$119.7$432.1401,483 1,053,287 1,058,619 2,513,390 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2013DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCor

262、e WirelessWireless Carriers$238.2$193.4$131.2$562.9$118.3$114.5$78.9$311.7230,409 771,528 647,683 1,649,620 Wireless Resellers$9.3$8.2$8.3$25.7$3.8$4.4$4.5$12.833,411 40,617 53,374 127,402 Total Core$247.5$201.6$139.5$588.6$122.1$118.9$83.4$324.5263,820 812,146 701,056 1,777,022 DownstreamVideo Game

263、s Software Pub.$5.0$1.0$3.0$9.0$1.5$0.2$0.6$2.310,651 5,960 19,594 36,204 Social Networking Sites$2.8$2.3$2.5$7.5$1.7$1.9$2.1$5.66,097 29,729 34,642 70,468 Smartphone App Developers$36.1$6.8$21.8$64.7$13.1$1.7$5.2$20.067,935 38,012 124,977 230,924 Search Engines$11.7$9.3$10.3$31.3$8.0$8.8$9.7$26.510

264、,463 51,020 59,451 120,934 Digital Advertising Agencies$1.1$0.6$1.1$2.9$0.6$0.3$0.5$1.44,772 3,421 5,376 13,568 Total Downstream$56.7$20.0$38.7$115.5$24.9$12.9$18.0$55.799,917 128,141 244,040 472,097 Total$304.2$221.6$178.2$704.1$147.0$131.8$101.4$380.3363,737 940,286 945,096 2,249,119 Gross Output(

265、$B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2012DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$230.5$201.0$134.4$566.0$101.6$113.8$77.9$293.3230,101 803,619 663,477 1,697,197 Wireless Resellers$7.2$6.4$7.4$20.9$3.0$3.4$4.0$10.531,547 32,402 48,000 111,948 T

266、otal Core$237.7$207.4$141.8$586.9$104.6$117.3$81.9$303.8261,648 836,021 711,477 1,809,145 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$3.6$0.7$2.2$6.5$1.0$0.1$0.4$1.56,164 3,258 11,156 20,578 Social Networking Sites$0.5$0.4$0.4$1.3$0.2$0.3$0.3$0.81,065 6,040 5,907 13,012 Smartphone App Developers$19.1$3.5$11

267、.5$34.1$6.8$0.8$2.7$10.335,664 18,850 64,550 119,064 Search Engines$8.5$7.7$7.1$23.3$5.7$8.5$7.8$22.07,975 45,218 44,228 97,422 Digital Advertising Agencies$0.4$0.2$0.4$1.1$0.2$0.1$0.2$0.61,983 1,439 2,255 5,676 Total Downstream$32.2$12.5$21.7$66.4$13.9$9.8$11.3$35.152,851 74,804 128,097 255,752 Tot

268、al$269.9$219.9$163.5$653.3$118.5$127.1$93.2$338.8314,499 910,825 839,573 2,064,897 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)EmploymentCY 2011DirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirect InducedTotalDirectIndirectInducedTotalCore WirelessWireless Carriers$216.7$182.6$123.8$523.1$99.4$103.7$72.7$275.8238,071 750,582 634,7

269、23 1,623,376 Wireless Resellers$5.6$4.9$6.2$16.7$2.3$2.7$3.4$8.428,337 25,703 41,537 95,577 Total Core$222.3$187.6$130.0$539.9$101.7$106.4$76.1$284.2266,408 776,285 676,261 1,718,953 DownstreamVideo Games Software Pub.$2.6$0.6$1.6$4.8$0.6$0.1$0.3$1.03,567 2,301 6,919 12,787 Social Networking Sites$0

270、.0$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0$0.0-Smartphone App Developers$10.1$2.2$6.2$18.5$3.5$0.5$1.5$5.518,723 12,078 36,316 67,117 Search Engines$6.2$4.7$4.5$15.5$4.0$3.8$3.7$11.66,079 26,980 27,941 61,001 Digital Advertising Agencies$0.2$0.1$0.2$0.4$0.1$0.0$0.1$0.2824 624 948 2,396 Total Downstream$19.1$7.5$12.

271、6$39.2$8.3$4.5$5.5$18.329,193 41,984 72,124 143,300 Total$241.5$195.1$142.5$579.0$110.0$110.9$81.6$302.5295,601 818,269 748,384 1,862,254 Gross Output($B)GDP($B)Employment 40 APPENDIX B:ADDITIONAL DETAILS ON INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSES AND MULTIPLIERS As described in Section IV,a way to estimate the secon

272、dary impactthat is,induced and indirect effectsresulting from the wireless industry is by applying a multiplier to the core wireless industrys gross output.At a basic level,the multiplier approach in economics is based on the economys marginal propensity to consume out of income,denoted by.Suppose a

273、ggregate consumption,is equal to some base level of consumption(when income is zero)denoted by,plus the marginal propensity to consume applied to income net of taxes,given by the equation?.Assume for simplicity that aggregate demand in the economy is based only on consumption;that is,aggregate deman

274、d(AD)equals aggregate consumption:?.Thus,aggregate demand in the economy is?.Letting taxes be defined by some amount denoted?,and rearranging terms,results in?,where?is the baseline or autonomous part of aggregate demand that is independent of income,.In equilibrium,aggregate demand equals income,re

275、sulting in equilibrium income in the economy given by?11?.The multiplier is defined as the change in equilibrium output resulting from a change in autonomous demand:?11?.As an example,if the marginal propensity to consume is 0.6,the multiplier is 2.5,meaning that an additional dollar of(autonomous)d

276、emand in the economy results in$1 direct impact and$1.50 in secondary impact.The higher the marginal propensity to save out of income,the lower the marginal propensity to consume will be,resulting in a lower multiplier.Industry-specific multipliers can be derived from Input-Output(I-O)accounts from

277、the U.S.Bureau of Economic Analysis.These accounts show the relationships between all 41 the industries in the economy and all the commodities that these industries produce and use.83 The I-O accounts are organized by NAICS industry at various levels of disaggregation.84 Less detailed I-O tables sho

278、wing fewer industries are produced on an annual basis,whereas detailed I-O tables with 405 industries,known as benchmark I-O tables,are produced every five years,coinciding with economic census years.85 The latest benchmark I-O tables with a 2012 reference year were released in 2018.Both annual and

279、benchmark I-O accounts consist of the following tables.86 Make table:87 Provides the value of each commodity produced by each industry.Each row represents an industry,and each column represents a commodity.A row total shows the total value of commodities produced by each industry(i.e.,industry outpu

280、t),while a column total shows the total value of that commodity produced by all industries(i.e.,commodity output).Use table:88 Provides the uses of all commodities by intermediate and final users.In contrast to the make table,the columns in the use table represent an industry and the rows represent

281、a commodity.A row total across all industries shows the total intermediate uses of that commodity.Similarly,a column total across all commodities shows the total intermediate use by that industry.In addition to the industry,commodity and intermediate 83 Bureau of Economic Analysis,“Input-Output Acco

282、unts,”available at https:/www.bea.gov/data/industries/input-output-accounts-data;Bureau of Economic Analysis,“Input-Output Accounts:Who Sells What To Whom,”March 15,2021,available at https:/www.bea.gov/news/blog/2021-03-15/input-output-accounts-who-sells-what-whom.84 Bureau of Economic Analysis,“Con

283、cepts and Methods of the U.S.Input-Output Accounts,”April 2009,available at https:/www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/methodologies/IOmanual_092906.pdf,p.4-1.85 Bureau of Economic Analysis,“Input-Output Accounts,”available at https:/www.bea.gov/data/industries/input-output-accounts-data.86 Bureau of Ec

284、onomic Analysis,“Concepts and Methods of the U.S.Input-Output Accounts,”April 2009,available at https:/www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/methodologies/IOmanual_092906.pdf,Chapter 12.87 Id.,p.1-2.88 Id.,pp.1-2 1-3.42 use rows and columns,the use table also includes additional rows and columns to calcul

285、ate value added and total final uses(GDP),respectively.Value-added components are shown in three additional rows:compensation of employees,taxes on production less subsidies,and gross operating surplus.Final-use components are also added in six additional columns:personal consumption expenditures,pr

286、ivate fixed investment,change in private inventories,imports and exports of goods and services,and government consumption and gross investment.Value added is the difference between an industrys total output,and the industrys use of intermediate goods and services.Similarly,total final use of a commo

287、dity is the difference between that commoditys total output,and the use of that commodity as an intermediate input but industries.Gross Domestic Product(GDP)is measured as the total value added across all industries,or the total final uses of each commodity.Direct requirements table:89 Provides the

288、intermediate commodities required by each industry to produce a dollar of output,as well as the value-added components that an industry requires to produce a dollar of output.It is derived from the use table by dividing each industrys use of each commodity by the industrys total output.The sum of ea

289、ch column equals 1.90 Total requirements tables:91 Provides the relationships between final uses and gross outputs.They show production required,both directly and indirectly,to deliver a dollar of output to final uses.There are three total requirements tables:the industry-by-industry total requireme

290、nts table;the industry-by-commodity total requirements table;and the commodity-by-commodity total requirements table.92 These three tables are derived from the make and use columns and show the amount of direct and indirect production required of each commodity or by each industry per dollar of fina

291、l use by the industry or of the commodity.89 Id.90 Id.,p.12-10.91 Id.,p.12-15.92 Id.,pp.12-7 12-8.43 Import matrix:93 It is important to note that the use table described above includes each industrys use of both foreign and domestically produced inputs.Given the focus of the analysis here is on dom

292、estic effects,imported inputs to production from the use table based on the import matrix,which details the use of imported commodities by industries and final uses,are excluded in deriving multipliers.Gross output multipliers are derived for the domestic U.S.economy based on the I-O tables.94 The f

293、irst step in this process is to derive a domestic direct requirements table,which provides information on the domestic inputs required to produce an additional dollar of output in each industry.A use table providing only domestically produced inputs is calculated by subtracting the import matrix fro

294、m the total use table.Then,each industrys use of each domestic commodity is divided by the industrys total output to produce the domestic use coefficients.Similarly,using the make table,each commoditys production by industry is divided by the total output for that commodity to produce the make coeff

295、icients.Finally,the domestic use and make coefficients are multiplied together to create the domestic direct requirements table.In order to estimate induced effects,rows and columns must be added to the domestic direct requirement tables to account for household earning and purchases,respectively.95

296、 The household column is calculated by first subtracting household imports from the personal consumption expenditure column of the use table.Secondly,these domestic personal consumption expenditures are divided by total personal consumption expenditures to derive personal expenditure coefficients.Th

297、ese coefficients are then multiplied by the make coefficients derived earlier to produce a column of expenditure coefficients on an industry basis.Lastly,these coefficients are adjusted to account for leakages stemming from savings 93 Id.,pp.12-5 12-7.94 Bureau of Economic Analysis,“RIMS II,”availab

298、le at https:/www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/methodologies/RIMSII_User_Guide.pdf,p.2-7.95 Id.,pp.2-8 2-9.44 and taxes(Federal,State and Local).The household row is simply compensation of employees,sole-proprietors,and partnerships,divided by the industrys total output.Finally,an industry-by-industry

299、 domestic total requirements table provides information on the first and subsequent rounds of intermediate inputs required to produce an additional dollar of output in each industry.96 This output multiplier table is derived by taking the Leontief inverse of the domestic direct requirements table de

300、scribed above.By summing the coefficients in a column of the domestic total requirements table,a final-demand output multiplier can be calculated for that industry.An industrys final demand output multiplier measures the total change in output across all industries resulting from a one dollar change

301、 in final demand in the given industry of interest.For example,if industry As output multiplier is 2.5,a$1 increase in final demand for industry As goods and services is expected to increase total domestic output by a further$1.50,resulting in a total effect on the economy of$2.50 in increased outpu

302、t.There are two types of multipliers that can be derived from the domestic total requirements data:Type I multipliers that capture the direct and indirect effects stemming from business-to-business transactions within the supply chain;and Type II multipliers that capture the direct,indirect,and indu

303、ced effects.97 The direct effect multiplier is always 1.0.Therefore,indirect effects can be calculated as the Type I multiplier less 1.0.Similarly,the induced effects are calculated as the difference between the Type II and Type I multipliers.Employment multipliers are derived from output multiplier

304、s.Therefore,the type of employment multiplier depends on whether the Type I or Type II output multipliers are used.The direct-effect employment multiplier measures the total change in domestic jobs per change in jobs in the final-demand industry of interest.IMPLAN is a third-party provider of the I-

305、O tables and related data described above.98 Although there are strong similarities between the discussion above and IMPLANs 96 Id.,pp.2-9 2-11.97 Id.,p.3-5.98 IMPLAN,available at https:/ methodology for deriving multipliers,one notable difference is that IMPLAN uses a Social Accounting Matrix(SAM)t

306、o capture information on non-market financial flows in the economy,in addition to the market flows detailed in the I-O tables.99 These non-financial flows account for payments of taxes by individuals and businesses,transfers of government funds to people and businesses(e.g.,social security,unemploym

307、ent,etc.)and transfers of funds from people to people.IMPLANs Type SAM multipliers build on the Type II multipliers derived from the BEAs I-O accounts by incorporating more information about household incomes,taxes,savings,and spending.100 Additionally,IMPLAN provides annual updates to their SAM framework,capturing methodology changes from the BEA and other agencies,as well as changes in income,taxes,savings,and household spending.99 IMPLAN,“Introducing the SAM,”available at https:/ IMPLAN,“Explaining the Type SAM Multiplier,”April 15,2015,available at https:/