1、1 Doing Business in Poland 2023 Accounting/Audit/Tax/Advisory Smart decisions.Lasting value.2 Welcome to Doing Business in Poland Doing Business in Poland has been prepared by the Crowe Global member firm in Poland in order to provide general information for persons planning to do business with or i

2、n the country concerned and/or individuals intending to live and work in Poland temporarily or permanently.This Guide includes relevant information about business operations and taxation matters.It is intended to assist organizations that are considering establishing a business in Poland either as a

3、 separate entity or as a subsidiary of an existing foreign company.It will also be helpful to anyone planning to come to Poland to work and live here either on secondment or as a permanent life choice.Unless noted otherwise,the information contained in this Guide is believed to be accurate as of 1 J

4、anuary 2023.However,general publications of this nature cannot be used and are not intended to be used as a substitute for professional guidance specific to the readers particular circumstances.3 All lasting business is built on friendship.Alfred A.Montapert About Crowe Global Crowe Global is ranked

5、 among the top 10 global accounting networks with more than 200 independent accounting and advisory services firms in about 150 countries around the world.Crowe Globals member firms are committed to impeccable quality service,highly integrated service delivery processes and a common set of core valu

6、es that guide decisions daily.Each firm is well-established as a leader in its national business community and is staffed by nationals,thereby providing the knowledge of local laws and customs which is important to clients undertaking new ventures or expanding into other countries.Crowe Global membe

7、r firms are known for their personal service to privately and publicly held businesses in all sectors and have built an international reputation in the areas of audit,tax and advisory services.4 General information Local currency,Exchange rate to EUR as of 02/01/2023 EUR 1=PLN 4.68 Types of organiza

8、tion LLC Name in local language Spka z ograniczon odpowiedzialnoci Registrable in commercial register/legal entity Registrable in the Register of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register Minimum capital 5,000.00 PLN Minimal number of shareholders/Maximum number of shareholders Minimal number 1/n

9、o limit on the maximum number of shareholders.A limited liability company may not be formed solely by another single-shareholder limited liability company.Capital tax/Registration fees Tax on civil law transactions-0,5%;Registration fees-600 PLN Written form/notarization Notarization-Articles of Ass

10、ociation Registration with tax authorities Yes Statutory audit Obligatory when in the prior financial year for which the financial statements were prepared,met at least two of the following conditions:the annual average number of employees in full-time equivalents amounted to at least 50.The total a

11、ssets as at the end of the financial year were at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 2,500,000;The net revenue from the sales of merchandise and finished goods and the financial transactions for the financial year was at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 5,000,000.LLC set up by portal S

12、24 Name in local language Spka z ograniczon odpowiedzialnoci 5 Registrable in commercial register/legal entity Registrable in the Register of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register Minimum capital 5,000.00 PLN-Minimal number of shareholders/Maximum number of shareholders Minimal number 1/no li

13、mit on the maximum number of shareholders.A limited liability company may not be set up solely by another single-shareholder limited liability company.Capital tax/Registration fees Tax on civil law transactions-0,5%;Registration fees-250 PLN and 100 PLN for publishing the first entry in the Court an

14、d Economic Monitor.Written form/notarization Electronic template-company can be set up in the S24 system(online company registration can be done in 24 hours).The template of companys agreement can not be modified,possibility to select from among available options.All shareholders sign the agreement

15、by a qualified electronic signature,electronic signature of Trusted Profile or electronic personal signature.All shareholders participating in its registration must have an active account in the S24 system.If shareholder is a legal person an account in the S24 system should have a person authorized

16、to represent that legal person.Registration with tax authorities Yes Statutory audit Obligatory when in the prior financial year for which the financial statements were prepared,met at least two of the following conditions:the annual average number of employees in full-time equivalents amounted to a

17、t least 50.The total assets as at the end of the financial year were at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 2,500,000;The net revenue from the sales of merchandise and finished goods and the financial transactions for the financial year was at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 5,000,000.

18、Financial year There is no posibility to modify the financial year in the Articles of Association which establishes the company-it will always be equal to the calendar year.6 Joint-stock company Name in local language Spka akcyjna Registrable in commercial register/legal entity Registrable in the Re

19、gister of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register Minimum capital 100,000.00 PLN Minimal number of shareholders/Maximum number of shareholders Minimal number-1/no limit on the maximum number of shareholders Capital tax/Registration fees Tax on civil law transactions 0.5%;Registration fees-600 P

20、LN Written form/notarization Notarial deed covering the establishment of a joint-stock company and a declaration of taking up shares.Registration with tax authorities Yes Statutory audit Obligatory New regulation Obligatory website.The website address of a joint-stock company and a limited joint-sto

21、ck partnership should be disclosed in the National Court Register.Electronic register of shareholders and dematerialization of shares.Simple joint-stock company Name in local language Prosta spka akcyjna(PSA)since 1 July 2021 Registrable in commercial register/legal entity Registrable in the Registe

22、r of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register Minimum capital PSA shares will not have a nominal value,but will translate into the membership rights of shareholders in the company.This means that the more shares you have,the more important your vote in the company will be.The total value of shar

23、es in a simple joint-stock company does not therefore have to be equal to the amount of the share capital.This is a different construction than,for example,in a joint-stock company,in which the value of shares must cover the entire share capital.7 Minimal number of shareholders/Maximum number of sha

24、reholders Minimal number-1/no limit on the maximum number of shareholders.Posibility also by legal persons,for example other companies.The only limitation is the inability to establish PSA by one single-membelimited liability company.Capital tax/Registration fees Tax on civil law transactions 0.5%;R

25、egistration fees:250 PLN thought S24 system and 100 PLN for publishing the first entry in the Court and Economic Monitor,500 PLN thought by notary public and registration on the Court Registers Portal and 100 PLN for publishing the first entry in the Court and Economic Monitor.Written form/notarizat

26、ion Two ways:1.Electronic template-company can be set up in the S24 system(online company registration can be done in 24 hours).The template of company agreement can not be modified,possibility to select from among available options.All founders sign the agreement by a qualified electronic signature

27、,electronic signature of Trusted Profile or electronic personal signature.2.Notarial deed obligatory if founders make in-kind contributions to the company.Registration with tax authorities Yes Statutory audit Obligatory Branch Name in local language Oddzia przedsibiorcy zagranicznego Registrable in

28、commercial register/legal entity Registrable in the Register of Entrepreneurs of the National Court Register Minimum capital None Minimal number of shareholders/Maximum number of shareholders None Capital tax/Registration fees Registration fees-600 PLN 8 Written form/notarization Depends on the regu

29、lations of the mother company Registration with tax authorities Yes Statutory audit 1.Obligatory always for the branches of foreign banks,insurance establishments,reinsurance establishments and investment firms 2.In the case of the branches of other entities,obligatory when in the prior financial ye

30、ar for which the financial statements were prepared,met at least two of the following conditions:the annual average number of employees in full-time equivalents amounted to at least 50;The total assets as at the end of the financial year were at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 2,500,000;The

31、 net revenue from the sales of merchandise and finished goods and the financial transactions for the financial year was at least the Polish zloty equivalent of EUR 5,000,000.Value added tax(VAT)Tax rates The standard VAT rate is 23%.Reduced rates:8%,5%,0%and exemption.Supply of goods The standard VA

32、T rate is 23%.Reduced rates apply among others to certain foodstuffs,books,newspapers and magazines,some real estate for housing purposes.Supply of services The standard VAT rate is 23%.Reduced rates or exemptions apply among others to medical services,passenger transportation services,international

33、 transportation services,financial and insurance services.Special provisions(exemptions to the general rule)n/a Reverse charge on local supplies From November 1,2019,the reverse charge mechanism on local supplies was abolished in favor of the mandatory split payment.A list of transactions subject to

34、 obligatory split payment is set in Annex 15 to the VAT Law.Import of services As a general rule import of services is covered by a reverse charge mechanism.Deadline and conditions for VAT refund The standard deadline for VAT refund is 60 days from filing the request.Upon meeting additional formal c

35、onditions a shortened 25-day deadline may apply.If no taxable sales were recorded the refund deadline is extended to 180 9 days.The above deadlines may be extended by the tax authorities.Major VAT exemptions Supply of real estate,medical,educational and financial services.Real Estate According to th

36、e VAT Law,exemption from VAT applies to:a)the supply of buildings,constructions or their parts,except where:The supply is executed within its first occupation or before the first occupation took place;The period between the first occupation and the supply of a building,construction or their parts wa

37、s shorter than 2 years;b)the supply of buildings,constructions or their parts which are not subject to exemption referred to in point a),provided that:The supplier did not have the right to reduce the amount of output tax by the amount of input VAT related to these items;The expenses incurred by the

38、 supplier for their modernization did not exceed 30%of the initial value of the given real estate.Foreign taxable persons(VAT registration)In specific cases foreign companies performing supplies/services in Poland are required to register for VAT in Poland.Corporate tax Accounting rules Accounting b

39、ooks are the basis to determine taxable income,however there are specific cases where accounting rules are different from tax rules(depreciation,foreign exchange differences,interest).Tax rate The general CIT rate is 19%.A reduced 9%CIT rate may be applied by:Newly established companies in the first

40、 tax year(except for entities created as a result of restructurings and entities whose capital was covered by in-kind contribution),Taxpayers whose gross income in the previous tax year did not exceed EUR 2 mIn.However,this 9%rate may not be applied to capital gains.Income derived from certain intel

41、lectual property rights may be subject to a 5%rate.Minimum tax This tax will be levied(from 1 January 2024)on CIT taxpayers and tax capital groups:incurring a tax loss,or whose tax income/revenue ratio is below 2%.10 The tax rate is 10%.The tax base is calculated as:1,5%of the companys revenue(other

42、 than capital gains),or 3%the value of revenues earned from a source of revenue other than capital gains,and the taxpayer informs about the choice of such a method of determining the tax base in the tax return submitted for the tax year for which he made such a choice.This tax will not apply to fina

43、ncial institutions as defined in the CIT regulations,companies benefiting from Special Economic Zones/Polish Investment Zone,new businesses for the first 3 years of operations,companies suffering 30%revenue drop in the preceding year,companies with a simple ownership structure,and companies paying t

44、he so-called Estonian CIT.The minimum tax can be deducted from standard CIT.Tax base As a rule the tax base is calculated as the difference between taxable income and tax deductible costs.Taxable profit is calculated on a cumulative monthly basis.Tax assessment period Tax is assessed on annual basis

45、,but throughout the fiscal year CIT advances have to be paid.Generally the calendar year is the tax year unless a taxpayer decides otherwise and notifies a competent head of the revenue office to this extent.In such case the period of twelve consecutive calendar months shall be a tax year.Loss set-o

46、ffs/carry forwards Tax losses can be carried forward for up to 5 fiscal years and may be:Set-off against revenues derived from the same source of income;however,only up to 50%of the loss from a given year may be utilized in any of the following tax years OR Up to PLN 5 mIn may be set-off against rev

47、enues derived from the same source of income in one of the 5 following years;in this case in other years of this 5-year period,only up to 50%of the remaining amount of the tax loss may be utilized(this option applies only to tax losses recorded from FY2020).Tax/accounting depreciation Tax depreciati

48、on rules differ from accounting depreciation rules.Tax depreciation rates vary by type of asset.Possible one-off depreciation for chosen fixed assets.11 Tax deductibility of interest,excessive interest rate rule,thin capitalization rule The deductibility limit for the excess of financing costs over

49、financing revenue is set at 30%of tax EBITDA or 3 million PLN.Tax EBITDA=(P Po)(K Am Kfd)where:P-total revenue derived from all revenue sources subject to CIT Po-interest income K total of tax deductible costs Am-tax depreciation write-offs Kfd deducted debt financing costs which were not included i

50、n the initial value of assest subject to depraciation Reserves for bad debts,leaves,etc.According to the CIT Act,reserves and provisions may not be treated as tax deductible costs.Other Major tax adjustments a)increasing and b)decreasing taxable profit Under certain conditions transfer pricing adjus

51、tments are allowed.Transfer pricing,Transfer pricing documentation,Related parties The thresholds to prepare a local file and a benchmarking analysis are as follows:1)10,000,000 PLN in the case of a commodity transaction and financial transaction;2)2,000,000 PLN in the case of a service transaction

52、and other transaction;3)100,000 PLN in the case of transactions with entities located in tax havens;4)500,000 PLN in the case of transactions where the beneficial owner of the fee is located in a tax haven.The local file should be prepared within 9 months from the end of the fiscal year.Master file

53、is required if the following condidiotns are met jointly:1)related entities are consolidated using the full or proportionate method;2)local transfer pricing documentation is required;3)entities belong to a group of related entities for which the consolidated financial statements are prepared and its

54、 consolidated revenues in the previous financial year exceeded the amount of PLN 200,000,000 or equivalent.Withholding tax Some payments made to non-residents are subject to WHT.The rate is 19%in case of dividends and 20%in case of interest,license and management fees,fees for know-how,advisory,lega

55、l or accounting services.Under certain conditions exemptions may apply based on the Parent Subsidiary Directive or Interest and Royalties Directive that were implemented in Poland.Also reduced rates or exemptions provided in a Double Tax Treaty may apply.12 Starting from 2022 Polish remitters are ob

56、liged to collect WHT under a new“pay and refund”procedure irrespective of the wording of the relevant double tax treaty or EU Directives.This new procedure applies to payments made to related entities for interest,royalties and dividends over 2 000 000 PLN per year in total(to the same entity).Inter

57、est Standard rate:20%Royalties Standard rate:20%Services Standard rates:20%/10%Group taxation A Tax Capital Group(TCG)TCG is taxed on joint revenues and costs incurred by the entities forming the TCG.Conditions to establish a TCG:may only consist of limited liability companies or joint-stock compani

58、es having their seats in Poland,the average share capital falling to each of these companies may not be lower than PLN 0.5 mIn,the controlling company has directly a 75%share in the initial capital of the subsidiary companies forming the TCG,subsidiary companies do not hold shares in other companies

59、 of the TCG,these companies are not in arrears with the payment of taxes,an agreement on forming a tax capital group was concluded in the form of a notarial deed for the period of at least 3 tax years,in each tax year,the TCG reaches the tax share of income in the revenues at the level of at least 2

60、%.Personal income ta Taxable income The Polish personal income tax system is of a progressive nature and currently there are two rates:12%and 32%(from 1 July 2022),in excess of a personal allowance(variable).Income up to 120,000 PLN less the personal allowance is taxed at 12%and the excess is subjec

61、t to 32%rate.Tax free amount is 30 000 PLN.Zero PIT In 2023 the so-called PIT-0 or tax exemption is available for:4+families(for those who,during the tax year,exercised parental authority over at least four children,acted as legal 13 guardian,or if the child lived with such a person,or for those who

62、 acted as a foster family),For those returning to the country(a minimum of three years of residence and work abroad before deciding to return to the country,the relief shall be valid for a period of 4 years),Recipients of retirement and disability pensions of a maximum amount of PLN 2 500 per month,

63、Senior citizens in certain cases.Income from employment/self-employment Income from employment is taxed progressively at 12%and 32%rates.Income from self-employment may be taxed at progressive rates or at a flat rate of 19%.Income from property and property rights From 1 January 2023 income from pri

64、vate rental may be taxed only in the form of a lump sum on registered revenues-at 8.5%and 12.5%.Income from capital Income from capital gains is subject to 19%PIT.Withholding tax 19%/20%Interest 19%Royalties 20%Dividends 19%Capital gain 19%14 Mandatory social contributions Self-employed individuals

65、Self employed individuals may choose to pay contributions at a flat rate(1,418.48 PLN together with the sickness contribution)Type of insurance Paid by employer Paid by employee Total Pension Fund*9.76%9.76%19.52%Disability Fund*6.50%1.50%8.00%Bridging Pension Fund(FEP)0.00%or 1.50%0.00%or 1.50%Illn

66、ess Fund 0.00%2.45%2.45%Accident Fund 0.67%-3.33%0.00%0.67%-3.33%Employees Guaranteed Benefits Fund 0.10%0.00%0.10%Labor Fund 2.45%0.00%2.45%Total(up to limit)19.48%-22.14%13.71%33.19%-35.85%Total(past limit)3.22%-5.88%2.45%5.67%-8.3%*Once an individuals gross remuneration exceeds 30 average estimat

67、ed national salaries for a given year(PLN 208,050 for 2023)the obligation to pay contributions toward these funds ceases.Mandatory health insurance contributions are also payable by the employee at 9%of income.From 1 January 2022,it is no longer possible to deduct any part of the health contribution

68、 from personal income tax of the employee.In the case of self-employed individuals,it is possible for the taxpayer to reduce revenues(the health insurance contributions are no longer directly deducted from tax)by the health insurance contributions paid in the tax year(annual limits):a)up to the amou

69、nt of PLN 10,200 in 2023 for persons conducting business activity taxed with the 19%flat rate;b)50%of the amount of paid health insurance contributions to persons conducting business activity taxed with a lump sum on recorded income;c)19%of paid health insurance contributions to self-employed person

70、s taxed with a tax card.BEPS implementation 15 CFC Yes DAC6 Yes CRS Yes Profit shifting rule Yes GAAR/other anti-abuse rules(PPT,etc)Yes Global employment issues Work and Residence permit Required for non-EU residents.Minimum salary 3,490 PLN gross Taxation of immovable property Tax depreciation(p.a

71、.rates)Buildings:1.5%/2.5%/4.5%Constructions:2.5%/4.5%/10%/14%Land is not subject to tax depreciation Depreciation categories Land Land is subject to property tax.The rates differ in each municipality.In 2022 the maximum tax rate that may be applied to land linked to business activity is PLN 1.16 pe

72、r square meter.Building Buildings as well as constructions/structures linked to businees activity are subject to property tax.Tax is calculated on the basis of:(a)area in case of lands and buildings at rates adopted by local authorities(in 2023 the maximum rate is 28.78 PLN per square meter),(b)in c

73、ase of structures-initial value adopted for tax depreciation purposes(the rate is 2%).Tax base(a)area in case of lands and buildings (b)in case of structures-initial value adopted for tax depreciation purposes Special depreciation n/a Real estate transfer tax 2%16 Property ta(rate and base)See above

74、 Real estate funds General rules apply 17 Incentives Investment incentives Special Economic Zone is a special incentive that under certain conditions guarantees investors a number of privileges,including tax exemptions and bonuses for projects contributing to competitiveness and innovation of local

75、economies.R&D incentives The R&D incentive entitles enterprises to reduce the tax base by costs spent on research and development activities.R&D activity is understood as creative work involving scientific research or experimental development work undertaken on systematic basis in order to increase

76、knowledge resources and use of that knowledge to develop new applications.The R&D relief allows for deduction of 200%of R&D costs firstly the costs are deducted as operating costs(100%),secondly they are deducted from the tax base(revenue),also 100%.The list of specific costs eligible for the R&D cr

77、edit is provided in the CIT/PIT regulations.Young employees,elderly employees In case of employees under 26 years old employment income up to 85,528 PLN per year is exempt from tax.Tax liabilities For taxpayers For directors (chief officers)For shareholders Binding opinion/Advanced tax rulings Yes n

78、/a n/a Penalties for late payment of tax Interest of 16,5%p.a.;additionally fines may be imposed Fines may be imposed;depending on the case fiscal penal liability may also include imprisonment n/a Tax misdemeanor provisions Yes Yes n/a Criminal provisions Yes Yes n/a Piercing the corporate veil n/a

79、When certain conditions are met the management board may be held liable for the debts of the company especially as it comes to unpaid tax liabilities n/a 18 Advanced pricing agreements Yes n/a n/a Deadlines for reporting and payment of taxes and social contributions Type of tax Reporting deadline Pa

80、yment deadline CIT Annual tax return is filed within 3 months from the end of the fiscal year By the 20th of the following month PIT Annual tax return is filed by the end of April of the following year By the 20th of the following month VAT 25th of the following month 25th of the following month Soc

81、ial contributions Depending on the case 15th or 20th of the following month Depending on the case 15th or 20th of the following month 19 Double taxation treaties Country Dividends Interest Royalties Affected by MLI%Yes/no America Canada 15 15 10/0 Yes Chile 15/5 15/5 10/5 Yes Mexico 15/5 15/5/0 10 N

82、o United States 15/5 0 10 No Asia/Pacific Armenia 10 5 10 No Australia 15 10 10 Yes Azerbaijan 10 10 10 No Bangladesh 15/10 10 10 No China 10 10 10/7 No Georgia 10 8 8 No India 15 15 22,5 Yes Indonesia 15/10 10 15 Yes Japan 10 10 10/0 Yes Kazakhstan 15/10 10 10 Yes Republic of Korea 10/5 10 10 Yes K

83、yrgyzstan 10 10 10 No Malaysia 0 15 15 No Mongolia 10 10 5 No New Zeland 15 10 10 Yes Pakistan 19 15 20/15 Yes Philippines 15/10 10 15 No 20 Russia 10 10 10 Yes Singapore 10/0 10 10 Yes Sri Lanka 15 0 10/0 No Taiwan 10 10 10/3 No Tajikistan 15/5 10 10 No Thailand 19 20/10/0 15/5 No Uzbekistan 15/5 1

84、0 10 No Vietnam 15/10 10 15/10 No Europe Albania 10/5 10 5 Yes Austria 15/5 5/0 5 Yes Belarus 15/10 10 0 No Belgium 15/5 5/0 5 Yes Bosnia and Herzegovina(Yugoslavian Treaty)15/5 10 10 Yes Bulgaria 10 10 5 No Croatia 15/5 10 10 Yes Cyprus 10 10 5 Yes Czech Republic 10 10 5 Yes Denmark 15/5/0 5/0 5 Ye

85、s Estonia 15/5 10 10 Yes Finland 15/5 5/0 5 Yes France 15/5 0 10/0 Yes Germany 15/5 5/0 5 No Greece 19 10 10 Yes Hungary 10 10 10 Yes Iceland 15/5 10 10 Yes 21 Ireland 15/0 10/0 10/0 Yes Italy 10 10 10 No Latvia 15/5 10 10 Yes Lithuania 15 10 10 Yes Luxembourg 15/5 10/0 10 Yes Macedonia 15/5 10 10 N

86、o Malta 15 10 10 Yes Moldova 15/5 10 10 No Morocco 15/7 10 10 No Montenegro(Yugoslavian Treaty)15/5 10 10 No Netherlands 15/5 5/0 5 No Norway 15/0 5/0 5 Yes Portugal 15/10 10 10 Yes Romania 15/5 10 10 No Serbia (Yugoslavian Treaty)15/5 10 10 Yes Slovak Republic 10/5 10 5 Yes Slovenia 15/5 10 10 Yes

87、Spain 15/5 0 10/0 Yes Sweden 15/5 0 5 No Switzerland 15/5 10 10/0 No Ukraine 15/5 10 10 Yes United Kingdom 10/0 5/0 5 Yes Middle East and Africa Egypt 12 12 12 Yes Ethiopia 10 10 10 No Iran 7 10 10 No 22 Israel 10/5 5 10/5 Yes Jordan 10 10 10 Yes Kuwait 5/0 5/0 15 No Republic Lebanon 5 5 5 No Republ

88、ic South Africa 15/5 10 10 No Saudi Arabia 5 5/0 10 Yes Syrian Arab Republic 10/0 10 18 No Turkey 15/10 10 10 No Tunisia 10/5 12 12 No United Arab Emirates 5 5 5 Yes Qatar 5 5 5 Yes Zimbabwe 15/10 10 10 No Crowe Global is a leading international network of separate and independent accounting and con

89、sulting firms that are licensed to use“Crowe”in connection with the provision of professional services to their clients.Crowe Global itself is a non-practicing entity and does not provide professional services to clients.Services are provided by the member firms.Crowe Global and its member firms are

90、 not agents of,and do not obligate,one another and are not liable for one anothers acts or omissions.2023 Crowe Global Contact Information Christian Fielding Managing Partner christian.fieldingcrowe.pl Crowe Poland Member of Crowe Global Hrubieszowska 2 01-209 Warsaw Poland+48 22 295 30 00 contactcr

91、owe.pl About Crowe in Poland Crowe in Poland is an independent firm of accountants,auditors,as well as tax,IT and business advisers.With offices across Poland(Warsaw,Krakw,Wrocaw,d)we are a local firm with international strength.We provide a complete range of accounting,audit,tax,IT and business con

92、sulting services.We act for the benefit of 700 small,medium and large international and domestic companies from all sectors.We have earned recognition among clients some of whom we have served for over twenty years.We owe this success to the quality and dedication of our staff,some of whom have been

93、 with these clients for this whole length of time.Our Global Reach In addition to our local and regional services,as members of Crowe Global,we can draw on a worldwide network of independent professionals and their know-how.The Crowe Global network consists of more than 200 independent accounting an

94、d advisory services firms in about 150 countries around the world.As member firm of Crowe Global we offer comprehensive,international expertise in a broad range of business consulting practices,including assurance,M&A,corporate finance,forensic services,human resources services,tax®ulatory.This unique combination of our local and regional talent coupled with the global reach of our network provides us with the local expertise and global worldwide capabilities our clients expect and deserve.