1、Development Status and Trend Outlook of Next-Generation Smart TransportationChina Center for International Economic ExchangesChina Economic Consulting CorporationDecember 6,2023Project supervisor:Zhang Dawei,Vice Chairman and Secretary-General of CCIEE,FormerVice Governor of Henan ProvinceDeputy pro

2、ject supervisor:Han Yihu,Deputy Chief Economist of CCIEE,President of ChinaEconomic Consulting CorporationProject team leader:Mei Guanqun,Researcher,Ph.D.,Director of Innovation DevelopmentResearch Department,CCIEETang Lin,Director of Strategic Planning Department,China EconomicConsulting Corporatio

3、nProject team members:He Xinru,Assistant Researcher of Innovation Development ResearchDepartment,CCIEEZhang Xianguo,Director of Industry Management Research at ChinaAutomotive Strategy and Policy Research Center,China AutomotiveTechnology and Research Center(CATARC)Luo Shuting,Senior Business Manage

4、r at Strategic Planning Department,China Economic Consulting CorporationIContentsI.What is next-generation smart transportation.1(i)The main connotation of next-generation smart transportation.1(ii)The industrial chain of next-generation smart transportation.4(iii)The importance of developing next-g

5、eneration smart transportation.5II.Global development of next-generation smart transportation.12(i)Overall situation.13(ii)Developments in major countries or regions.18III.Development of Chinas next-generation smart transportation.27(i)Market size.27(ii)Policy support.29(iii)Pilot practices.41(iv)Ap

6、plication scenarios.50(v)Infrastructure.60(vi)Conclusions.61IV.Development trends and characteristics of next-generation smarttransportation.64(i)Promote the diversified development of participating entities.64(ii)Oriented towards electrification,intelligentization,and connectivity64(iii)Decoupling

7、of software and hardware to achieve“software-definedvehicles”.65II(iv)The industry focuses on the balance between technology and cost.67(v)Artificial Intelligence empowers autonomous driving.69(vi)Exploration and development of diversified business models.70V.Outstanding shortcomings and bottlenecks

8、 restricting Chinas next-generation smart transportation system.73(i)The top-level legal system is not well-established.73(ii)Policy system design still needs to make breakthroughs in innovation.75(iii)The business model has not yet formed a closed loop.78(iv)Automated driving is not yet technically

9、 able to solve the long-tailproblem.80(v)The openness of the test road network is not sufficient.81(vi)Lack of clear and unified rules and standards.82(vii)Some automated driving business models face many developmentconstraints.83(viii)A data circulation system that balances security and utilization

10、 hasnot yet been formed.85VI.The important task of advancing the construction of a next-generationsmart transportation system.88(i)Support enterprises to be vigorously engaged in intelligent connectedtechnology innovation.88(ii)Improve the organizational leadership mechanism for the constructionIIIo

11、f intelligent connected infrastructure.90(iii)Promote the revision of relevant laws and regulations.90(iv)Continue to increase the intensity of pilot promotion.92(v)Explore the effective application of smart transformation data.93(vi)Strengtheninternationalcooperationinintelligentconnectedtransporta

12、tion.97(vii)Strengthenpublicityandguidanceonintelligentconnectedtransportation.98Acknowledgements.991I.What is next-generation smart transportation(i)The main connotation of next-generation smart transportationCurrently,there is a thriving global wave of technological revolution and industrialtransf

13、ormation.The automotive industry is witnessing the rapid integration oftechnologies related to new energy,information communication,and other fields.Electrification,intelligentization,and connectivity have become the prevailing trendsand tendencies in the automotive industry.This integration of tran

14、sformativetechnologies such as new energy sources,new materials,Internet,the Internet ofThings,big data,and artificial intelligence is reshaping automotives from simpletransportation vehicles to mobile intelligent terminals,energy storage units,anddigital spaces.With advancements in technologies lik

15、e automated driving and vehicle-infrastructurecooperation,transportation modes,including automotives,are progressively evolvingtowards intelligentization,paving the way for next-generation smart transportation.Next-generation smart transportation is a novel mode of transportation characterizedby int

16、elligentization and connectivity.In the automotive domain,with the rapiddevelopment of intelligent and internet technologies,Intelligent connected vehiclesare transitioning from the R&D stage to testing and application,and are poised toenter the stage of commercial deployment.This research mainly fo

17、cuses on the fieldof intelligent connected vehicles in the context of next-generation smart transportation.-Intelligentization.Intelligent vehicles refer to the application of new technologiessuch as big data and artificial intelligence to transform traditional vehicles into thenext generation of au

18、tomotives,which serve as intelligent mobile spaces andapplication terminals.From a technological perspective,automotives are graduallyshifting from mechanically operated products controlled by human beings tointelligent products controlled by electronic information systems.From an industryperspectiv

19、e,automotives are undergoing comprehensive integration with digital andother industries,displaying characteristics of digitization and intelligence.From an2applicationperspective,automotivesaregraduallytransformingfromsimpletransportation vehicles into intelligent mobile spaces and application termi

20、nals,becoming important carriers for various emerging economic formats and models.Intelligent automotives encompass various aspects such as smart cockpits,intelligentnavigation,automated parking,and assisted driving.From the perspective of futuredevelopment trends,the most significant direction for

21、intelligent automotives isautomated driving.Automated driving technology can be classified into six levels,ranging from L0 to L5:L1 to L2 are driver assistance,L3 serves as the dividing linefor automated driving,L4 enables automated driving in the majority of scenarioswithout human intervention,and

22、L5 represents full automation.Based on the currentindustry development trends,assisted driving and automated driving technologies areprogressively evolving from L2,with iterative advancements leading toward L3 andL4.Figure 1-1 Schematic diagram of automated driving levelsData source:Society ofAutomo

23、tive Engineers3Figure 1-2 Schematic diagram of functional classification of automated drivinghuman driver and automated driving systemData source:Society ofAutomotive Engineers-Connectivity.Connected vehicles refer to the next generation of automotives thatincorporate advanced vehicle sensors,contro

24、llers,and actuators,integrate moderncommunication,networking,Internet of Things,and cloud computing technologies toenable intelligent information exchange and sharing between the vehicle and variousentities,including vehicles,roads,drivers,and the cloud.Connected vehicles areequipped with sophistica

25、ted features such as complex environment perception,intelligent decision-making,and collaborative control.The core of connected vehicleslies in considering both the vehicle and roadside infrastructure as data terminals.Bycollecting and exchanging data,they facilitate efficient collaboration among dr

26、ivers,vehicles,roads,and the cloud,providing vital data support for applications likeautomated driving and other intelligent functionalities.4Figure 1-3 Schematic diagram of connected vehicle architectureData source:National Innovation Center of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles(ii)The industrial c

27、hain of next-generation smart transportationThe industrial chain of next-generation smart transportation encompasses variousrelated fields,including automotive manufacturing,automated driving,vehicle-infrastructure cooperation,data services,etc.This industrial chain is characterized byits considerab

28、le length and a multitude of participants.-Upstream key technologies.These technologies include three levels:vehicle,road,and network.They manifest as“smart vehicles”,“smart roads”,and“flexiblenetworks”.Specifically,the vehicle level involves automotive execution and controlsystems,terminals and chi

29、ps,in-vehicle software and algorithms,and environmentperception systems,which are the core elements for realizing automated drivingtechnology.The road level involves new smart transportation systems,new energyand charging facilities,and new infrastructure systems,which provide significantsupport for

30、 achieving vehicle-infrastructure cooperation.The network level includeshigh-precision positioning and mapping,communication networks,applicationsoftware,and information services,which serve as vital guarantees for implementingvehicle-infrastructure cooperation technology.5-Midstream manufacturing i

31、ntegration.This includes intelligent manufacturing,transportation enterprises,component suppliers,vehicle manufacturers,systemintegrators,information security suppliers,etc.-Downstream service applications.This includes various application scenarios such asports,mining areas,trunk logistics,unmanned

32、 delivery,unmanned sanitation,Robotaxis,Robobuses,and more.Figure 1-4:The full industry chain of next-generation smart transportationSource:Mapping by the research team(iii)The importance of developing next-generation smart transportationThe development of next-generation smart transportation holds

33、significant strategicvalue in promoting high-quality and sustainable development while meeting theaspirations of the people for a better life.It has a profound impact on shaping theindustrial ecosystem,driving national innovation,enhancing traffic safety,andachieving energy efficiency and emission r

34、eduction.At the strategic level,smarttransportation leads the technological revolution and industrial transformation in thetransportationsector,reflectingacountrysstrengthinbasictechnology,manufacturing,and technology innovation.It has become one of the core areas of6global technological competition

35、.Economically,smart transportation not onlyelevates the automotive industry but also catalyzes the transformation of relatedindustries and creates new business opportunities.Socially,it revolutionizes themobility system,delivering substantial social benefits such as improved traffic flow,reduced acc

36、idents,enhanced travel efficiency,and lower greenhouse gas emissions.The Made in China 2025 Key Area Technology Roadmap predicts that by 2025,information-based and intelligent vehicles can improve traffic efficiency by 80%,reduce accidents by 90%,decrease fatalities by 90%,and cut road traffic CO2em

37、issions and energy consumption by over 25%.Figure 1-5 The significance and value of developing next-generation smarttransportationSource:Mapping by the research team-One of the important areas of competition among major countries.Smarttransportation serves as a critical domain for global strategic a

38、nd technologicalcompetition,representing the comprehensive strength of countries in terms of basictechnology,manufacturing capability,and technological innovation.The trendtowards intelligent and connected transportation is an inevitable trajectory inautomotive development.Major countries around the

39、 world have embarked on7strategic initiatives,aiming to secure cutting-edge core technologies and strive forleadership in the global smart transportation sector.China possesses certainadvantages in intelligent connected vehicles,particularly in areas such as C-V2X,cloud platforms,and integrated vehi

40、cle manufacturing.It maintains a competitiveposition in key areas such as critical sensors,software algorithms,map positioning,and information security.Moreover,China has already developed enterprise-levelautomated driving systems based on open-source kernels,encompassing operatingsystems,toolchain

41、software,and simulation systems.Furthermore,China exhibitsclearadvantagesininfrastructuredevelopment,leadinggloballyin5Gcommunication coverage,road network scale,and the BeiDou navigation satellitepositioning system.These strengthsposition China favorablyin the globalcompetition of next-generation s

42、mart transportation technologies and industries.Figure 1-6 Top 25 national intelligent connected vehicle industry development index(2020)Data source:CCID-Promoting the industry towards higher quality and advancement.The next-generationsmart transportation represents a“disruptive innovation”in travel

43、 patterns.Under the8impetus of economies of scale,it will drive the automotive industry towards higherquality and transformative development.According to McKinseys estimates,by 2030,the potential annual revenue growth for basic connected vehicles(L1 and L2)isprojected to be between$130 and$210 per v

44、ehicle,while for advanced connectedvehicles(L4 and L5)it is estimated to be between$400 and$610.Potential costreductions are forecasted to be between$100 and$170,and$120 to$210,respectively.Simultaneously,smart transportation will demonstrate economic valuethrough reduced labor costs,increased opera

45、tional time,and enhanced fuel efficiency,addressing numerous pain points in the transport sector such as driver shortages,rising labor costs,and traffic safety.Inappropriate driving habits,frequent braking,and prolonged idling can increase a vehicles fuel consumption,whereas automateddriving can mim

46、ic the logical operations of skilled drivers,thereby reducing fuelconsumption.Taking the example of automated container trucks at ports,calculationssuggest that each automated container truck can save the port approximately RMB200,000 annually in labor costs,and about RMB 180,000 in energy costs,whi

47、leoperating continuously for 24 hours.A report titled Fuel Economy Testing ofAutonomous Vehicles published by Carnegie Mellon University in the United Statesindicates that the fuel economy of autonomous vehicles will improve by 10%,andtheir energy-saving efficiency will further increase with the pop

48、ularization ofautomated driving and advancements in technology.Table 1-1 Improvement of fuel efficiency under different driving speeds in automateddrivingSpeed(miles/hour)0-3030-4040-5050-60Automated drivingsystem(kilometers/liter)3.495.435.915.56Human driving(kilometers/liter)3.144.565.465.46Increa

49、se in fuel efficiency21%17%8%3%Data source:CITIC Securities-Strong spillover effects drive the development of related industries.Next-generation9smart transportation will drive the traditional automotive industry to innovate and willhave wide-ranging spillover effects on industries such as electroni

50、c information,component equipment,and vehicle-end services.On the one hand,it will enhance thesoftware and hardware capabilities of supporting products and significantly improvethe performance of hardware components such as millimeter-wave radar,ultrasonicradar,and cameras.Taking millimeter-wave rad

51、ar as an example,according topreliminary calculations by the AIOT Research Institute,the total market size ofmillimeter-wave radar in China is projected to increase from RMB 3.1 billion in 2018to RMB 8.6 billion in 2022,with the market size of automotive millimeter-wave radarreaching RMB 7 billion.O

52、n the other hand,smart transportation will contribute toexpanding the aftermarket capabilities of the automotive industry,meeting peoplesdiverse needs,and transforming vehicles into mobile service terminals rather than justmeans of transportation.Furthermore,smart transportation will generate synerg

53、isticeffects on areas such as transportation,travel,and information services,promoting thedevelopment of new consumption such as new models,new formats,and neweconomies,etc.-Promoting business model innovation and creating new application scenarios.Smarttransportation will disrupt the traditional au

54、tomotive sales model,extending the profitcycle to the entire lifecycle of vehicles while greatly expanding commercialapplication scenarios.It creates a new ecosystem by offering services such as softwaresubscriptions,intelligent driving operations and data analysis.The concept of“Software Defined Ve

55、hicles(SDV)”is emerging as a crucial trend in the industry.According to McKinseys predictions,by 2030,automotive companies will generatean incremental value of$450-750 billion annually through service and data sales.Simultaneously,as automotive intelligence continues to advance,it will generate vast

56、and diverse types of data,including external environmental data,vehicle operatingdata,vehicle usage data,personal data of vehicle owners,communication,paymentdata,etc.This will create significant market opportunities for data-driven businesseswithin the industry.10-Better guarantee traffic safety.Dr

57、iver violations,lack of driving experience,andpersonal limitations or perceptual constraints are significant factors contributing toroad traffic accidents.According to the CIDAS(China In-depth Accident Study)database,which covers 5664 accidents involving passenger cars from 2011 to 2021,driver-relat

58、ed factors accounted for approximately 81.5%of the cases.Among them,accidents caused by drivers inability to identify and perceive hazards in advanceaccounted for 79.9%.Accidents caused by failure to yield accounted for 43.4%,followed by speeding,improper lane usage,drunk driving,violation of traffi

59、c signals,and fatigue driving.The elimination of human drivers in smart transportationscenarios plays a significant role in reducing road traffic risks.Statistics show thatassisted driving systems,partial automation,and conditional automation can reducecar accidents by 50-80%.In a highly automated d

60、riving environment,on the one hand,autonomous vehicles rely on comprehensive perception systems,intelligent decision-making systems,and precise execution systems,resulting in more stable and reliablevehicle operations.On the other hand,automated driving can utilize sensor fusion andvehicle-infrastru

61、cture cooperation technology to have a holistic pre-perception of thesurrounding environment,enabling proactive risk avoidance and effectively reducingaccident rates.Taking long-haul trucks as an example,the average reaction time for aregular driver is around 2,500 milliseconds,with lateral control

62、accuracy of about 10centimeters.In contrast,an autonomous truck only requires 100 milliseconds with anaccuracy of 3 centimeters,significantly reducing the risk of accidents caused by longbraking distances in heavy trucks.Table 1-2 Advantages of autonomous trucks over traditional driversDriving behav

63、iorAutonomoustruckTraditional driverMagnitude ofdeclineResponse time(ms)100250096%Basic braking frequency(per hour)13097%Lateral control accuracy(cm)31070%Data source:CITIC Securities-Solving“urban diseases”to improve transportation efficiency.Traffic congestion has11become a global challenge,causin

64、g annual productivity losses and resourceconsumption worth trillions of dollars worldwide.According to data from Ministry ofTransport of the Peoples Republic of China,the economic losses caused by trafficcongestion account for 20%of urban residents disposable income,equivalent to anannual GDP loss o

65、f 5-8%.Next-generation smart transportation aims to enhancetraffic efficiency and alleviate congestion through single-vehicle intelligence andintelligent traffic dispatching.Taking the United States as an example,a McKinseyreport indicates that by 2030,automated driving is expected to reduce commute

66、 timeby 40%for US travelers.Smart transportation platforms can preemptively predict andmanage potential traffic congestion by optimizing traffic flow and dispatchingvehicles effectively.For instance,on the Shanghai-Hangzhou-Ningbo Expressway,according to data from Zhejiang Communications Investment

67、Group Co.,Ltd.,smarttransportation has increased road capacity by 20%,reduced congestion time by 10%,accurately predicted congestion time with a 90%accuracy rate,and reduced trafficaccidents and rescue time by 10%.In addition to congestion avoidance,automateddriving can also improve road utilization

68、.In terms of individual vehicles,intelligentsystems can maintain smaller safe distances between two vehicles,thereby increasingthe throughput of roads per unit of time.Statistics show that when the penetration rateof Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control(CACC)communication between vehiclesreaches 50%(

69、meaning 50%of vehicles in the traffic stream equipped with CACC),highway traffic capacity can increase by an average of 22%.When CACC is fullyadopted,traffic capacity can increase by 50-80%.Moreover,when automated drivingbecomes mainstream,road spaces will undergo restructuring.For example,the needf

70、or middle isolation lanes for safety purposes would diminish,and individual lanespaces could become narrower,allowing more efficient use of urban road spaces.-Promoting energy saving and emission reduction in transportation towards the“dualcarbon”goals.Transportation is a prominent contributor to ca

71、rbon emissions.According to statistics,carbon emissions from the transportation sector account forapproximately 10%of the total societal carbon emissions.Among various modes of12transportation,the road sector exhibits the highest carbon emissions,representing asignificant portion of 86.8%.Smart tran

72、sportation has the potential to mitigate carbonemissions through optimizing travel routes,reducing the frequency of low-speedvehicle operations,enhancing road utilization efficiency,and minimizing motorvehicle energy consumption.These measures can lead to a reduction of 28%in fuelconsumption and nea

73、rly 20%in carbon dioxide emissions.-Promoting fair and convenient travel for transportation equity.Smart transportationwill bring convenience to the general public and greatly enhance transportation equity.It will make shared mobility the mainstream mode of transportation,shifting the focusof automo

74、tive usage from ownership to lifecycle value.Statistics reveal that a carremains idle in parking space for approximately 95%of its time.Shared mobility notonly significantly improves the efficiency of car utilization but also extends equitabletransportation access to a broader population.Particularl

75、y for vulnerable groups suchas the elderly and disabled individuals,the level of transportation conveniencedetermines their travel frequency and distance.Due to safety concerns,the elderly isoften restricted or deprived of the right to drive,resulting in significant traveldifficulties.Against the ba

76、ckdrop of an aging population,smart transportationbecomes a crucial means to promote social equity and address the transportationchallenges faced by the elderly,disabled,and other vulnerable groups.It ensures thateveryone has the right to equitable access to transportation.-Smart transportation will

77、 create emerging job opportunities.Smart transportation,while replacing human drivers,will alter employment structures and create new jobopportunities.On the one hand,with the advent of digitization,the smarttransportation industry will generate new job positions in areas such as technologicalresear

78、ch and development,data analysis,and in-vehicle consumption.On the otherhand,smarttransportationpossessesindustrialspillovereffects,drivingthedevelopment of related hardware and software industries,thereby generating newdemands and stimulating new job opportunities.II.Global development of next-gene

79、ration smart transportation13(i)Overall situationCurrently,intelligent connected vehicles have become a crucial direction for theglobal automotive industrys transformation and upgrade.Major countries areaccelerating their strategic deployments by issuing policies and top-level plans,formulating and

80、revising relevant regulations,encouraging technological R&D,supporting road testing demonstrations,and operational projects.These measures aimto seize the commanding heights of smart transportation development.-The smart transportation market has huge potential.With the continuous introductionof veh

81、icles equipped with Advanced Driver Assistance System(ADAS),the trend ofautomotive intelligence is gradually becoming clearer.According to data from theLeadLeo Research Institute,the global penetration rate of ADAS above L2 was only5%in 2020.It is expected to reach 20%by 2025 and 65%by 2035.As the p

82、enetrationrate of automated driving increases,the market size is widely anticipated to expand.According to Kearney data predictions,the global automated driving market size(including vehicle,road,cloud,etc.)will reach$80 billion by 2025 and$280 billionby 2030.According to Roland Berger data,the glob

83、al market size of vehicle-endautomated driving systems was$113.8 billion in 2020 and is expected to reachapproximately$500 billion by 2030,with chips,sensors,and software algorithmscontributing to the majority of the incremental market.After initial investment andtechnological accumulation,the globa

84、l automated driving industry is now at a crucialstage of transitioning from testing applications to large-scale commercialization,withtremendous market growth potential and opportunities.14Figure 2-1 Global ADAS penetration rate at various levels(2020-2040E)Data source:LeadLeo Research Institute,Chi

85、na Industrial Economic InformationNetworkFigure 2-2 Global automated driving market size forecast(2020-2026)Data source:McKinsey-The world is moving towards the commercialization stage of automated driving.Currently,the world is moving towards the commercialization stage of L3 automateddriving,and m

86、ultiple countries and regions are actively promoting the commercialdeployment of automated driving.In May 2023,Waymo,an automated drivingcompany under Alphabet,Googles parent company,expanded the operation of itsunmanned driving taxis in San Francisco and Phoenix.In June,the CaliforniaDepartment of

87、Motor Vehicles(DMV)approved the on-road driving application ofMercedes-Benzs L3 automated driving system,allowing Mercedes-Benz vehiclesequipped with this system to activate automated driving functions on designatedhighways.Mercedes-Benz became the first automaker to be granted permission to useL3 a

88、utomated driving on California roads.In the same month,the UK launched itsfirst unmanned driving rental project,where rental vehicles are delivered to customersusing remote operators for driving.This marks the first commercial use of unmanneddriving cars in the UK.While countries are actively promot

89、ing the commercializationof automated driving,the progress may vary due to differences in road environments,15regulations,and technical standards.Nevertheless,with technological advancementsand policy support,it is expected that more automated driving services will bedeployed worldwide in the coming

90、 years.Figure 2-3 Automated driving development stagesSource:Soochow Securities-C-V2X is gradually being widely accepted internationally.In the field of vehicle-to-everything(V2X)communication,themainstreamwirelesscommunicationtechnologies internationally are DSRC(IEEE 802.11p)and C-V2X.Compared toI

91、EEE 802.11p,C-V2X is a V2X technology developed and promoted by 3GPP(TheThird Generation Partnership Project),an international standardization organizationfor mobile communications.It is based on cellular network communicationtechnology,enabling both long-range and wide-area communication as well as

92、 short-range communication between vehicles and infrastructure.Compared to DSRC,C-V2X has advantages in terms of technological advancement,high reliability,lowlatency,and future evolution.The United States has canceled the allocation of 75MHz bandwidth in the 5.9 GHz frequency band for DSRC and allo

93、cated 30 MHz inthe 5895-5925 MHz range for C-V2X vehicle-to-everything technology.In Europe,the usage of the 5.9 GHz frequency band has also been modified,expanding the ITSroad safety applications to the 5875-5925 MHz range,adopting a technology-neutralapproach without specific restrictions.Overall,

94、C-V2X has gained recognition fromtwo major automotive and transportation powers,the United States and China,andhas become the mainstream international technology standard.In April 2023,the U.S.16ITS published the National V2X Deployment Plan,stating that the United States haslost its leadership posi

95、tion in the V2X field.It proposes the formation of a nationaldeployment plan under the U.S.Department of Transportation,including theinfrastructure deployment at 100,000 intersections within the next five years.Figure 2-4 C-V2X standard evolution timelineData source:China Institute of Communications

96、Figure 2-5 C-V2X has taken a leading edge in global industrial competitionData source:CICT-The“vehicle-infrastructure cooperation”has the potential for“overtaking on bends”.From a global perspective on the development of intelligent connected vehicles,thereare multiple technological approaches.First

97、,the single-vehicle intelligence approachrepresented by Googles Waymo relies on lidar as the primary perception device andutilizes high-precision maps to achieve automated driving.Second,the single-vehicleintelligence approach represented by Tesla primarily relies on visual perception fordecision-ma

98、king.It collects a large amount of roadside data and trains models,17eliminating the need for high-precision maps.Third,Chinas“vehicle-infrastructurecooperation”approach aims for“vehicle-infrastructure cloud integration”.It leveragesroadside intelligent units to replace certain vehicle-side intellig

99、ent devices and enablescooperative perception and decision-making among vehicles.In the process ofrealizing automated driving,the single-vehicle intelligence approaches have certainlimitations.They heavily rely on cameras for perception,which can result ininadequate perception and data processing ca

100、pabilities,leading to inaccurateassessment of road conditions during adverse weather or in scenarios with numerous“corner cases”.In contrast,the vehicle-infrastructure cooperation approach offerssignificant advantages.When encountering extreme weather or object occlusion,thisapproach utilizes signal

101、s from roadside devices to assist vehicles in perceivinginformation within blind spots,greatly enhancing the safety of automated driving.Furthermore,the vehicle-infrastructure cooperation approach reduces the vehiclesreliance on high computational power by utilizing roadside perception data as anaux

102、iliary resource.This reduces the latency impact of cloud computing andtransmission,facilitating the early implementation of full automation.Figure 2-6 Vehicle-infrastructure cooperation can further improve safety ratescompared to single-vehicle intelligenceData source:CICT-China and the United State

103、s lead global smart transportation development.As leadersin the global smart transportation sector,both China and the United States haveprioritized the development of intelligent technologies as important strategicobjectives.According to the 2022 Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement Reportspublished by

104、the California Department of Motor Vehicles(DMV),automated driving18companies from both countries have roughly equal testing scales.In terms of theMiles Per Intervention(MPI),Cruise ranks first,while in terms of total testing miles,Waymo,a subsidiary of Google,holds the top position.Based on their r

105、espectivecomparative advantages,China and the United States are exploring suitabletechnological development paths.American companies such as Tesla and Waymofocus on the development of single-vehicle automated driving,striving for globalleadership in multiple individual technologies.On the other hand

106、,China promotes theconceptofvehicle-infrastructurecooperation,emphasizingthecoordinateddevelopment of automated vehicles and intelligent road systems.China is makinglong-term plans for the construction of smart transportation infrastructure and thedevelopment of the automated driving industry,aiming

107、 to build an efficient intelligentand connected transportation system.Table 2-1 California 2022 Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement ReportsRoad testenterpriseCountryRoad testmileage(miles)Number ofregisteredvehicles(units)Number oftestedvehicles(units)Number oftakeoversper year(times)Miles perintervent

108、ion（MPI）WaymoU.S.2900017059CruiseU.S.8635900ZooxU.S.55226290Pony.aiChina280420AppleU.S.98221NuroU.S.949831919156333WeRideChina6456BenzGermany529764738381395AutoXChina4930DiDiChina382651210219150ArgoU.S.18640.81311118600Data

109、 source:California Department of Motor Vehicles(DMV)(ii)Developments in major countries or regions1.United statesIntermsoftop-leveldesign.Policyplanninghasconsistentlymaintained19technological neutrality,with a shift in focus from“safety”to“development”.In 2016,the U.S.Department of Transportation(U

110、SDOT)released the first version of theFederal Automated Vehicles Policy:Accelerating the Next Revolution in RoadwaySafety(abbreviated as AV1.0).This policy outlined requirements for the design,development,testing,and operation of automated vehicles and has since been updatedannually as a top-level g

111、uiding document.Subsequent versions,namely AV2.0,AV3.0,and AV4.0,were released in 2017,2018,and 2020,respectively.Throughout thisprocess,theU.S.DepartmentofTransportationhasiterativelyupdateditsdevelopment approach towards automated driving.On the one hand,all four versionsof the policy guidelines a

112、re voluntary and non-binding,maintaining technologicalneutrality and providing maximum freedom for innovation to companies.On the otherhand,while ensuring safety remains a paramount consideration,the governmentsregulatoryapproachhas gradually shiftedfrom“enhancingsafetystandardsenforcement”to“removi

113、ng institutional barriers for industry development”.Buildingupon this foundation,in 2021,the U.S.Department of Transportation released theAutomated Vehicles Comprehensive Plan(AVCP)as an extension of AV4.0.This planestablishes three main objectives:establishing mechanisms for industry collaborationa

114、ndinformationtransparency,optimizingtheregulatoryenvironmentfortransportation,and developing a transportation system suitable for automated driving.Table 2-2 The United States continues to develop and release strategic plans forautomated vehiclesPlanRelease timeDocumentKey pointsAV1.0September2016Fe

115、deral Automated VehiclesPolicy：Accelerating theNext Revolution in RoadwaySafetyAutomotive manufacturers are required toprovide 15 safety assessment documents inthe four areas of design,development,testing,and deployment,emphasizing thefederal governments authority to managesafety technical standards

116、.AV2.0September2017Automated Driving Systems:A Vision for Safety 2.0It proposes innovative regulatory solutions.The first is to publish voluntary automateddriving system guidelines,which include 1220priority safety design elements such as“vehicle cybersecurity”,“human-machineinterface”,“crash resist

117、ance”,“consumereducation and training,”and“behavior afterthecollisionofautomateddrivingsystems”;the second is to clarify thefunctions of the federal government andstates in supervising automated drivingsystems.The Department of Transportationis responsible for vehicle safety design andperformance ma

118、nagement,and each state isresponsible for driver and vehicle operationmanagement.AV3.0October 2018Preparing for the Future ofTransportation:AutomatedVehicles 3.0Itfurthereasesrestrictionsonthedevelopmentofautomateddrivingtechnologytoensurethatcoresafetypolicies meet the development needs ofautomated

119、 driving technology.The first isto clarify regulatory principles such as“safety first”and“maintain technologicalneutrality”;the second is to abolish the topten designated automated driving test sites;the third is to emphasize that“humans willno longer be the only operators of means oftransportation,

120、but can also be automateddriving systems”and abolish the“motorvehicles must be equipped with traditionalcontrol devices such as steering wheels,pedals,and rearview mirrors before theycan drive on public roads”.AV4.0January 2020Ensuring AmericanLeadership in AutomatedVehicle Technologies:Automated Ve

121、hicles 4.0It focuses on keeping regulatory policies upwith the pace of industry development,providingall-roundsupportforthedevelopmentoftheautomatedvehicleindustry,and is committed to promotingenterprise innovation and enhancing publicawareness and trust in automated vehicles.AVCPJanuary 2021Automat

122、ed VehiclesIt emphasizes flexibility in dealing with the21Comprehensive Plandevelopment of automated driving,andfocusesonadvancingtechnologicalinnovationandensuringsafetybypromoting information flow,building amodernregulatoryenvironment,andfosteringpartnershipstobreakdownvarious barriers to the deve

123、lopment ofautomated driving technology.Data source:The research team compiled the information based on public resourcesIn terms of legislation and regulations,in March 2022,the National Highway TrafficSafety Administration(NHTSA)of the U.S.Department of Transportation issued theOccupant Protection f

124、or Vehicles with Automated Driving,which is the first technicalstandard specifically targeting passenger safety in automated vehicles.It clarifies thatfully automated vehicles no longer need to be equipped with traditional manualcontrol devices such as steering wheels,brake pedals,or throttle pedals

125、 to meetoccupant protection standards in the event of a collision.In terms of technological development pathways,after years of debate between DSRCand C-V2X,the United States has explicitly supported the development of the C-V2Xpathway.By promoting the deployment of C-V2X devices in vehicles,support

126、ing theconstruction of roadside infrastructure,and accelerating industry collaboration,thedevelopment of C-V2X is being facilitated.On April 24,2023,the FederalCommunications Commission(FCC)approved a joint request made by Americancompanies for the rapid deployment of C-V2X.It permits the deployment

127、 and use ofC-V2X technology in the 30 MHz of 5.9 GHz frequency band(5.895 GHz-5.925 GHz)before the final rules based on C-V2X are issued.The working frequency band for C-V2X devices is set at 5905-5925 MHz.In terms of demonstration applications,approximately 40 states in the United Stateshave enacte

128、d laws and issued administrative orders related to automated driving.California,in particular,has become a hub for road testing of automated vehicles.Inrecent years,the California Public Utilities Commission(CPUC)has been activelypromoting the commercialization of Robotaxi services.In February 2022,

129、the CPUC22issued commercial deployment permits to Cruise and Waymo,allowing their Robotaxiwith safety drivers to offer paid services.In June,further permission was granted toCruise to provide services without safety drivers.2.European UnionThe European Union(EU)adopts a two-tiered“EU-National”approa

130、ch to support thedevelopment of the automated driving industry.It focuses on both top-level designs,aiming to establish an EU legal and policy framework for automated driving,and onthe implementation of legislation,actively promoting on-road testing of automatedvehicles.From the perspectives of road

131、 safety,vehicle safety,and network security,efforts are made to improve testing requirements and ensure testing safety.First,theEU releases technology roadmap guidelines to guide industry development.TheEuropean Road Transport Research Advisory Council(ERTRAC)annually updatesand publishes the Automa

132、ted Driving Roadmap.2022 version outlines the targetapplications for 2030.These applications include highway and transport corridors,restricted areas,urban mixed traffic,and rural roads,among other key scenarios.Second,cross-industry collaboration is promoted through innovative research projects,suc

133、h as the AUTOPILOT project,which aims to develop automated driving servicesbased on the Internet of Things(IoT).In addition,by deploying digital infrastructureandstrengtheningvehicle-to-infrastructureconnectivity,theEUcombinesmultinational demonstration projects to drive industry applications.An exa

134、mple is theINFRAMIX project,which focuses on the design,upgrading,renovation,and testingof physical and digital road infrastructure,including the ISAD classification toinfrastructure.The EU is at the forefront of global regulations for highly automated driving.In 2020,the United Nations Economic Com

135、mission for Europe(UNECE)issued the UNregulation on Automated Lane Keeping Systems,becoming the worlds firstinternational regulation for L3 automated driving.In July 2022,the updated VehicleGeneral Safety Regulation came into effect,introducing a series of mandatoryadvanced driver assistant systems

136、to enhance road safety.It also established a legal23framework for certifying L3 and higher vehicles within the EU.With theimplementation of the updated Vehicle General Safety Regulation,the EuropeanCommission released the New EU Type Approval Rules for Automated Vehicles inAugust 2022,further enhanc

137、ing the competitiveness of the European automotiveindustry.3.GermanyGermany stands out as one of the most proactive countries in revising regulationspertaining to automated driving,leading the way in creating new opportunities andadvancing domestic automated driving capabilities while enhancing its

138、internationalinfluence.First,amendments were made to the Road Traffic Act to allow for the installation anduse of L3 automated driving systems in vehicles.In June 2017,Germanys eighthrevision of the Road Traffic Act granted L3 automated driving systems the authority toassume driving tasks under driv

139、er supervision,thus establishing the legal status of L3automated driving.Second,the introduction of the German Act on Autonomous Driving permits theactivation of L4 autonomous driving systems in specific scenarios.Effective fromJuly 2021,the Act on Autonomous Driving primarily focuses on commercialo

140、perational settings.By supplementing existing road traffic and compulsory insurancelaws,it allows for commercial trials of L4 autonomous driving vehicles that can beremotely taken over at any time,operating on public roads or designated areas.Furthermore,the Act stipulates that in the event of an au

141、tonomous driving accident,the vehicle manufacturer bears full responsibility,with Mercedes-Benz being the firstcompany to meet the requirements.Third,efforts have been made to develop regulations specifically for autonomousdriving vehicles,detailing the approval requirements for their on-road deploy

142、ment.InFebruary 2022,the German Federal Cabinet approved the Regulations on Approvaland Operation of Autonomous Vehicles,further makes detailed provisions on the on-road management process of autonomous vehicles.This regulation provides24comprehensive guidelines for the management and operation of L

143、4 autonomousdriving,while also outlining the technical requirements for autonomous drivingvehicles and the obligations of regulatory bodies and automobile manufacturerswithin the industry.Additionally,the regulation includes multiple provisionsemphasizing the safeguarding of data security for autono

144、mous driving vehicles.Last,Germany has actively advocated for the international standardization of L3 andhigher autonomous driving functionalities.In December 2021,the German FederalMotorTransport Authority(KBA)grantedapprovalforMercedes-BenzL3autonomous driving vehicles to operate on German highway

145、s,guided by the technicalapproval regulation UN-R157,which aligns with the United Nations FrameworkDocument for Autonomous Vehicles.These vehicles are permitted to travel on Germanhighways at speeds not exceeding 60 km/h,with the ability for human interventionwhen necessary.4.United KingdomThe Unite

146、d Kingdom is actively carrying out revisions to road regulations to promotethe deployment of the Automated Lane Keeping System(ALKS)as a standard feature.From August 2020 to April 2021,the UK conducted a technical consultation on theAutomated Lane Keeping System(ALKS)regulations.Building upon the co

147、nsultationon The Highway Code initiated in April 2021,further amendments to The HighwayCode were proposed inApril 2022 to advance the application ofALKS.5.JapanJapan has adopted an overall approach that emphasizes bottom-up development,breakthroughs in individual functions,and system integration in

148、the field of intelligentconnected vehicles.It has incorporated intelligent connected vehicles into its keynational development strategy,leveraging its strong advantage in the construction ofvehicle-infrastructure-cloud cooperative infrastructure.In 2018,Japan successfullycompleted its first domestic

149、 Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything(C-V2X)joint trial andgradually shifted towards the C-V2X technology route with the support of automotivecompanies such as Honda and Nissan.In 2020,Japan conducted demonstrations and25validations of autonomous driving technology during the Tokyo Olympic Games.Various s

150、ectors in Japan have been promoting industry development by creating anecosystem for autonomous driving.The establishment of the MONET mobilityservice alliance,with over 270 companies joining,has facilitated the gathering ofresources in the autonomous driving industry.In 2015,Japan established the A

151、utonomous Driving Commercialization Seminar andcontinuously updated and released the Work Guidelines for Achieving AutonomousDriving(versions 1.0 to 5.0).In April 2022,version 6.0 of the report was officiallypublished,accelerating the commercialization process of autonomous driving throughthe realiz

152、ation of unmanned autonomous driving mobility services,the establishmentof a highly efficient trunk logistics system,the expansion of the private vehicleAD/ADAS market,and the promotion of the“RoAD to the L4”project.In March2022,the Japanese Cabinet approved amendments to the Road Traffic Act.Theame

153、ndments allow for the operation of L4 autonomous driving vehicles under specificconditions and the use of unmanned delivery robots on sidewalks.The amendmentsalso require operators providing autonomous driving vehicle services to assign a“specific person in charge of autonomous operation”and establi

154、sh legal obligationsand responsibilities for operators and the person in charge in the event of a trafficaccident.The amendments officially came into effect onApril 1,2023.Yamaha MotorCo.,Ltd.announced that in May,they launched Japans first public road operationservice for L4 autonomous driving vehi

155、cles.The Japanese government plans tocommence autonomous driving vehicle operation services in approximately 50locations nationwide by 2025 to address population aging and sparsely populated insome areas.6.KoreaKorea has achieved government regulatory innovation and promoted the iteration ofintellig

156、ent connected vehicle(ICV)technology and industry development byleveraging regulatory sandbox and typical demonstration projects.Continue to promote testing and demonstration.In 2021,top-level strategic plans such26as the Seoul Autonomous Vehicle Demonstration Zone Operation and SupportOrdinance and

157、 the Seoul Autonomous Driving Vision 2030 were successively releasedinKorea.Theseplansopenlyrecruitedautonomousdrivingoperatorsandcollaborated with the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport to designate theGangnam Autonomous Vehicle Pilot Operation Zone.This initiative introducedservices suc

158、h as autonomous driving taxis and autonomous driving buses,aiming toachieve early commercialization of autonomous driving technology in urban areas.In terms of innovative technology applications,Korea has explored a new model ofsandbox regulation.In January 2022,the Government of the Republic of Kor

159、eareleased the three-year achievements of Sandbox Regulation.In the automotive field,Sandbox Regulation projects have focused on addressing regulatory conflicts relatedto on-road operations,exploring solutions for conflicts between the PassengerTransport Business Act and the Parks and Green Spaces A

160、ct.Additionally,theprojects have aimed to promote the resolution of key common issues that hinderindustry development,such as OTA upgrades,by addressing constraints outlined intheAutomobile Management Act.7.SingaporeSingapore took an early initiative in the field of autonomous driving.In 2013,thegov

161、ernment introduced the“Singapore Autonomous Vehicle Initiative”to explore thefeasibility of actual applications of autonomous vehicles,regional transportationsystems,and the potential technological and legal policy implications.In 2016,Singapore launched the first public trial of autonomous taxis wi

162、th Nutonomy,becoming one of the earliest countries to offer Robotaxi services.In the same year,theCentre of Excellence for Testing&Research of Autonomous Vehicles-NTU(CETRAN)was established to test the operation of autonomous vehicles underdifferent traffic and weather conditions.In 2017,the Singapo

163、re government revisedthe Road Traffic Act to allow testing of autonomous vehicles on public roads.Subsequently,the autonomous driving areas in Singapore continued to expand.By2019,over 1,000 kilometers of roads in the western region were available for testing27autonomous vehicles.In 2020,Singapore r

164、anked first in the world in terms ofautonomous vehicle readiness,thanks to its excellent performance in policylegislation and consumer acceptance.8.DubaiUnlike most countries that focus on the passenger car market,Dubai adopts amultimodal approach to achieve its autonomous driving goals.According to

165、 theroadmap published by the Roads&Transport Authority(RTA)in Dubai,it coversseven public transportation modes,including metro,tram,city buses,taxis,maritimetransport,cable cars,and shuttle buses.The plan includes the promotion andapplication of L3 automated driving passenger vehicles starting from

166、2023,with agradual proliferation of L4 automated driving passenger vehicles by 2027.In terms of automated driving taxi applications,in 2021,RTA signed a partnershipagreement with Cruise,a subsidiary of General Motors,to operate automated taxisand provide shared transportation services in Dubai.This

167、made Dubai the first cityoutside the United States to operate such vehicles.According to the agreement,RTAwill launch a fleet of automated taxis in 2023,reaching a 5%market share.By 2030,RTA plans to gradually increase the number of operating vehicles,reaching a total of4,000 automated taxis.III.Dev

168、elopment of Chinas next-generation smart transportationThe next-generation smart transportation has become a remarkable testament toChinas technology strength,innovation capacity,and comprehensive industry support.Chinas smart transportation sector has achieved significant outcomes in various areas,

169、including policy environment development,infrastructure deployment,standardsystem building,key technological advancements,and widespread commercialapplications.(i)Market sizeDriven by various factors such as technological advancements,increasing demand,policy support,and rising user awareness,Chinas

170、 intelligent connected vehicle(ICV)28market has maintained a rapid growth trajectory,with an expanding market size.According to McKinseys projections,China has the potential to become the worldslargest automated driving market.By 2030,the market for new vehicle sales andmobility services related to

171、automated driving is expected to exceed$500 billion.Theoverall scale of the smart transportation sector,including urban rail transit,urbanexpressways,and urban road traffic,is projected to reach RMB 11.7327 trillion.Figure 3-1 Development of market size of Chinas smart transportation sectorData sour

172、ce:LeadLeo Research InstituteIn terms of the penetration rate of automated driving,the L2 advanced driverassistance systems(ADAS)technology has been continuously maturing,and itspenetration rate is gradually increasing.According to data from the Ministry ofIndustry and Information Technology,in 2022

173、,approximately 7 million newpassenger vehicles equipped with ADAS and intelligent connected systems were soldin China,resulting in a market penetration rate of 34.9%.In the first half of 2023,themarket penetration rate further increased to 42.4%.The penetration rates of L2 and L3technologies in new

174、vehicles sold in China in 2022 were 35%and 9%respectively.Itis expected that by 2023,these rates will reach 51%and 20%respectively.TheTechnology Roadmap 2.0 proposes that by 2025,the sales of L2 and L3 intelligentconnected vehicles will account for more than 50%of the total vehicle sales.By 2030,thi

175、s proportion is expected to exceed 70%.29Figure 3-2 Forecast of L0 to L4 penetration rate of new vehicles sold in ChinaData source:KPMG(ii)Policy supportChina is actively promoting the development of the smart driving sector throughpolicy initiatives.Intelligentization is identified as one of the ke

176、y directions for thefuture development of Chinas automotive industry.In 2020,the State Council issuedthe New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan(2021-2035),which set the goalof“developing highly automated driving vehicles,achieving commercial applicationsin designated areas and specific scenari

177、os by 2025,and achieving large-scaleapplications by 2035”.Under the guidance of top-level design,a policy environmentconducive to the development of advanced autonomous driving is gradually beingestablished.In terms of industrial planning,in February 2020,the National Development andReform Commissio

178、n and other departments jointly issued the Intelligent VehicleInnovation and Development Strategy,which outlined the goal of establishing acomprehensivesystemforthetechnologicalinnovation,industrialecology,infrastructure,regulations and standards,product supervision,and network security ofChinas sta

179、ndard intelligent vehicles by 2025.In terms of supervision and management,in April 2022,the State Administration forMarket Regulation took the lead in issuing the Notice on the Pilot Implementation ofthe Automotive Safety Sandbox Regulatory System,which allows sandbox trials in30designated areas to

180、explore new technologies,new business formats,and new modelsof safety supervision.In November 2023,the Ministry of Industry and InformationTechnology,the Ministry of Public Security,the Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment,and the Ministry of Transport jointly issued the Notice on Carrying

181、 outPilot Work for Access and Road Access of Intelligent Connected Vehicles,selectingintelligent connected vehicle products equipped with automated driving functions thatmeet mass production conditions for pilot access.In terms of data and network security,the Several Provisions on the Management of

182、Automobile Data Security(for Trial Implementation)implemented in October 2021defined the scope and boundaries for the collection of data by intelligent vehicles.In terms of high-precision maps,in August 2022,the General Office of the Ministryof Natural Resources issued the Guiding Opinions on the Pi

183、lot Application of High-Precision Maps for Intelligent Connected Vehicles,conducting pilot applications ofhigh-precision maps for intelligent connected vehicles in six cities:Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,Hangzhou,and Chongqing.Table 3-1 Summary of national-level policies on smart transportati

184、on in recent yearsSubcategoriesDateDepartmentsDocumentStrategicplanningJanuary 2022The StateCouncilThe14thFive-YearPlanfortheDevelopment of the Digital EconomyDecember 2021The Ministryof TransportThe14thFive-YearPlanfortheDevelopment of Digital TransportationApril 2022The Ministryof Transport,The Mi

185、nistryof Science andTechnologyThe 14thFive-Year Plan for Science andTechnologyInnovationintheTransportation SectorNovember 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice on Issuing the 14thFive-Year Planfor the Development of the Information andCommunication IndustryJuly 2019The Ministry

186、of TransportOutline of Development Plan for DigitalTransportationSeptember 2019The CentralOutline of Building a Strong Transportation31Committee ofthe CommunistParty of China,the StateCouncilCountryIndustrialplanningDecember 2018The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyThe Action Plan for the

187、 Development of theIntelligentConnectedVehicle(ICV)IndustryFebruary 2020ElevendepartmentsincludingNationalDevelopmentand ReformCommissionStrategyfortheInnovationandDevelopment of Intelligent VehiclesSupervisionandmanagementNovember 2023The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice on Carryi

188、ng out Pilot Work forAccess and Road Access of IntelligentConnected VehiclesAugust 2022The Ministryof TransportGuidelinesforSafetyServicesforTransportationofAutonomousVehicles(Trial)(Draft for Comments)April 2022Fivedepartmentsincluding theStateAdministrationfor MarketRegulationNotice on the Pilot I

189、mplementation of theAutomotiveSafetySandboxRegulatorySystemJuly 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnology,the Ministry ofPublicSecurity,theManagementSpecificationsforRoadTesting and Demonstration Application ofIntelligent Connected Vehicles(Trial)32Ministry ofTransportNovember 2023The Min

190、istryof Industry andInformationTechnology,the Ministry ofPublicSecurity,theMinistry ofHousing andUrban-RuralDevelopment,the Ministry ofTransportNotice on Carrying out Pilot Work forAccess and Road Access of IntelligentConnected VehiclesData andnetworksecurityDecember 2022The CentralCommittee ofthe C

191、ommunistParty of China,the StateCouncilOpinions on Building a Data FoundationSystem to Better Play the Role of DataElementsAugust 2021FivedepartmentsincludingOffice of theCentralCyberspaceAffairsCommissionRegulationsontheManagementofAutomotive Data Security(Trial)September 2021Ministry ofIndustry an

192、dInformationTechnologyEquipmentIndustryDevelopmentCenterNotice on Carrying Out Self-InspectionWork on Vehicle Data Security,NetworkSecurity,etc.33September 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice on Strengthening the Cybersecurityand Data Security of Connected VehiclesSeptember 20

193、21The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice on Strengthening the Real NameRegistration Management of Internet ofVehicles CardsHigh-precisionmapAugust 2022The Ministryof NaturalResourcesNotice on the Pilot Application of High-Precision Maps for Intelligent ConnectedVehiclesAugust 2022The

194、 Ministryof NaturalResourcesNotice on Promoting the Development andMaintenance of Surveying and MappingGeographicInformationSecurityforIntelligent Connected VehiclesMarch 2022The Ministryof NaturalResourcesNoticeonFurtherStrengtheningtheApproval Management of Surveying andMapping QualificationsInter

195、net ofvehiclesJune 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyRadioFrequencyUsageGuideforIndustrial Internet and Internet of Things(2021)June 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice on Strengthening Network SecurityoftheInternetofVehicles(IntelligentConnected Vehicles)(Dr

196、aft for Comments)March 2021The Ministryof Transport,etc.Guideline for Developing National InternetofVehiclesIndustryStandardSystem(Related to Smart Transportation)Smarttransportationand smartcitiesAugust 2022The Ministryof Science andTechnologyNotice on Supporting the Construction ofDemonstrative Ap

197、plication Scenarios forthe Next-Generation Artificial IntelligenceDecember 2021The Ministryof Housing andUrban-RuralDevelopment,The MinistryNotice on Determining the Second Batch ofPilot Cities for Coordinated Developmentof Smart City Infrastructure and ICVs34of Industry andInformationTechnologyNove

198、mber 2021The Ministryof TransportNotice on Organizing and Launching PilotApplications for Automated Driving andIntelligent ShippingMarch 2020The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyNotice of the Ministry of Industry andInformation Technology on Promoting theAccelerated Development of 5GAugus

199、t 2020The Ministryof TransportGuidingOpinionsonPromotingtheConstruction of New Infrastructure in theTransportation SectorDecember 2020The Ministryof TransportGuidingOpinionsonPromotingtheDevelopmentandApplicationofRoadTraffic Autonomous Driving TechnologyFebruary 2021The CentralCommittee ofthe Commu

200、nistParty of China,the StateCouncilNational Comprehensive Three-dimensionalTransportation Network Planning OutlineAugust 2021The Ministryof TransportAction Plan for the Construction of NewInfrastructureintheTransportSector(2021-2025)TechnicalstandardsSeptember 2021The StateAdministrationfor MarketRe

201、gulationTaxonomyofDrivingAutomationforVehicles（GB/T 40429-2021）September 2022The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologyGuideline for Developing National InternetofVehiclesIndustryStandardSystem(IntelligentConnected.Vehicles)(2022Edition)(Draft for Comments)March 2022The Ministryof Industry and

202、InformationTechnologyGuidelines for the Construction of NetworkSecurityandDataSecurityStandardsSystem for Connected Vehicles35June 2022The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologySoliciting Comments on Nine MandatoryNationalStandardsIncludingGeneralTechnicalRequirementsforSoftwareUpdate of Vehic

203、lesJuly 2021NationalTechnicalCommittee ofAutoStandardizationLetterSolicitingCommentsonTwoNationalVoluntaryStandards,IncludingIntelligent and Connected Vehicle-Termsand DefinitionsDecember 2021NationalTechnicalCommittee ofAutoStandardizationLetter Soliciting Comments on the NationalVoluntaryStandardo

204、fIntelligentandConnectedVehicles-MethodsandRequirements of Road Test for AutomatedDriving FunctionsMay 2022NationalTechnicalCommittee ofAutoStandardizationLetterSolicitingCommentsontheRecommendedNationalStandardofIntelligentConnectedVehicles-GraphicalSignsforControls,Indicators,andSignaling DevicesA

205、ugust 2022NationalTechnicalCommittee ofAutoStandardizationLetterSolicitingCommentsonTwoNational Voluntary Standards,IncludingIntelligentandConnectedVehicles-TechnicalRequirementsandTestingMethods for Combined Driver AssistanceSystem,Part 1:Single-lane ManoeuvreJanuary 2022NationalTechnicalCommittee

206、ofAutoStandardizationLetter Soliciting Comments on the NationalVoluntaryStandardofGuidelinesforAutomotiveInformationSecurityEmergency Response ManagementNovember 2021The Ministryof Industry andInformationTechnologySolicitingCommentsontheTechnicalSpecificationforOn-boardSatellitePositioning Systems(D

207、raft for Comments)March 2022NationalTechnicalCommittee ofLetter Soliciting Comments on the NationalVoluntary Standard of On-Board WirelessCommunication Terminal36AutoStandardizationData source:The research team compiled the information based on public resourcesSince 2022,several regions in China hav

208、e introduced regulations and guidelinesrelated to smart transportation,achieving significant breakthroughs in areas such ascommercial operations,legal compliance,and safety standards.At the legislative level,in August 2022,Shenzhen issued the Regulations on the Management of IntelligentConnected Veh

209、icles in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone,which focused on the rightsand responsibilities of L3 and higher automated driving systems,elevating themanagement object to L5.On the commercialization front,in August 2022,Chongqing and Wuhan issued the first batch of commercialization policies for fullyauto

210、mated driving in China,allowing automated driving companies to provide paidautomated driving ride-hailing services without any human presence in the vehicle.InNovember,Beijing released Chinas first set of regulations specifically for short-distance passenger-carrying intelligent connected vehicles t

211、hat do not have a driversseat and steering wheel,expanding their application beyond closed or semi-closedenvironments.In June 2023,The Lin-gang Special Area of China(Shanghai)PilotFree Trade Zone issued Chinas first batch of“driverless”intelligent connectedvehicle road test licenses to four companie

212、s.Table 3-2 Summary of local policies on smart transportationLocalitiesDateDepartmentsSpecific documentsBeijingMunicipalityAugust2021Beijing MunicipalityThe General Office of the Beijing MunicipalCommittee of the Communist Party ofChina and the Peoples Government ofBeijing Municipality issued a noti

213、ce on theDevelopment Plan of Beijing to Acceleratethe Construction of A Global BenchmarkCity for Digital Economy.August2021The Peoples Governmentof Beijing MunicipalityNoticeonIssuingtheBeijingHigh-PrecisionandCutting-EdgeIndustryDevelopment Plan for the 14thFive-YearPlan Period37November2021Beijing

214、 MunicipalityNotice of the Beijing Municipal Committeeof the Communist Party of China and thePeoplesGovernmentofBeijingMunicipality on issuing the Plan on theConstruction of International Science andTechnology Innovation Center during the14thFive-Year.Plan PeriodShanghaiMunicipalityOctober2021Shangh

215、aiMunicipalCommission of Economyand Informatization,Shanghai Municipal PublicSecurity Bureau,ShanghaiMunicipalTransportationCommissionNotice on Issuing the Measures of ShanghaiMunicipalityontheAdministrationofTestingandApplicationofIntelligentConnected VehicleNovember2021The Lin-gang Special Areaof

216、China(Shanghai)PilotFree Trade ZoneReleasingActionPlanfortheScaleDemonstrationandApplicationofIntelligent Connected Vehicles in the Lin-gang New Area during the 14thFive-YearPlan PeriodDecember2021Office of the CyberspaceAffairs Commission of theShanghai Municipal PartyCommitteeNoticeonReporting2022

217、AnnualAutomotive Data Security ManagementJanuary2022Shanghai MunicipalPeoples GovernmentProcedures of Shanghai Municipality on theAdministration of Testing and Applicationof Intelligent Connected VehiclesSeptember2022Shanghai MunicipalPeoples GovernmentNotice on Issuing Shanghai ImplementationPlan f

218、or Accelerating the Innovation andDevelopmentofIntelligentConnectedVehiclesOctober2022Shanghai MunicipalBureau of Planning andNatural ResourcesPublicConsultationonProvisionsofShanghai Municipality on HD Maps forICVs(Draft)November2022ShanghaiMunicipalTransportationCommission,ShanghaiMunicipal Commis

219、sion ofNotice on Issuing the Implementation RulesfortheIntelligentConnectedVehicleDemonstration Operation in Shanghai38EconomyandInformatizationandShanghai Municipal PublicSecurity BureauNovember2022Shanghai MunicipalTransportationCommissionNotice on Issuing the Implementation PlanforCollaborativeIn

220、novationandApplicationofVehicle-InfrastructureCooperation in Shanghai(2023-2025)November2022Shanghai Pudong NewAreaRegulations on Promoting InnovativeApplicationofDriverlessIntelligentConnected Vehicles in Pudong New Area inShanghaiShenzhenCityNovember2022Four departments includingShenzhen Municipal

221、Transportation BureauNotice on Issuing Administrative Rules forIntelligent Connected Vehicles Road Testand Demonstration Application(for TrialImplementation)October2022Development and ReformCommission of ShenzhenMunicipalityNotice on Public Consultation on Measuresto Promote High-Quality Development

222、 ofthe Intelligent Connected Vehicle Industry inShenzhen(Draft for Comments)November2022Shenzhen MunicipalPeoples GovernmentNotice on Issuing the Implementation PlanforPromotingtheHigh-QualityDevelopmentofIntelligentConnectedVehicles in ShenzhenJuly 2022Shenzhen MunicipalPeoples CongressThe Regulati

223、ons on the Administration ofIntelligent Connected Vehicles of ShenzhenSpecial Economic ZoneJune 2022Development and ReformCommission of ShenzhenMunicipalityNoticeonIssuingActionPlanforCultivatingandDevelopingIntelligentConnected Vehicle Industry Clusters(2022-2025)in ShenzhenJanuary2022National Deve

224、lopment andReform Commission,Ministry of Commerce ofthe Peoples Republic ofChinaOpinions on Various Special Measures toRelaxMarketAccessinDevelopingShenzhen into a Pilot Demonstration Zoneof Socialism with Chinese CharacteristicsJune 2022Shenzhen MunicipalOpinions on Developing and Strengthening39Pe

225、oples GovernmentStrategic Emerging Industry Clusters andCultivating Future IndustriesGuangzhouCityDecember2021Guangzhou MunicipalDevelopment and ReformCommissionNotice on Issuing the Plan for Innovationand Development of Intelligent and NewEnergy Vehicles in Guangzhou during the14thFive-Year Plan Pe

226、riodJuly 2022GuangzhouMunicipalIndustry and InformationTechnologyBureau,GuangzhouMunicipalDevelopment and ReformCommissionNotice on Issuing the Three-Year ActionPlan(2022-2024)fortheHigh-QualityDevelopmentofIntelligentConnectedVehicles and New Energy Vehicle IndustryChain in GuangzhouJuly 2022The Pe

227、oples Governmentof Guangzhou MunicipalityNotice on Issuing the 14thFive-Year Plan forUrbanInfrastructureDevelopmentinGuangzhouChongqingMunicipalityOctober2022Chongqing MunicipalPeoples GovernmentNoticeonChongqingActionPlanforInnovativeApplicationofAutomaticDriving and Internet of Vehicles(2022-2025)

228、October2022Chongqing MunicipalPeoples GovernmentNotice on Issuing the Action Plan forPromoting the Construction and Service ofIntelligent Connected New Energy VehicleInfrastructure in Chongqing(2022-2025)September2022Chongqing MunicipalPeoples GovernmentNotice on Issuing the Action Plan for theDevel

229、opment of Automotive Software andArtificialIntelligenceTechnologyApplication in Chongqing(2022-2025)HunanProvinceSeptember2022Hunan ProvinceNotice on Issuing the Administrative Rulesfor Intelligent Connected Vehicles Road Testand Demonstration Application(for TrialImplementation)in Hunan ProvinceJia

230、ngsuProvinceJune 2022Industry and InformationTechnology Department ofJiangsuNotice on Issuing the Guiding Opinions onAccelerating the High-quality Developmentof the IoVs and ICVsNovember2022Jiangsu ProvincialDepartment of JusticeNoticeonthePublicSolicitationofComments on the Draft Amendment ofJiangs

231、uProvinceRoadTrafficSafety40Regulations(DraftforSolicitationofComments)HainanProvinceNovember2022Hainan ProvincialDepartment of Industry andInformation TechnologyAnnouncement on the Public Solicitation ofCommentsontheInternetofVehicles(Intelligent Connected Vehicles)IndustryDevelopmentPlanofHainanPr

232、ovince(Draft for Comments)May 2022Hainan ProvincialDepartment of Industry andInformation TechnologyNotice on Issuing the Implementation Rulesfor the Construction of the Pilot Area(Project)of the Internet of VehiclesOthersMay 2022Department of Industry andInformation Technology ofYunnan ProvinceNotic

233、e on Issuing the Guiding Opinions onPromotingthePilotDemonstrationConstruction of Yunnan Provinces Vehicle-Infrastructure Cooperation and AutonomousDriving during the 14thFive-Year PlanPeriodAugust2021Xiongan NewAreaManagementSpecificationsforRoadTesting and Demonstration Application ofIntelligent C

234、onnected Vehicles(Trial)January2022Tianjin MunicipalityNotice on Issuing Administrative Rules forIntelligent Connected Vehicles Road Testand Demonstration Application(for TrialImplementation)byTianjinMunicipalTransportationCommission,TianjinIndustrialandInformationTechnologyBureauandTianjinMunicipal

235、PublicSecurity BureauNovember2021Hangzhou CityThe first batch of intelligent connectedvehicles was opened for road testing in 2021March2022Hefei CityNoticeonIssuingManagementSpecificationsforRoadTestingandDemonstration ApplicationofIntelligentConnected Vehicles in Hefei CityJanuary2022Liuzhou CityNo

236、tice on the 2021 Open Road Test RouteforIntelligentConnectedVehiclesinLiuzhouData source:The research team compiled the information based on public resources41(iii)Pilot practicesCurrently,China has developed a distinctive vehicle-infrastructure-cloud cooperativeautonomous driving system.Nationwide,

237、more than 15,000 kilometers of intelligentconnected vehicle testing roads have been opened,with a cumulative total testingdistance exceeding 60 million kilometers.Various demonstration applications,including automated driving taxis,unmanned buses,automated valet parking,long-haul logistics,and unman

238、ned delivery,are being carried out in an orderly manner.Seventeen test and demonstration zones,sixteen“dual intelligence”pilot cities,andseven national IoV demonstration zones have completed over 7,000 kilometers ofroad intelligent upgrading and transformation,with the installation of more than 7,00

239、0sets of roadside connected vehicle devices.In terms of development focus,the ICV demonstration zones represent the first stage,with a primary emphasis on supporting technological innovation and development.The ICV pilot areas,on the other hand,belong to the second stage,placing greateremphasis on c

240、ommercial implementation.Last,“dual intelligence”pilot citiesrepresent the third stage,further extending the concept from“smart vehicles”and“smart roads”to“smart cities”.Figure 3-3 Distribution of Chinas ICV test zones and some ICV pilot areasData source:Suzhou Automotive Research Institute,Tsinghua

241、 University1.ICV test and demonstration zonesCurrently,there are 17 national-level ICV test and demonstration zones establishedacross China,along with over 20 local testing sites.Over 50 provinces and cities in42China have issued regulations for ICV testing,with more than 2,000 road testing anddemon

242、stration application licenses issued.The testing roads cover over 10,000kilometers,and the cumulative testing distance has exceeded 40 million kilometers.Furthermore,specific attention has been given to various scenarios such as passengerand freight transportation,unmanned cleaning,and last-mile del

243、ivery.At present,several cities and demonstration zones have completed the construction of cloudcontrol platforms and the deployment of LTE-V2X roadside communication units.Large-scale vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure interoperability testingevents,such as“Three Crossings”,“Four Cros

244、sings”,and“New Four Crossings”,have been organized.These achievements indicate that China has laid the foundationfor IoV commercialization.Table 3-3 Road testing of Chinas ICV test and demonstration zonesCitiesTest and demonstration zonesOpeningmileage(km)Testingmileage(10,000km)NumberofLicensesIssu

245、edMain testsubjectsShanghaiMunicipalityNational IntelligentConnected Vehicle(Shanghai)Pilot Zone1289.83656.20325Voyager(DiDi),Saic Motor,AutoXIntelligent ConnectedVehicleAutonomous DrivingClosed Site Test Base(Shanghai)BeijingMunicipalityNational Intelligent Vehicleand Transportation(Beijing-Hebei)D

246、emonstration Zone(MinistryofIndustryandInformation Technology)1027.88391.18170Apollo(Baidu)Pony.aiVoyager(DiDi)National Intelligent Vehicleand Transportation(BeijingE-town)Demonstration Zone(The Ministry of Transport)Closed Site Test Base forAutonomous Driving43(Beijing)Wuhan CityNationalIntelligent

247、ConnectedVehicle(ICV)(Wuhan)TestandDemonstration Zone321.00200.0054Dongfeng Motor,Baidu,DeepBlueTechnologyChangshaCityNational IntelligentConnected Vehicle(Changsha)Testing Zone263.00176.0057DeepBlueTechnology,InceptioTechnologyHunan(Changsha)NationalPilotArea of IoVChongqingMunicipalityNational Int

248、elligent VehicleandSmartTransportationApplicationDemonstrationPublic Service Platform176.8596.8050Changan Auto,Foton Motor,BaiduClosed Site Test Base forAutonomous Driving(Chongqing)Chongqing(Liangjiang NewArea)NationalIoVPilotAreaGuangzhouCityGuangzhouIntelligentConnected Vehicle and SmartTransport

249、ationApplicationDemonstration Area135.30400.00142Baidu,Pony.ai,WeRide,DiDiHainanProvinceNationalIntelligentandConnectedVehicleClosedTest Base(Hainan)129.201FAW GroupXiangyangCityIntelligentConnectedVehicle Autonomous DrivingClosedSiteTestBase(Xiangyang)111.403DongfengTrucks,YutongBusHangzhouCityZhej

250、iang5GInternetofVehiclesApplicationDemonstration Zone70.6050.0018YouxingTechnology,LeapmotorChengduCitySino-GermanCooperatedIntelligentConnected50.0012Baidu44Vehicle(VehicletoEverything)TestBaseinSichuanData source:The research team compiled the information based on public resourcesTable 3-4 Scenari

251、o of Chinas ICV test and demonstration zonesNo.Test anddemonstration zonesLocationRobotaxiCommuterBusRobobusHigh-speedtruckPortSanitationPatrolLast-miledelivery1National IntelligentVehicleandTransportation(Beijing-Hebei)Demonstration ZoneBeijingMunicipality2ClosedSiteTestBaseforAutonomousDriving(Bei

252、jing)3ComprehensiveNational IntelligentTransport Test Base(Wuxi)Wuxi City4ClosedSiteTestBaseforAutonomousDriving(Taixing)Taixing City5National IntelligentConnectedVehicleApplication(Shanghai)DemonstrationAreaShanghaiMunicipality6AutonomousDriving Closed SiteTestBase(Shanghai)7Zhejiang5GInternet of V

253、ehiclesApplicationDemonstration ZoneZhejiangProvince8National IntelligentConnectedVehicle(ICV)(Wuhan)TestandDemonstrationZoneZhejiangProvince9AutonomousDriving Closed SiteTestBase(Xiangyang)XiangyangCity10National IntelligentConnectedVehicleApplication(Northern)ChangchunCity45DemonstrationArea11Clos

254、edSiteTestBaseforAutonomousDriving(Xian)Xian City12Sino-GermanCooperatedIntelligentConnectedVehicle(VehicletoEverything)TestBaseinSichuanProvinceChengdu City13National IntelligentVehicle and SmartTransportationApplicationDemonstrationPublicServicePlatformChongqingMunicipality14ClosedSiteTestBaseforA

255、utonomousDriving(Chongqing)15National IntelligentConnectedVehicle(Changsha)TestingZoneChangsha City16GuangzhouIntelligentConnectedVehicleandSmartTransportationApplicationDemonstrationAreaGuangzhouCity17National IntelligentandConnectedVehicle Closed TestBase(Hainan)HainanProvinceData source:The resea

256、rch team compiled the information based on public resources2.IoV pilot areasThe Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has approved seven nationalIoV pilot areas,including Jiangsu(Wuxi),Hunan(Changsha),Tianjin(Xiqing),Chongqing(Liangjiang New Area),Hubei(Xiangyang),Zhejiang(Deqing),andGuang

257、xi(Liuzhou).These national IoV pilot areas not only undertake technicalexperimentation tasks but also accelerate the testing,validation,and pilot application46of products,promote the development of data-driven new IoV applications andservices,andenhanceservice-orientedtransportationandintelligenttra

258、fficmanagement,aiming to create a new IoV ecosystem.In recent years,variousmeasures have been taken in regions to achieve the development goals of the IoVpilot areas.For example,in February 2023,Wuxi officially promulgated the first localregulation in China to promote the development of IoV,Regulati

259、ons on the Promotionof IoV Development in Wuxi.Xiqing District of Tianjin has updated 408 intelligentintersections in key areas and developed the“5+3”vehicle-infrastructure cooperationplatform.Chongqing has built 504 intersections,covering an area of 300 squarekilometers in Liangjiang New Area.Chang

260、sha is currently constructing Chinas firstnational intelligent connected vehicle application demonstration area.Table 3-5 Development and construction of Chinas IoV pilot areasNO.LocationApprovaltimeKey development features andadvantagesTypical cases1Jiangsu(Wuxi)IoV Pilot AreaMay,2019Focusing on ro

261、ad-side infrastructureconstructionandleveragingitsstrong industrial foundations in theInternetofThings,integratedcircuits,software services,and moreto advance the construction of smartcityinfrastructureandthecoordinated development of ICVs“Human-vehicle-road-cloud”collaborativeapplication platform,p

262、romotetheapplicationof“Zhixing Wuxi”2Tianjin(Xiqing)IoV Pilot AreaDecember2019Prioritizing the establishment of anevaluationsystemforstandardcertification,boastinguniqueadvantages,such as the presence ofthe China Automotive Technologyand Research Center(CATARC)-National Technical Committee ofAuto St

263、andardization in Tianjin anda comprehensive testing systemTianjin Port adoptsunmannedelectriccontainer trucks foroperations,while theChina-SingaporeTianjinEco-Cityadoptsvehicle-infrastructurecooperation buses3Hunan(Changsha)IoVPilotAreaNovember2020Exploring innovative scenarios andoperation models,w

264、ith a particularfocus on the Xiangjiang New Area.Demonstrationoperationroutesofsmartbuses,47Starting with the establishment of anintelligent system testing zone,aseries of testing scenarios have beendevelopedunmannedcleaningvehicles,andintelligent sanitationvehicles4Chongqing(LiangjiangNewArea)IoVPi

265、lotAreaJanuary2021Building upon the unique 3D terrainfeaturesofmountaincity,Cdedicatedtoexploringcomprehensive scenario testing forcomplex road trafficLiangjiangCollaborativeInnovation Zone ICVSharingServicePlatform5Hubei(Xiangyang)IoV Pilot AreaApril 2023Building Chinas first city with deepapplicat

266、ion of Internet of Vehicles,acceleratingtheintelligenttransformationofintersections,collaboratingwithenterprisestoimplement application scenarios,andjoiningtheStandardTechnicalCommittee-6Zhejiang(Deqing)IoVPilotAreaApril 2023Leading China in basic supportingfacilities,with a complete industrialchain

267、ofvehicle-road-cloud-network-mapping.It is the city withthe longest open testing mileage andvehicle-infrastructurecooperationmileage in China-7Guangxi(Liuzhou)IoVPilotAreaApril 2023Withasolidfoundationintheautomotive industry and a completeindustrialchain,thedistinctivecharacteristics of road transp

268、ortationare suitable for exploration-Data source:The research team compiled the information based on public resources3.“Dual intelligence”pilot citiesCurrently,there is no established international experience in the collaborativedevelopment of smart city infrastructure and intelligent connected vehi

269、cles.China hasembarked on the construction of 16 pilot projects for“dual intelligence”collaborativedevelopment,aiming to explore Chinas solutions for demonstration applications.Byleveraging intelligent connected vehicles as a key driver,innovative applications are48being promoted from the vehicle le

270、vel to the road infrastructure and the overall urbancontext.This concerted effort aims to foster innovation in automotive applicationswithin urban environments while stimulating urban development under the influenceof the automotive sector.In May 2021,the Ministry of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopme

271、nt,along with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology,designated six cities,including Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Wuhan,Changsha,andWuxi,as the first batch of pilot cities for“dual intelligence”collaborativedevelopment.In December of the same year,10 cities,including Chongqing,Shenzhen,Xi

272、amen,Nanjing,Jinan,Chengdu,Hefei,Cangzhou,Wuhu,and Zibo,were designated as the second batch of“dual intelligence”pilot cities.The construction of“dual intelligence”cities primarily focuses on four aspects:developing urban smart infrastructure,establishing the vehicle-city network platform,conducting

273、 diversified demonstration applications,and improving standards andregulations.The 16 pilot cities have deployed 1,700 L4 automated driving vehicles,accumulating a total testing mileage of 27.3 million kilometers and servingapproximately 3.8 million people.Through the establishment of the vehicle-ci

274、tynetwork platform,these pilot cities have aggregated vast amounts of dynamic andstatic information data related to vehicles,roads,and cities.Utilizing digital means,they have strengthened the supervision of infrastructure,urban transportation,publicservices,anddisasterresponseandemergencymanagement

275、.Significantbreakthroughs have also been achieved in the realm of regulatory standards.4.Development trend-The development of ICV industry is being driven by infrastructure construction.Looking at the development trends of the three types of demonstration zones in China,both vehicle-side R&D and roa

276、dside testing in the IoV industrial chain have achievedsignificant progress.Particularly in the realm of roadside infrastructure construction,there has been rapid growth since the establishment of IoV demonstration zones in2016.The“coverage rate”and“penetration rate”have been continuously improving.

277、The“coverage rate”includes the coverage of construction areas and lengths on the49roadside,ranging from specific intersections and segments to urban regions andeventually achieving comprehensive coverage across the entire city.The“penetrationrate”refers to the installation rate of ICV technologies o

278、n various types of vehicles,including commercial vehicles(passenger and freight),specialized vehicles,andpassenger vehicles,progressing from after-market installations to before-marketinstallations,continuously increasing the“penetration rate”.In the future,driven bythe demand for digital infrastruc

279、ture construction and the deployment of 5G networks,as the scale of demonstration zones gradually expands,the speed of infrastructureconstruction will further accelerate.-The trend of C-V2X deployment is gaining momentum.From the technologyapproaches adopted by various demonstration zones,the C-V2X

280、has become thepredominant choice.Furthermore,an increasing number of projects are nowimplementing 5G technology in the context of IoV.The 5G network offers support forhighbandwidthandtime insensitive applications,suchasinformationandentertainment services,as well as global traffic optimization.Meanw

281、hile,the C-V2Xnetwork offers support for time sensitive safety-related,localized traffic efficiency,cooperative driving,and autonomous driving applications.As the 5G infrastructuredeployment progresses and standards are established,the proportion of demonstrationzones adopting 5G-V2X technology is e

282、xpected to continuously increase.-IoV enables a profound fusion between smart transportation and smart cities.Thesmart transportation system encompasses comprehensive technologies such asperception,communication,computation,and control.It relies on standardizedcommunication protocols to establish a

283、mutual mapping between the physical andinformation spaces,encompassing the four elements of“human,vehicle,road andenvironment”.Thismappingfacilitatestheresolutionofsystemicresourceoptimization and allocation challenges.On the other hand,the smart city systemfocuses on development models,data applica

284、tions,and technological advancements.The IoV connects smart transportation with smart cities,driving the collaborativedevelopment of smart city infrastructure and intelligent connected vehicles.Together,50they form an integrated system known as the vehicle-city network.-The level of cross-city regio

285、nal cooperation and development is continuouslyincreasing.More than 40 provinces,cities and districts across China have introducedregulations or detailed implementation guidelines for the management of ICV testing.Among them,Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin,Chongqing,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Hunan,Henan,Guangdong,H

286、ainan,Jilin,and others have issued provincial(municipality)level policies and regulations.This demonstrates the growing collaboration amongcities in the development of the ICV industry across different regions.(iv)Application scenariosThe potential application scenarios for automated driving service

287、s are vast and it hasbecome an international consensus to promote the development path of automateddriving through the deployment of application scenarios.The commercialization andscaling of automated driving are likely to follow a sequence that begins with low-speed scenarios and progresses to high

288、-speed scenarios,from cargo transportation topassenger transportation,and from commercial use to civilian use.Figure 3-4 Application scenarios and commercial deployment difficulties ofautomated drivingSource:China International Capital Corporation Limited51In terms of market size for application sce

289、narios,typical application scenarios such asRobotaxis,long-haul freight transportation,and unmanned delivery are expected to bethe frontrunners in commercial deployments of autonomous driving technology.According to NIO Capital,these scenarios are projected to have significant marketsizes,with estim

290、ates of RMB 35 billion for Robotaxis,RMB 70 billion for long-haulfreight transportation,and RMB 25 billion for unmanned delivery.These applicationscenarios are anticipated to be among the top three in terms of market size within theautonomous driving industry.Figure 3-5 Market size forecast for auto

291、mated driving segmentation scenariosData source:NIO Capital1.RobotaxiRobotaxi,as an early commercialization scenario for automated driving,has emergedas one of the primary applications in the transportation sector.It provides a safer,more cost-effective,and efficient solution for transportation need

292、s.According to areport by IHS Markit,it is estimated that Robotaxi will account for over 60%of theshared mobility market in the future.By 2030,the market size of Robotaxis isexpected to exceed RMB 1.3 trillion.Based on a report published by InternationalData Group(Asia),China has the potential to be

293、come the worlds largest market for52automated driving vehicles.The cost of automated driving systems,including sensors,computing platforms,and software,is expected to rapidly decrease after 2023.It isprojected that Robotaxis will reach a commercial turning point between 2025 and2027.Figure 3-6 The d

294、evelopment,evolution and definition of RobotaxiData source:Roland BergerCompared to traditional taxis,Robotaxis offer advantages in terms of cost andefficiency.According to L.E.K.Consulting,in 2020,driver costs accounted forapproximately 50%of the operational costs of traditional taxis and ride-hail

295、ingservices in major cities in China.Additionally,widespread adoption of Robotaxis isexpected to enhance transportation efficiency and reduce carbon emissions.Accordingto McKinseys projections,by 2030,automated driving has the potential to reducecommuting time and carbon emissions by 40%for traveler

296、s in the United States.Table 3-6 Comparison of economic benefits between Robotaxi and traditional taxisCost categoryTraditionaltaxisRobotaxiComparisonNotesVehicleamortizationRMB25,00040,000+RMB15,000The total cost of a conventional taxi isRMB 150,000,while a Robotaxi vehiclecostsaroundRMB200,000.The

297、automated driving kit alone is priced atapproximately RMB 50,000Electricity billRMB15,000RMB15,000-Electric:RMB 0.15/kilometerMaintenancefeeRMB16,000RMB21,000+RMB5,000RepaircostsRMB500pertime,maintenance costs RMB 300 per time,maintenance is required every 5,00053kilometers,and the maintenance fee f

298、ortheautomateddrivingsystemisapproximately 30%of the maintenancefee for traditional vehiclesInsurancepremiumRMB10,000RMB13,000+RMB3,000Theannualinsurancepremiumfortraditional taxis is RMB 10,000,whilethe insurance premium for automateddriving is approximately 30%of thatDriver wagesRMB100,000RMB10,00

299、0-RMB90,000The average drivers wage is about RMB100,000 per year.Robotaxi remote safety officer,assumingthat 1 person can supervise 10 vehicles atthe same timeTotal costRMB166,000RMB99,000-RMB67,000Cost perkilometerRMB 1.66RMB0.99-0.67(decreaseby 40%)Platformprofit margin20-30%50-60%The current fare

300、 for online car-hailing isaboutRMB2-2.5perkilometer.Assuming that the fare for Robotaxi isthe same as that of traditional online car-hailingBasic assumption:Single vehicle travels 300 kilometers per day,approximately100,000 kilometers per year,and is required to be scrapped after 6 years;regulations

301、allow the use of remote security officers.Data source:EV100plusSince 2021,Robotaxis have commenced commercial pilot programs in the UnitedStates and China.In late September 2021,the California Department of MotorVehicles(DMV)issued automated driving service permits for charging fees toWaymo and Crui

302、se,officially marking the beginning of commercialization forRobotaxis on a global scale.In China,Baidus automated driving ride-hailingplatform,“Apollo Go”has already been offering automated driving transportationservices in over 10 cities,including Beijing,Shanghai,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,andChengdu,etc.

303、542.RobobusRobobus,which applies automated driving technology to minibuses,plays a crucialrole in developing urban micro-cycle systems.It features fixed routes,smaller vehiclesize,and higher flexibility,with lower technical complexity compared to Robotaxis.Robobus is suitable for urban micro-cycle s

304、ervices and offer three main types ofservices:(1)Connection and feeding:It provides passenger connection and feedingservices for rail transit,etc.(2)Community circulation:Robobus enhances theconnectivity between various activity nodes within communities,promoting thedevelopment of compact neighborho

305、ods and dense road networks.(3)Point-to-pointdirect service:It provides direct service to hub stations,large shopping malls,schools,hospitals,tourist attractions,etc.Intelligent connected buses address challenges facedby the public transportation industry,such as declining passenger volumes,risingco

306、sts,aging drivers,and accidents.It can provide a solution to the“last-mile”problemin urban transportation.Currently,several cities in China,including Suzhou,Chongqing,Shenzhen,Zhengzhou,Guangzhou,Haikou,and Tianjin,have deployedautomated bus routes for public road operations.3.Mainline logisticsMain

307、line logistics typically utilize heavy trucks on highways,characterized by largequantities,long distances,and relatively simple road participants.Advancedautomation technology can address numerous pain points in long-haul freighttransportation,including driver shortages,rising labor costs,traffic sa

308、fety,andenvironmental requirements.First,it can save labor costs by reducing driver expenses,accounting for approximately 30%-40%of the total transportation costs.Moreover,itcan help alleviate the shortage of over ten million truck drivers in Chinas domesticmarket.Second,it can reduce fuel consumpti

309、on and improve fuel efficiency.Forinstance,in truck platooning,where vehicles travel closely(with a 10-meter distancebetween them),the lead vehicle can create a“wind shield”for the following vehicle,reducing air resistance and lowering fuel consumption by approximately 10%-15%.This translates to an

310、estimated fuel cost savings of RMB 0.21 per kilometer.Moreover,55theoretically,automated trucks can operate 24 hours a day,with necessary refuelingand maintenance as the only interruptions.Third,it can enhance safety.Due to thelarge weight and size of trucks,trucks have longer braking distances and

311、more blindspots.The primary causes of traffic accidents involving trucks are often attributed toaggressive driving and driver fatigue.Automated driving can effectively mitigatethese issues.4.Unmanned delivery vehicleLast-mile logistics refers to the short-distance delivery that connects to end-users

312、,often occurring in closed or semi-closed scenarios such as residential communitiesand industrial parks.It is characterized by high frequency,dispersed deliveries,and astrong need for real-time delivery.The industry faces challenges such as low deliveryefficiency and high costs.Compared to automated

313、 driving applications for passengervehicles,last-mile logistics scenarios have lower driving speeds,closed-off roadsections,and lowercomplexity.This significantlyreducesthe difficulty ofimplementingautomateddrivingtechnology,enablingearlierandscalablecommercial applications.Currently,the urban deliv

314、ery market holds significant commercial value.In 2022,Chinas total market size for express and instant last-mile delivery exceeded RMB300 billion.According to data released by Honeywell,last-mile delivery costs accountfor 53%of the entire delivery process,indicating tremendous potential for costredu

315、ction.However,the urban delivery industry also faces issues such as a shortage ofdelivery personnel,high costs,and prominent traffic safety risks.Unmanned deliveryvehicles,as efficient and safe transportation supplements,are conducive to improvingurban logistics efficiency.Unmanned delivery has thre

316、e typical scenarios:fooddelivery,express delivery,and supermarket retail.Among them,express delivery andsupermarket retail,with their relatively low demands for instant delivery and highlevel of intensification,are expected to be implemented faster compared to fooddelivery scenarios.Unmanned deliver

317、y offers several advantages in the following areas:First,cost56reduction.According to data from EO Intelligence,if the production price ofunmanned delivery vehicles is RMB 150,000,with a lifespan of 3.5 years and annualmaintenance cost of 20%,the monthly comprehensive cost will be approximatelyRMB 6

318、,071,which is comparable to labor costs.However,if the vehicle cost is RMB50,000,the monthly comprehensive cost would be as low as RMB 2,024,highlightingthe economic viability of unmanned delivery vehicles.Second,expansion of newretail scenarios and service radius:Unmanned delivery vehicles can cate

319、r to variousscenarios such as business parks,tourist attractions,and campuses,providing cateringand food delivery services.This effectively enhances brand influence and value.Third,emergency response capability:During the COVID-19 pandemic,unmanned deliveryvehicles made significant contributions to

320、epidemic control by replacing human laborin tasks such as food delivery,medication delivery,express delivery and cleaning.Figure 3-7 Comparison of monthly comprehensive costs and labor costs forunmanned delivery vehiclesData source:CITIC Securities5.Closed parksIn closed parks such as ports,mining a

321、reas,and airports,unmanned automated drivingservices can be implemented to improve automation efficiency,taking advantage offactors such as simple surroundings and minimal interference.For instance,in miningareas,automated driving can address the industrys challenges of low safety and highlabor cost

322、s.The mining environment typically offers simplicity,closed road sections,and favorable overall conditions,making it conducive for the implementation ofautomated driving technology.Compared to other countries,China started relatively57late in adopting automated driving in mining areas,with a focus o

323、n open-pit miningtransportation operations.In ports,self-driving trucks can operate between cranes andstorage yards,facilitating container transportation.Ports generally have well-developed infrastructure,low complexity in route planning,and minimal interferencefrom pedestrians and vehicles,making t

324、hem suitable for the implementation ofautomated driving technology.There are three main solutions for port automation:Automated Guided Vehicles(AGVs),automated driving straddle carriers,and self-driving trucks.Currently,there are over ten ports in China that have implementedself-driving trucks.Accor

325、ding to Shujubang,it is estimated that by 2025,thepenetration rate of L4 self-driving trucks in Chinese ports will exceed 20%.The scaleof L4 self-driving trucks in ports is expected to reach 6,000-7,000 vehicles,with amarket size exceeding RMB 6 billion,accounting for approximately 30%of theglobal m

326、arket.Table 3-7 Comparison of port automated driving transportation solutionsSolutionsAGVAutomated drivingstraddle carriersSelf-driving trucksPerception,localization,navigation systemRoad embeddedmagnetic nailIn-vehicle sensorIn-vehicle sensorInfrastructurerenovationLarge investment in theearly stag

327、e and hightransformation costMinimal venuerenovation requiredMinimal venuerenovation requiredProcurement,maintenance,andupkeep costsHigh cost of singlevehicleHigh cost of singlevehicleLow cost of singlevehicleTransportationcapacityHorizontaltransportationHorizontal and verticaltransportationHorizont

328、altransportationRegionalrestrictions on useRestricted area withinthe portRestricted area withinthe portIn-port,off-port andgraded highwaysEase of useAutomated driving onlySupport bothautomated driving andremote controlSupport bothautomated driving andremote controlAdjustment of theMagnetic nails nee

329、d toSimple and easySimple and easy58work areabe re-installedPotential for futuretechnologyupgradesLowHighHighApplicable portsLarge newly built portsFewer stackedcontainers,new and oldportsNew and old portsData source:The research team compiled the information based on public resources6.Special scena

330、rios-Emergency medical first aid.Smart emergency medical services have immense valueinthehealthcaresector,andwiththesupportofnext-generationmobilecommunication technology like 5G,they can greatly enhance the capabilities ofemergency medical services.First,utilizing the data platform for vehicle disp

331、atch,when a patient makes an emergency call,the emergency center can immediatelydispatch the nearest ambulance through an emergency command and dispatch system.Second,preparations for treatment can be made in advance.Once the ambulancearrives at the patients location,the system can automatically mat

332、ch it with theoptimal treatment hospital based on the distance and availability of emergencymedical resources.Simultaneously,the treatment hospital can promptly receivepatient and ambulance information to prepare for the arrival.While transporting thepatient to the designated treatment hospital,the

333、ambulance can both receive trafficcontrol information at intersections and send priority control commands,enablingsignal prioritization for the ambulance.This facilitates a seamless connection betweenpre-hospital and in-hospital medical treatment,providing a green channel for medicaltreatment for the patient.-Robosweeper.The sanitation industry faces two major challenges:heavy reliance onmanual la