1、www.sola rp owe re urop e.org Flo ating PV Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.03Fo r ewo r d Fl oati ng PV i s begi nni ng to emer ge wor l dwi de.In Asi a and Eur ope,the fi r st pr oj ects have al r eady been onl i ne for

2、sever al year s.Meanwhi l e,Eur ope,and the wor l d,face combi ned and i nter r el ated cl i mate,ener gy and water scar ci ty cr i ses,al l i n the context of i ncr easi ng competi ti on for l and.Sol ar i s steppi ng up as a r api dl y gr owi ng ener gy sol uti on to decar boni se economi es,wi th

3、 Eur ope tar getti ng 750 GWdc(600 GWac)total sol ar by 2030,fr om j ust over 200 GWdc today.I t follows th a t d e ve lop e rs a re i nc re a si ng ly turni ng to th e la nd-use e ffi c i e nc y a nd wa te r-p osi ti ve p ote nti a l of onsh ore a nd ma ri ne floa ti ng sola r te c h nolog y too.As

4、 floa ti ng P V now si ts on th e h ori zon of ma i nstre a m e xp a nsi on,th e se c tor h a s d e c i d e d to c od i fy th e b e st p ra c ti c e a nd e xp e rti se g a i ne d from th e se fi rst p roje c ts.I t i s c le a r th a t th e e ne rg y tra nsi ti on re qui re s si g ni fi c a nt i nve

5、stme nt,wh i c h d e p e nd s on c onfi d e nc e i n th e te c h nolog y a t h a nd.I nve stors must b e a ssure d b y th e vi a b i li ty of p roje c ts,b oth e c onomi c a lly a nd e c olog i c a lly a c c ord i ng to th e g re e n ta xonomy,S usta i na b le F i na nc e R e p orti ng Di re c ti ve

6、 (S F R D),a nd Corp ora te S usta i na b le R e p orti ng Di re c ti ve (CS R D)ob li g a ti ons.T h e re fore,i t i s i mp orta nt to d e ve lop e xp e rti se on p roje c t d e si g n,b e st p ra c ti c e s,a nd op e ra ti on a nd ma i nte na nc e g ui d e li ne s i n floa ti ng P V p roje c t d e

7、 ve lop me nt a nd i mp le me nta ti on.All sta ke h old e rs,d own to loc a l le ve l,sh ould h a ve a c c e ss to knowle d g e,le a rni ng s,a nd c a se stud i e s,i nc lud i ng p ub li c b od i e s b ut a lso N G O,a ssoc i a ti ons,a nd th e fi na nc e c ommuni ty.T h i s p ub li c a ti on se rv

8、e s a s a fi rst h a nd b ook to d ri ve h i g h-qua li ty floa ti ng P V p roje c ts,b y c re a ti ng a nd stre ng th e ni ng floa ti ng P V knowle d g e sh a ri ng.De ve lop i ng sola r p roje c ts on wa te r,b oth onsh ore a nd ma ri ne,re qui re te c h ni c a l a d justme nts i n d e si g n a nd

9、 op e ra ti on i n c omp a ri son to la nd b a se d p roje c ts.Wi th i n th i s re p ort,ove r 30 e xp e rts from S ola rP owe r E urop e s L a nd U se a nd P e rmi tti ng workstre a m h a ve i llustra te d th e i r knowle d g e of floa ti ng P V b e st p ra c ti c e s th roug h te c h ni c a l g u

10、i d a nc e a nd re a l-world e xa mp le s.Bui ld i ng on th i s c olla b ora ti ve a p p roa c h,we h op e th i s re p ort sup p orts sola rs journe y to ne w sh ore s a nd sup p orts th e susta i na b le d e ve lop me nt of floa ti ng P V i n E urop e a nd b e yond.EVA VANDEST H e a d of P ub li c

11、Affa i rs,Ama re nc o Workstre a m Ch a i r WALBURGA HEMETSBERGER Ch i e f E xe c uti ve Offi c e r,S ola rP owe r E urop eF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 4Chair o f the So lar Po wer Eu r o p e Land Us e and Per mitting Wo r ks tr eam:E va V a nd e st,Ama re nc o.Vi

12、ce-chair s o f the So lar Po wer Eu r o p e Land Us e and Per mitting Wo r ks tr eam:P e nny L a ure nson,L i g h tsourc e b p;S te p h a n S c h i nd e le,Ba yWa r.e.Chap ter au tho r s:Antoni o Arrue b o(S ola rP owe r E urop e),Arna ud Ayra l(S ola rDuc k),Ch a rle s G e ry(R WE),E d a Z e yne p

13、Bozkurt(R WE),F ra nc i sc o V ozza (S ola rDuc k),K a ri-L i ll F re d e ri kse n(S ola rDuc k),K onsta nti n I lg e n(F ra unh ofe r I S E),Mi c h e le T a g li a p i e tra (Ba yWa r.e.),R e b e c c a P i ke (R WE),S e b a sti a n G lz(F ra unh ofe r I S E),Y oni t S h e c h te r(S ola rE d g e).C

14、o ntr ibu to r s:Ale ssi o V i nc e nzo Cuc uzza (E ne l),And e a s Wa b b e s(E ng i e),Be nja mi n L e h ne r(Dutc h Ma ri ne E ne rg y Ce ntre),De ja n V e rnon(T ri nzi c),E va V a nd e st,Ama re nc o,E ste lle Crouvoi se r(L a ke tri c i ty),F a b ri zi o Bi zza rri (E ne l),G rg ory P i g ue t

15、(Ama re nc o),G e org i a K a koula ki (E urop e a n Commi ssi on,J oi nt R e se a rc h Ce ntre),H a rold Me uri sse (L a ke tri c i ty),H uma n G e rh a rd us(L i g h tsourc e b p),J a c k L e ve ll(S h e ll),J a n K roon(T N O),J oh a nna-V i ktori a (F ra unh ofe r I S E),J oh nny Me i t(Oc e a n

16、s of E ne rg y),J uli e F ra i x(S E R),Ma ri a na Ca rva lh o(AP R E N),Ma rg i t De i me l(V a tte nfa ll),Mi g ue l J ose P i ta P e re z(I b e rd rola),Mi ri a m Di Bla si (E ne l),P a ul Bonfi ls(Akuo),R i c a rd o F e rre i ra (AP R E N),S usa na S e rd i o(AP R E N),Z a c h Da vi s(L i g h ts

17、ourc e b p).Co o r dinato r o f the So lar Po wer Eu r o p e Land Us e and Per mitting Wo r ks tr eam and Pr o ject Manager:L i na Dub i na,S ola rP owe r E urop e.Ackno wledgements:S ola rP owe r E urop e would li ke to e xte nd a sp e c i a l th a nks to a ll th e me mb e rs a nd floa ti ng P V e

18、xp e rts th a t c ontri b ute d th e i r knowle d g e a nd e xp e ri e nc e to th i s re p ort.T h i s would ne ve r h a ve b e e n p ossi b le wi th out th e i r c onti nuous sup p ort.Tex t editing:L i ly Murd oc h,S ola rP owe r E urop e,T h rse O Donog h ue,S ola rP owe r E urop e.Thanks to o u

19、r s p o ns er member s:Co ntact:i nfosola rp owe re urop e.org P le a se c i te a s:S ola rP owe r E urop e (2 02 3):Floating PV Best Practice Guidelines Version 1.0.Pu blis hed:De c e mb e r 2 02 3.ISBN:97894 64 66914 5.Des ign:One h e mi sp h e re AB,S we d e n.c onta c tone h e mi sp h e re.se Di

20、s claimer:T h i s re p ort h a s b e e n p re p a re d b y S ola rP owe r E urop e.I t i s p rovi d e d to re c i p i e nts for g e ne ra l i nforma ti on only.N oth i ng i n i t sh ould b e i nte rp re te d a s a n offe r or re c omme nd a ti on of a ny p rod uc ts,se rvi c e s,or fi na nc i a l p

21、rod uc ts.T h i s re p ort d oe s not c onsti tute te c h ni c a l,i nve stme nt,le g a l,ta x or a ny oth e r a d vi c e.R e c i p i e nts sh ould c onsult wi th th e i r own te c h ni c a l,fi na nc i a l,le g a l,ta x or oth e r a d vi sors a s ne e d e d.T h i s re p ort i s b a se d on sourc e

22、s b e li e ve d to b e a c c ura te.H owe ve r,S ola rP owe r E urop e d oe s not wa rra nt th e a c c ura c y or c omp le te ne ss of a ny i nforma ti on c onta i ne d i n th i s re p ort.S ola rP owe r E urop e a ssume s no ob li g a ti on to up d a te a ny i nforma ti on c onta i ne d h e re i n.

23、S ola rP owe r E urop e wi ll not b e h e ld li a b le for a ny d i re c t or i nd i re c t d a ma g e i nc urre d usi ng th e i nforma ti on p rovi d e d a nd wi ll not p rovi d e a ny i nd e mni ti e s.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.05Sol ar Power Eur ope woul d l i

24、 k e to thank the member s of the Land Use and Per mi tti ng Wor k str eam that contr i buted to thi s r epor t i ncl udi ng:SolarPower Europe L e a d i ng th e E ne rg y T ra nsi ti on S ola rP owe r E urop e i s a me mb e r-le d a ssoc i a ti on th a t a i ms to e nsure th a t more e ne rg y i s g

25、 e ne ra te d b y sola r th a n a ny oth e r e ne rg y sourc e b y 2 030.www.solarpowereurope.orgJ oi n 300+InfluenceIntelligenceNetworkDiscountsVisibilityE urop eme mb e rsS ola rP owe rF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.07Table o f co ntentsForeword 3 Table of contents

26、7 Abbreviations 9 1Introduction 1 0 Flo ating PV Mar ket Ou tlo o k 14 Gl obal fl oati ng PV mar k et 14 The FPV mar k et i n the EU27 16 Rati onal e and scope 17 2Sustainability 1 8 2.1 Intr o du ctio n 18 2.2 Land efficiency 19 2.3.Envir o nmental as p ects 20 Wa te r qua li ty 2 0 E va p ora ti o

27、n re d uc ti on 2 0 Wi ld li fe a nd b i od i ve rsi ty e nh a nc e me nt 2 2 R e d uc ti on i n a lg a l b loomi ng 2 3 2.4.Vis u al imp acts 23 2.5.Co mbinatio n flo ating PV with o ther ener gy gener ating s y s tems 23 Co-loc a ti on wi th Hyd roe le c tri c d a m p owe r p la nts 2 3 Case study

28、 1:Ba nja floa ti ng sola r p la nt,Alb a ni a;(S ta tkra ft)2 4 Co-loc a ti on wi th wi nd p owe r p la nts 2 5 Co-loc a ti on wi th stora g e 2 5 Case study 2:Ba tte ry c o-loc a ti on wi th floa ti ng P V,th e Ne th e rla nd s;(Ba yWa r.e.)2 6 2.6.So cio-eco no mic benefits 26 2.7.Techno lo gical

29、 advantages 27 Cooli ng e ffe c t 2 7 3Application of floating PV 2 8 3.1 Develo p ment and imp lementatio n o f p r o jects 28 P e rmi ts a nd p e rmi t g ra nti ng p roc e d ure s 2 8 E xa mp le of p e rmi t-g ra nti ng p roc e d ure i n Ge rma ny 2 9 Case study 3:Alque va -p e rmi t g ra nti ng p

30、 roc e d ure wi th E I A;(E P D R e ne wa b le s)31 3.2 Accep tance 3 2 3.3 O&M 3 3 Case study 4:Ap p li c a ti on of floa ti ng P V i n Montp e za t,F ra nc e;(Ama re nc o)37F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 84Best practice ex amples in Europe 3 8 Case study 5:Groe nl

31、e ve n:Bomh ofsp la s F loa ti ng P V p la nt,T h e Ne th e rla nd s;(Ba yWa r.e)38 Case study 6:S e kd oorn c a se stud y,T h e Ne th e rla nd s;(Ba yWa r.e.)39 Case study 7:OMe g a 1&OMe g a 1b i s,F ra nc e;(Akuo)4 0 Case study 8:T h e F i e ld L a b:F loa ti ng P V re se a rc h,T h e Ne th e rla

32、 nd s;(T NO)4 1 5Floating PV:global perspective 4 3 5.1.Over view o f ex is ting initiatives and p o licy fr amewo r ks 43 5.2.Co u ntr y ex amp les 44 5.3.Bes t p r actice ex amp les glo bally 45 Case study 9:F loa ti ng P V p roje c t i n T h a i la nd;(Ba yWa r.e.)4 5 Case study 10:F loa ti ng P

33、V p roje c t i n Wi nd sor,Ca li forni a;(L a ke tri c i ty)4 6 6Offshore Floating PV 4 7 6.1.New techno lo gies emer ging 47 6.2.Over view o f differ ences between o ns ho r e flo ating PV,near-s ho r e flo ating PV and o ffs ho r e flo ating PV (te c h ni c a l a sp e c ts,e c onomi c a sp e c ts,

34、b usi ne ss c a se)47 6.3.Stand-alo ne and hy br id ap p licatio ns 50 6.4.Highlighted p ilo t p r o jects 50 6.5.Po licy fr amewo r ks s tar ting to emer ge in the EU 53 R e c omme nd a ti ons for p oli c yma ke rs:53 6.6.Benefits o f o ffs ho r e s o lar 54 6.7.Challenges o f o ffs ho r e s o lar

35、56 S umma ry 56 Table o f co ntents /c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 9Abbr eviatio nsACAlte rna ti ng c urre nt CO2Ca rb on d i oxi d e DCDi re c t c urre nt EIAE nvi ronme nta l I mp a c t Asse ssme nt EUE urop e a n U ni on GWG i g a wa tt HDPEH i g h d

36、 e nsi ty p olye th yle ne H&SH e a lth a nd sa fe ty MWMe g a wa tt MWhMe g a wa tt h ours O&MOp e ra ti on a nd ma i nte na nc e TWT e ra wa tt TWhT e ra wa tt h ours UKU ni te d K i ng d om Aerov is t a Lu cht fot ografie/Shu t t ers t Z wolle,H olla nd.72.000 sola rp a ne ls floa t i n th e wa t

37、e r of Bomh ofsp la s.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 101 Intr o du ctio n/c onti nue dIntr o du ctio n11S ourc e.2S ourc e.3S ourc e.4S ourc e.5S ourc e.Cl i mate change i s the gr eatest chal l enge we face today,dr i ven by human acti vi ti es.Ri si ng gl obal tem

38、per atur es as a r esul t of the cl i mate cr i si s,i s causi ng substanti al damage and l oss to natur e,soci ety,and our economy.The changi ng cl i mate puts al l ar eas of the wor l d at r i sk,r esul ti ng i n r i si ng sea l evel s,mel ti ng i ce caps,and bur ni ng for ests.Accor di ng to the

39、Inter gover nmental Panel on Cl i mate Change(IPCC)r epor t1 publ i shed i n Mar ch 2023,human-i nduced acti vi ti es ar e war mi ng the cl i mate at an al ar mi ng r ate:gl obal sur face temper atur e has r i sen by 1.1C compar ed to the pr e-i ndustr i al per i od.Under al l emi ssi on scenar i os

40、,the IPCC esti mates that gl obal war mi ng wi l l r each 1.5C by the ear l y 2030s.Wa te r a nd c li ma te c h a ng e a re i ntri c a te ly li nke d.Ac c ord i ng to U ni te d N a ti on Wa te r:“Cli ma te c h a ng e a ffe c ts th e world s wa te r i n c omp le x wa ys.F rom unp re d i c ta b le ra

41、i nfa ll p a tte rns to sh ri nki ng i c e sh e e ts,ri si ng se a le ve ls,flood s a nd d roug h ts most i mp a c ts of c li ma te c h a ng e c ome d own to wa te r.”2 G lob a l wa rmi ng i nc re a se s ri sks re la te d to wa te r sc a rc i ty a nd wa te r-re la te d h a za rd s,suc h a s flood i

42、ng a nd d roug h ts d ue to d i srup ti ons i n p re c i p i ta ti on p a tte rns a nd wa te r c yc le s.An i nc re a se i n sc a rc e wa te r sup p li e s wi ll i mp a c t our soc i e ty,e c onomy,a nd e nvi ronme nt.R i si ng te mp e ra ture s wi ll c onti nue to i nc re a se th e fre que nc y of

43、h e a vy ra i nfa lls,a nd a t th e sa me ti me,e sc a la te e xtre me d roug h t a c ross re g i ons.Ba se d on th e World Me te orolog i c a l O rg a ni za ti ons d a ta,only 0.5%of E a rth s wa te r i s usa b le a nd a va i la b le fre sh wa te r.H owe ve r,ri si ng te mp e ra ture s wi ll ne g a

44、 ti ve ly a ffe c t th e fre sh wa te r sup p li e s.3 More ove r,ra i si ng c onc e rns wi th wa te r sc a rc i ty a nd c li ma te c h a ng e wi ll i ne vi ta b ly a ffe c t wa te r-d e p e nd e nt se c tors suc h a s a g ri c ulture.Ac c ord i ng to th e F ood a nd Ag ri c ulture O rg a ni za ti o

45、n re p ort,a round 70%of th e world s fre sh wa te r i s use d for a g ri c ulture,a nd wi ll th e re fore i mp a c t food sup p ly i n future.4 Wa te r sc a rc i ty a nd wa te r-re la te d h a za rd s a lso i mp a c t th e E urop e a n c onti ne nt,se e F i g ure 1.As i nd i c a te d b y th e E uro

46、p e a n Commi ssi on,38%of th e E U p op ula ti on a nd 2 9%of E U te rri tory wa s a ffe c te d b y wa te r sc a rc i ty i n 2 019.5 I n g e ne ra l,wa te r sc a rc i ty i s more li ke ly to oc c ur i n south e rn E urop e,e xte nd i ng to we ste rn E urop e wh e re h i g h wa te r a b stra c ti on

47、 c a n i mp a c t wa te r a va i la b i li ty.I n south e rn E urop e,th e la rg e st use of fre sh wa te r c ome s from th e a g ri c ulture se c tor.F urth e r te mp e ra ture ri se s wi ll c onti nue to re d uc e a c c e ssi b i li ty of fre sh wa te r re sourc e s i n E urop e,a nd i nc re a se

48、th e na tura l fluc tua ti on i n wa te r a va i la b i li ty th roug h out se a sons,i mp a c ti ng wa te r-d e p e nd e nt se c tors suc h a s th e food se c tor.As a re sult of th i s,th e fre que nc y,i nte nsi ty,a nd i mp a c ts of d roug h t wi ll a c c e le ra te ove r th e c omi ng ye a rs.

49、As a re sp onse to th i s c ri si s,a nd to mi ni mi se th e ri sk i nd uc e d b y g lob a l te mp e ra ture ri se,i n 2 019 th e E urop e a n Commi ssi on a d op te d i ts E U G re e n De a l p a c ka g e i n li ne wi th th e 1.5 C ta rg e t of th e P a ri s Ag re e me nt.T h i s p a c ka g e unve

50、i le d a roa d ma p for E urop e to b e c ome a c li ma te-ne utra l c onti ne nt b y 2 050.O ne of th e ob je c ti ve s of th e E U G re e n De a l i s th e 2 030 ta rg e t se t out i n th e F i t for 55 p a c ka g e.T h e re vi se d p a c ka g e p rop ose s to ta rg e t th e E U s g re e nh ouse g

51、 a s(G H G)e mi ssi ons re d uc ti on,a nd re ne wa b le e ne rg y d e p loyme nt.T h e a i m i s to re d uc e G H G e mi ssi ons b y 55%a nd i nc re a se th e sh a re of re ne wa b le s i n th e fi na l Sol ar DuckF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.011FIGURE 1 E UROP E A

52、N COUNT RI E S WI T H WOR S T S E AS ONAL WAT E R S CARCI T Y CONDI T I ONSCyprus(Q3)Malta(Q1)Greece(Q3)Turkey(Q3)Portugal(Q3)Italy(Q3)Spain(Q3)Romania(Q3)Czech Republic(Q3)Poland(Q2)Belgium(Q3)Denmark(Q3)Estonia(Q3)North Macedonia(Q3)The Netherlands(Q3)Serbia(Q4)France(Q2)Kosovo(Q2)Germany(Q3)Alban

53、ia(Q3)Bulgaria(Q1)Hungary(Q4)Finland(Q3)Lithuania(Q3)Luxembourg(Q3)Slovakia(2019 Annual)Ireland(Q2)Switzerland(Q3)Slovenia(Q2)Bosnia and Herzegovina(Q3)Sweden(Q3)Latvia(Q3)Croatia(Q3)Austria(Q4)Norway(Q3)Iceland(Q2)%0204060804.074.970.268.766.057.047.223.519.514.513.212.610.39.06.35.34.33

54、.42.92.52.02.01.61.51.21.01.00.60.50.42.90.30.20.20.10.01 Intr o du ctio n/c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 12e ne rg y mi x to 4 5%b y 2 030.6 I n Ma rc h 2 02 3,th e E U p rovi si ona lly a d op te d stri c te r le g i sla ti on to a c c e le ra te th e

55、d e p loyme nt of re ne wa b le s,ra i si ng th e E U s b i nd i ng re ne wa b le e ne rg y ta rg e t to 4 2.5%b y 2 030,wi th th e a mb i ti on of re a c h i ng 4 5%.7 I n p a ra lle l wi th th e c li ma te c ri si s a nd followi ng R ussi a s i nva si on of U kra i ne,th e world h a s fa c e d a n

56、 unp re c e d e nte d e ne rg y c ri si s c a usi ng sp i ke s i n e ne rg y p ri c e s,a nd d i srup ti ng e ne rg y tra d e flows.8 I n 2 02 2,e ne rg y p ri c e s i n E urop e a nd b e yond h a ve skyroc ke te d,h i tti ng a re c ord h i g h si nc e 2 008.As e sti ma te d b y th e I nte rna ti on

57、a l E ne rg y Ag e nc y,90%of th e i nc re a se i n e ne rg y p ri c e s wa s d ri ve n b y h i g h fossi l fue l p ri c e s i n 2 02 2.9 T h i s h a s i mp a c te d a ll e ne rg y-c onsumi ng se c tors.As a re sult of R ussi a s i lle g a l i nva si on of U kra i ne,th e E urop e a n Commi ssi on p

58、 ut forwa rd th e R E P owe rE U p la n.U nd e r th e R E P owe rE U stra te g y,th e Commi ssi on p re se nte d a p la n to sa ve a nd d i ve rsi fy th e e ne rg y sup p ly,p rod uc e c le a n e ne rg y,a nd e nd E urop e s d e p e nd e nc e on R ussi a n fossi l fue ls.T h e R E P owe rE U p a c k

59、a g e i nc lud e d a fi rst-of-i ts-ki nd E U S ola r S tra te g y,i nc re a si ng sola r a mb i ti on i n E urop e b y 4 3%,a nd unc ove ri ng se ve ra l ste p s to sp e e d up sola r d e p loyme nt.T h e unp re c e d e nte d E U S ola r S tra te g y p rovi d e s th e ri g h t fra me work to a c c

60、e le ra te sola r P V e ne rg y d e p loyme nt i n E urop e a nd se ts out a n E U sola r ta rg e t of 4 00 G Wd c b y 2 02 5,a nd 750 G Wd c b y 2 030.Ba se d on future e ne rg y d e p loyme nt sc e na ri os,E urop e c a n surp a ss i ts se t a mb i ti on,a nd re a c h th e T W-le ve l mi le stone

61、b y th e e nd of th e d e c a d e,fi ve ti me s th e c a p a c i ty i nsta lle d tod a y.F or th i s re a son,th e sola r se c tor i s c e ntra l to th e E urop e a n e ne rg y tra nsi ti on.E urop e s a mb i ti ous ob je c ti ve s wi ll re qui re th e mob i li sa ti on of a ll e xi sti ng surfa c e

62、 s sui ta b le for P V p a ne ls,a nd th e d e ve lop me nt of ne w use s of sp a c e s sui ta b le for sola r i nsta lla ti ons.Asi d e from g lob a l c h a lle ng e s of tod a y,la nd sc a rc i ty i s b e c omi ng a n i mp orta nt top i c to ta c kle.L a nd sc a rc i ty i s ra p i d ly i nc re a s

63、i ng d ri ve n b y c omp le x multi-se c tor d yna mi c s.T h e i mp a c ts of la nd sc a rc i ty on soc i e ty,e c onomy a nd e nvi ronme nt a re multi-d i me nsi ona l a nd d e e p-roote d.Wi th th e world s p op ula ti on ri si ng,d e ma nd for food,wa te r a nd e ne rg y i nc re a se s;th i s i

64、ne vi ta b ly le a d s to i nc re a se d la nd usa g e from d i ffe re nt se c tors.Asi d e from th e la nd c onve rsi on d ri ve n b y va ri ous se c tors,soi l e rosi on,d e se rti fi c a ti on a nd sa li ni sa ti on a re oth e r d ri ve rs th a t c a n re d uc e th e qua li ty of soi l,a nd i mp

65、a c t th e a va i la b i li ty of th e la nd.S ola r c a n b e p a rt of th e soluti on to ta c kle c li ma te c h a ng e,p rovi d e c le a n e ne rg y,a nd re d uc e la nd sc a rc i ty i ssue s.F i rstly,sola r ta ke s up a re la ti ve ly sma ll a re a of la nd.T h e d a ta sh ows th a t p owe ri n

66、g c urre nt E U e ne rg y d e ma nd wi th sola r,would re qui re mob i li si ng 0.2 6%of E U la nd.10 Curre ntly,a g ri c ulture ta ke s up a round 38%of E U la nd.H owe ve r,some c ountri e s a nd re g i ons mi g h t fa c e c h a lle ng e s wh e n mob i li si ng la nd or rooftop s for sola r d e p

67、loyme nt.Countri e s wi th sma ll la nd a re a,h i g h la ti tud e s,or c ountri e s wi th h i g h ly p op ula te d a nd d e nse a re a s mi g h t b e re stri c te d to th e a va i la b i li ty of la nd for sola r d e p loyme nt.Dua l la nd-use c a n p la y a c ruc i a l role i n p rovi d i ng solut

68、i ons not only to g e ne ra te c le a n e ne rg y,b ut to a lso mi ni mi se th e p re ssure p ut on la nd a va i la b i li ty.O ne suc h soluti on i s floa ti ng P V (F P V).Fl oati ng PV can be defi ned as sol ar panel s i nstal l ed on a fl oati ng system or str uctur e,on a water body,whi ch can

69、offer sol uti ons for ener gy gener ati on and water conser vati on.F loa ti ng P V i s a ra th e r nove l te c h nolog y e xp e ri e nc i ng ra p i d g rowth ove r th e la st c oup le of ye a rs.F loa ti ng P V s fore c a ste d a nnua l g rowth ra te i s 2 2%;usi ng 10%of th e world s re se rvoi rs

70、 c ould p rovi d e 2 3.317 G Wp c a p a c i ty.11 T h e g lob a l floa ti ng P V ma rke t i s a nti c i p a te d to surp a ss th e 6 G W th re sh old b y 2 031.12 H owe ve r,b a se d on S ola rP owe r E urop e s d a ta,i n 2 02 2 g lob a l c umula ti ve F P V c a p a c i ty re a c h e d 5.7 G W ma r

71、k of c umula ti ve c a p a c i ty,sh owi ng a g rowi ng tre nd of F P V te c h nolog y on a g lob a l sc a le (S e e se c ti on:F loa ti ng P V Ma rke t Outlook,p a g e 14).T h i s sh owc a se s th e li ke ly up ta ke of th i s te c h nolog y world wi d e.More ove r,F loa ti ng P V h old s a g re a

72、t p ote nti a l i n a d d re ssi ng th e g lob a l c li ma te a nd e ne rg y c ri si s,a nd sup p orti ng th e E urop e a n U ni on i n re a c h i ng c li ma te ne utra li ty ta rg e ts.F loa ti ng P V c a n a lso mi ni mi se a ny la nd sc a rc i ty ri sks.U ti li si ng a p p li c a b le wa te r sur

73、fa c e s suc h a s re se rvoi rs,p ond s,a nd la ke s wi ll i n turn re d uc e la nd c omp e ti ti on a c ross d i ffe re nt se c tors,a nd h e lp c onse rve va lua b le la nd re sourc e s wh i le c ontri b uti ng to ove ra ll soc i o-e c onomi c a nd e nvi ronme nta l b e ne fi ts.F P V c a n not o

74、nly i mp rove la nd e ffi c i e nc y,b ut a lso p rovi d e wa te r c onse rva ti on b e ne fi ts,i mp rove or p re se rve wa te r qua li ty,re d uc e e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t,a nd wh e re a p p rop ri a te,p rovi d e th e ri g h t c ond i ti ons for wi ld li fe to th ri ve.I n a d d i ti on,F lo

75、a ti ng P V c a n b oost th e loc a l e c onomy,a nd i mp rove th e li ve li h ood s of loc a l c i ti ze ns b y p rovi d i ng e ne rg y se c uri ty,job op p ortuni ti e s,a nd e d uc a ti ona l op p ortuni ti e s.10S ourc e:S ola rP owe r E urop e.11S ourc e.12S ourc e.6S ourc e.7S ourc e.8S ourc e

76、.9S ourc e.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.013Flo ating PV can be catego r is ed as (See Figu r e 2):1.Onshor e Fl oati ng PV(al so r efer r ed to as i nl and fl oati ng PV):PV systems built on any water body,which is geographically located in inland areas.I t c a n b

77、e c la ssi fi e d furth e r a s followi ng:S ta ti c fre sh wa te r b od i e s:no wav es,limit ed wind s hallow wat er,bas ins,ponds I nne r wa te rs:s mall t o mediu m wav es of 1 m wat er areas wit hin 1-3 km2 L a rg e i nne r wa te rs:mediu m wav es more t han 1 m in height wat er areas bet ween

78、3 and abov e km22.Mar i ne Fl oati ng PV:PV systems that are designed for deployment on salty or brackish water.Marine FPV includes nearshore and offshore floating PV,and are defined based on specific conditions such as waves and wind.N e a rsh ore F P V:a ny loc a ti on i n re a sona b ly sh e lte

79、re d a re a s wi th si g ni fi c a nt wa ve h e i g h t up to 2-3 m.Offsh ore F P V:a ny loc a ti on i n unsh e lte re d wa te r wi th si g ni fi c a nt wa ve h e i g h t g re a te r th a n 2-3 m.T h e re a re d i ffe re nt typ e s of a rti fi c i a l wa te r b od i e s th a t c a n b e uti li se d

80、to d e p loy onsh ore floa ti ng P V te c h nolog y.T h e se typ e s i nc lud e b ut a re not li mi te d to:i.Indu s t rial bas ins ii.Drinking wat er res erv oirs (raw wat er res erv oirs and wat er int ended res erv oirs)iii.Irrigat ion ponds FIGURE 2 COMP ARI S ON BE T WE E N ONS HORE AND OF F S

81、HORE F L OAT I NG P V Static freshwater bodies no waves,limited wind shallow water,basins,pondsInner waters small to medium waves of 1m water areas within 1-3km2Large inner waters medium waves more than 1m in height water areas between 3&above km2Nearshore FPV any location in reasonably sheltered ar

82、eas significant wave height up to 2-3m Offshore FPV any location in unsheltered water significant wave height greater than 2-3m ONSHORE FLOATING PV(also referred to as inland floating PV)PV systems built on any water body,which is geographically located in inland areas.PV systems that are designed f

83、or deployment on salty or brackish water.Marine FPV includes nearshore and offshore floating PV,and are defined based on specific conditions such as waves and wind.MARINE FLOATING PV iv.Sand or grav el ex t ract ion ponds v.Hy droelect ric dam res erv oirs and pu mped s t orage res erv oirs v i.Floo

84、ded qu arries and flooded open cas t mines v ii.Fis hponds v iii.Aqu at ic food produ ct ion ix.Wat er t reat ment plant s O th e r a re a s suc h a s na tura l la ke s a nd ri ve rs c a n a lso b e c onsi d e re d for floa ti ng P V d e p loyme nt.H owe ve r,th e se a re a s sh ould und e rg o sp e

85、 c i fi c c onsi d e ra ti ons suc h a s e nvi ronme nta l a sp e c ts,g ri d a c c e ssi b i li ty,a nd oth e r soc i o-e c onomi c a sp e c ts to d e te rmi ne th e c omp a ti b i li ty of d e p loyi ng floa ti ng P V on suc h wa te r b od i e s.I ts i mp orta nt to h i g h li g h t th a t a ny ty

86、p e of a wa te r b od y(a rti fi c i a l la ke s or na tura l la ke s)mi g h t ne e d to und e rg o e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t a sse ssme nt to d e te rmi ne th e i r sui ta b i li ty for floa ti ng P V d e ve lop me nt.T h e re fore,d i ffe re nt na ti ona l a nd re g i ona l re g ula ti ons wi l

87、l b e a p p li e d a nd wi ll ne e d to b e c omp li e d wi th p ri or to g e tti ng p e rmi ts for b ui ld i ng floa ti ng P V.Wa te r a re a s use d for re c re a ti ona l p urp ose s mi g h t a lso b e c onsi d e re d a s a p p rop ri a te a re a s for d e p loyi ng floa ti ng P V.H owe ve r,c e

88、rta i n fa c tors suc h a s wa te r surfa c e a va i la b i li ty,g ri d c onne c ti ons,soc i a l a c c e p ta nc e,a nd oth e r c onstruc ti on a nd i nte rfa c e a sp e c ts sh ould b e c onsi d e re d on a c a se-b y-c a se b a si s.Onsh ore floa ti ng P V syste ms c onsi sts of a numb e r of e

89、le me nts:A fl oati ng str uctur e T h i s i s th e p a rt of th e syste m th a t e nsure s b uoya nc y,a nd sup p orts a ll of th e e le c tri c a l c omp one nts i nsta lle d to g e ne ra te a nd tra nsp ort e le c tri c i ty.T h e re a re d i ffe re nt la youts a va i la b le i n th e ma rke t a

90、nd d i ffe re nt typ e s of ma te ri a ls use d,ra ng i ng from p ure H DP E floa ti ng syste ms,to ra fte d H DP E+S te e l syste ms,a nd ri ng-sh a p e d me mb ra ne s.An anchor i ng and moor i ng system(stati on-k eepi ng)G e ne ra lly i t i s c omp ose d of a nc h ors a nd moori ng li ne s,to ke

91、 e p th e floa ti ng struc ture i n th e i nte nd e d p osi ti on th roug h out th e li fe ti me of th e p roje c t.Anc h ors c a n g e ne ra lly b e p la c e d onsh ore,ne a r th e sh ore,or on th e b ottom of th e re se rvoi r,b ut oth e r soluti ons(e.g.p i le s)c a n b e a d op te d d e p e nd i

92、 ng on th e si te c ond i ti ons.I n most c a se s,a moori ng li ne,c omp ose d of one or more e le me nts,i s c onne c te d to th e a nc h or on one e nd,a nd to th e floa ti ng struc ture on th e oth e r e nd.PV modul es As i n oth e r P V a p p li c a ti ons,P V mod ule s a re th e ke y c omp one

93、 nt to g e ne ra te e le c tri c i ty from th e i rra d i a nc e re c e i ve d.G e ne ra lly,p rod uc ts use d i n F loa ti ng P V,a re si mi la r to th ose use i n g round-mounte d P V syste ms;i t i s norma lly a d vi se d to use g la ss-g la ss P V mod ule s for b e tte r p rote c ti on a g a i n

94、st moi sture a nd wa te r i ng re ss.El ectr i c components(cabl es,i nver ter s among other s)T ra nsp orti ng th e e ne rg y p rod uc e d b y th e P V mod ule s to th e g ri d,or to th e loa d s,re qui re s a se t of e le c tri c a l c omp one nts(E BoS:E le c tri c a l Ba la nc e of S yste m),suc

95、 h a s DC c a b le s,AC c a b le s,i nve rte rs,tra nsforme rs,a s we ll a s a ll a uxi li a ry c omp one nts ne c e ssa ry for a smooth op e ra ti on of th e syste m,suc h a s moni tori ng,e a rth i ng,e tc.T h e d e si g n of floa ti ng P V syste ms c a n b e a lte re d to sui t sp e c i fi c wa t

96、e r b od y p a ra me te rs a nd a p p li c a ti ons.I t c a n b e a d a p te d th roug h va ri a ti ons,b e g i nni ng wi th floa ti ng syste m ma te ri a ls,mod ule typ e,ori e nta ti on of th e mod ule s,a nd surfa c e c ove ra g e.Flo ating PV Mar ket Ou tlo o k Gl obal fl oati ng PV mar k et T h

97、 e fi rst floa ti ng P V (F P V)syste m wa s b ui lt i n 2 007 i n J a p a n,followe d b y oth e r c ountri e s i nc lud i ng F ra nc e,th e R e p ub li c of K ore a,a nd th e U ni te d S ta te s.All of th e se c ountri e s te ste d mi c ro-F P V i nsta lla ti ons for re se a rc h a nd d e monstra t

98、i on e nd s.F i na lly,th e fi rst c omme rc i a l F P V p la nt wa s a 175 kW syste m b ui lt i n Ca li forni a i n 2 008.13 I n 2 02 2,th e world s la rg e st floa ti ng sola r a rra y wa s g ri d-c onne c te d i n Ch i na (S h a nd ong),wi th a n op e ra ti ng c a p a c i ty of 32 0 MW.14 T h e D

99、e zh ou Di ng zh ua ng F P V fa rm i s a lso c onne c te d to 8 MWh of b a tte ry stora g e,a nd a 100 MW wi nd fa rm.I n 2 015,th e F P V ma rke t(b oth on a nd offsh ore)wa s c onsi d e re d a ni c h e se g me nt,a s i nsta lla ti on le ve ls re ma i ne d b e low 100 MW world wi d e (se e F i g ur

100、e 3).H owe ve r,th e e me rg e nc e of ne w ma rke ts i n S outh e a st Asi a,a nd th e unloc ki ng of flood e d mi ni ng si te s i n Ch i na,1 Intr o du ctio n/c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 1413World Ba nk(2 018):Wh e re S un Me e ts Wa te r.145 L a rg

101、 e st F loa ti ng S ola r F a rms i n th e World i n 2 02 2|Y S G S ola r|Y S G S ola r.unle a sh e d th e e xp one nti a l sp i ri t of floa ti ng sola r.F rom 2 015 to 2 017,th e c umula ti ve i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty of F P V g re w b y 74 3%,from 70 MW to a lmost 600 MW.As of S e p te mb e r

102、2 018,th a t fi g ure h a d g rown more th a n 100-fold to 1.1 G W,e xp e ri e nc i ng a ne a rly d oub li ng of c a p a c i ty re la ti ve to 2 017(+88%).F ollowi ng th i s ste e p up wa rd tra je c tory,th e world s sola r floa ti ng fle e t e xp a nd e d a t a c omp ound a nnua l g rowth ra te (C

103、AG R)of 51%from 2 019,unti l th e e nd of 2 02 2.T h i s h i g h li g h ts th e si g ni fi c a nt a ve ra g e ye a r-on-ye a r i nc re a se i n i nsta lla ti ons.I n 2 02 2 a lone,2.3 G W wa s i nsta lle d g lob a lly,re a c h i ng 5.7 G W of c umula ti ve c a p a c i ty(+68%re la ti ve to 2 02 1).T

104、 h e world s la rg e st F P V ma rke t i s i n Ch i na,wi th a p p roxi ma te ly 70%of th e tota l c a p a c i ty(a p p roa c h i ng 4 G W i n 2 02 2),a nd th e re st i s c re d i te d to J a p a n a nd K ore a,c lose ly followe d b y E urop e.F or th e future,th e g lob a l F P V fle e t i s e xp e

105、 c te d to g row a t a ste a d y ra te a s la nd sc a rc i ty a nd i nc re a si ng c osts of la nd for g round-mounte d p roje c ts c onti nue to p owe r d e ma nd.T o re li a b ly d e te rmi ne th e true p rosp e c ts of floa ti ng sola r,se ve ra l stud i e s h a ve c a lc ula te d i ts“te c h ni

106、c a l c a p a c i ty,”wh i c h i nd i c a te s th e tre me nd ous d e p loyme nt p ote nti a l of th e te c h nolog y on re se rvoi rs a nd na tura l wa te r b od i e s.T h e d e te rmi ne d te c h ni c a l c a p a c i ty ulti ma te ly d e p e nd s on fa c tors suc h a s th e g e og ra p h i c a l a

107、 re a,c ove ra g e ra ti o,c ost c onstra i nts,or e nvi ronme nta l a nd la nd use li mi ta ti ons.T h e World Ba nk e sti ma te d i n 2 018 th a t th e g lob a l te c h ni c a l p ote nti a l for F P V i s sli g h tly ove r 4 T W,i f 10%of th e tota l surfa c e of fre sh wa te r ma n-ma d e re se

108、rvoi rs wa s uti li se d.15 More re c e nt re se a rc h i nd i c a te s th a t c lose to 4.5 T W c ould b e g lob a lly i nsta lle d i n h yd rop owe r p la nts a lone,a ssumi ng a 2 5%c ove ra g e ra ti o.16 Oth e r stud i e s i d e nti fy a g lob a l p ote nti a l th a t ra ng e s from 3 T W to 7

109、T W d e p e nd i ng on th e mod e lli ng a ssump ti ons.17 H owe ve r,e xp e rts from th e I E A P V P S only fore se e a c umula ti ve c a p a c i ty of ove r 60 G W b y 2 030,18 wh i c h h i g h li g h ts th e ne e d to stre ng th e n p oli c y a nd ma rke t sup p ort for floa ti ng sola r i f i t

110、s true p ote nti a l i s to b e h a rne sse d.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.01515World Ba nk(2 018):Wh e re S un Me e ts Wa te r.16I nte rna ti ona l H yd rop owe r Assoc i a ti on(2 02 1):H yd rop owe r S ta tus R e p ort.17L e e et al.(2 02 0):H yb ri d floa ti ng

111、sola r p h otovolta i c s-h yd rop owe r syste ms:Be ne fi ts a nd g lob a l a sse ssme nt of te c h ni c a l p ote nti a l.18I E A P V P S (2 02 3):T re nd s i n p h otovolta i c a p p li c a ti ons.FIGURE 3 GL OBAL CUMUL AT I V E F P V CAP ACI T Y BE T WE E N 2 015 AND 2 02 20123456GW20

112、002020220.070.130.501.101.892.603.405.70+103%343%88%72%38%30%68%S ourc e:S ola rP owe r E urop e.I n offsh ore wa te rs,floa ti ng sola r i s sti ll i n i ts i nfa nc y.Consi ste ntly,th e te c h nolog y ke e p s d e ve lop i ng,wi th a round 2 5 p roje c ts a round th e g lob e i n th e

113、e xp e ri me nta l p h a se,mostly loc a te d i n E urop e,a nd tota lli ng a n e sti ma te d c a p a c i ty of 2 0 MW.De sp i te fa c i ng more c h a lle ng e s th a n i ts floa ti ng c ounte rp a rt i nla nd,offsh ore floa ti ng p a ne ls c ould p rovi d e a la rg e c omp one nt of th e e ne rg y

114、mi x for c ountri e s wi th a c c e ss to c a lm e qua tori a l se a s.F or i nsta nc e,re se a rc h sug g e sts th a t I nd one si a s se a sc a p e offe rs a te c h ni c a l p ote nti a l g e ne ra ti on of a b out 35,000 T Wh of sola r e ne rg y p e r ye a r,wh i c h i s just a b out th e c urre

115、nt g lob a l e le c tri c i ty p rod uc ti on.19 E xp e rts i n th e fi e ld re ve a l th a t i nd ustri a l-sc a le offsh ore floa ti ng sola r g e ne ra ti on c ould b e c ome a re a li ty b e fore th e e nd of th i s d e c a d e.The FPV mar k et i n the EU27 F P V re p re se nts a na sc e nt te c

116、 h nolog y i n th e E urop e a n U ni on,b ut i t p re se nts p osi ti ve si g ns of ra p i d g rowth.F P V sola r p owe r syste ms on re se rvoi rs a nd qua rry la ke s a re g a i ni ng tra c ti on i n E urop e a nd offe r va st p ote nti a l.Curre ntly,th e re a re a round 4 51 MW of g ri d-c onne

117、 c te d floa ti ng sola r(se e F i g ure 4),mostly loc a te d i n th e N e th e rla nd s(2 80 MW).T h e c ountrys F P V c a p a c i ty c ould g row e ve n la rg e r i f i ts ma ssi ve 2 G W p i p e li ne ma te ri a li se s ove r th e c omi ng ye a rs.Ad d i ti ona lly,th e two la rg e st F P V p a r

118、ks i n th e E U 2 7 h a ve b e e n c ommi ssi one d b y Ba yWa r.e.i n th e N e th e rla nd s,wi th a tota l i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty of ne a rly 71 MW.2 0 F ra nc e ra nks se c ond wi th 80 MW of i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty,followe d b y Austri a (2 5 MW),G e rma ny (2 5 MW),S p a i n(10 MW)a nd

119、 P ortug a l(6.2 MW).T h e rollout of F P V syste ms i n th e E U,d e sp i te a p romi si ng sta rt,i s sti ll fa c i ng se ve ra l c h a lle ng e s th a t sh ould b e a d d re sse d to re le a se th e full p ote nti a l of th e te c h nolog y.Among th ose h urd le s,a la c k of strong p oli c y sup

120、 p ort,long p e rmi tti ng p roc e sse s,a nd soc i a l a c c e p ta nc e a re th e most p re va le nt.De ve lop i ng a nd i nsta lli ng F P V p la nts ofte n re qui re s na vi g a ti ng c omp le x non-sta nd a rd i se d b ure a uc ra ti c p roc e d ure s,th a t c a n le a d to d e la ys a nd unc e

121、rta i nti e s i n th e a p p rova l p roc e ss.More ove r,p ub li c p e rc e p ti on of th e e nvi ronme nta l a nd vi sua l i mp a c t of F P V syste ms c a n ne g a ti ve ly a ffe c t soc i a l a c c e p ta nc e of floa ti ng sola r,a nd h i nd e r i ts e xp a nsi on.Ac ti ve ly e ng a g i ng wi t

122、h loc a l c ommuni ti e s a nd sta ke h old e rs to soli d i fy sup p ort i s c ruc i a l for th e suc c e ssful fi na li sa ti on of F P V p roje c ts.1 Intr o du ctio n/c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 16FIGURE 4 RE GI ONAL DI S T RI BUT I ON OF F P V CA

123、P ACI T Y P E R 2 7 ME MBE R S T AT E S I N 2 02 2Rest of EU27;7%Germany;5%Spain;2%Austria;5%France;18%Portugal;1%Netherlands;61%451 GWS ourc e:S ola rP owe r E urop e.19S i la la h i a nd Bla ke rs(2 02 3):G lob a l Atla s of Ma ri ne F loa ti ng S ola r P V P ote nti a l.20S ourc e.O nc e th e re

124、ma i ni ng b a rri e rs a re re move d,re se a rc h sh e d s li g h t on th e e normous p ote nti a l for floa ti ng sola r i n th e E U.A re c e nt stud y p rovi d e s a n e sti ma ti on of th e e le c tri c i ty outp ut a nd i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty p ote nti a l i n e xi sti ng h yd rop owe r

125、re se rvoi rs i n th e E U-2 7,d e p e nd i ng on th e a ssume d c ove ra g e ra ti o.2 1 T h e most re a li sti c sc e na ri o a ssume s a 10%c ove ra g e ra ti o of th e tota l re se rvoi r surfa c e,wh i c h c ould p rod uc e a tota l of 157 G W of i nsta lle d F P V c a p a c i ty.T h i s c a p

126、a c i ty would p rod uc e up to 6%of th e ye a rly p owe r c onsump ti on i n th e E U (137 T Wh p e r ye a r).I nte re sti ng ly,th e stud y p re se nts a sc e na ri o wh e re th e F P V syste m would h a ve th e sa me i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty a s th e h yd rop owe r p la nt.T h i s sc e na ri o

127、 would re sult i n 4 2 T Wh of e le c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on p e r ye a r,a nd a tota l i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty of ne a rly 50 G W,c ove ri ng only 2.3%of th e e xa mi ne d re se rvoi r surfa c e s.O ve ra ll,a c ross a ll sc e na ri os from th e stud y,S we d e n,F i nla nd,a nd S p a i n a

128、 re a mong th e top 5 c ountri e s wi th h i g h e r F P V p ote nti a l d ue to th e i r va st si ze of re se rvoi rs a va i la b le.I d le-flood e d c oa l mi ne s a re a lso e xc e lle nt loc a ti ons for floa ti ng P V.T h e F ra unh ofe r I nsti tute for S ola r E ne rg y S yste ms(I S E)h a s

129、c a lc ula te d th a t th e a rti fi c i a l la ke s a t forme r b rown c oa l mi ne s i n G e rma ny a lone op e n up a te c h ni c a l p ote nti a l of 4 4 G W.2 2Rati onal e and scope A d ua l la nd-use a p p roa c h sup p orts th e si multa ne ous e nh a nc e me nt of re ne wa b le e ne rg y p r

130、od uc ti on,wh i le usi ng th e la nd a re a for oth e r p urp ose s.De p loyi ng floa ti ng P V on wa te r b od i e s a llows th e norma l usa g e of th e wa te r b od y,wh i le a lso g e ne ra ti ng g re e n e ne rg y.Ad d i ti ona lly,floa ti ng P V not only c a n p la y a role i n re a c h i ng

131、c li ma te ne utra li ty,b ut i t c a n a lso p rovi d e soc i a l,e c onomi c a nd e nvi ronme nta l b e ne fi ts.T h e a i m of th i s re p ort i s to p rovi d e g ui d a nc e a nd knowle d g e-sh a ri ng to P V d e ve lop e rs,re g ula tors,a nd oth e r sta ke h old e rs a b out floa ti ng P V p

132、ote nti a l a nd b e ne fi ts,a s we ll a s b e st p ra c ti c e s i n E urop e a nd b e yond.T h e re p ort i nc lud e s a n ove rvi e w of susta i na b i li ty a sp e c ts,g ui d a nc e for th e p roje c t d e ve lop me nt p h a se,a nd b e st p ra c ti c e e xa mp le s for onsh ore floa ti ng P V

133、.F urth e rmore,i t foc use s on b e st p ra c ti c e s on a g lob a l sc a le,a nd outli ne s th e ke y b e ne fi ts a nd c h a lle ng e s of offsh ore floa ti ng P V te c h nolog y.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.01721K a koula ki et al.(2 02 3):Be ne fi ts of p a i

134、ri ng floa ti ng sola r p h otovolta i c s wi th h yd rop owe r re se rvoi rs i n E urop e.22S ourc e.Bay Wa.r.e.Bomh ofp la s,N e th e rla nd s.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 182.2.Intr o du ctio n Fl oati ng PV can pr ovi de mul ti pl e benefi ts to the cl i mate,

135、ener gy,and envi r onment.Depl oyi ng fl oati ng PV systems can suppor t the decar boni sati on of the ener gy sector,and contr i bute towar ds the EUs ener gy and cl i mate goal s.It al so r educes l and-use i ssues,and mi ni mi ses the i mpact put on the l and by sel ecti ng and usi ng appr opr i

136、ate water si tes.Appr opr i atel y desi gned and si ted fl oati ng PV pr oj ects can al so contr i bute towar ds natur e pr otecti on and bi odi ver si ty enhancement.Due to the shadi ng of fl oati ng PV panel s,ther e i s a potenti al to decr ease water evapor ati on,r educe toxi c al gal gr owth i

137、 n water bodi es,and i n some cases,i ncr ease the under water bi odi ver si ty.Ther e i s al so gr owi ng evi dence that fl oati ng PV systems does not i mpact water qual i ty,and i n some cases,pr ovi des water qual i ty i mpr ovements.F loa ti ng P V c a n fa c i li ta te a d d i ti ona l soc i o

138、-e c onomi c b e ne fi ts.F or i nsta nc e,d ue to th e wa te r-c ooli ng e ffe c t,floa ti ng P V c a n g e ne ra te h i g h e r e le c tri c i ty e ffi c i e nc i e s i n c omp a ri son to g round-mounte d sola r syste ms.H owe ve r,wh e n ma ki ng c omp a ri sons b e twe e n g round-mounte d a nd

139、 floa ti ng P V syste ms,th e ti lt a ng le ne e d s to b e c onsi d e re d.Be si d e s c re a ti ng th e c ooli ng e ffe c t on th e wa te r surfa c e,i t a lso re d uc e s th e wa te r e va p ora ti on.2 3 T h i s i s e sp e c i a lly c ri ti c a l i n d roug h t-p rone a re a s,or a re a s wh e r

140、e wa te r i s sc a rc e.L a stly,c omb i ni ng floa ti ng P V wi th e xi sti ng e ne rg y g e ne ra ti ng fa c i li ti e s,c a n offe r a d d i ti ona l b e ne fi ts,suc h a s,op ti mi si ng e ne rg y e ffi c i e nc y;offse tti ng th e p ote nti a l sh ortfa ll of th e two p owe r p la nts;use of e

141、xi sti ng g ri d s a nd g ri d c onne c ti on i nfra struc ture;a nd mi ni mi se e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c ts.F i g ure 5 sh owc a se s some th e se floa ti ng P V a d va nta g e s.T h i s se c ti on wi ll p rovi d e a n ove rvi e w of th e e nvi ronme nta l a nd soc i o-e c onomi c b e ne fi ts of

142、 floa ti ng P V.S p e c i fi c a lly,i t wi ll look a t la nd e ffi c i e nc y,e nvi ronme nta l b e ne fi ts suc h a s wa te r use e ffi c i e nc y,wi ld li fe e nh a nc e me nt,a nd i mp rove me nts re la te d to th e wa te r qua li ty.T h e se c ti on wi ll a lso p rovi d e a n ove rvi e w of th

143、e c o-h a b i ta ti on of floa ti ng P V wi th oth e r e xi sti ng e ne rg y g e ne ra ti ng fa c i li ti e s,suc h a s wi nd,h yd roe le c tri c d a ms,a nd stora g e fa c i li ti e s.Su s tainability2 Ooster wol de,Nether l ands BayWa r.e.23T h e p roc e ss of a li qui d c h a ng i ng to a g a s,e

144、 sp e c i a lly b y h e a ti ng (sourc e).F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 192.2.Land efficiency F loa ti ng P V h e lp s to re d uc e la nd sc a rc i ty i ssue s b y d e p loyi ng P V syste ms on wa te r.E urop e h a s one of th e most i nte nsi ve ly use d la nd sur

145、fa c e s g lob a lly.On th e c onti ne nt,a round 80%of la nd surfa c e a re a i s use d for ma n-ma d e a c ti vi ti e s,i nc lud i ng urb a ni sa ti on,i nd ustri a li sa ti on,or for a g ri c ultura l a re a s.H uma n-i nd uc e d a c ti vi ti e s a nd th e use of na tura l re sourc e s on la nd,a

146、 re one of th e ma i n d ri ve rs for e nvi ronme nta l d e g ra d a ti on a nd c li ma te c h a ng e.I n a d d i ti on,th e la nd-ta ke tre nd i s i nc re a si ng e ve ry ye a r,a d d i ng a d d i ti ona l p re ssure to our e c osyste ms.Ac c ord i ng to th e E urop e a n E nvi ronme nt Ag e nc y,t

147、h e a rti fi c i a l surfa c e up ta ke h a s i nc re a se d b y ove r 6%i n re c e nt ye a rs.2 4 U si ng a rti fi c i a l wa te r b od i e s or oth e r a p p rop ri a te wa te r si te s for P V i nsta lla ti ons c a n b e ne fi t la nd-sc a rc e c ountri e s or h i g h ly p op ula te d c ountri e

148、s.F or i nsta nc e,c ountri e s li ke J a p a n,wh i c h h a s li mi te d la nd c a p a c i ty,i s h ome to more th a n 70 floa ti ng P V p la nts.2 5 F loa ti ng P V c a n a lso p rovi d e le ve ra g e for c ountri e s or re g i ons wi th h i g h la nd p ri c e s b y mi ti g a ti ng th e la nd c om

149、p e ti ti on.Ba se d on a c a lc ula te d d a ta,i n a b usi ne ss a s usua l sc e na ri o,sola r i nsta lla ti ons i n E urop e c ould re a c h 672 G W b y 2 030.2 6 Assumi ng a sola r g e ne ra ti on c a n on a ve ra g e a c h i e ve 0.1 G W p e a k/km2,th i s i mp li e s th a t la nd a re a e qui

150、 va le nt to 4 000 km2 would ne e d to b e mob i li se d b e twe e n 2 02 3 a nd th e e nd of th e d e c a d e.T h i s would b e e qui va le nt to th e i nc re a se i n urb a n la nd ta ke n i n th e E U a nd U K from 2 012-2 018 for a ll p urp ose s.De p loyi ng multi p le la nd-usa g e,li ke F loa

151、 ti ng P V,c a n mi ni mi se la nd c omp e ti ti on a nd p rovi d e a d d i ti ona l a d va nta g e s.Conve rti ng unuse d a nd a rti fi c i a l wa te r b od i e s i nto e nvi ronme nta lly sound,soc i a lly i nc lusi ve,a nd p rofi ta b le floa ti ng P V si te s c a n b e ne fi t loc a l c ommuni t

152、i e s,loc a l a g ri c ultura l se c tors,a nd oth e r i nc e nti ve s.FIGURE 5 OV E R V I E W OF S OME OF T HE BE NE F I T S AND P OT E NT I AL CHAL L E NGE S OF F L OAT I NG P V I NS T AL L AT I ONPossible soiling by birdsNo land preparation requiredThe cooling effect of water improves PV efficien

153、cyFast and easy set upReduced water evaporationMaintenance may require divingComplex mooring and anchoringReduced alage growth because of less light intensityReduced light reduction may have environmental impactWater available for cleaningCompatible with electric infrastructuresElectrical safetyof e

154、quipmentS OU R CE:h ttp s:/www.sc i e nc e d i re c t.c om/sc i e nc e/a rti c le/p i i/S 2 589004 2 2 2 0152 5524S ourc e.25S ourc e.26S ourc e.27S ourc e.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 02.3.Envir o nmental as p ects Water qual i ty E ve n th oug h ma ny me g a w

155、a tt-sc a le F P V p la nts a re c urre ntly i n se rvi c e a round th e world,th e e ffe c t of F P V on th e wa te r b od ys wa te r qua li ty ne e d s to b e stud i e d i n more d e ta i l.Conse que ntly,se ve ra l stud i e s h a ve re c e ntly b e e n i ni ti a te d to e xp lore e nvi ronme nta

156、l i mp a c ts i n more d e ta i l.Prototypes and modeling Di ffe re nt F P V p rototyp e s a nd th e i r i nflue nc e on wa te r qua li ty,a nd e c olog y we re a na lyse d i n a stud y c ond uc te d b y Z i a r et al.T h e y i nd i c a te d th a t a noxi c c ond i ti ons we re not fa voure d b e lo

157、w F P V,wh e re a s h yp oxi c c ond i ti ons,c la ssi fi e d h e re a t c onc e ntra ti ons 6 mg/l d i ssolve d oxyg e n,oc c urre d a b out 80%more fre que ntly.F urth e rmore,a th re e fold lowe r b i oma ss a c c umula ti on of sub me rg e d ma c rop h yte s b e low th e F P V p la nt wa s d e t

158、e c te d a t th e stud i e d la ke i n th e N e th e rla nd s(Z i a r et al.,2 02 0).H owe ve r,th e stud y ob se rve d th e p rototyp e s i n a ve ry sh a llow la ke.Most of th e c omme rc i a l F P V p la nts a re loc a te d i n th e op e n wa te r,wi th h i g h wa te r d e p th s.T h e re fore,th

159、 e a b ove-me nti one d re sults would not b e e xp e c te d for most th e c omme rc i a l p owe r p la nts.Oth e r a uth ors si mula te d th e i nsta lla ti on of a F P V syste m i n Wi nd e rme re,E ng la nd.T h e y we re usi ng th e MyL a ke mod e l to si mula te h ow a p ote nti a l F P V fa c i

160、 li ty wi ll a ffe c t th e la ke s wa te r te mp e ra ture.I t wa s si mula te d th a t a t h i g h F P V oc c up a nc i e s,surfa c e wa te r te mp e ra ture re d uc ti ons of up to 8 C,a s we ll a s a stra ti fi c a ti on p e ri od re d uc e d b y up to 2 00 d a ys c a n oc c ur.H owe ve r,th e y

161、 ma d e th e a ssump ti on th a t th e si mula te d F P V b loc ks a ll i rra d i a nc e a nd wi nd,wh i c h i s not th e c a se for most of th e F P V syste ms(E xle y et al.,2 02 1).I n a noth e r stud y b y th e sa me a uth ors,th e y found th a t F P V g e ne ra lly p romote s slow p h ytop la n

162、kton2 9 g rowth.A le ss fa voura b le mi xi ng re g i me wi th F P V c ove ra g e,c a n a lso le a d to sub sta nti a l p h ytop la nkton b i oma ss re d uc ti ons,e ve n wi th only a sma ll p e rc e nta g e of a re se rvoi r c ove re d b y F P V.F P V d e p loyme nt a lso c h a ng e s p h ytop la n

163、kton c ommuni ty c omp osi ti on,b ut a ny ne g a ti ve c onse que nc e s we re ne g a te d b y th e c onsi d e ra b le re d uc ti ons i n tota l b i oma ss,d i mi ni sh i ng h yp oth e si se d wa te r qua li ty c onc e rns of a swi tc h to und e si ra b le sp e c i e s.Measurements at commercial FP

164、V systems I n a stud y b y d e L i ma et al.(2 02 1),th e e ffe c ts of F P V on th e wa te r qua li ty we re i nve sti g a te d a t th e Bomh ofsp la s P V p a rk(2 7.4 MWp,N e th e rla nd s).H e re,me a sure me nts of wa te r te mp e ra ture a nd d i ssolve d oxyg e n we re c a rri e d out usi ng

165、a n und e rwa te r d rone.I n wi nte r,a n a ve ra g e of 1.1 mg/l lowe r oxyg e n c onc e ntra ti ons c ould b e me a sure d und e r F P V,wh i le th e se we re 1.7 mg/l lowe r i n summe r.Anoth e r c omme rc i a l p owe r p la nt wa s i nve sti g a te d b y I lg e n et al.(2 02 3).T h e 750 kWp sy

166、ste m i s loc a te d a t a 70 m d e e p qua rry la ke i n G e rma ny.T h e moni tori ng sh owe d a si g ni fi c a nt re d uc ti on i n surfa c e wa te r te mp e ra ture s,p a rti c ula rly on h ot summe r d a ys.At ni g h t a nd i n c old e r p e ri od s,th e wa te r wa s wa rme r c omp a re d to th

167、 e op e n wa te r.By usi ng a h yd rod yna mi c mod e l,th e y si mula te d sc e na ri os of d i ffe re nt F P V oc c up a nc i e s a nd c h a ng i ng c li ma ti c c ond i ti ons.T h e y ob se rve d th a t a la ke c ove ra g e wi th F P V re sults i n a more unsta b le a nd sh orte r th e rma l stra

168、 ti fi c a ti on d uri ng summe r,wh i c h c ould mi ti g a te th e e ffe c ts of c li ma te c h a ng e.S i g ni fi c a nt re d uc ti on i n oxyg e n c onc e ntra ti ons c ould not b e ob se rve d.T h e stud i e s on wa te r qua li ty sh ow th a t th e re i s sti ll a g re a t ne e d for re se a rc

169、h i n th i s a re a.H owe ve r,i t i s a lso c le a r th a t F P V c a n h a ve b oth p osi ti ve a nd ne g a ti ve e ffe c ts on wa te r qua li ty.T h i s i s la rg e ly d e p e nd e nt on p a ra me te rs suc h a s th e syste m d e si g n,p owe r p la nt si ze,b ut a lso si te-sp e c i fi c c ond i

170、 ti ons.F urth e r re se a rc h i n th i s a re a wi ll c ontri b ute to ma ki ng th e syste m d e si g ns e ve n more e c o-fri e nd ly,a nd to e nh a nc i ng th e b e ne fi c i a l e ffe c ts of F P V on wa te r qua li ty.Evapor ati on r educti on S tud i e s h a ve sh own th a t d e p loyi ng flo

171、a ti ng P V on wa te r surfa c e s c a n re d uc e wa te r e va p ora ti on,a nd i nc re a se wa te r e ffi c i e nc y.R e d uc i ng wa te r e va p ora ti on c a n b ri ng sub sta nti a l b e ne fi ts to d roug h t-p rone a re a s a nd re g i ons,b y sa vi ng sub sta nti a l a mounts of wa te r.I n

172、th e stud y c ond uc te d b y G.K a koula ki et al.30 i t i s sh own th a t mi ni mi si ng e va p ora ti on,c a n p rovi d e ye a rly wa te r sa vi ng s of b e twe e n 7,000 10,000 m3 p e r i nsta lle d MWp of floa ti ng P V.2 Su s tainability /c onti nue d29P h ytop la nkton,a lso known a s mi c ro

173、a lg a e,a re si mi la r to te rre stri a l p la nts i n th a t th e y c onta i n c h lorop h yll a nd re qui re sunli g h t i n ord e r to li ve a nd g row(sourc e).3 0S ourc e.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 1T h e ma i n re a sons b e h i nd e va p ora ti on re

174、d uc ti on a re b a se d on two p h ysi c a l p h e nome na.F i rstly,th e i rra d i a nc e i s b e i ng b loc ke d from re a c h i ng th e wa te r d ue to p a ne l sh a d i ng.T h i s me a ns lowe r e ne rg y a nd h e a t i s store d i n th e wa te r.T h e wa te r te mp e ra ture i s a va ri a b le

175、 i mp a c ti ng th e e va p ora ti on ra te;th e re fore,ke e p i ng lowe r e ne rg y a nd h e a t wi ll fa c i li ta te th e e va p ora ti on re d uc ti on.S e c ond ly,b y p h ysi c a lly oc c up yi ng th e surfa c e of wa te r,F P V i mp e d e s e va p ora ti on b y re d uc i ng th e op e n wa te

176、 r sub je c t to th e e va p ora ti on p h e nome na i tse lf.I t b loc ks th e wi nd from re a c h i ng th e wa te r surfa c e,a nd swe e p s a wa y wa te r va p our p a rti c le s,mi ni mi si ng th e e va p ora ti on.S e ve ra l stud i e s h a ve i nve sti g a te d e va p ora ti on i n th e c onte

177、 xt of F P V.Most of th e se stud i e s a re b a se d on e xp e ri me nta l d e si g ns or mod e lli ng.I n mod e lli ng,th e re i s ofte n i nsuffi c i e nt e mp i ri c a l me a sure me nt d a ta a va i la b le to i nc lud e i n th e mod e l,le a d i ng to re sults th a t a re sub je c t to unc e r

178、ta i nti e s.H owe ve r,ne a rly a ll stud i e s d e monstra te th a t F P V h a s th e p ote nti a l to si g ni fi c a ntly re d uc e e va p ora ti on a nd i mp rove wa te r b a la nc e.T h i s e ffe c t i s e sp e c i a lly i mp orta nt i n a ri d re g i ons.T h e stud i e s d e monstra te th a t

179、e va p ora ti on c a n b e si g ni fi c a ntly re d uc e d,b y up to 70%,th roug h th e i mp le me nta ti on of F P V syste ms(Ab d e la l,2 02 1;Bonte mp o S c a vo et al.,2 02 1;F e rra r et al.,2 02 2;S a nc h e z et al.,2 02 1;S a ntos et al.,2 02 2).F or i nsta nc e,Ab d e la l(2 02 1)ob se rve

180、 d a 60%re d uc ti on of e va p ora ti on i n a n e xp e ri me nta l se tup i n J ord a n.I n a noth e r J ord a ni a n c a se stud y,F e rra r et al.(2 02 2)uti li se d d i ffe re nt F P V syste m d e si g ns for a n i rri g a ti on re se rvoi r,a nd e sti ma te d a 4 2%re d uc ti on of e va p ora

181、ti on wi th th e most sui ta b le d e si g n.T h e tra nsfe ra b i li ty of th e re sults from b oth stud i e s to c omme rc i a l p owe r p la nts i s unc e rta i n.H owe ve r,i rri g a ti on re se rvoi rs offe r a p romi si ng loc a ti on for wa te r c onse rva ti on th roug h F P V,e ve n from a

182、n e c onomi c p e rsp e c ti ve.Ac c ord i ng to Bonte mp o S c a vo et al.(2 02 1),c ove ri ng just 30%of a b a si ns surfa c e c a n le a d to a re d uc ti on i n e va p ora ti on of up to 4 9%.I n th i s stud y,va ri ous syste m d e si g ns we re e xa mi ne d,i nc lud i ng mod ule s on floa ts,b

183、uoya nc y syste m a nc h ore d mod ule s,c a na l top syste ms,a nd fle xi b le floa ts.S a ntos et al.(2 02 2)e mp loye d d i ve rse e mp i ri c a l te c h ni que s to c a lc ula te th e e va p ora ti on ra te a t th e P a ssa na R e se rvoi r i n Bra zi l.I n a d d i ti on to th e e mp i ri c a l

184、me th od s,me a sure me nts of e va p ora ti on we re c ond uc te d a nd c omp a re d.U si ng th e P e nma n-Monte i th me th od,th e y e sti ma te d th a t th e re wa s a n 60%e ffi c i e nc y wa te r-use e ffi c i e nc y,wi th th e re d uc e d e va p ora ti on of th e d e p loye d F P V syste m.T

185、h i s c ould re sult i n wa te r sa vi ng s of up to 74 3 mi lli on c ub i c me te rs p e r ye a r.Light s ou rce bp 6.3 MW floa ti ng sola r i nsta lla ti on on th e Que e n E li za b e th I I re se rvoi r.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 22 Su s tainability /c ont

186、i nue dWi l dl i fe and bi odi ver si ty enhancement F loa ti ng P V c a n p rovi d e a multi tud e of e nvi ronme nta l b e ne fi ts,e sp e c i a lly wh e n looki ng a t und e rwa te r ma ri ne b i od i ve rsi ty.Cre a ti ng th e ri g h t c ond i ti ons suc h a s sh e lte re d a re a s a nd sh a d

187、e d a re a s und e r th e F P V syste m,c a n p rovi d e sp a wni ng op p ortuni ti e s to a qua ti c sp e c i e s c lose to th e surfa c e of wa te r.T h i s a re a of wa te r i s a lso c a lle d a “li mne ti c a re a,”wh e re norma lly a qua ti c li fe i s not so p re se nt d ue to th e d e p th o

188、f th e wa te r,a nd th e la c k of sh e lte rs a nd sub stra te s c lose to th e surfa c e,a s op p ose d to th e “li ttora l zone”.T h i s i s a ne a r sh ore zone,wh e re sunli g h t p e ne tra te s th e se d i me nt,a nd a llows a qua ti c p la nts to g row,se e F i g ure 6.One e xa mp le i s th

189、e Bomhofsplas F loa ti ng P V p roje c t,wh i c h wa s b ui lt on a sa nd p i t ne a r Z wolle,i n th e N e th e rla nd s.T o a c h i e ve a b i od i ve rsi ty ne t g a i n i n th e a rti fi c i a l la ke,a nd furth e r und e rsta nd th e i mp a c t on th e wa te r e c osyste m,2 0 b i oh uts we re

190、i nsta lle d a t th e e d g e s of th e floa ti ng p la nt i n 2 02 0.Bi oh uts a re nurse ri e s th a t p rovi d e p rote c ti on for sma ll fi sh from p re d a tors,a nd h a b i ta ts a s we ll a s sp a wni ng g round s for fi sh e s,mi c ro-org a ni sms,a nd i nve rte b ra te s.T h e c oloni sa t

191、i on of ma ri ne org a ni sms wa s moni tore d for th re e ye a rs.T h e th re e-ye a r moni tori ng re sults sh owe d a p osi ti ve tre nd i n th e c oloni sa ti on a nd g rowth of th e sp e c i e s ove r ti me und e r th e floa ti ng P V syste m.T h e a b und a nc e a nd numb e r of sp e c i e s o

192、f mob i le fa una ob se rve d i n 2 02 2 wa s h i g h e r th a n i n 2 02 1.I n 2 02 3,sp e c i e s numb e r h a s sta b i li se d.I n th i s sp e c i fi c floa ti ng P V p la nt,th e i ntrod uc ti on of b i oh uts c ontri b ute d to th e e sta b li sh me nt a nd th e i nc re a se of a qua ti c org

193、a ni sms,th e re fore c ontri b uti ng p osi ti ve ly to th e e c olog i c a l sta te of a n a rti fi c i a l la ke.F or more i nforma ti on,se e c h a p te r Be st p ra c ti c e e xa mp le s i n E urop e,Case study 5:Groenleven:Bomhofsplas Floating PV plant.FIGURE 6 DI F F E R E NT T Y P E S OF L A

194、K E Z ONE S AND BI OL OGI CAL COMMUNI T I E S F OUND I N T HE S E Z ONE SS OU R CE:h ttp s:/www.wa te ronth e we b.org/und e r/la ke e c olog y/10_b i olog i c a l_la ke zone s.h tmlTerestrialplantsEmergedplantsFloatingplantsSubmergedplantsLITTORAL ZONELIMNETIC ZONE(OPEN WATER)EUPHOTIC ZONEF loa ti

195、ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 3Reducti on i n al gal bl oomi ng Alg a l b loom,or e xc e ssi ve a lg a e g rowth i n wa te r b od i e s,c a n b e h a rmful a nd b e d e tri me nta l to th e surround i ng e nvi ronme nt.Ce rta i n typ e s of a lg a e (b lue-g re e n a lg a

196、 e,c ya nob a c te ri a,a nd more),a re typ e s of a lg a e th a t c a n b e h a rmful to h uma ns,a qua ti c e c osyste ms,i nc lud i ng a ni ma ls a nd p la nts,a nd i mp a c t th e loc a l e c onomy,a s th e y c a n p rod uc e d a ng e rous toxi ns,c re a te d e a d zone s or low-oxyg e n a re a

197、s i n wa te r b od i e s,a nd i mp a c t qua li ty a nd c ost for tre a ti ng d ri nki ng wa te r.Ac c ord i ng to re p ort p ub li sh e d b y J.R i c h a rd son et al.,31 E urop e a n wa te r la ke s mi g h t fa c e a n i nc re a se i n a lg a l g rowth a s a re sult of g lob a l te mp e ra ture i

198、nc re a se s.32 F loa ti ng P V,wh e n d e p loye d on wa te r re se rvoi rs,c a n a d d re ss th e g rowi ng c onc e rn of a lg a l b looms.F loa ti ng P V syste ms,i n p a rti c ula r,wh e n d e p loye d on wa te r re se rvoi rs,c a n h e lp i n re d uc i ng th e g rowth of a lg a e,b y d e c re a

199、 si ng th e sunli g h t i nfi ltra ti on th roug h wa te r surfa c e s,wh i le a lso re d uc i ng th e ove ra ll te mp e ra ture of th e wa te r.Alg a l b loomi ng fa vours wa rm c li ma te s,33 a nd d i re c t sunli g h t th a t sti mula te s th e p roc e ss of p h otosynth e si s34 i n wa te r b o

200、d i e s.F loa ti ng P V struc ture s c a n p rovi d e sh a d e mi ti g a ti ng a lg a l p roli fe ra ti on,a nd i mp rovi ng wa te r qua li ty.F loa ti ng P V i nsta lla ti ons i mp a c t on th e re d uc ti on of a lg a l g rowth,c a n va ry d e p e nd i ng on th e typ e of wa te r b od y,wa te r c

201、h a ra c te ri sti c s suc h a s nutri e nt a va i la b i li ty,a nd more.T h a t sa i d,e vi d e nc e sh ows th a t floa ti ng P V c a n mi ni mi se th e p h otosynth e si s of a lg a e,a s a re sult d e c re a si ng th e a lg a l b loomi ng a nd li mi ti ng th e i r ne g a ti ve e ffe c ts.Ac c or

202、d i ng to th e H a a s et al.stud y,35 i t wa s sh owc a se d th a t wa te r c ove ra g e b e twe e n 4 0-60%c ould g re a tly mi ni mi se a lg a l b looms d ue to th e sh a d e p rovi d e d b y floa ti ng P V struc ture s,wh i c h re d uc e th e a mount of sunli g h t re a c h i ng th e wa te r.T h

203、 e stud y i nd i c a te s th a t:“a more e xte nsi ve d e p loyme nt of F P V s c ould p ote nti a lly e ra d i c a te a lg a l b looms,wh i c h c ould a ffe c t th e e nti re wa te r b od y e c osyste m.”36 H owe ve r,a n e xc e ssi ve re d uc ti on i n a lg a l g rowth ma y b e d e tri me nta l to

204、 th e b i od i ve rsi ty of th e wa te r b od y,a s a lg a e re p re se nts a n i mp orta nt food sourc e for ma ny a qua ti c sp e c i e s.T h e re fore,furth e r re se a rc h,wi th a h i g h e r c ove ra g e of wa te r surfa c e s,i s re qui re d.2.4.Vis u al imp acts Ce rta i n a sp e c ts suc h

205、a s th e vi sua l i mp a c ts of floa ti ng P V syste ms c a n a lso p la y a role i n th e ove ra ll susta i na b i li ty of F P V,e sp e c i a lly wh e n a sse ssi ng soc i a l a sp e c ts.T h e vi sua l i mp a c ts of F P V s c omp a re d wi th th e more c ommon P V syste ms a re si g ni fi c a n

206、tly le ss a s th e y a re loc a te d on th e wa te r surfa c e.H owe ve r,b e fore a ny i nsta lla ti on ta ke s p la c e,i t i s i mp orta nt to a sse ss th e i nte g ra ti on of F P V i nto th e la nd sc a p e on b oth a n a e sth e ti c a nd p ra c ti c a l le ve l.F loa ti ng-P V a rra ys d o no

207、t h a ve a h i g h vi sua l i mp a c t a s th e y a re more li ke ly to me rg e i nto th e wa te r surfa c e,a nd re d uc e th e ove ra ll vi sua l i mp a c t.I n a d d i ti on to th a t,th e a e sth e ti c i nte g ra ti on i nto th e la nd sc a p e,a nd p rovi d i ng c omp e nsa ti on me a sure s o

208、nsh ore,a nd on th e p la tform c a n b e h e lp ful.V a ri ous typ e s of a c ti ons c a n fa c i li ta te th e b e tte r i nte g ra ti on of floa ti ng P V syste ms i nto th e loc a l surround i ng s.P rovi d i ng g re e n fe nc i ng (suc h a s p la nti ng tre e s a nd b ush e s),a round th e sh o

209、re c a n p rovi d e a d d i ti ona l vi sua l p rote c ti on.Oth e r p a rts of F P V syste ms suc h a s E-W syste ms,tra nsforme rs a nd i nve rte rs,h a ve a mi ni ma l vi sua l i mp a c t a s th e y h a ve a h omog e ne ous a p p e a ra nc e.2.5.Co mbinatio n flo ating PV with o ther ener gy gene

210、r ating s y s tems Co-l ocati on wi th Hydr oel ectr i c dam power pl ants H yd rop owe r p la ys a c ruc i a l role i n th e d e c a rb oni sa ti on of th e e ne rg y se c tor,re a c h i ng a tota l i nsta lle d g lob a l c a p a c i ty of 1,330 G W37 i n 2 02 2,wi th e sti ma te s d e monstra ti n

211、g th a t th e h yd rop owe r se c tor i s re sp onsi b le for 16%p rod uc ti on of th e tota l g lob a l e le c tri c i ty i n 2 018.H owe ve r,h yd rop owe r i s a se c tor d e p e nd e nt on th e h yd rolog i c a l c yc le s,th a t c a n va ry a c ross c li ma te s a nd re g i ons.E ne rg y g e ne

212、 ra te d b y h yd rop owe r i s e sti ma te d to d e c re a se ove r th e c omi ng ye a rs b e c a use of c li ma te c h a ng e,te mp e ra ture i nc re a se s,long e r p e ri od s of d roug h t,a nd oth e r a d ve rse c li ma te e ve nts.T h e se a d ve rse c li ma te e ve nts i mp a c t ove ra ll w

213、a te r re sourc e s,a nd i ts a va i la b i li ty,a nd i nc re a se 3 1S ourc e.3 2S ourc e.3 3N ote:Alg a l b loomi ng c a n oc c ur i n a ll re se rvoi rs a nd c a n d e p e nd on th e nutri e nt loa d i ng.3 4P h otosynth e si s i s th e p roc e ss p la nts,a lg a e a nd some b a c te ri a use to

214、 turn sunli g h t,c a rb on d i oxi d e a nd wa te r i nto sug a r a nd oxyg e n(sourc e).3 5S ourc e.3 6S ourc e.3 7S ourc e.th e e va p ora ti on from h yd ro re se rvoi rs a ffe c ti ng th e e le c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on from th e se p owe r p la nts.S tud i e s h a ve sh own th e b e ne fi t

215、s of op ti mi si ng th e use of h yd roe le c tri c d a ms i n c omb i na ti on wi th floa ti ng P V syste ms.T h e re sults i nd i c a te th e g a i ns re la te d to op ti mi se d e ne rg y e ffi c i e nc y a nd i mp rove d syste m re li a b i li ty;th i s i nc lud e s sh a ri ng e xi sti ng i nfra

216、 struc ture for tra nsmi ssi on e xte nsi ons/g ri d c onne c ti ons,a nd mi ni mi si ng ti me a nd c osts c onstra i nts.Comb i ni ng h yd roe le c tri c re se rvoi rs a nd floa ti ng P V h a s oth e r syne rg i e s,for i nsta nc e,i n uti li si ng a lre a d y e xi sti ng g ri d c onne c ti ons.Mor

217、e ove r,floa ti ng P V c a n i nc re a se h yd rop owe r e ffi c i e nc y d ue to P V p a ne l sh a d i ng,wh i c h c a n mi ni mi se wa te r e va p ora ti on.F P V on h yd rop owe r la ke s c a n a lso p re se rve wa te r b y li mi ti ng th e use for h yd rop owe r,a nd sa vi ng wa te r usa g e.T h

218、 i s wa te r c a n sub se que ntly b e use d for d ri nki ng wa te r or i rri g a ti on p urp ose s,wh i le sti ll p rod uc i ng suffi c i e nt p owe r ove r th e h yd rop owe r e le c tri c a l c onne c ti on.Ac c ord i ng to G.K a koula ki et al.,38 e va p ora ti on c orre sp ond s to a g re a t l

219、oss fa c tor for ma na g e d wa te r re sourc e s on a g lob a l sc a le.Da ta sh ows th a t up to 4 0%of th e tota l volume of wa te r stora g e c a n b e lost d ue to e va p ora ti on.T h e stud y sta te s th a t:“c oup li ng F P V wi th h yd rop owe r c ould p re ve nt up to 74 b c m of g lob a l

220、 wa te r e va p ora ti on,a nd sup p ort h yd rop owe r p rod uc ti ona d d i ng a n e sti ma te d 14 2.5 T Wh of g e ne ra ti on from F P V syste ms on h yd rop owe r re se rvoi rs“.39 2 Su s tainability /c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 43 8S ourc e.3

221、9S ourc e.Ba nja floa ti ng sola r p la nt i s a n i nnova ti ve p roje c t i mp le me nte d i n th e re se rvoi r of S ta tkra fts Ba nja h yd rop owe r p la nt.T h e p i lot p roje c t of th e Ba nja floa ti ng sola r p la nt sta rte d i mp le me nta ti on i n 2 02 0,a nd wa s c omp le te d i n e

222、a rly 2 02 3.T h e sola r p la nt i s c omp ri se d of four floa ti ng uni ts of 0.5 MW e a c h,wi th a tota l i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty of 2 MW.T h e floa ti ng uni ts a re a nc h ore d on th e Ba nja re se rvoi r,ne a r th e d a m of th e Ba nja h yd rop owe r p la nt.E a c h floa ti ng uni t i

223、s 70 me tre s i n d i a me te r,a nd i s c omp ri se d of a floa ti ng p olye th yle ne ri ng p i p e a nd a n i mp e rme a b le me mb ra ne,i n wh i c h th e sola r p a ne ls a re mounte d.T h e g e ne ra te d e le c tri c i ty i s i nje c te d i nto Alb a ni a n na ti ona l e le c tri c i ty g ri

224、d.T h e p roje c t i s b e i ng i mp le me nte d i n c oop e ra ti on wi th th e N orwe g i a n c omp a ny Oc e a n S un,a nd wi th Alb a ni a n loc a l c ontra c tors.I n a d d i ti on to g e ne ra ti ng re ne wa b le e ne rg y,th i s R&D p roje c t wi ll a lso se rve a s a le a rni ng op p ortuni

225、ty to p rop e rly a sse ss th e p ote nti a l b e ne fi ts of th i s te c h nolog y.CASE STUDY 1 BANJ A F L OAT I NG S OL AR P L ANT,AL BANI A;(S T AT K RAF T)St at kraft Alb a ni a -Ba nja P owe rh ouse,d a m,re se rvoi r S ta tkra ft.R e trofi tti ng h yd roe le c tri c d a ms,a nd a llowi ng th e

226、 c o-loc a ti on wi th sola r P V p a ne ls,c ould i nc re a se th e outp ut of h yd rop owe r p la nts a nd re d uc e e va p ora ti on p ote nti a l.S yne rg i si ng th e F P V a nd h yd roe le c tri c d a ms c a n a lso p rovi d e b e ne fi ts to th e wa te r-food-e ne rg y ne xus.N one th e le ss

227、,furth e r stud i e s on th e te c h ni c a l ri sks a nd e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c ts ne e d to b e c a rri e d out.Co-l ocati on wi th wi nd power pl ants T h e h yb ri d i sa ti on of onsh ore wi nd a nd sola r i s c onsi d e re d a ttra c ti ve a s th e two e ne rg y typ e s h a ve c omp li me

228、nta ry g e ne ra ti on p rofi le s.I n E urop e th i s i s b oth se a sona l,wi th sola r p rod uc i ng more p owe r i n summe r,a nd wi nd i n wi nte r,4 0 a nd ove r sh orte r d ura ti ons wi th some a nti-c orre la ti on b e twe e n d ry c le a r we a th e r wi th g ood sola r p rod uc ti on,a nd

229、 c loud y wi nd y we a th e r sui ta b le for wi nd p owe r.I n a d d i ti on,th e d ura ti on of e ve nts wh e re no p owe r i s b e i ng p rod uc e d i s sh orte r,a nd th e y c a n b e e xp e c te d to oc c ur le ss fre que ntly a s th e re a re two i nd e p e nd e nt p ossi b le sourc e s of g e

230、 ne ra ti on.I n a stud y i n P ortug a l usi ng d a ta on a n h ourly b a si s,th e p e rc e nta g e of th e ti me wh e n a t le a st 2 0%of th e p e a k c a p a c i ty wa s b e i ng g e ne ra te d i nc re a se d from 85%of th e ti me for 8 si te s stud i e d.4 1 T h e ti me 4 0%of th e p e a k c a

231、 p a c i ty wa s b e i ng g e ne ra te d i nc re a se d from 60%of th e ti me.Curta i lme nt d ue to p rod uc ti on e xc e e d i ng 100%of th e i nsta lle d wi nd c a p a c i ty oc c urre d only 95%of th e d a ys;th i s i s c omp a re d to 75%usi ng wi nd only.T h i s p rovi d e s a more c onsi ste

232、nt e ne rg y sup p ly a nd i nc re a se s th e uti li sa ti on of th e si te s e ne rg y e xp ort route,re d uc e s th e ne e d for stora g e (se e b e low),a nd a llows a ny a tta c h e d loa d to b e op e ra te d und e r a wi d e r va ri e ty of we a th e r c ond i ti ons.F rom a sp a c e usa g e

233、p e rsp e c ti ve,wi nd i nsta lla ti ons ne e d to h a ve si g ni fi c a nt sp a c e i n b e twe e n turb i ne s to re d uc e losse s to wa ke s from one turb i ne i mp i ng i ng on a noth e r.T h i s le a ve s unuse d sp a c e b e twe e n th e turb i ne s th a t c a n b e uti li se d for P V syste

234、 ms.Offsh ore,th e c osts of e ne rg y e xp ort c a b le s i nc re a se,a nd so i mp rovi ng th e uti li sa ti on of th i s e xp e nsi ve a sse t wi th a si ng le h yb ri d p la nt c a n b e c onsi d e re d p re fe ra b le to i nsta lli ng two se p a ra te floa ti ng sola r a nd offsh ore wi nd i ns

235、ta lla ti ons,a nd b a la nc i ng th e i r c ontri b uti ons vi a th e e le c tri c i ty g ri d.H owe ve r,d i ffe re nt te c h ni c a l c h a lle ng e s,p ossi b le c urta i lme nts,a nd c osts ne e d to b e furth e r a d d re sse d.T h i s i s a lso true wh e re c a p i ta l i nte nsi ve h yd rog

236、e n g e ne ra ti on i s c onsi d e re d a s th e e ne rg y e xp ort route,a s i s b e i ng c onsi d e re d for some fa r offsh ore i nsta lla ti ons.F i na lly,some offsh ore i nsta lla ti ons or e ve n h i g h loa d re mote sh ore i nsta lla ti ons,c a nnot fe a si b ly b e c onne c te d to th e on

237、sh ore e ne rg y g ri d,a nd i n th e se c a se s d e c a rb oni si ng th e i r e ne rg y use ma y re ly on a sta b le sup p ly of re ne wa b le e ne rg y i n th e form of a mi c ro-g ri d c omb i ni ng loc a l wi nd a nd sola r re sourc e s.Wh a t c onsti tute s a n op ti ma l mi x of floa ti ng so

238、la r a nd wi nd (or oth e r re ne wa b le e ne rg y a nd stora g e re sourc e s),d e p e nd s on th e d e ta i ls of th e si te,b ut a lso th e p a ra me te rs th a t a re to b e op ti mi se d.F or e xa mp le,th e a i m of ma xi mi si ng th e re ve nue g e ne ra te d b y a p a rti c ula r i nsta lla

239、 ti on for a g i ve n c ost mi g h t c a ll for a d i ffe re nt b a la nc e th a n a syste m wh i c h p ri ori ti se s a va i la b i li ty of a c e rta i n mi ni mum e ne rg y sup p ly.T h e e xte nt of th i s a nti-c orre la ti on b e twe e n sola r a nd wi nd p rofi le s,th e ti me b e twe e n th

240、e m,a nd th e sta ti sti c a l li ke li h ood a nd d ura ti on of ti me p e ri od s of low or ze ro p rod uc ti on,a ll ne e d to b e e va lua te d for th e sp e c i fi c si te c ond i ti ons.I n c a se s wh e re floa ti ng or offsh ore sola r i s b e i ng a d d e d to a n e xi sti ng i nsta lla ti

241、on,c osts for th e wi nd fa rm a nd e xp ort li ne s a re sunk a nd a re no long e r c onsi d e re d i n th e c a lc ula ti on.T h e op ti mi sa ti on of h ow muc h sola r c a p a c i ty to a d d i s li ke ly c onstra i ne d b y e xi sti ng e xp ort,stora g e,a nd b a c kup g e ne ra ti on c a p a c

242、 i ti e s d ue to th e c osts of re d e si g ni ng,p e rmi tti ng,a nd c onstruc ti ng a d d i ti ona l fa c i li ti e s.Co-l ocati on wi th stor age As p e r a ny oth e r re ne wa b le e ne rg y i nsta lla ti on,suc h a s wi nd a nd g round-mounte d sola r P V,c o-loc a ti on a nd i nte g ra ti on

243、wi th e ne rg y stora g e,e i th e r b e h i nd-th e-me tre or front-of-th e-me tre,c a n p rovi d e b e ne fi ts suc h a s p e a k sh a vi ng,ti me-sh i fti ng,a nd re d uc e d stra i n on g ri d c onne c ti on c a p a c i ti e s.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.02 540

244、P ortug ue se e xa mp le s:S ourc e;Be lg i a n e xa mp le:S ourc e;U K e xa mp le:S ourc e;G e rma n e xa mp le:S ourc e.41S ourc e.2.6.So cio-eco no mic benefits Ap a rt from th e e nvi ronme nta l b e ne fi ts,F P V syste ms offe r se ve ra l soc i a l-e c onomi c b e ne fi ts,c ontri b uti ng to

245、 susta i na b le d e ve lop me nt a nd a d d re ssi ng va ri ous soc i e ta l c h a lle ng e s.S ome of th e soc i a l b e ne fi ts of F P V i nc lud e:J ob c re a ti on:d e ve lop i ng floa ti ng P V p roje c ts c a n fa c i li ta te ne w job op p ortuni ti e s a nd sti mula te th e loc a l e c ono

246、my i n th e loc a l c ommuni ti e s.T h e p la nni ng,i nsta lla ti on,a nd ma i nte na nc e of F P V syste ms c a n c re a te op p ortuni ti e s i n va ri ous se c tors suc h a s e ng i ne e ri ng,c onstruc ti on,ma i nte na nc e,e tc.E ne rg y sh a ri ng:ne w re ne wa b le e ne rg y p roje c ts c

247、a n a lso b ri ng a d d i ti ona l e c onomi c b e ne fi ts.S ome of th e se a d va nta g e s i nc lud e fi na nc i a l b e ne fi ts from p roje c t sh a re s.E ne rg y a c c e ss:loc a l c ommuni ti e s c a n b e ne fi t from th e use of th e re ne wa b le e ne rg y g e ne ra te d i n th e i r loc

248、a l a re a s.More ove r,F P V c a n b e d e ve lop e d i n re mote a re a s a nd p rovi d e op p ortuni ti e s for off-g ri d a nd re mote c ommuni ti e s to a c c e ss g re e n e le c tri c i ty.I mp rovi ng a i r qua li ty:re p la c i ng fossi l-fue l b a se d e ne rg y sourc e s c a n i mp rove t

249、h e a i r qua li ty a nd re d uc e p olluti on,p rovi d i ng d i re c t p osi ti ve i mp a c ts on p ub li c h e a lth.2 Su s tainability /c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 6Co-loc a ti on of F P V wi th e ne rg y stora g e i s not c ommon i n E urop e ye

250、 t,b ut re c e ntly Ba yWa r.e.,wi th i ts sub si d i a ry G roe nL e ve n i n th e N e th e rla nd s,h a s i nsta lle d th e fi rst b a tte ry p roje c t c o-loc a te d wi th th e la rg e st a lre a d y op e ra ti ona l F loa ti ng-P V p roje c t,th e S e lli ng e n floa ti ng sola r P V p a rk.T h

251、 e e i g h t b a tte ri e s tog e th e r h a ve a c a p a c i ty of 15 MW,a nd c a p a c i ty of 30 MW h ours,ma rki ng a suc c e ss i n th e e ne rg y tra nsi ti on,a nd wi ll h e lp solve i ssue s a ssoc i a te d wi th th e ove rflow of g ri d c a p a c i ty.T h e b a tte ri e s offe r th e p ossi

252、 b i li ty to store sola r e ne rg y d uri ng th e off-p e a k ti me s wh e n th e sun i s not sh i ni ng.I t a lso p rovi d e s b e ne fi ts of sta b i li si ng th e g ri d a nd p rovi d i ng a c onti nuous a nd re li a b le p owe r sup p ly.CASE STUDY 2 BAT T E R Y CO-L OCAT I ON WI T H F L OAT I

253、NG P V,T HE NE T HE RL ANDS;(BAY WA R.E.)Bay Wa r.e.F loa ti ng P V si te c o-loc a te d wi th b a tte ry stora g e.I n g e ne ra l,F P V p roje c ts c a n b ri ng a numb e r of a d va nta g e s a nd op p ortuni ti e s to loc a l c ommuni ti e s a nd c i ti ze ns.F P V p roje c t d e ve lop me nts c

254、 a n e nh a nc e e ne rg y se c uri ty,sti mula te loc a l e c onomi e s,a nd i mp rove th e li ve li h ood s of loc a l c ommuni ti e s.I t c a n a lso c ontri b ute to th e d e ve lop me nt of ski lle d workforc e s,a nd p rovi d e i nforma ti on a b out re ne wa b le e ne rg y sourc e s for a ll

255、c i ti ze ns.2.7.Techno lo gical advantages Cool i ng effect Ba se d on nume rous stud i e s,i t h a s b e e n sta te d th a t floa ti ng P V c a n outp e rform g round-mounte d sola r P V syste ms(wh e n th e sa me ti lt a ng le i s c onsi d e re d),b y d e li ve ri ng h i g h e r e ne rg y yi e ld

256、 s d ue to th e c ooli ng e ffe c t from th e wa te r.S ola r c e ll te mp e ra ture i s e sse nti a l for th e e le c tri c a l p e rforma nc e of th e P V p a ne l.G e ne ra lly,sola r P V mod ule s p e rform b e tte r wh e n th e y h a ve a lowe r op e ra ti ng te mp e ra ture.P V mod ule s op e

257、ra ti ng te mp e ra ture c a n b e d e te rmi ne d b y fa c tors suc h a s i nc i d e nt sola r ra d i a ti on,4 2 a mb i e nt te mp e ra ture,wi nd sp e e d,wi nd d i re c ti on,a nd p rop e rti e s of th e c e ll ma te ri a l a nd a sse mb ly.4 3 Ai r te mp e ra ture c a n va ry d e p e nd i ng on

258、 wh e re P V mod ule s a re i nsta lle d:ne a r wa te r b od i e s,on la nd or on rooftop s.T h e re a re se ve ra l me c h a ni sms th a t a llow th e c ooli ng e ffe c t to ta ke p la c e.F i rst,a s th e wa te r i s tra nsp a re nt,i nc omi ng sola r ra d i a ti on i s tra nsmi tte d th roug h th

259、 e wa te r surfa c e a llowi ng th e wa te r surfa c e to re ma i n c oole r,th e re fore i mp a c ti ng th e P V p a ne l te mp e ra ture.S e c ond ly,th e ne t ra d i a ti on4 4 on wa te r i s use d for e va p ora ti on,wh e re a s on la nd or on rooftop s,ne t ra d i a ti on i s use d for h e a t

260、 tra nsfe r to i ts surround i ng s.T h i rd ly,wa te r c a n e a si ly c i rc ula te a nd sub se que ntly,a llows th e surfa c e la ye r th a t h a s b e e n h e a te d up,to mi x wi th lowe r wa te r la ye rs ma ki ng th e surfa c e wa te r c oole r.L a stly,th e a mb i e nt te mp e ra ture4 5 of

261、th e th e a b ove wa te r surfa c e i s na tura lly lowe r th a n th a t of la nd or roofs;th i s re sults i n a lowe r te mp e ra ture of th e P V p a ne l i nsta lle d on th e wa te r surfa c e.Ac c ord i ng to M.Dore nka mp e r,et al.4 6 stud y,two fi e ld te sts we re d e ve lop e d i n two d i

262、ffe re nt c li ma te zone s i.e.i n th e N e th e rla nd s a nd S i ng a p ore,to a sse ss a nd moni tor th e i mp a c ts on th e wa te r-c ooli ng e ffe c t b y floa ti ng P V i nsta lla ti ons.T h e se two te sts we re c omp a re d to re fe re nc e syste ms,i.e.on th e la nd a nd on th e rooftop.T

263、 h e re sults sh owc a se d a n e ne rg y yi e ld g a i n from th e c ooli ng e ffe c t of floa ti ng P V syste ms of up to 3%a nd 6%,i n th e N e th e rla nd s a nd i n S i ng a p ore re sp e c ti ve ly.H owe ve r,th e re a re d i ffe re nt va ri a b le s th a t i nflue nc e th e c ooli ng e ffe c

264、t.Asp e c ts suc h a s th e typ e of floa ti ng P V syste m,la yout,d i ffe re nt si te c ond i ti ons,wi nd,i rra d i a nc e,wa te r te mp e ra ture,a mb i e nt te mp e ra ture,a nd a numb e r of oth e r fa c tors c a n a ffe c t th e yi e ld g a i n.T h e re fore,i t i s d i ffi c ult to d ra w g

265、e ne ra l c onc lusi ons for a ll floa ti ng P V p roje c ts a nd th e i mp a c t on e ne rg y yi e ld.T h e se typ e s of a na lysi s would ne e d to b e a sse sse d on a c a se-b y-c a se b a si s.I n a d d i ti on,b i rd soi li ng sh ould a lso b e e va lua te d a s i t mi g h t i mp a c t e a c

266、h p roje c t si te d i ffe re ntly.E ve n th oug h a lot of re se a rc h h a s b e e n c ond uc te d sh owc a si ng th e multi p le b e ne fi ts th a t F P V c a n b ri ng,c ond uc ti ng furth e r stud i e s wi ll p rod uc e a d d i ti ona l e vi d e nc e on th e i mp a c ts of F P V.F or i nsta nc

267、e,d a ta on th e p ote nti a l ne g a ti ve e ffe c ts on ma ri ne flora a nd fa una sh ould b e re se a rc h e d.I n p a rti c ula r,re se a rc h on floa ti ng P V c omp one nts a nd i ts i mp a c t on wi ld li fe c a n b e h e lp ful to furth e r und e rsta nd i ts i nte ra c ti on.Asse ssi ng th

268、e i mp a c ts on th e b loc ki ng li g h t,d i sturb a nc e from th e moori ng syste ms a nd c a b le s on th e se a b e d,fa una e nta ng le me nt i n moori ng li ne s,e le c troma g ne ti c fi e ld e mi tta nc e from c a b le s,a nd b i rd c olli si on,c ould p rovi d e va lua b le i nforma ti on

269、for d e ve lop e rs,a uth ori ti e s a nd oth e r re le va nt a c tors.Ad d i ti ona lly,la rg e-sc a le sup p li e s of ra w ma te ri a ls for ma nufa c turi ng F P V ma y h a ve a n e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c t.S i mi la rly,th e e nd-of-li fe p h a se of th e use d ma te ri a ls must b e c onsi d

270、 e re d i n th e e a rly-sta g e s of te c h nolog y d e ve lop me nts.F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.02 742 A ra d i a nt sola r e ne rg y th a t h i ts th e e a rth s surfa c e (S ourc e).43S ourc e.44T h e d i ffe re nc e b e twe e n a b sorb e d a nd e mi tte d ra

271、 d i a ti on(S ourc e).45Amb i e nt te mp e ra ture i s th e te mp e ra ture of th e a i r surround i ng a c omp one nt(S ourc e).46S ourc e.Ap p licatio n o f flo ating PV 3Thi s chapter wi l l pr ovi de an over vi ew of the mai n aspects that need to be consi der ed when devel opi ng and i mpl eme

272、nti ng fl oati ng PV pr oj ects.It wi l l speci fi cal l y hi ghl i ght the pr ocess of per mi t gr anti ng,and i ncl ude exampl es fr om Ger many,and the Al queva pr oj ect i n Por tugal.The secti on wi l l al so pr ovi de i nsi ghts i nto soci al acceptance and i ncl ude best pr acti ces for O&M.3

273、.1.Develo p ment and imp lementatio n o f p r o jects Per mi ts and per mi t gr anti ng pr ocedur es S p e c i a l p e rmi ts/c onc e ssi ons a re re g ula rly re qui re d for F P V i nsta lla ti ons.H owe ve r,p e rmi t g ra nti ng p roc e d ure s c a n va ry from c ountry to c ountry,a nd a c ross

274、 re g i ons.N a ti ona l p e rmi t or c onc e ssi on re g i me s ma y p rovi d e for re g ula ti ons a nd li mi ta ti ons th a t c a n e i th e r p romote or h a mp e r th e d e p loyme nt of F P V.Also,th e la c k of sp e c i fi c p e rmi tti ng re g ula ti ons for F P V c a n c re a te a b a rri e

275、 r;si nc e i t le a d s to le g a l unc e rta i nti e s for i nve stors,wh o ne e d to know wh a t p e rmi ts a re re qui re d,a nd wh a t d oc ume nta ti on ne e d s to b e p re p a re d to suc c e ssfully ob ta i n th e p e rmi ts,a nd for na ti ona l a uth ori ti e s th a t ne e d to a sse ss th

276、e p e rmi t re qui re me nts.S uc h b a rri e rs or sh ortc omi ng s ofte n re sult i n a li mi te d soc i o-p oli ti c a l a nd ma rke t a c c e p ta nc e (se e a lso se c ti on Acceptance).S e ve ra l la ws a nd se c tors of re g ula ti on must b e c onsi d e re d i n th e F P V p roje c t d e ve

277、lop me nt a nd i mp le me nta ti on.F or more i nforma ti on on re g ula tory i ni ti a ti ve s a nd p oli c i e s,p le a se se e Ch a p te r 4.Bui l di ng l aw(bui l di ng codes and spati al pl anni ng):S i nc e most of th e F P V a re fi xe d to th e wa te r g round or wa te r sli d e s(b a nks)b

278、y usi ng a nc h ori ng a nd moori ng syste ms,na ti ona l c onstruc ti on/b ui ld i ng s la ws a re usua lly a p p li c a b le.T h e re fore,i t i s d e b a ta b le i f th e i nsta lla ti on of F P V i s i n li ne wi th sp a ti a l p la nni ng a nd la nd use d e si g na ti on re g ula ti ons(zoni ng

279、 p la ns).I n g e ne ra l,th e c onstruc ti on p e rmi t g ra nts th e ri g h t to c onstruc t th e b ui ld i ng fa c i li ty i n a c c ord a nc e wi th th e b ui ld i ng a p p li c a ti on a nd b ui ld i ng c ond i ti ons,i mp ose d b y th e c omp e te nt b ui ld i ng a uth ori ty.I n ord e r to ob

280、 ta i n a c onstruc ti on p e rmi t,th e F P V p roje c t ne e d s to b e i n li ne wi th th e te c h ni c a l b ui ld i ng re g ula ti ons(wh i c h re g ula rly a d d re ss b ui ld i ng sta ti c s,p rod uc t sa fe ty a nd d e si g n a sp e c ts),a nd a p p li c a b le sp a ti a l p la nni ng,a s we

281、 ll a s la nd use/zoni ng re g ula ti ons.I n some E U Me mb e r S ta te s,e ne rg y g e ne ra ti on i nsta lla ti ons a re e xe mp te d from th e b ui ld i ng re g ula ti ons,a nd g ove rne d b y a n a lte rna ti ve re g i me (e.g.,wa te r,mi ni ng a nd/or e ne rg y la w).Water speci fi c r egul at

282、i ons:F P V a re P V syste ms loc a te d on th e surfa c e of d i ffe re nt wa te r typ e s(e.g.,la ke s,ri ve rs,se a).T h e re fore,F P V p roje c ts h a ve to b e d e ve lop e d i n re sp e c t to wa te r sp e c i fi c re g ula ti ons(e.g.,wa te r p rote c ti on la w,wa te r use a c ts).I n a lmo

283、st a ll E U Me mb e r S ta te s a sse sse d,wa te r re la te d a uth ori ti e s ne e d to b e i nc lud e d i n th e p e rmi tti ng p roc e ss,a nd must g i ve th e i r a p p rova l for i nsta lli ng F P V.I n th i s c onte xt,wh a t i s ma i nly re le va nt i s th e typ e of wa te r b od y se le c t

284、e d for th e F P V p roje c t.Potenti al envi r onmental i mpact and natur e pr otecti on r egul ati ons:N a ture p rote c ti on la ws a re typ i c a lly ra th e r stri c t wh e n i t c ome s to i nte rfe re nc e s wi th (na tura l)wa te r b od i e s.T h i s a sp e c t i s e sse nti a l for th e R u

285、d me r Z we rve r/S h utte rstoc k.c omF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 8F loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 2 947S ourc e.d e p loyme nt of F P V.I n th i s c onte xt,i t i s p a rti c ula rly re le va nt to c onsi d e r wh a t typ e of

286、 wa te r b od y i s use d for F P V p la nts(na tura l or a rti fi c i a l wa te rs,p ub li c or p ri va te wa te rs).Arti fi c i a l wa te r b od i e s a re g e ne ra lly sub je c t to le ss stri c t na ture p rote c ti on re stri c ti ons th a n na tura l wa te r b od i e s,a nd le ss stri ng e nt

287、 rule s ma y a p p ly to p ri va te ly owne d wa te r b od i e s c omp a re d to p ub li c one s.Op e ra tors a nd/or i nve stors usua lly fa c e F P V-p roje c t re je c ti on b y p ub li c a uth ori ti e s or a d d i ti ona l p e rmi t c ond i ti ons a nd me a sure s,a nd i n g e ne ra l,a le ng t

288、h y p e rmi tti ng p roc e ss,i f a n F P V p la nt i s loc a te d on a p ub li c a nd/or na tura l wa te r b od y.Exampl e of per mi t-gr anti ng pr ocedur e i n Ger many T h e p e rmi t g ra nti ng p roc e d ure s d i ffe rs qui te a lot from c ountry to c ountry,th e re fore i t i s only p ossi b

289、 le to p re se nt some e xe mp la ry p roc e d ure s.I n ord e r to sh e d more li g h t on th e le g a l a sp e c ts surround i ng a p p rova l,F ra unh ofe r I S E e la b ora te d a p roc e ss mod e l for F P V i n G e rma ny(wh i c h i s d i ffe re nt from ma ny oth e r E U me mb e r sta te s).T

290、h e mod e l i s b a se d on d a ta re c e i ve d from a n a na lysi s of le g a l d oc ume nts a nd i nte rvi e ws wi th a p p rova l a uth ori ti e s a nd p roje c t d e ve lop e rs of si x floa ti ng P V p roje c ts i n fi ve fe d e ra l sta te s:Ba va ri a,Ba d e n-Wrtte mb e rg,N orth R h i ne-W

291、e stp h a li a,Bra nd e nb urg a nd R h i ne la nd-P a la ti na te.T h i s wa s c ond uc te d a s p a rt of th e “P V 2 F loa t”re se a rc h p roje c t.T h e wa te r c a te g ori e s we re a n a c ti ve qua rtz sa nd e xc a va ti on la ke,th re e a c ti ve g ra ve l e xc a va ti on la ke s,a forme r

292、 sa nd e xc a va ti on la ke,a nd a n op e n-c a st li g ni te mi ni ng la ke.Ba se d on th e i nte rvi e w sta te me nts a nd furth e r re se a rc h,F ra unh ofe r I S E d re w up a flow c h a rt for a p p rova l p roc e sse s(F i g ure 7),wh i c h i s b ri e fly d e sc ri b e d b e low.T h e c e n

293、tra l que sti on wh i c h i s d e c i si ve for th e c h oi c e of th e re sp e c ti ve a p p rova l p a th i s th e followi ng:Is there a predominant self-consumption of the electricity produced by a local commercial operation?I f th i s c ould b e a ffi rme d,th e floa ti ng P V syste m wa s tre a

294、 te d a s a p ri vi le g e d p roje c t i n th e outd oor a re a i n a c c ord a nc e wi th S e c ti on 35(1)se nte nc e 3 Ba uG B4 7(.se rve s a loc a l c omme rc i a l op e ra ti on),a nd only re qui re d a p e rmi t und e r wa te r la w a nd a b ui ld i ng p e rmi t(ri g h t,mi d d le p a th i n

295、F i g ure 7).T h e le ng th y urb a n la nd-use p la nni ng p roc e d ure c ould th e re fore b e a voi d e d.T h i s a p p rova l p a th a p p li e s to a c ti ve sa nd a nd g ra ve l e xc a va ti on la ke s,for wh i c h th e b ui ld i ng a nd lowe r wa te r a uth ori ti e s a re re sp onsi b le.I

296、n p roje c ts i nvolvi ng a c ti ve qua rtz sa nd mi ni ng,th e re sp onsi b i li ty li e s wi th th e mi ni ng a uth ori ty,a t le a st i n N orth R h i ne-We stp h a li a.An a d d i ti ona l d e c i si ve fa c tor for th i s re sp onsi b i li ty wa s th e fa c t th a t se lf-c onsump ti on took p

297、la c e th a t se rve d a mi ni ng fa c i li ty,na me ly th e loc a l qua rtz p la nt.I n th i s c a se,a sp e c i a l op e ra ti ng p e rmi t c ould b e g ra nte d a s a si mp li fi e d p roc e d ure wi th out p ub li c p a rti c i p a ti on(fa r ri g h t p a th i n F i g ure 7).H owe ve r,la nd-use

298、 p la nni ng c a nnot b e c i rc umve nte d i f th e re i s no se lf-c onsump ti on or th e syste m i s so la rg e th a t only a sma ll p rop orti on of th e e le c tri c i ty i s c onsume d b y a n a d ja c e nt b usi ne ss,a nd th e re st i s fe d i nto th e g ri d.Ac c ord i ng to th e p roje c t

299、 d e ve lop e rs,i t wa s i ni ti a lly d i ffi c ult to g e t th e p roje c t th roug h th e a p p rova l p roc e ss.L a ke s wh e re e xc a va ti on a c ti vi ti e s h a ve b e e n c omp le te d a re usua lly sub je c t to a re na tura ti on p la n.T h e la ke must th e re fore b e re na tura li s

300、e d,a nd th i s re qui re me nt c a nnot e a si ly b e c omb i ne d wi th a c omme rc i a l a c ti vi ty suc h a s e le c tri c i ty g e ne ra ti on.I n most c a se s,th e loc a l a uth ori ti e s a lso h a ve oth e r p la ns,suc h a s usi ng th e la ke for touri sm p urp ose s.I n th e c a se of th

301、 e Bra nd e nb urg floa ti ng P V p roje c t,a 150 MW p la nt wa s i ni ti a lly p la nne d i n a forme r li g ni te mi ni ng a re a,wh i c h would h a ve ta ke n up a round 5%of th e la ke s surfa c e a re a.H owe ve r,a s th e la ke wa s re se rve d for touri sm i n a c c ord a nc e wi th th e li

302、g ni te p la n,th e re g i ona l p la nni ng a uth ori ti e s h a d re se rva ti ons.T h e p roje c t d e ve lop e rs th e re fore sc a le d b a c k th e p roje c t c onsi d e ra b ly,so th a t le ss th a n 1%of th e la ke a re a would b e c ove re d.T h e re g i ona l p la nni ng a uth ori ty a p p

303、 rove d th e floa ti ng P V p la nt wi th a n outp ut of 2 1 MW.H owe ve r,i n ord e r for th i s p roje c t to b e a p p rove d,th e urb a n la nd-use p la nni ng p roc e d ure h a d to b e c h ose n(le ft-h a nd p a th i n F i g ure 7).3 Ap p licatio n o f flo ating PV /c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V

304、 Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 30FIGURE 7 P E R MI T T I NG P R OCE DUR E MODE L F OR F P V I N GE R MANY S OU R CE:Z ub e r;B.2 02 2.Active excavationactivities on lake?Constructioncan beginExamination by the municipality /water and/or building authority whether project is permis

305、sible“High”share of self-consumption by a stationary business?Land usePlan ProcedureWhat isbeing extracted?Construction permit required in respective federal state?Competencefor municipality/water authorityCompetencefor miningauthorityObtain water law permit or approvalIf requirementsfulfilled:theni

306、ssuance of permitRequest and obtainingof construction permitAdditional water law permit or approval to be obtainedSince“serving a stationary commercial business”,the project is privileged according to section 35(1)sentence 3 BauGB,therefore no development plan is necessarySpecial operations plan app

307、roval:simplified procedure without public participation(depending on mining authority)Granting of exemption from regulations and prohibitions in a landscape conservation areaLower andupper nature conservation agencyMiningauthorityBuildingauthorityDistrictRegionalassociationsDistrict government inclu

308、ding water and nature conservation authoritiesForestryofficeBearer ofpublic affairsMunicipalityLower Nature Conservation AgencyMunicipalityLower water authorityBuilding authorityUWBInvolvementbybySand/GravelQuartz SandbyInvolvementbybyRefers to Quartz sand mining lake Active gravel mining lake Forme

309、r sandpit mining lake Former lignite mining siteYESYESYESYESNONONOF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.031Locati on and si ze of pr oj ect T h e Alque va d a m i s th e la rg e st a rti fi c i a l la ke i n E urop e,loc a te d i n Ale nte jo,P ortug a l.F ollowi ng a 2 02 1

310、/2 02 2 c omp e ti ti ve p roc e d ure (a uc ti on)for th e a lloc a ti on of e le c tri c i ty i nje c ti on c a p a c i ty i nto th e e le c tri c a l g ri d,d e ve lop me nt b e g a n on a floa ti ng p roje c t i n Alque va.I n th e a uc ti on E DP R e ne wa b le s wa s a wa rd e d th e 70 MV A g

311、 ri d c onne c ti on c a p a c i ty i n th e 4 00 kV sub sta ti on of Alque va,a s we ll a s th e ri g h ts of use for a n a re a of a p p roxi ma te ly 100 h a i n th e Alque va wa te r p la n.T h e p roje c t wi ll a lso h a ve a wi nd c omp one nt,wh i c h wi ll b e c h a ra c te ri se d a s a h

312、yb ri d p roje c t(sola r a nd wi nd sourc e s),wi th ove r-e qui p me nt,th e si ze of wh i c h i s sti ll i n th e fi na l stud y p h a se.An e sti ma te d i nsta lle d c a p a c i ty of 154 MW i s e xp e c te d,d i vi d e d b e twe e n floa ti ng sola r a nd wi nd.Commi ssi oni ng of pr oj ect T

313、h e c ommi ssi oni ng of th e p roje c t i s e sti ma te d to h a p p e n i n 2 02 5,d ue to g ri d a va i la b i li ty.Exi sti ng r esul ts of the PV pl ants T h e p roje c t i s sti ll i n th e E nvi ronme nta l I mp a c t S tud y p h a se,b ut th e moni tori ng of b i rd li fe,a rc h a e olog i c

314、 a l p rosp e c ti ng work,a nd wa te r qua li ty i s a lre a d y und e rwa y.All th e se a c ti vi ti e s a re b e i ng c ond uc te d i n c oord i na ti on wi th p ub li c e nti ti e s th a t ove rse e th e d i ffe re nt a re a s/sp e c i fi c a ti ons.Afte r b e i ng c omp le te d,th e stud y wi l

315、l b e se nt to th e P ortug ue se E nvi ronme nt Ag e nc y(AP A),a nd a ri g orous c ond i ti oni ng p la n wi ll b e c re a te d b y th e p romote r,for a b e tte r c omp a ti b i li ty b e twe e n th e d i ffe re nt use s,c urre nt a nd future,of th e multi p le a c ti vi ti e s e xi sti ng i n th

316、 e Alque va re se rvoi r,a s we ll a s i n th e vi c i ni ty of th e p roje c t.Duri ng th e E nvi ronme nta l I mp a c t Asse ssme nt a nd p e rmi tti ng p h a se of th e p roje c t,th e re sulti ng d e c i si ons wi ll b e a c c ommod a te d,ma ki ng th e m c omp a ti b le wi th th e te c h ni c a

317、 l c h a ra c te ri sti c s of th e p roje c t,na tura lly i nvolvi ng loc a l c ommuni ti e s.CASE STUDY 3 AL QUE V A-P E RMI T GRANT I NG P ROCE DURE WI T H E I A;(E P D RE NE WABL E S)EDP Grou p.Alque va d a m,P ortug a l.3 Ap p licatio n o f flo ating PV /c onti nue dF loa ti ng P V Be st P ra c

318、 ti c e G ui d e li ne s Version 1.0 323.2.Accep tance I n th e d e b a te on floa ti ng P V,th e c onc e p t of a c c e p ta nc e i s use d ve ry d i ffe re ntly a nd some ti me s ve ry b roa d ly.I n g e ne ra l,th e te rm a p p e a rs wh e ne ve r a p roje c t e nc ounte rs loc a l re si sta nc e

319、.T h e (fe a re d)la c k of a c c e p ta nc e a p p e a rs to li e wi th th e p op ula ti on a nd th e a c tors i nvolve d.T h i s i g nore s th e fa c t th a t b a rri e rs to a c c e p ta nc e c a n a lso li e i n struc ture s or p roc e d ure s.E xa mp le s of th i s i nc lud e b ure a uc ra ti c

320、 h urd le s for p ri va te op e ra tors of sola r P V syste ms,i nc onsi ste nt p oli ti c a l g ui d e li ne s,a nd th e p re ve nti on of re ne wa b le e ne rg y e xp a nsi on th roug h b ure a uc ra c y,or a la c k of re sourc e s a t muni c i p a l le ve l i n th e a p p rova l a uth ori ti e s.

321、T h e a c c e p ta nc e c onc e p t use d i n th i s p a p e r i s b a se d on th e d i ffe re nti a ti on ma d e b y Wste nh a g e n et al.wh o d i sti ng ui sh b e twe e n th re e fa c e ts of a c c e p ta nc e:S oc i o-p oli ti c a l a c c e p ta nc e L oc a l a c c e p ta nc e Ma rke t a c c e p

322、 ta nc e S oc i o-p oli ti c a l a c c e p ta nc e d e sc ri b e s th e ove ra rc h i ng a c c e p ta nc e of soc i e ty a s a wh ole,i.e.th e sup p ort or e nd orse me nt of th e ove ra ll i mp le me nta ti on of floa ti ng P V.L oc a l a c c e p ta nc e re fe rs to th e a c c e p ta nc e of sp e c

323、 i fi c i nsta lla ti ons of F P V b y th e a ffe c te d re si d e nts or loc a l d e c i si on-ma ke rs.Ma rke t a c c e p ta nc e d e sc ri b e s th e a d a p ta ti on of ma rke t p la ye rs,a nd th e a d op ti on of F P V.T h e fi ve most e xp e c te d i ssue s for th e loc a l a c c e p ta nc e

324、of F P V a re se e n i n:I f re si d e nts ra te th e (1)loc a l e c onomi c b e ne fi ts;a nd th e (2)e ne rg y tra nsi ti on a s p osi ti ve ove ra ll;th i s h a s a p osi ti ve e ffe c t on loc a l a c c e p ta nc e.I n a d d i ti on,(3)trust i n th e p roc e ss a nd th e a c tors i nvolve d i n

325、th e p la nni ng p roc e ss;(4)th e e xp e c ta ti on of ne g a ti ve i mp a c ts on na ture a nd p e op le;a nd (5)th e op i ni ons of oth e rs i n th e a re a (soc i a l norm)a re re le va nt.E sp e c i a lly,a ny ne g a ti ve i mp a c t i ssue s a re c ruc i a l i n th e F P V p e rmi t-g ra nti

326、ng p roc e ss.I n g e ne ra l,se ve ra l a c c e p ta nc e i ssue s a re not a d d re sse d b y th e p e rmi t-g ra nti ng p roc e ss.T h i s c a n le a d to a low a c c e p ta nc e or ob je c ti on to F P V.Local economi c benefi ts:Most p roje c ts a re i mp le me nte d b y non-loc a l p roje c t

327、d e ve lop e rs.T h e i r ma i n b usi ne ss c a se s a re th e sa le s of e le c tri c i ty from F P V th roug h d i re c t p owe r p urc h a se a g re e me nts,to i nd ustri a l c ustome rs,or th roug h sa le s to th e g ri d b a se d on na ti ona l fe e d-i n ta ri ffs.I n b oth c a se s,a d i re

328、 c t e c onomi c b e ne fi t i s ve ry li mi te d for th e ne i g h b ouri ng muni c i p a li ti e s.Conc e p ts li ke fi na nc i a l p a rti c i p a ti on i n th e F P V p roje c t b y th e muni c i p a li ti e s or c i ti ze ns,c ould p rovi d e a n a d d i ti ona l sourc e of i nc ome for th e m

329、th roug h th e i r sh a re on th e e c onomi c p rofi t.Anoth e r op ti on for loc a l e c onomi c b e ne fi ts c ould re sult from a loc a l c omp a ny(or loc a l c oop e ra ti ve)wh i c h a lso p a ys ta x to th e re le va nt muni c i p a li ty.A la st op ti on would b e p roje c t d e ve lop me n

330、t th roug h a c i ti ze n c oop e ra ti ve,wh i c h ta ke s th e p rofi t for th e i r me mb e rs,p a ys ta x a t loc a l a d mi ni stra ti ons,a nd c ould e ve n se ll th e e le c tri c i ty to th e i r me mb e rs or oth e r loc a l c ustome rs(i.e.a s a n e ne rg y c ommuni ty).S uc h p roje c ts

331、d o not h a ve th e sa me ma rg i ns a s c omme rc i a l p roje c ts,a nd a s a re sult,a re not ye t a ssoc i a te d wi th F P V.Ener gy tr ansi ti on as posi ti ve atti tude:De p e nd i ng on th e e xi sti ng e xp e ri e nc e s wi th re ne wa b le e ne rg y p roje c ts i n th e i r loc a l surroun

332、d i ng s,a p osi ti ve a tti tud e c a n b e h i g h or ra th e r low.F rom re se a rc h,th e re i s strong e vi d e nc e th a t p e op le th a t h a ve e nc ounte re d si mi la r re ne wa b le e ne rg y syste ms p re vi ously,g e ne ra lly h a ve a more p osi ti ve a tti tud e.Expectati on of negat

333、i ve i mpacts on natur e and peopl e:Be si d e s th e e nvi ronme nta l i mp a c ts th roug h F P V,ne g a ti ve i mp a c ts wi th F P V a re e sp e c i a lly se e n i n th e vi sua l i mp a c ts on th e la nd sc a p e (i.e.vi sua l i mp a c t on th e wa te r b od y)a nd i n th e h i nd e ri ng,li mi ti ng or e ve n e xc lusi on of oth e r use s of th e wa te r b od y(re c re a ti ona l use,fi sh