1、Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World In Collaboration with Deloitte I N S I G H T R E P O R T D E C E M B E R 2 0 2 0 Contents Foreword Executive Summary Introduction 1 Cross-cutting technology governance gaps 1.1 Limited

2、or lack of regulation 1.2 Adverse effects of technology through misuse or unintended use 1.3 Liability and accountability of the technology 1.4 Privacy and data sharing 1.5 Cyber and other security concerns 1.6 Human supervision 1.7 Cross-border inconsistencies and restricted data flows 2 Innovative

3、 governance frameworks 2.1 Ethical governance 2.2 Public-private coordination 2.3 Agile, responsive regulation 2.4 Experimental: sandboxes and accelerators 2.5 Data sharing/interoperability 2.6 Regulatory collaboration 3 Research approach 4 Artificial intelligence 5 Blockchain 6 Internet of things a

4、nd connected devices 7 Autonomous vehicles, shared mobility and digitally enabled transport 8 Drones Contributors Endnotes 3 5 6 8 10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 21 29 37 44 51 58 59 Cover: Getty Images 2020 World Economic Forum. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be

5、reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Global Technology Governance Report 20212 Foreword The emerging technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution have a vital role to play as we recover fr

6、om the COVID-19 pandemic and rebuild our economies. While these technologies can help drive enormous social breakthroughs and economic value, they can also potentially be misused. An essential consideration for governments, businesses and civil society is how these technologies are harnessed and reg

7、ulated to accelerate growth, encourage innovation and build resiliency. How governments and other stakeholders approach the governance of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies will play an important role in how we reset society, the economy and the business environment. Working together, the pub

8、lic and private sectors have the opportunity to nurture the development of Fourth Industrial Revolution technology while mitigating the risks of unethical or malicious uses. With this in mind, the Forum worked with Deloitte to produce a practical handbook to examine some of the most important applic

9、ations of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies if we are to thrive in a post- pandemic world and the governance challenges that should be addressed for these technologies to reach their full potential. The Fourth Industrial Revolution will play a key role in ensuring our recovery from the pande

10、mic and the avoidance of future crises. William D. Eggers Center for Government Insights Executive Director, Deloitte, USA Ruth Hickin Strategy and Impact Lead, World Economic Forum Global Technology Governance Report 2021: Harnessing Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies in a COVID-19 World Dec

11、ember 2020 Harnessing and disseminating the technologies The collaboration is part of a larger World Economic Forum platform, the Great Reset, that explores how, as the world undergoes a great reset, our ability to harness and disseminate the new technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will

12、 play a key role in ensuring our recovery from the pandemic and the avoidance of future crises. The world will be a different place because of the pandemic and the vast technological change that will have taken place. The possibilities of new Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, deployed appro

13、priately, should be used as the baseline to reinvent the way we operate in the new context: everything from government services, education and healthcare to the way business interacts with and provides value to its customers. Global Technology Governance Report 20213 Key insights Our analysis reveal

14、ed common challenges across the five Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies we focused on: artificial intelligence (AI); mobility (including autonomous vehicles); blockchain; drones; and the internet of things (IoT). These challenges include a lack of regulation, misuse of technology and challeng

15、es in addressing cross- border differences. For instance, one estimate suggests that bitcoin accounts for more than 90% of ransomware payments.1 And the lack of effective regulation of facial recognition technologies coupled with incidents of misuse by law enforcement agencies have caused a backlash

16、 against this technology throughout the world.2 We profile a series of innovative governance and regulatory frameworks across the five Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies highlighted to address these and many other challenges. For example, Singapores AI governance framework can assist the priv

17、ate sector by providing guidelines on internal governance, human involvement, operations management and stakeholder communication.3 In Japan, the Financial Services Agency has accorded the Japan Virtual and Crypto Asset Exchange Association (JVCEA) the status of a self-regulatory body for the countr

18、ys crypto exchanges recognizing the private sectors role in providing effective governance. Non-profit organizations are playing their part, too.4 For instance, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe facilitated a forum at which China, the European Union, Japan and the United States came

19、together to develop a framework to harmonize autonomous vehicle regulations.5 This technology governance report aims to help governments, innovators and other stakeholders understand the current opportunity. The pandemic and its aftermath have accelerated the urgency of addressing current gaps with

20、effective governance frameworks. Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies can play a major role in helping us emerge from the pandemic stronger than ever before. With these practical insights and examples, we hope that governments and industry can collaborate and foster innovation while providing e

21、ffective governance. The study will enable conversations across a broad cross-section of stakeholders to partner on technology governance globally. The Forum looks forward to collaborating with public and private organizations to develop and deploy Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies responsib

22、ly. Global Technology Governance Report 20214 Executive summary This study examines some of the key applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies for thriving in a post-pandemic world, as well as the complications of governance that may need to be addressed for these technologies to real

23、ize their maximum potential.6 The report: Describes governance gaps for each of the technologies. These include issues of privacy, liability, cross-border regulatory discrepancies and the potential for misuse by bad actors such as the recent surge in ransomware attacks enabled by cryptocurrencies su

24、ch as bitcoin or the risk of abuse posed by technologies like “deepfake” videos.7 How can regulatory agencies ensure the unrestricted flow of data necessary for many new technologies to operate robustly and efficiently while still safeguarding user privacy? Is facial recognition technology enough of

25、 a boon to police investigations to offset its potential for error and abuse? How vulnerable are IoT devices such as smart speakers and home cameras to hacks that put consumer data at risk? Explores governance and oversight needs highlighted by the pandemic that should be addressed. These include ba

26、lancing the need for human supervision of automated technology with the advantages of touchless operations in a post- COVID-19 world or assuaging consumers privacy fears surrounding contact-tracing apps. Profiles innovative government frameworks that may suit these future economic engines and outlin

27、es some emerging post-pandemic approaches. Finland, for example, requires private innovators in the transit sector to make certain data standardized and publicly available, which has enabled cities such as Helsinki to create an application that integrates both private and public modes of transport a

28、nd enables users to plan and book a multimodal trip from start to finish using one interface.8 Countries such as New Zealand have introduced guidelines that incorporate privacy, human rights and ethical concerns into the design of government algorithms.9 The pandemic has also increased public- priva

29、te coordination, as in the United Kingdom, which formed a taskforce of pharmaceutical companies, regulators and academics to facilitate the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines.10 Details many of the regulatory innovations in technology necessitated by the pandemic and explores whether or not they

30、 should become permanent. Regulatory agility, for example, has become increasingly important in the COVID-19 era, as governments ease restrictions to accelerate the development of new treatments and technology such as autonomous delivery drones to address the pandemic.11 In other cases, governments

31、have adjusted regulations based on user feedback or created experimental sandboxes that allow the private sector to test out new technology in a closed environment.12 The global technology governance outlook for 2020 and 2021. COVID-19 has accelerated our transition into the age of the Fourth Indust

32、rial Revolution. We have to make sure that the new technologies in the digital, biological and physical world remain human-centred and serve society as a whole, providing everyone with fair access. Klaus Schwab, founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum Global Technology Governance

33、Report 20215 Introduction Efforts to recover from COVID-19 have triggered a tsunami of innovations in work, collaboration, distribution and service delivery and shifted many customer behaviours, habits and expectations. Several of the emerging technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution for ins

34、tance, artificial intelligence (AI), mobility (including autonomous vehicles), blockchain, drones and the internet of things (IoT) have been at the centre of these innovations and are likely to play a dominant role in what emerges post-pandemic. These technologies power applications that are themsel

35、ves revolutionary, creating a self-reinforcing cycle that spins like a flywheel, surging on its own momentum. AI and data analytics have helped Taiwan predict the risk of infection.13 China has used drones and robots to minimize human contact.14 The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is using blockchain to

36、provide seamless digital services to its citizens,15 and the United States is using autonomous vehicles to deliver test samples to processing labs.16 Many countries are employing mobile apps as sensors for contact tracing.17 While these emerging technologies have the potential to drive enormous soci

37、al breakthroughs and economic value, they also have the potential to lead to adverse and unintended consequences. An essential consideration for governments, businesses and civil society is how these technologies can be harnessed appropriately to maximize the benefits and mitigate potential risks or

38、 misuse. Good technology governance, policies and norms are foundational to realizing the benefits of technology while minimizing its risk. The challenges to getting this right are clear: new technologies and business models of the Fourth Industrial Revolution do not fit easily into the frameworks r

39、egulators have traditionally used to supervise markets. They evolve rapidly, cross traditional industry boundaries, devour data, defy political borders and benefit from network effects when they share information. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, old conceptions of regulatory siloes no longer ap

40、ply. AI does not quite fit into existing regulatory frameworks. International blockchain ledgers may violate current national financial laws. Drones and IoT have the potential to cause privacy concerns. Autonomous vehicles may transform traditional assessments of safety risks. All of these disruptio

41、ns translate into a suite of technologies and capabilities poised to slip through gaps in governance. Governing these new technologies will require new principles, rules and protocols that promote innovation while mitigating social costs. Public- private collaboration will be crucial to making the r

42、ight choices for future generations. A faster, more agile approach to governance is needed to Visual map of the reportFIGURE 1 Drones and unmanned air systems Cross-cutting governance gaps Leading governance frameworks Introduction Artifi cial intelligence BlockchainInternet of things Mobility Globa

43、l Technology Governance Report 20216 effectively respond and adapt to the ways these technologies are changing business models and social interaction structures both seen and unforeseen. Such governance is not only a matter of supervision and regulation from government but also encompasses a wide ra

44、nge of frameworks such as multistakeholder approaches, self- regulation, non-binding guidance standards, certifications and non-profit guidance. This study does not attempt to provide a complete landscape analysis of emerging technologies. Instead, it examines the opportunities and complications of

45、governance for a set of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies: artificial intelligence (AI), mobility (including autonomous vehicles), blockchain, drones and the internet of things (IoT). It describes governance gaps for each, and innovative government frameworks that may suit these future econo

46、mic engines and even help drive them forward. The study also examines some of the most important applications of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies if we are to thrive in a post-pandemic world.18 Global Technology Governance Report 20217 Cross-cutting technology governance gaps 1 Common theme

47、s across gaps in technology governance. Global Technology Governance Report 20218 Privacy and data sharing Absence of shared technical standards or agreed-upon governance frameworks for sharing information Gap example: Misuse of data for state surveillance, corporate profi teering or policing Cross-

48、border inconsistencies and restricted data fl ows As multiparty, cross-border business models proliferate, authorities will need to know which laws govern transactions, decision rights, consensus and IP Gap example: Inability to share fi nancial and health data across countries Lack of preparedness

49、for long-term consequences of AI and other technologies Gap example: Lack of regulation of facial recognition Limited or lack of regulation Access and use by law enforcement Lack of rules on how law enforcement agencies can use data generated by technologies Gap example: Misuse of data collected for police database Adverse effect of technology through misuse or unintended use Cyber and other security concerns Bad actors have new tools to infl uence the public or unjustly harm individuals, organizations and governments Gap example: