1、Insight Report Klaus Schwab, World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 Insight Report The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 Professor Klaus Schwab World Economic Forum Editor Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martn Columbia University Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness Repo

2、rt The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 is published by the World Economic Forum within the framework of the Global Competitiveness and Risks Team. Professor Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martn Chief Advisor of The Global Competitiveness Report Richard Samans Head of

3、the Centre for the Global Agenda and Member of the Managing Board Jennifer Blanke Chief Economist THE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS AND RISKS TEAM Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Head of Global Competitiveness and Risks Silja Baller, Practice Lead, Competitiveness and Innovation Ciara Browne, Head of Partnershi

4、ps Roberto Crotti, Practice Lead, Competitiveness Research Attilio Di Battista, Quantitative Economist Caroline Galvan, Practice Lead, Competitiveness and Risks Thierry Geiger, Head of Analytics and Quantitative Research Daniel Gmez Gaviria, Head of Competitiveness Research Galle Marti, Economist St

5、phanie Verin, Community Specialist We thank Hope Steele for her superb editing work and Neil Weinberg for his excellent graphic design and layout. We are grateful to Miso Lee, Witold Mucha, and Hassen Naas for their invaluable research assistance. TERMS OF USE AND DISCLAIMER The Global Competitivene

6、ss Report 20162017 (herein: “Report”) presents information and data that were compiled and/or collected by the World Economic Forum (all information and data referred herein as “Data”). Data in this Report is subject to change without notice. The terms country and nation as used in this Report do no

7、t in all cases refer to a territorial entity that is a state as understood by international law and practice. The terms cover well-defined, geographically self-contained economic areas that may not be states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis. Although

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17、nomic Forum (gcpweforum.org). World Economic Forum Geneva Copyright 2016 by the World Economic Forum ISBN-13: 978-1-944835-04-0 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Printed and bound in Switzerland. The Report and an interacti

18、ve data platform are available at www.weforum.org/gcr. The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 | iii Partner Institutes v Preface xi by Richard Samans The Global Competitiveness Index 20162017 Rankings xiii Part 1: Measuring Competitiveness 1 1.1 Competitiveness Agendas to Reignite Growth: Findin

19、gs from the Global Competitiveness Index 3 by Xavier Sala-i-Martn, Silja Baller, Roberto Crotti, Attilio Di Battista, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Daniel Gmez Gaviria, and Galle Marti 1.2 Modernizing the Measurement of Drivers of Prosperity 51 in Light of the Fourth Industrial Revoluti

20、on: The Updated Global Competitiveness Index by Xavier Sala-i-Martn, Roberto Crotti, Silja Baller, Attilio Di Battista, Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Thierry Geiger, Daniel Gmez Gaviria, and Galle Marti 1.3 The Executive Opinion Survey: 77 The Voice of the Business Community by Ciara Browne, Attilio Di

21、 Batista, Thierry Geiger, and Stphanie Verin Part 2: Country/Economy Profiles 89 How to Read the Country/Economy Profiles 91 Index of Countries/Economies 93 Country/Economy Profiles 94 Technical Notes and Sources 371 About the Authors 381 Contents The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 | v The W

22、orld Economic Forums Global Competitiveness and Risks Team is pleased to acknowledge and thank the following organizations as its valued Partner Institutes, without which the realization of The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 would not have been feasible: Albania Institute for Contemporary St

23、udies (ISB) Artan Hoxha, President Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert Endrit Kapaj, Expert Algeria Centre de Recherche en Economie Applique pour le Dveloppement (CREAD) Mohamed Yassine Ferfera, Director Khaled Menna, Research Fellow Argentina IAEUniversidad Austral Carlos Marcelo Belloni, Research Analyst

24、 Eduardo Fracchia, Director of Academic Department of Economics Armenia Economy and Values Research Center Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman Sevak Hovhannisyan, Board Member and Senior Associate Australia Australian Industry Group Colleen Dowling, Economics Research Coordinator Julie Toth, Chief Economist In

25、nes Willox, Chief Executive Austria Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO) Christoph Badelt, Director Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Marketing Society Fuad Aliyev, Deputy Chairman Ashraf Hajiyev, Consultant Bahrain Bahrain Economic Development Board Kha

26、lid Al Rumaihi, Chief Executive Nada Azmi, Manager, Competitiveness Observatory Fatema Al Atbi, Junior Officer, Competitiveness Observatory Bangladesh Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Additional Research Director Meherun Nesa, Research Associate Mustafizur Rahman, Executive

27、Director Barbados The Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies Don. D. Marshall, Director Belgium Vlerick Business School Wim Moesen, Professor Carine Peeters, Professor Leo Sleuwaegen, Professor, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship, Governance and Strategy Benin Institut de Recherch

28、e Empirique en Economie Politique (IREEP) Richard Houessou, Research Associate Romaric Samson, Research Assistant Lonard Wantchekon, Director Bhutan Bhutan Chamber of Commerce external imbalances are increasing; and government finances are stressed. However, it also comes during one of the most pros

29、perous and peaceful times in recorded history, with less disease, poverty, and violent conflict than ever before. Against this backdrop of seeming contradictions, the Fourth Industrial Revolution brings both unprecedented opportunity and an accelerated speed of change. Creating the conditions necess

30、ary to reignite growth could not be more urgent. The Report this year is the latest edition of the Forums longstanding cross-country benchmarking analysis of the factors and institutions that determine long-term growth and prosperity. Incentivizing innovation is especially important for finding new

31、growth engines, but laying the foundations for long-term, sustainable growth requires working on all factors and institutions identified in the Global Competitiveness Index. Leveraging the opportunities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution will require not only businesses willing and able to innovate

32、, but also sound institutions, both public and private; basic infrastructure, health, and education; macroeconomic stability; and well-functioning labor, financial, and human capital markets. Although there is broad consensus on the importance of the factors currently measured in the Index, we are u

33、ndertaking a review process that seeks to understand the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on measures of productivity and the drivers of growth. In the second chapter of this Report, we present our thinking regarding the potential future structure of the Index, building on consultations wi

34、th experts on each pillar under the thought leadership of our main academic advisor, Professor Xavier Sala-i-Martn. It explores new ways of assessing innovation, human capital, and competitiveness at different stages of development, as well as our latest thinking on how our benchmarking tools can be

35、 used for policy prioritization. We face a large challengehow to build a more prosperous and inclusive world for all. As a flagship effort of the Forums System Initiative on Economic Growth and Social Inclusion, The Global Competitiveness Report serves as a tool for public-private collaboration on l

36、ong-term competitiveness agendas contributing to this objective. As well as the thought leadership of Professor Sala-i-Martn, The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 has benefited from the dedication and collaboration of 160 Partner Institutes worldwide. We would like to convey our appreciation t

37、o all the business executives who respond to our Executive Opinion Survey, one of the unique components of the Index. Appreciation also goes to Professor Klaus Schwab, Executive Chairman, who developed the original concept back in 1979; Jennifer Blanke, Chief Economist; Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, He

38、ad of Global Competitiveness and Risks; and team members Silja Baller, Attilio Di Battista, Ciara Browne, Roberto Crotti, Caroline Galvan, Thierry Geiger, Daniel Gmez Gaviria, Galle Marti, and Stphanie Verin. Preface RICHARD SAMANS Head of the Centre for the Global Agenda and Member of the Managing

39、Board, World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 20162017 | xiii East Asia and the Pacific Eurasia Middle East and North Africa Europe Latin America and the Caribbean North AmericaSouth Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Note: The Global Competitiveness Index captures the determinants of long-term

40、 growth. Recent developments (such as Brexit, commodity price changes, and market volatility) are reflected only in-so-far as they have an impact on data measuring these determinants. The Index should be interpreted in this context. 1 Scale ranges from 1 to 7. 2 2015-2016 rank out of 140 economies.

41、3 Evolution in percentile rank since 2007. The Global Competitiveness Index 20162017 Rankings 1 10 19 28 37 46 4 13 22 31 40 7 16 25 34 43 2 11 20 29 38 5 14 23 32 41 8 17 26 35 44 3 12 21 30 39 6 15 24 33 42 9 18 27 36 45 EconomyScore1Prev.2Trend3 Switzerland5.811 Singapore 5.722 United States5.703

42、 Netherlands5.575 Germany5.574 Sweden 5.53 9 United Kingdom5.49 10 Japan5.48 6 Hong Kong SAR5.487 Finland5.448 Norway 5.4411 Denmark5.3512 New Zealand5.3116 Taiwan, China5.2815 Canada5.2713 United Arab Emirates5.2617 Belgium5.2519 Qatar5.2314 Austria5.2223 Luxembourg5.2020 France5.2022 Australia5.19

43、21 Ireland5.1824 Israel5.1827 Malaysia5.1618 Korea, Rep.5.0326 Iceland4.9629 China4.9528 Saudi Arabia4.8425 Estonia4.7830 Czech Republic4.7231 Spain4.6833 Chile4.6435 Thailand4.6432 Lithuania4.6036 Poland4.5641 Azerbaijan4.5540 Kuwait4.5334 India4.5255 Malta4.5248 Indonesia4.5237 Panama4.5150 Russia

44、n Federation4.5145 Italy4.5043 Mauritius4.4946 Portugal4.4838 50 59 68 77 86 53 62 71 80 89 56 65 74 83 92 51 60 69 78 54 72 81 90 57 66 75 52 61 70 79 88 55 64 73 82 91 58 67 76 85 EconomyScore1Prev.2Trend3 South Africa4.4749 Bahrain4.4739 Latvia4.4544 Bulgaria4.4454 Mexico4.4157 Rwanda4.4158 Kazak

45、hstan4.4142 Costa Rica4.4152 Turkey4.3951 Slovenia4.3959 Philippines4.3647 Brunei Darussalam4.35n/a Georgia4.3266 Vietnam4.3156 Colombia4.3061 Romania4.3053 Jordan4.2964 Botswana4.2971 Slovak Republic4.2867 Oman 4.2862 Peru 4.2369 Macedonia, FYR4.2360 Hungary4.2063 Morocco4.2072 Sri Lanka4.1968 Barb

46、ados4.19n/a Uruguay4.1773 Croatia4.1577 Jamaica4.1386 Iran, Islamic Rep.4.1274 Tajikistan4.1280 Guatemala4.0878 Armenia4.0782 Albania4.0693 Brazil4.0675 Montenegro4.0570 Cyprus4.0465 Namibia4.0285 Ukraine4.0079 Greece4.0081 Algeria3.9887 Honduras3.9888 Cambodia3.9890 Serbia3.9794 Ecuador3.9676 Domin

47、ican Republic3.9498 84 48 63 87 49 47 EconomyScore1Prev.2Trend3 Lao PDR3.9383 Trinidad and Tobago3.9389 Tunisia3.9292 Kenya3.9099 Bhutan3.87105 Nepal3.87100 Cte dIvoire3.8691 Moldova3.8684 Lebanon3.84101 Mongolia3.84104 Nicaragua3.81108 Argentina3.81106 El Salvador3.8195 Bangladesh3.80107 Bosnia the

48、 World Bank; and various United Nations specialized agencies, including the International Telecommunication Union, UNESCO, and the World Health Organization. The Index also includes indicators derived from the World Economic Forums Executive Opinion Survey that reflect qualitative aspects of competi

49、tiveness, or for which comprehensive and Competitiveness Index (GCI) shows, to date, progress in building an enabling environment for innovation remains the advantage of only a few economies. Last but not least, future growth will also depend on the ability of economies to safeguard the benefits of openness to trade and investment that has led to record reductions in poverty rates in recent decades.4 Against this background, this Report serves as a critical reminder of the importance of competitiveness in solving both our international macroeconomic challenges a