1、Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust A study across 27 countries FAKE NEWS, POST-TRUTH AND FILTER BUBBLES Public3 4 Ipsos. 65% 77% 74% 72% 71% 71% 70% 70% 70% 69% 69% 68% 67% 67% 67% 66% 66% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 60% 59% 57% 55% 50% 44% 25% 14% 21% 23% 19% 24% 19% 19% 25% 20% 24% 25% 29% 19

2、% 26% 30% 22% 22% 22% 24% 27% 30% 30% 29% 25% 28% 37% 35% Total US India Malaysia Sweden Turkey Australia Great Britain Mexico Canada Serbia Argentina Chile Hungary South Africa Peru South Korea Poland Belgium Spain China Brazil Russia Saudi Arabia France Germany Italy Japan T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1

3、1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree The average person in COUNTRY lives in their own bubble on the internet, mostly connecting with people like themselves and looking for opinions they already agree with. 5 Ipsos. 34%

4、 56% 54% 53% 49% 44% 40% 38% 37% 37% 34% 34% 32% 32% 32% 32% 31% 31% 30% 30% 30% 29% 27% 25% 25% 23% 23% 22% 56% 39% 34% 43% 39% 45% 53% 52% 58% 58% 60% 55% 57% 57% 62% 56% 61% 64% 57% 61% 57% 64% 53% 59% 62% 70% 71% 64% Total India China Malaysia Saudi Arabia South Korea Peru Brazil South Africa Tu

5、rkey Chile Poland Australia Hungary Russia US Canada Mexico Belgium Great Britain Spain Serbia Japan France Italy Argentina Sweden Germany Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I live in my own bubble on the internet, mostly connecting with people like myself and looki

6、ng for opinions I already agree with. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Public6 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 +31 +48 +45 +45 +40 +40 +39 +38 +38 +35 +34 +33 +33 +32 +32 +32 +30 +30 +28 +26 +25 +22 +22 +19 +18 +17 +1

7、0 +7 Total Sweden Argentina US Great Britain Serbia Mexico Australia Canada Hungary Turkey Germany Chile Belgium Spain France South Africa Poland Russia Peru Italy South Korea Brazil Malaysia India Japan Saudi Arabia China Were much more likely to think others live in filter bubble than admit we do

8、+/- Net This chart compares what people say for others and what they say for themselves on how much they live in a bubble, from previous two slides and shows how many more people think that others live in an internet bubble than admit that for themselves 7 Ipsos. 41% 69% 60% 60% 58% 55% 54% 46% 44%

9、44% 44% 40% 40% 39% 39% 38% 38% 37% 37% 36% 34% 32% 29% 29% 28% 27% 26% 26% 48% 23% 34% 29% 34% 39% 27% 48% 50% 51% 49% 49% 56% 48% 47% 51% 45% 53% 48% 51% 59% 53% 53% 62% 59% 61% 52% 64% Total Hungary Malaysia Saudi Arabia China India Spain Peru Chile Mexico Serbia Russia Turkey Canada Poland Brazi

10、l France Argentina South Korea Australia South Africa Belgium Germany US Great Britain Italy Japan Sweden T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I am confident that the average person in COUNTRY c

11、an tell real news from fake news. 8 Ipsos. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 63% 77% 76% 76% 76% 74% 73% 72% 72% 70% 70% 69% 68% 68% 67% 66% 65% 64% 64% 63% 60% 58% 54% 52% 47% 45% 39% 30% 25% 19% 20% 21% 15% 20% 20% 19% 23% 25% 18% 17% 22% 23% 19% 21% 24% 24%

12、 25% 26% 27% 31% 28% 37% 31% 36% 38% 47% Total Turkey Chile Peru Serbia Malaysia South Africa Argentina Mexico India Saudi Arabia Poland Brazil Hungary Australia Great Britain US Canada Sweden China Belgium Russia France Italy Germany South Korea Spain Japan Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (

13、500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I am confident that I can tell real news from fake news (entirely made up stories or facts). Public9 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 I can identify fake news but the rest of my country cant +/- Net +22 +39 +38 +38 +37 +36 +35 +32

14、+32 +31 +30 +30 +30 +28 +28 +25 +25 +18 +18 +16 +15 +14 +10 +8 +5 +4 -1 -15 Total South Africa Great Britain Sweden Turkey US Argentina Chile Serbia Australia Brazil Peru Poland Belgium Mexico Canada Italy Germany Russia France India Malaysia Saudi Arabia South Korea China Japan Hungary Spain This c

15、hart compares what people say for others and what they say for themselves on being able to identify fake news from previous two slides and shows how many more people think the average person cant identify fake news compared with them (except in Spain and Hungary) 10 Ipsos. 58% 73% 72% 69% 69% 69% 68

16、% 66% 65% 65% 64% 62% 60% 59% 59% 59% 58% 56% 54% 54% 53% 52% 50% 49% 49% 47% 43% 30% 28% 23% 23% 23% 19% 24% 17% 21% 26% 26% 29% 28% 22% 28% 23% 27% 31% 24% 28% 25% 26% 29% 31% 36% 41% 33% 34% 47% Total Turkey Peru Chile Hungary India Serbia Saudi Arabia Malaysia South Africa Mexico Brazil Poland A

17、rgentina Australia US Russia Great Britain Canada Sweden Spain Belgium South Korea China Italy France Germany Japan T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I think Im better at spotting fake news t

18、han the average person in COUNTRY. 11 Ipsos. 60% 71% 70% 69% 68% 67% 66% 66% 65% 64% 64% 64% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 60% 58% 56% 55% 54% 53% 53% 50% 49% 49% 48% 30% 25% 25% 27% 23% 26% 24% 30% 32% 25% 24% 33% 23% 26% 24% 35% 29% 31% 38% 30% 36% 27% 39% 37% 36% 44% 30% 44% Total Peru Serbia Turkey US Arg

19、entina Great Britain India Chile Australia Hungary Mexico Poland Belgium Germany South Africa Canada Sweden Malaysia Spain Brazil France Russia South Korea Saudi Arabia China Japan Italy Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree The average person in COUNTRY doesnt care ab

20、out facts about politics and society anymore, they just believe what they want. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 12 Ipsos. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 59% 76% 75% 74% 72% 71% 68% 68% 67% 66% 66% 65% 64% 60% 58% 57

21、% 57% 56% 55% 52% 51% 50% 50% 48% 48% 47% 42% 28% 29% 20% 20% 22% 24% 24% 21% 25% 23% 23% 27% 25% 21% 23% 27% 28% 24% 32% 33% 35% 35% 34% 36% 30% 34% 38% 38% 51% Total Turkey India Chile Peru Mexico China Malaysia Argentina Serbia South Africa Brazil Saudi Arabia Poland Great Britain Australia Spain

22、 Hungary US Sweden Canada Belgium Russia Germany South Korea Italy France Japan Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I am confident I have a better understanding of social realities like immigration levels and crime rates than the average person in COUNTRY. FAKE NEWS

23、EXPOSURE AND MEANING Public14 15 Ipsos. 60% 82% 79% 79% 77% 73% 72% 72% 71% 69% 68% 66% 65% 61% 59% 59% 57% 54% 54% 51% 51% 49% 48% 44% 43% 39% 36% 30% 28% 16% 14% 17% 21% 19% 24% 25% 17% 24% 26% 31% 22% 26% 28% 30% 29% 26% 30% 32% 30% 36% 36% 42% 47% 52% 41% 42% Total Argentina Serbia Turkey Mexico

24、 Brazil India Peru Hungary Malaysia South Africa Chile Poland US Italy Russia Australia France Great Britain Saudi Arabia Spain Belgium Canada Sweden China South Korea Japan Germany T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500

25、 GB) KEY: Very/Fairly oftenNot very often/Never How often, if at all, do you think you see stories where news organisations have deliberately said something that isnt true? 16 Ipsos. 48% 62% 58% 58% 57% 57% 56% 55% 55% 55% 54% 54% 51% 50% 50% 49% 48% 48% 46% 46% 45% 45% 43% 35% 34% 33% 33% 29% 40% 2

26、9% 29% 29% 39% 29% 34% 37% 33% 29% 41% 43% 41% 45% 41% 39% 39% 39% 39% 42% 39% 38% 40% 51% 46% 54% 63% 62% Total Brazil Saudi Arabia South Korea Peru Spain China India Poland Sweden Chile Mexico Argentina Malaysia South Africa Russia Canada Serbia Australia US Belgium Germany France Hungary Japan Gr

27、eat Britain Turkey Italy Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB) KEY: Agree Disagree I have falsely believed a news story was real until I found out it was fake. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Public17 56% 44% 36% 5% 7% Stories where the facts are

28、wrong Stories where news outlet or politicians only pick facts that support their side of the argument A term politicians and the media use to discredit news they dont agree with. None of these Dont know When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? 18 Ipsos. 56% 71% 68% 6

29、8% 67% 65% 62% 62% 62% 62% 61% 58% 55% 55% 55% 54% 53% 52% 52% 52% 51% 51% 50% 45% 39% 37% 33% Total Sweden Brazil Italy South Africa Great Britain Germany Malaysia Turkey US Belgium Canada Australia Japan Mexico France India Argentina Chile Hungary Poland South Korea Serbia Saudi Arabia Peru Spain

30、Russia Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? Stories where the facts are wrong. % Yes T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 19 Ipsos. 44% 66% 62% 60% 58% 57% 56% 55% 53% 53% 53% 51% 5

31、0% 50% 50% 50% 48% 46% 42% 39% 37% 35% 31% 26% 25% 25% 18% Total Serbia South Africa Turkey Argentina Chile US India Poland Spain Sweden Hungary Australia Malaysia Peru Russia Mexico Canada Great Britain Belgium South Korea France Saudi Arabia Germany Brazil Japan Italy When you hear the term “fake

32、news”, what are you personally thinking of? Stories where the news outlets or politicians only pick facts that support their side of the argument. % Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 20 Ipsos. 36% 51% 49% 48% 4

33、7% 46% 46% 46% 45% 44% 43% 43% 42% 42% 40% 38% 36% 35% 35% 32% 30% 30% 27% 25% 19% 18% 11% Total US Peru Malaysia Sweden Canada Chile Russia South Africa South Korea Argentina Turkey Australia Great Britain Poland Mexico India Hungary Spain Belgium Saudi Arabia Serbia France Germany Japan Brazil Ita

34、ly When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? A term politicians and the media use to discredit news they dont agree with. % Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 WHY DO WE GET SO MUCH

35、 WRONG? Public22 Public23 52% 49% 43% 41% 18% 18% 3% 10% Politicians mislead people The media misleads people People have a biased view of the world, for example, they tend to focus on negative things or think things are getting worse, or generalise from their own experience Social media misleads pe

36、ople Its often the figures that are wrong, not peoples views People are bad with numbers so they struggle with trying to estimate things like this None of these Dont know People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the populati

37、on are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this? 24 Ipsos. Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 52% 68% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 59% 59% 58% 57% 56% 56% 54% 54% 54% 53% 52% 52% 50% 50% 49% 43% 40% 35% 22% 21% Total

38、 South Africa US Argentina Peru Serbia Hungary Russia Spain Poland Great Britain India Mexico Belgium Chile Malaysia Turkey Australia Canada France Sweden Brazil Italy Germany South Korea Japan Saudi Arabia People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for exam

39、ple, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this? Politicians mislead people % Yes T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 25 Ipsos. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

40、 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 49% 68% 61% 60% 59% 58% 55% 54% 54% 53% 52% 51% 50% 49% 48% 48% 47% 47% 45% 44% 44% 41% 41% 35% 34% 32% 30% Total Serbia Turkey Great Britain Russia US Hungary Argentina Australia South Africa Sweden Malaysia Poland Mexico Belgium Chile Brazil India C

41、anada South Korea Spain France Peru Germany Italy Japan Saudi Arabia People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the

42、biggest reasons for this? The media misleads people % Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 26 Ipsos. 43% 57% 56% 56% 55% 53% 52% 50% 48% 47% 47% 47% 46% 44% 43% 41% 41% 40% 40% 38% 38% 37% 34% 34% 32% 29% 24% Total US South Africa Sweden Canada Great Britain Chile Australia Malaysia

43、Belgium Mexico Turkey Poland Germany India Argentina Hungary Italy Serbia Peru Spain Brazil France South Korea Japan Russia Saudi Arabia T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) People often get lots of things wrong about

44、 their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this? People have a biased view of the world, for example, they tend to focus on negative th

45、ings or think things are getting worse, or generalise from their own experience % Yes 27 Ipsos. 41% 59% 58% 56% 52% 52% 50% 50% 49% 48% 44% 44% 43% 40% 40% 39% 38% 37% 37% 35% 34% 33% 32% 31% 30% 25% 16% Total Malaysia US Great Britain Canada South Africa Sweden Turkey Serbia Australia Argentina Ind

46、ia Belgium Germany Mexico Chile Spain Brazil France Hungary Russia South Korea Saudi Arabia Peru Italy Poland Japan People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down

47、. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this? Social media misleads people % Yes T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) 28 Ipsos. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

48、24 25 26 18% 30% 29% 28% 25% 24% 23% 22% 21% 21% 20% 19% 19% 18% 17% 17% 16% 16% 14% 13% 12% 12% 12% 10% 10% 9% 8% Total Chile Mexico Argentina India Peru Spain Russia Belgium South Africa Hungary Poland Saudi Arabia Germany France Malaysia Serbia Turkey Brazil Great Britain Australia Canada US Ital

49、y South Korea Japan Sweden Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB) People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this? Its often the figures that are wrong, not peoples views. % Yes 29 Ipsos. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 18% 32% 25% 25% 24% 23% 23% 22% 21% 20% 19% 18% 18% 18% 17% 16% 16% 14