1、NITI AAYOG UNDP HANDBOOK ONSUSTAINABLE URBAN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENTDisclaimer:While care has been taken in the collection, analysis, and compilation of the data, NITI Aayog & UNDP do not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information in this handbook. The mention

2、 of specific companies or certain projects/products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the members of this publication. The authors accept no liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the document or reliance on any

3、views expressed herein.Copyright NITI Aayog, UNDP, 2021Photo credits to UNDP India/Abhir Avasthi, UNDP India/Raja Mani, UNDP India/Dhiraj Singh, UNDP India/Gaurav MenghaneyAcknowledgementsUNDP would like to extend its sincere appreciation and gratitude to Vice Chairperson, Dr Rajiv Kumar; CEO, Mr Am

4、itabh Kant; and Special Secretary, Dr K. Rajeswara Rao of NITI Aayog, for providing their valuable inputs and guidance while preparing this handbook. UNDP would also like to thank members of the Managing Urbanization vertical at NITI Aayog Dr Biswanath Bishnoi, Deputy Advisor, and Mr Dhiraj Santdasa

5、ni, Young Professional, for their continuous support.Our gratitude to UNDP Resident Representative, Ms Shoko Noda, UNDP Deputy Resident Representative Ms Nadia Rasheed, and to the team of Plastic Waste Management Programme Mr Srikrishna Balachandran, Program Manager and OIC, Ms Ankita Bhalla, Commun

6、ications Officer, Ms Smera Chawla, Project Officer Strategy and Alliances, Ms Himani Kulshreshtha, Project Officer Reporting and Recycling, Mr Jaimon C Uthup, Policy Specialist SDGs, Ms Rozita Singh, Head of Solutions Mapping, Accelerator Lab India, Mr Digvijay Singh, Social Protection Specialist, M

7、s Ruchi Tomar and Mr Rishabh Shrivastava, Consultants, for their contribution towards developing this handbook and bringing out relevant insights on plastic waste management.Message, Vice Chairperson, NITI AayogThe clarion call of the Honourable Prime Minister to address the issue of single-use plas

8、tics on the 73rd Independence Day triggered massive attention towards plastic waste management in the country. It is encouraging to observe that Indias overall solid waste treatment capacity saw a steep rise from 18 percent in 2014 to 70 percent in 2021. Over the past six years, the Central Governme

9、nt, State Governments, urban local bodies, and most importantly, the citizens of the country have shown remarkable coordination and dedication for Swachhta like never seen before. The Swachh Bharat Mission received acclaim from around the globe for its impressive measurable results achieved within a

10、 short period. However, while Swachhta is a continuous journey, we as a nation need to move towards stricter implementation of the Reduce-Reuse-Recycle concept. While urbanisation enables greater economic development in the country, the stress on urban local bodies to deliver efficient urban service

11、s, including efficient urban waste management, remains one of the significant challenges. It is towards meeting these challenges that NITI Aayog has joined hands with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to lay down ideas in the form of a comprehensive handbook: NITI Aayog-UNDP Handbook o

12、n Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management can be adopted by urban local bodies to good effect.To that end, this handbook aims to enable the capacity building of officials in urban local bodies and other relevant stakeholders at the city level on plastic waste management. The learnings documented

13、here are based on multiple models, which reflect socially and financially inclusive approaches towards plastic waste management in India. The handbook also discusses national and international case studies across different components of plastic waste management. The represented models have focused o

14、n the sustainability and scalability of approaches in all Indian cities based on specific estimated parameters. I am hopeful that the handbook will act as an essential knowledge resource for stakeholders in the waste management sector.I am also sure that this handbook will go a long way in achieving

15、 the broad objectives set out in the Swachh Bharat Mission. I compliment the UNDP team and the Managing Urbanization vertical at NITI Aayog led by Special Secretary, Dr K. Rajeswara Rao for conceptualizing and publishing this handbook. His team comprising Deputy Advisor, Dr Biswanath Bishoi, and You

16、ng Professional, Mr Dhiraj Santdasani also deserve due recognition for their efforts.Dr Rajiv KumarVice Chairperson NITI Aayog Foreword, CEO, NITI AayogWith the launch of the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) 2.0, India has taken a significant step to further reinforce the Swachhta momentum achieved in

17、the first phase of the mission. With greater emphasis on source segregation, waste processing facilities, and phasing out of single-use plastics, SBM 2.0 is set to fast-track countrys smooth transition to a circular economy. While India generates about 3.4 million tonnes of plastic waste annually, u

18、rban local bodies across the country have been facing tremendous pressure to manage this waste efficiently. In addition, Indias rapid pace of urbanization has also contributed to the stress on urban services. However, even in such a challenging environment, the dedication shown by the State Governme

19、nts, urban local bodies, private sector companies, organizations, and citizens, for implementing Swachh Bharat Mission in the true spirit and making it a Jan Andolan is supremely remarkable. The world is becoming more aware and more inclined towards effective patterns of resource usage. Efficient pl

20、astic waste management provides a vast landscape to enable superior resource efficiency in the manufacturing sector. Recycling or upcycling plastic waste offers a paradigm shift from conventional techniques or incineration and landfilling by altering end-of-life products, scraps and other types of p

21、lastic waste into valuable raw materials after the necessary value additions. While many cities have implemented noteworthy models of plastic waste management, it is essential that a robust knowledge repository is created to capture these best practices so that urban local bodies across the country

22、can learn, observe, adapt and replicate models as relevant. It is with this vision that this handbook has been developed jointly by NITI Aayog and UNDP. The book provides a comprehensive overview of managing plastic waste by representing and discussing components of the entire plastic waste value ch

23、ain. I believe that this handbook will certainly support all relevant stakeholders in informing themselves about pertinent initiatives and the efficient ways to deal with plastic waste.I compliment the efforts of UNDP in development of this vital knowledge resource and for working alongside numerous

24、 cities and other partners, helping them streamline plastic waste management systems. My special appreciation goes to the Managing Urbanization vertical of NITI Aayog led by Special Secretary, Dr K. Rajeswara Rao, for spearheading this important task, and his team involving Deputy Advisor Dr Biswana

25、th Bishoi, and Young Professional, Mr Dhiraj Santdasani. Amitabh KantCEONITI AayogForeword, Special Secretary, NITI AayogIn the past few years, India has achieved remarkable progress in its waste management sector under the Swachh Bharat Mission (U). The fact that the countrys waste processing capac

26、ity has increased four times since 2014 shows the scale and size of the mission and its meticulous implementation on the ground. The next phase of Swachh Bharat Mission has further strengthened the clean India movement with an explicit focus on waste source segregation, waste treatment, and phasing

27、out of single-use plastics. While Swachhta is a way of life and not an initiative bounded by time, we need to further build upon the momentum achieved in these years and shift towards a more resource-efficient and circular economy in new urban India. In this regard, efficient management of plastic w

28、aste has emerged as one of the key challenges in the waste management sector, which needs dedicated focus from all sections of society. India generates about 3.4 million tonnes of plastic waste per year, and about 70 percent of plastic packaging products are converted into plastic waste within a sho

29、rt period. Multiple cities and organisations across the country have implemented innovative, sustainable, and resource-efficient models of plastic waste management. To achieve leapfrogging success in the sector nationally, it is important that other urban local bodies study these business models and

30、 replicate them as relevant and as applicable to their cities. This handbook is a knowledge repository containing 18 case studies across four themes and has been developed to support stakeholders of the plastic waste management sector in enhancing information and awareness.The book covers several as

31、pects of sustainable urban plastic waste management and will help urban local bodies to develop efficient waste management plans for their cities based on their requirements and guidelines. In process of developing this document, about 20 stakeholder consultations with different urban local bodies,

32、plastic waste recyclers, private players, NGOs/CSOs, academia, and on-ground discussions with more than 14 Indian cities and 4 Southeast Asian cities (virtually) were conducted by UNDP. State Pollution Control Boards being the key stakeholders, may refer to this handbook for relevant initiatives and

33、 may also translate the book in regional languages for more effective use of all stakeholders as needed. Last but not the least, I would like to compliment the efforts made by UNDP India team in the development of this publication and their support to various cities in the area of plastic waste mana

34、gement. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to the team of Managing Urbanisation vertical, especially Dr Biswanath Bishoi, Deputy Advisor, and Mr Sanjay Gupta, Economic Officer. Mr Dhiraj Santdasani, Young Professional deserves special appreciation for managing the publication and for his pers

35、istent efforts in finalization of this document. Dr K. Rajeswara Rao IASSpecial SecretaryNITI AayogForeword, Resident Representative, UNDP India I am happy to present a new handbook NITI Aayog-UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management, jointly developed by UNDP and NITI Aayog.Two o

36、f the biggest environmental crises in the world today are climate change and plastic pollution. According to a report by the Center for International Environmental Law organization, globally the plastic production and disposal resulted in 850 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions in 2019. The sam

37、e may be responsible for up to 2.8 billion tons by 2050.Sustainable plastic waste management can move plastic from waste to a renewable resource and promote a circular plastics economy.We have made a conscious effort to gather best practices and examples from cities which face similar infrastructure

38、 and plastic waste challenges. The handbook covers best practices of plastic waste management from India, including from countries in Southeast Asia, like Indonesia and Vietnam.This publication aims to provide practical and replicable solutions to the urban local bodies across India to manage plasti

39、c waste in cities. The solutions are aligned with the principles of Swachh Bharat (Clean India) Mission. I hope that the urban local bodies will find this handbook a useful tool to help India achieve its vision of Swachh Bharat.My special appreciation to NITI Aayog and UNDP India Plastic Waste Manag

40、ement team for producing this handbook. My sincere thanks to our corporate partners for their support of the Plastic Waste Management Programme.Shoko NodaResident RepresentativeUNDP IndiaAbbreviationsAIArtificial Intelligence ADBAsian Development BankBCCBehaviour Change CommunicationBMCBhubaneswar M

41、unicipal Corporation BMTBillion Metric Tonnes BPLBelow Poverty Line BWGsBulk Waste GeneratorsCECircular Economy CIPET Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & TechnologyCKCLClean Kerala Company Limited COVID-19CoronavirusCPCBCentral Pollution Control Board CRRICentral Road Research Institut

42、e CSECentre for Science and Environment CSOsCivil Society Organizations CSRCorporate Social Responsibility DICDistrict Industries Centre EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency EPR Extended Producer Responsibility FMCGFast Moving Consumer GoodsFRPFibre Reinforced Plastic GSTGoods and Services Tax HDPEHig

43、h-Density PolyethyleneIECInformation, Education and Communication ILOInternational Labour Organization IIM Indian Institute of Management IITIndian Institute of Technology IMCIndore Municipal Corporation KITA Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative AssociationKYCKnow Your Customer LDPELow-Densit

44、y PolyethyleneL&TLarsen & ToubroMoEFCCMinistry of Environment, Forests and Climate ChangeMoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban AffairsMLPMulti-Layer Plastic MRF Material Recovery Facility MTMillion TonnesNGOsNon Governmental Organizations PETPolyethylene TerephthalatePMCPanaji Municipal Corporation/Pu

45、ne Municipal CorporationPPPolypropylenePROsProduct Responsibility Organizations PSPolystyrenePVBSParisar Vikas Bhagini Sangh PVCPoly-Vinyl ChloridePWMPlastic Waste Management RoCRegistrar of Companies RUDARegional and Urban Development Agency RWAsResident Welfare Associations SHGsSelf Help Groups SJ

46、SRY Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar YojanaSMCSheet Moulding Compound/Surat Municipal Corporation SMSStree Mukti Sangathana SOPStandard Operating Procedure SPCBState Pollution Control Board SWMSolid Waste Management TCSTata Consultancy Services TISSTata Institute of Social SciencesTPD Tonnes Per Day ULB

47、s Urban Local Bodies UN United Nations UNDPUnited Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNICEFUnited Nations Childrens FundUNIDOUnited Nations Industrial Development OrganizationContentsMessage, Vice Chairperson, NITI Aayog Foreword, CEO, NITI Aayog Foreword, Specia

48、l Secretary, NITI Aayog Foreword, Resident Representative, UNDP India Abbreviations 1. PLASTICS AND THEIR ROLE IN OUR LIVES 11.1 Plastics and their role in our lives 11.2 Conceptual framework of a circular economy 51.3 State of play: PWM in India and the global scenario 61.4 Rules and guidelines pla

49、stic waste management 72. IMPLEMENTATION OF PWM IN A CITY 92.1. Component 1 : Technical model for plastic waste recycling and management 112.2 Component 2: MRFs for improved PWM implementation 272.3 Component 3: Institutionalization of MRF in governance bodies 432.4 Component 4: IEC and digitalizati

50、on 543. FINANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF A PWM WORKING MODEL 653.1 Techno-economic feasibility 663.2 Project break-even and profitability 683.3 Self-sustainability of project 694. SOCIAL INCLUSION OF WASTE PICKERS 704.1 Existing vulnerabilities of waste pickers 714.2 Guiding framework for social protec

51、tion of waste pickers 714.3 Case studies 734.4 Financial models towards livelihood enhancement of waste pickers 755. INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES CAPTURING THE PRACTICES 786. WAY FORWARD AND CONCLUSION 857. ANNEXURES 87List of TablesTable 1 Types and sizes of MRF based on criteria 29Table 2 Waste proc

52、essing equipment and their uses 34Table 3 Overview of operations managed by CKCL in Kerala 41Table 4 Recommendations for implementing various phases of the SHG creation 46Table 5 Matrix mapping risks and opportunities in the project 48Table 6 Type of waste and its constitution in the total waste gen

53、erated in Bengaluru 50Table 7 List of one-time expenses for the project 67List of FiguresFigure 1 Environmental, health and economic impact of plastic waste 3Figure 2 Types of plastics and their applications 4Figure 3 SDGs linkages through effective plastic waste management in a city 6Figure 4 Chara

54、cterization of Municipal Solid Waste 10Figure 5 Municipal waste processing in India 11Figure 6 Technical model for MRF waste eco-system 12Figure 7 Categories of plastic 14Figure 8 Panajis 16-way waste segregation approach 23 Figure 9 Implementation process for 16-way segregation 23Figure 10 Waste lo

55、gistics and traceability model 27Figure 11 MRF material flow chart 28 Figure 12 Conceptual layout plan of MRF 30Figure 13 Waste inflow sources and outflow process 32Figure 14 Plastic segregation representation 32Figure 15 Waste management cycle at an MRF 34Figure 16 Mainstreaming of waste pickers 44

56、Figure 17 : Digital monitoring of data related to waste 54 Figure 18 Digital Waste Ecosystem of Recykal 56Figure 19 An overview of operational expenses versus the operational revenue of the project 66Figure 20 Vulnerabilities faced by waste pickers 71Figure 21 Guiding framework for social protection

57、 of waste pickers 72Figure 22 Three step model of SMS 74Figure 23 Waste collection, recycling, and trading cycle in Vietnam 79 1.1 Plastics and their role in our livesPlastic was first invented in 1907, and given that it was cheaper and more convenient than other materials, it soon found use in vari

58、ed ways in our daily lives. Today, plastic is present in almost everything, from our money to electronic appliances, and it is used across multiple sectors, including packaging, building, construction, transportation, industrial machinery and health among others. However, the lack of sustainable pla

59、stic waste management (PWM) poses a serious threat to our environment and natural ecosystem globally. Data indicates that while a large quantum of plastic waste is generated, low levels of it are sustainably managed and discarded worldwide. From 1950 to 2015, around 8.3 billion metric tonnes (BMTs)

60、of plastic had been produced globally, and of this, 80 percent 6.3 BMTs was accounted as plastic waste. Of these 6.3 BMTs of waste, only 9 percent PLASTICS AND THEIR ROLE IN OUR LIVES 1was recycled, 12 percent incinerated and 79 percent dumped into landfills, oceans or waterbodies. There are two pri

61、mary ways to manage plastic waste. The first is recycling or re-processing different categories of plastic waste into secondary material. The second is the incineration of plastic waste. However, incineration is expensive and causes pollution if not done using the right equipment. 1.1.1 Challenges c

62、oncerning plastic waste Plastic waste has numerous implications on the environment and health. The plastic waste dumped in landfills leaches into the ground and nearby water systems causing land and water pollution and ultimately reaches the food chain. The uncontrolled burning of the waste, includi

63、ng plastic, causes air pollution. In addition, the clogged plastic waste in sewerage systems further pollutes rivers and groundwater. The plastic in food and water can cause severe health issues such as genetic disorders, and endocrine system damage. According to the United States Environmental Prot

64、ection Agency, all the plastic waste ever generated is still present on Earth today, this makes sustainable management of plastic waste important. Single-use Plastic1The Plastic Waste Management Rules, amended in 2021, define single-use plastic as plastic item intended to be used once for the same p

65、urpose before being disposed of or recycled. The United Nations defines single-use plastics, often referred to as disposable plastics, as being commonly used for plastic packaging, including items intended to be used only once before being thrown away or recycled. These include grocery bags, food pa

66、ckaging, bottles, straws, containers, cups and cutlery.2 Single-use plastic is the most popular kind of plastic due to its easy access and high use. While it is cheap, strong and hygienic for transporting goods, it is the most difficult to recycle. Plastic carry bags are produced using less energy a

67、nd water and generate less solid waste than paper bags as they take up less space in landfills.3 These salient features of single-use plastics make it a preferred material in commercial use. The adverse impacts of single-use plastic have created an alarming situation across the globe with a call for

68、 countries to make commitments against 1 https:/wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9238/-Valuingpercent20plasticcent3aper cent20theper cent20businessper cent20caseper cent20forper cent20measuringper cent2cper cent20managingper cent20andper cent20disclosingper cent20plasticper cent20useper

69、 cent20inper cent20theper cent20consumerper cent20goodsper cent20industry-2014Valuingper cent20plasticsF.pdf?sequence=8&isAllowed=y2 UNEP (2018). SINGLE-USE PLASTICS:A Roadmap for Sustainability (Rev. ed., pp. vi; 6).3 https:/ UN defines single-use plastics, often also referred as disposable plastic

70、s, are commonly used for plastic packaging and include items intended to be used only once before they are thrown away or recycled. These include, among other items, grocery bags, food packaging, bottles, straws, containers, cups and cutlery.2NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Was

71、te ManagementENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTThe single use plastic is believed to take thousands of years to decompose, which leads to soil and water contamination and can pose hazards for land, water, and wildlife. In some cases, the existence of single use plastic in water or food is leading to presence of p

72、lastics in human body, and health issues.HEALTH AND SOCIAL IMPACT Instances of open burning of plastic waste leads to air pollution. In some developing countries, plastic is burnt for cooking or heating purposes causing health issues in vulnerable groups such as women, children, and the elderly. The

73、 littering at open spaces such as parks lead to welfare losses which accounts as indirect social cost of plastic pollution.ECONOMIC IMPACTThe littering of plastic is visually unattractive and has potential to impact GDP of countries dependent on tourism. The plastic pollution in oceans has economic

74、impact across tourism, shipping, and fishing industries. Other than this sustainable plastic waste management can move plastic from waste to a renewable resource. Plastic pollution costs $13 billion per year as economic damage to marine ecosystem.Figure 1 Environmental, health and economic impact of

75、 plastic wasteplastic pollution. The management of single-use plastic waste requires using an integrated model that focuses on minimizing plastic waste generation, improving waste management through improved collection services, a recycling industry and ensuring the safe disposal of waste to control

76、led (scientific) landfills. To do this, the model should focus on adopting a circular economy approach that looks at recycling good quality plastics and different ways of minimizing the production and usage of single-use plastic including plastic bags and styrofoam. The next section looks at the opp

77、ortunities and challenges of plastic waste recycling.1.1.2 Plastic waste recyclingIn India, the Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 and 2018 and the recently announced amendment of 2021 focus on single-use plastics. The rules detail the various categories of plastics and recommend recycling metho

78、ds based on the type of plastic polymer used. Additionally, as seen in figure 2, the Central Pollution 3NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementControl Board (CPCB) has defined the numerous applications of these categories under Guidelines for Disposal of Plastic Waste,

79、 2017.4 According to a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) report titled Managing Plastic Waste in India, the plastic in polystyrene (PS) and other categories are non-recyclable and a threat to the environment. In addition, industries generating plastic waste, commonly known as pre-consumer was

80、te, need as much attention as post-consumer waste. Various manufacturing industries across the globe produce 400 million tonnes of plastic waste per year, with the packaging industry being the largest contributor. According to a report by FICCI, 40 percent of the packaging needs in India are fulfill

81、ed using plastic.5 The Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 and 2018, mention the extended producer responsibility (EPR) approach, which gives producers substantial responsibility (financial and/or physical) for the treatment and disposal of post-consumer plastic waste.4. CPCBs Consolidated Guidelin

82、es for Disposal of Plastic Waste, September 2017 http:/cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Consolidate_Guidelines_for_disposal_of_PW.pdf5 https:/ficci.in/spdocument/20690/plastic-packaging-report.pdfPETHDPEOTHERSLDPEPSPVCPPPOLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEBottles, carry bags, recycling bins, base cupsHIGH-DEN

83、SITY POLYETHYLENEVarious containers, dispensing bottles, wash bottlesLOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENEMilk pouches, plastic bags, water bottles, soft drink bottles, food jars, plastic films, sheets, furniture, carpets, panellingPOLY-VINYL CHLORIDEPipes, hoses, sheets, wire cable insulations, multilayer tubes

84、, window profile, fencing, lawn chairsPOLYPROPYLENEDisposable cups, bottle caps, straws, auto parts, industrial fibresPOLYSTYRENEDisposable cups, glasses, plates, spoons, trays, CD covers, cassette boxes, foamsThermoset plastics, multilayer and laminates, nylon SMC, FRP, CD, melamine plates, helmets

85、, shoe solesFigure 2 Types of plastics and their applications. Source: MoEFCC Rules on PWM4NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementFor sustainable PWM, all stakeholders from the private and public sectors, communities and other organizations need to adopt the circular e

86、conomy approach, thereby reducing and offsetting the plastic waste going into landfills and posing serious threats to our environment, economy and health. The next section will look at the conceptual framework of the circular economy, including the business case for the plastic waste sector and enab

87、lers and barriers in India for this concept. 1.2 Conceptual framework of a circular economySince the second industrial revolution, our economy has been linear, working on take-make-use-dispose principles. On the one hand, this has resulted in increased economic benefits and prosperity, but on the ot

88、her hand, it has also led to the overuse of resources by promoting a use-and-throw approach. According to the Circular Gap Report 20216, 100 billion tonnes of different materials enter the Earth every year. This model not only leads to environment degradation and resource depletion, but it also incr

89、eases the cost of products by disturbing the material supply system. This results from fluctuating raw material prices, low materials availability, geopolitical dependence on different materials and increasing demand. To address this issue, we need to focus on resource efficiency by adopting a circu

90、lar economy. The circular economy is defined as an alternative to the linear take-make-waste approach. It seeks to design out waste, regenerate natural ecosystems and keep materials and products in use for as long as possible. To this end, resources are not consumed and discarded, destroying their v

91、alue. Rather, their value is retained by reusing, repairing, remanufacturing or recycling.7 The circular economy entails new business models, strategies and innovations focusing on the optimization of processes and products. Adopting a circular economy results in extended life of products and assets

92、 by recycling/upcycling end-of -life products and closing the loop. 1.2.1 Enablers and barriers to circular economy in IndiaIn the Indian context, a circular economy can play a significant role in achieving environmental goals at the national and international levels, promoting sustainable ways to d

93、o business and limiting the over-extraction of natural resources.The Indian Government has taken steps to mandate EPR under the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016. EPR incorporates circularity by making producers responsible for the collection and processing of a product till the end of its 6 https

94、:/ https:/www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/circular-economy/what-is-the-circular-economyThe circular economy is defined as an alternative to the linear take-make-waste. It seeks to design out waste, regenerate natural ecosystems and keep materials and products in use for as long as possible. To this

95、 end, resources are not consumed and discarded, destroying their value. Rather, their value is retained by reusing, repairing, remanufacturing or recycling.5NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementlife. Organizations and industries are partnering with government stakeho

96、lders to implement integrated models focusing on a circular economy. In addition, to support the circular economy, emphasis has been laid on drafting policies and missions such as the Swachh Bharat Mission and Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, which focus on recycling resources. For economies acros

97、s the globe, adopting a circular economy can help achieve various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) directly or indirectly. 1.2.2 SDGs linkage Figure 3 SDGs linkages through effective plastic waste management in a cityIncome of the waste pickers increased Empowering women waste pickers through in

98、clusion and improved livelihoods Circular economy of waste, innovation in technology, energy recovery, and promoting extended producers responsibility Reducing landfill, reduction in greenhouse gases, marine litter, and safe handling of wasteCollaboration, engagement, partnership at every level Plas

99、tic waste management brings a unique cross-cutting opportunity to contribute towards 14 of the 17 SDGs; bring more integration of various stakeholders to mutually invest for the cost to environment and natural capital.1.3 State of play: PWM in India and the global scenarioGlobally, plastic pollution

100、 has emerged as a serious menace in the absence of streamlined PWM focusing on reuse, reduction, and recycling of plastic waste. The global recycling 6NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementpercentage is low, only 9 percent, and this calls for immediate and integrated

101、actions to manage plastic globally and focus on recycling or upcycling. All developed and developing countries are individually taking actions to manage plastic waste, but the onus is mainly on developing countries. According to a report on PWM released by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs8, the

102、 global average of plastic per capita consumption is 28 kg and India has a per capita plastic consumption of 11 kg. The CPCB Report (2019-20)9 states that 3.4 million metric tonnes of plastic waste are generated in India annually. 1.4 Rules and guidelines plastic waste management To address the chal

103、lenge of the mounting waste crisis in the country, India started setting up its regulatory framework on waste management almost two decades ago. In 2000, the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change notified the first-ever law on waste management in the form of the Municipal Solid Wastes

104、(Management and Handling) Rules.10 Since then, the countrys waste management regulations have developed in several aspects and undergone a massive transformation. RulesLink to AccessMunicipal Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016https:/cpcb.nic.in/uploads/MSW/SWM_2016.pdf Plastic Waste Management Rules

105、, 2016 and 2018 *Amendment 2021 yet to be notified on CPCB websitehttps:/cpcb.nic.in/displaypdf.php ?id=cGxhc3RpY3dhc3RlL1BXTV9HYXpldHRlLnBkZg= 8 http:/164.100.228.143:8080/sbm/content/writereaddata/SBM%20Plastic%20Waste%20Book.pdf9 https:/cpcb.nic.in/uploads/plasticwaste/Annual_Report_2019-20_PWM.p

106、df10 Municipal Solid Waste ( Management and Handling) Rules 2000The CPCB Report (2019-20) states that 3.4 million metric tonnes of plastic waste are generated in India annually. 7NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementWHAT IS EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY?EPR refers

107、 to the responsibility of producers and brand owners to manage the disposal of products post use. It is a kind of reverse collection system ensuring recycling for end of life, post-consumer waste. It is based on the famous and important international environmental law principle of Polluter Pays, whi

108、ch implies that the one who pollutes must pay for keeping the environment clean and intact. EPRWHAT ARE PROs?PROs are professional organizations entrusted with the responsibility of managing plastic waste under the principles of EPR enshrined in the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016. They must man

109、datorily register themselves with the CPCB. PROsWHAT IS A BUY BACK MODEL?Buyback is an emerging model for managing plastic waste where the original seller of the goods buys them back post-consumer use.BUY BACK The global recycling percentage is only 9 percent. There is an urgent need for immediate a

110、nd integrated actions to manage plastic globally and focus on recycling or upcycling. To address the challenge of the mounting waste crisis in the country, India started setting up its regulatory framework on waste management almost two decades ago.8NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plas

111、tic Waste ManagementOverview of municipal solid waste management in a cityThe Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 have given an important responsibility to urban local bodies (ULBs) to manage the municipal solid waste (MSW) at the city level. The MSW is collected from different sources of generation:

112、households, offices, public institutions, and organizations. The waste is further divided into different categories as seen in figure 4 with the available processing procedures.IMPLEMENTATION OF PWM IN A CITY 2Figure 4 Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste. Source: CPCBThis handbook focuses on t

113、he efficient management of plastic waste in Indian cities. The process of setting up a PWM model has been divided into four components, and these components together act as a step-wise guide for ULBs. Every component is supported by case studies from across the country to provide a practical underst

114、anding of the various operations. These components are as follows: fComponent 1: Technical model for plastic waste recycling and management fComponent 2: Material recovery facilities (MRFs) for improved PWM implementation fComponent 3: Institutionalization of MRFs in governance bodies fComponent 4:

115、Information, education and communication (IEC) and digitalization 2.1. Component 1 : Technical model for plastic waste recycling and management This section discusses the decentralized dry waste management model, emphasizing PWM, and recycling. The door-to-door collection of municipal solid waste is

116、 handled by authorized agencies or contractors from sources such as households, condominiums, institutions, commercial buildings, etc. The waste is then transferred to small collection points called decentralized dry waste centres or transfer stations of ULBs. The waste at these transfer points is f

117、inally sent to MRFs. Incoming waste is segregated at the MRF into dry and wet waste. The wet waste is processed and sent for composting, biogas generation and the residue is dumped in landfills. The dry waste is further segregated into different categories including plastics. Recyclable materials ar

118、e sent for recycling and non-recyclables are treated for the end-of-life cycle. The flow of the process is depicted in figure.CENTRALIZED TREATMENT Controlled IncinerationCENTRALIZED TREATMENT Controlled Incineration Used sanitary napkins Used diapersHAZARDOUS HOUSEHOLD WASTE Solid waste generated f

119、rom hospitals and nursing homes.BIOMEDICAL WASTE MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CENTRALIZED TREATMENT Composting Bio-methanationCENTRALIZED TREATMENTSorting, Segregating & Recycling BIODEGRADABLEMUNICIPAL WASTE Kitchen waste Cooked & uncooked waste Vegetable market rejects Garden wasteMUNICIPAL DRY WASTE Pap

120、er Plastic Glass bottles Household rejects Post-consumer packaging waste Old clothes Worn out shoes, belts etc. 10NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.1. Component 1 : Technical model for plastic waste recycling and management This section discusses the decentraliz

121、ed dry waste management model, emphasizing PWM, and recycling. The door-to-door collection of municipal solid waste is handled by authorized agencies or contractors from sources such as households, condominiums, institutions, commercial buildings, etc. The waste is then transferred to small collecti

122、on points called decentralized dry waste centres or transfer stations of ULBs. The waste at these transfer points is finally sent to MRFs. Incoming waste is segregated at the MRF into dry and wet waste. The wet waste is processed and sent for composting, biogas generation and the residue is dumped i

123、n landfills. The dry waste is further segregated into different categories including plastics. Recyclable materials are sent for recycling and non-recyclables are treated for the end-of-life cycle. The flow of the process is depicted in figure.Figure 5 Municipal waste processing in IndiaHOUSEHOLDS,

124、INSTITUTES, ORGANIZATIONSSMALL COLLECTION POINTTRANSFER STATIONMATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITYDOOR-TO-DOOR COLLECTIONTRANSPORTATION COMPOSTING BIOGASLANDFILLSEGREGATIONRECYCLINGMARKET LANDFILLWET WASTEDRY WASTEUNDP is implementing an integrated model to develop the MRF waste eco-system in the country. Th

125、e model promotes an inclusive approach by involving different stakeholders and ensuring social benefits to the waste pickers. Building on this process, UNDP is implementing an integrated model to develop the MRF waste eco-system in India. The model promotes an inclusive approach 11NITI Aayog UNDP Ha

126、ndbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementby involving different stakeholders and ensuring social benefits to waste pickers. The schematic diagram of the model is detailed in figure 6. The details of its development and implementation are covered in sections ahead.Figure 6 Technical model

127、for MRF waste eco-systemMATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY WASTE ECO-SYSTEM PWM INTERVENTIONS MUNICIPAL WASTE VALUE CHAIN Material Flow Data Flow Waste GeneratorsInstitutions and Organizations, Schools & Colleges, Municipality, Community, Industries, Hotels, Restaurants, Commercial PlacesPlastic Consumers-B

128、rand Plastic Resins Manufacturers Municipal Waste Collection with Registered Waste PickersInformal Waste Pickers Decentralized Waste Collection CentresINFORMAL WASTE VALUE CHAIN Material Recovery FacilityKabadiwala Scrap YardPre-Consumer Waste & Plastic User IndustriesRECYCLER WholesalerSet up MRF,

129、ensure operationsRegister waste pickers, social/financial inclusionData management and financial inclusion of kabadiwala/scrap yard and wholesalerSet up Material Recovery Facility and ensure operationsData management reporting and traceability12NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic W

130、aste ManagementI. Development of a framework for a baseline assessment of PWM A baseline assessment would help assess the overall negative impacts (envir-onmental and health) of plastic waste and look at the current practices and gaps in achieving sustainable waste management. As a first step, citie

131、s need to develop a baseline inventory (for the format see Annexure I) covering the following components. fInventory of different categories of plastic waste generated, such as PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP, PS, PVC. See figure 7 for the categories based on their identification codes.11 fDetailed mapping of t

132、he complete lifecycle of plastic waste up to the end-of-life stage, starting from collection, segregation, recycling, and other available options. This also includes situational analysis of the existing system by including waste pickers and their value in the supply chain. II. Enabling environments

133、for the creation of plastic waste recycling at the city level : Once the baseline study and assessment has been conducted, the second step involves enabling an environment for waste recycling. fA waste management agency/organization should be chosen at the city level based on a pre-defined selection

134、 process by authorities. This organization will be involved in the model as a key stakeholder as they will facilitate the implementation of plastic recycling processes in the city. fPost selection, training and exposure programmes for the shortlisted organization should be conducted utilizing traini

135、ng materials, including key learnings and challenges. fTraining and/or exposure programmes should be conducted for all other stakeholders, including ULB officials, self-help groups (SHGs), state pollution control boards (SPCBs) and communities etc. The training programme should focus on adequate kno

136、wledge sharing to develop implementation plans. fExposure visits should be organized between government and private players to strengthen inter-institutional learning and knowledge exchange. fULBs could provide the land to set up an MRF, which could be used by various industries to set up infrastruc

137、ture for efficient PWM. fIn addition, workshops could be conducted to ensure sustainability of effective plastic waste recycling practices adopted and encourage knowledge sharing. 11 Most post-consumer mixed MSW and unsorted household waste are known to contain a wide range of plastic polymer types,

138、 identifiable by their resin content label. This label is referred to as RIC (Resin Identification Code), and it represents the recyclability preference for each polymer. It is symbolized by a number (depicting preference with 1 being the most preferred) and three “chasing arrows”.13NITI Aayog UNDP

139、Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementFigure 7 Categories of plastic. Source: American Chemistry CouncilNote: Images are used for illustrative purposes only, and have been sourced via Google Images OTHER10 or 20 liters reusable water cans Custom packagingOTHERPOLYPROPYLENEContainers

140、for takeout meals Medicine bottles Bottle caps Yogurt containersPPPOLYSTYRENE Food service items, cups, plates, bowls, cutlery, egg cartonsPSLOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENEPlastic bags for breads, frozen foods. household garbage Squeezable bottles Coating for paper milk cartons and beverage cupsLDPEPOLYETH

141、YLENE TEREPHTHALATEPlastic bottles for soft drinks, water, juice, beer Food jars for jelly and jam Microwavable food trays PETPOLYVINYL CHLORIDERigid packaging like blister packsFlexible packaging like blood bags. medical tubes, Food wrap, vegetable oil bottlesPVCHIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENEBottles for

142、 milk, cosmetics, shampoo, household cleaners Cereal box liners, oil bottles HDPE14NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementIII. Stakeholder identification and partnership The following steps should be followed for stakeholder identification and establishing formal partn

143、erships. fULBs with the support of multilateral agencies should conduct surveys to identify and select stakeholders at the city level. The different stakeholders include ULBs, waste management agencies/organizations, waste pickers, bulk waste generators (BWGs), waste aggregators and back-end recycle

144、rs. fBased on discussions between the waste management agency/organization, ULB and other relevant stakeholders, wards should be selected to pilot the systemic approach, which can then be replicated across wards in the city. A certain number of waste pickers should be linked to collect plastic waste

145、 in every ward/city. fThe agreements to be obtained will include: A signed agreement between the authorities and the waste management agency/organization to operate recycling activities (collection, segre-gation, recycling, etc.) through waste pickers and manage transfer stations and main recycling

146、unit, i.e., the MRF. A signed agreement between recyclers/co-processing units and waste pickers for the collection and segregation of plastic waste at pre-defined price rates. A signed agreement between implementing agencies and local munici-palities to provide land and set up recycling centres on t

147、he availability of resources like land, space, and machinery. Mutually signed agreements with different stakeholders involving end-of life processors.2.1.1 Recommended timelines for completion of Component 1Below are recommended timelines for the completion of Component 1. The overall activity shoul

148、d be completed within four months.Activities Month IMonth 2Month 3Month 4Development of a baseline system of PWM at the city levelEnabling environments for the creation of plastic waste recycling at the city levelStakeholder identification and partnerships15NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Ur

149、ban Plastic Waste Management2.1.2 Case Studies NO LONGER GOING TO WASTE: MADHYA PRADESH SHOWS THE WAY FOR INTEGRATED PWM The city of Indore, which is home to almost 2 million people, generates 9001,00012 metric tonnes of waste every day, 14 percent of which is plastic, and this is enough to fill fiv

150、e to seven shipping containers. The city of Bhopal generates around 800 metric tonnes of waste per day. It is no surprise that urban waste management is one of the top priorities of the Government of India, and that local and affordable innovations in this sector are highly valued.In this context, t

151、he concept of the circular economy an economic system intended to 12 https:/www.smartcityindore.org/solid-waste/116NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementeliminate waste and the ever-increasing use of resources offers a pathway to more sustainable resource management.

152、It means reduced production, use and disposal of plastics. Through the single, powerful objective of reduce reuse recycle, waste collectors in Bhopal and Indore are working to prevent cast-off plastic from entering the environment in the first place.A plastic waste revolution In Bhopal, ULBs in part

153、nership with a local organization, have been working with waste collectors since 2008 to streamline plastic waste collection and sales to recyclers. The organization initially developed a sustainable integrated waste management system for five wards in Bhopal, which served as a model for the creatio

154、n of a PWM policy at the state level in 2011. This model, now known as the Bhopal model, has been replicated in all states across India (and even onwards to Bangladesh). This innovative model recycles and processes plastic and reuses it in the construction of roads, benefiting over two million peopl

155、e. Waste pickers collect and hand over plastic waste to collection centres run by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation. The plastic waste is scanned and segregated, and most single-use plastics which comprise half of all the plastic in this waste stream are shredded and baled.The bales are then taken fo

156、r co-processing at cement kilns or used to build roads. Its a win-win situation: for waste-collectors one of the more vulnerable communities in Indian society because it doubles their wages and ensures that something useful is done with the plastic litter. In 2010, in close collaboration with the Bh

157、opal Municipal Corporation, UNDPs Small Grants Project (SGP) provided an initial grant that enabled a local organization to conduct focussed interventions in five wards. Part of the interventions included organizing waste pickers into SHGs. In 2014, the local organization was awarded another SGP gra

158、nt to mobilize more than 2,000 unorganized waste pickers in 70 wards of Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Lending legitimacy A crucial element of the projects success was the organizations partnership with the ULBs and local industries. Through the SHGs, the waste collectors many of whom are socially mar

159、ginalized and illiterate women were organized and trained in waste collection and recycling activities.The majority of these waste collectors have been provided with municipal identity cards and uniforms through this project. While improving their livelihoods and protecting the environment, these wo

160、men contributed approximately 10 tonnes of plastic waste collected at five recovery centres in Bhopal every day, which was recycled by cement industries in and around the city.Ive been sorting waste for 15 years. Polythene bags, glass, plastic, and more: we pick up all of this stuff of the roads. We

161、 used to collect dirty plastic bags from the street and the plastic traders would offer us less money per kilogram because the bags were dirty. And people would stop us from collecting trash and tell us to leave their colony. Now that we work with the municipality, no one tells us to stop. In fact,

162、they now ask us to come and pick up waste - Meera Gosai, waste picker. 17NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementBy the end of 2016, 646 waste pickers in Bhopal were organised into 42 SHGs. More than 60 percent of these waste pickers are women, who earn a daily living f

163、rom selling plastic waste. Forty members from the various SHGs have also been trained in making bags out of used polythene, which are sold in exhibitions across India. The success of the Bhopal project led to the establishment of a pilot plastic recovery centre in Indore, and as a result, 3,500 wast

164、e pickers were organized into SHGs. In addition, given the occupational hazards involved, the local organization also conducted regular health camps, and over 850 waste collectors are now enrolled in health insurance schemes.From waste collection to waste recoveryBy collaborating with local governme

165、nt bodies, the Bhopal Municipal Corporation allocated 230m2 of land for waste collection centres. The Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board facilitated waste transportation to cement kilns, and the Bhopal Municipal Corporation provided 850 cycle rickshaws to the local organization to enable easier

166、waste collection.In 2014, five plastic waste collection centres in Bhopal were upgraded to plastic waste recovery centres. This included fitting the centres with plastic shredders, compressor scrap baling machines, and other necessary machinery. The centres are facilitated by the local organizations

167、 and managed by the women SHGs. Approximately 10 tonnes of plastic waste are collected at these centres every day. Around 45 tonnes of plastic waste is sold to cement industries in and around The Bhopal Municipal Corporation has a robust GPS-enabled vehicle tracking system for door-to-door collectio

168、n of the waste. These vehicles have been allocated unique ID numbers and have designated zones from which they collect waste from households. This link is for the page from where the movement of vehicles can be tracked:http:/incubategps.in/bmc.htmlSuch initiatives ensure transparency, efficiency, an

169、d accountability. 18NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementBhopal to be used as fuel in the furnaces. Around 60 tonnes of plastic waste is sold to the Madhya Pradesh Rural Road Development Authority every month to be used in road construction.On the roadOne of the most

170、 environmentally sensitive and economically useful means of repurposing plastic waste is using it in road-making. Higher-grade polyethylene is baled and sent to cement plants to be used as alternate fuel. These are non-recyclable plastics and can burn with coal at temperatures 1,300C. In collaborati

171、on with the local organizations, the SHGs in Bhopal, who manage the plastic recovery centres, constitute small enterprises via the sales of processed plastic wastes to recyclers, road construction agencies and cement factories. Roads made with mixed plastic are highly durable due to their high resis

172、tance to water, which is significant for a region with an extended monsoon.2KARNATAKA: A TEXTBOOK MODEL FOR SUSTAINABLE PWM Saahas Waste Management Pvt. Ltd. (Saahas Zero Waste, SZW) is a social enterprise, offering integrated waste management services to BWGs, corporations, apartments and governmen

173、t institutions. SZW offers plastic waste services to corporations through its EPR vertical. The model currently provides consultancy services to help implement a holistic, decentralized waste management system, enabling the recovery of maximum value from waste. SZW has an ongoing project being imple

174、mented in these four locations: Udupi, Ramanagara, Mangalore and Ballari. This project entails the design and construction of an MRF, a semi-mechanized facility which receives and processes dry waste from BWGs, gram panchayats and ULBs. The set-up of the MRF entails capital expenditure, including in

175、vestments in infrastructure, monitoring devices, material handling and safety equipment etc. The operating expenditure is recovered through collecting a user fee from waste generators, which is charged by the municipal corporation. SZW engages with ULBs towards the implementation of EPR by securing

176、authorizations for collection of plastic waste pan-India.Key highlights of the model fEnd-to-end service: Sahaas offering holistic services including EPR registration, design of action plan, implementation of EPR, quarterly project report submission, reporting and fulfilling audit requirements. fRev

177、erse logistics: Saahas has a well-defined reverse supply chain that allows the effective transportation of post-consumer waste to the authorized end destinations. fRejected product collection services: SZW supports brands/producers in the collection and safe disposal of their expired/damaged product

178、s.19NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementIMPACT OF THE MODEL 20,300+ metric tonnes (MTs) of waste diverted from source to authorized end destination. 37,000+ MTs of CO2 emissions averted. 200,000 trees every year saved due to recycling paper. 252 people employed from

179、 lower socio-economic groups. Formalization of waste management and inclusion of informal workers. fTraceability tool: SZW has developed tools for traceability, data monitoring and the digitization of data through software platforms and Internet of Things and for the computer-assisted sorting of was

180、te, etc. fImpact measurement: SZW is a member of UNDPs Business Call to Action, through which impact metrics is demonstrated for each EPR plastic waste collection centre. These impact metrics are aligned to the SDGs.20NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementImplementati

181、on process of the modelThe stages of PWM implementation include: fMapping the supply chain fEnrolling waste pickers/scrap dealers/micro entrepreneurs and transporters fIssuing purchase orders, SOPs and registering vendors with end destinations fData capturing for waste collection fDispatching plasti

182、c waste to authorized end destinations for recycling/co-processing fProviding data reconciliation and obtaining recycling/co-processing certi-ficates from end destinationsTHE RECYCLING MODEL IN SURAT: ENSURING SUSTAINABLE PWM WITH MULTI-STAKEHOLDER PARTNERSHIPS Surat is one of the busiest and major

183、commercial hubs in the country. As per the Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC), the city has a population of more than 60 lakh people, and it generates almost 220 MTs of plastic waste every day. With guidance from the SMC, Ecovision, an environmental resource management consultancy firm, has been mana

184、ging plastic waste in the city efficiently. Working closely with the SMC, it has emerged as a single point of integration for PWM initiatives in the city. Ecovision manages nine MRFs in Surat and handles 65 to 70 MTs of plastic waste every day. It has developed a strong network of collection channel

185、s with the help of door-to-door agencies, residents welfare associations, waste pickers and more. Ecovision has also set up nine separate collection centres at BWGs such as commercial stores, shopping malls and airports. The Companys collection rate has increased from 10 tonnes per day (TPD) of plas

186、tic waste in 2019 to 70 TPD in 2020.Ecovision has also partnered with academic institutions like the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering & Technology (CIPET), etc. Ecovision is also working on a tripartite com

187、munity engagement model between educational institutes, citizenry and corporates. With the help of these associations, Ecovision has been designing artificial intelligence and digital-powered tools to clean waterbodies and streets among several other initiatives. It works with more than 400 waste pi

188、ckers and is working to bring them all under the ambit of the Workmens Compensation Insurance Scheme. It is also closely coordinating with the SMC to ensure that these waste pickers have access to social security schemes and benefits like healthcare, education facilities, etc. During the pandemic, t

189、he organization also provided families of waste pickers with cooked meals and is now helping them with COVID-19 vaccination. 321NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementIMPACT OF THE MODEL1. The collection rate has increased from 10 TPD of plastic waste to 70 TPD. 2. Wor

190、king directly with 400 waste pickers, Ecovision ensures they are linked to social protection schemes. 3. Replicating the Surat model, Ecovision is now active in other cities of Gujarat as well, managing 40 percent of Gujarats plastic waste.PANAJIS 16-WAY SEGREGATION APPROACH SHOWS A NEW MODEL FOR SE

191、GREGATION AT SOURCEAs an urban tourist city, Panaji generates around 42 TPD of waste. After segregation, the wet waste is composted, while the recyclable dry waste is sent to recyclers and the non-recyclables to cement factories as refuse-derived fuel for co-processing.The city has implemented an in

192、novative model for a 16-way segregation at source. Once segregated, the waste goes through different streams of recycling and resource recovery, therefore drastically reducing the waste that ends up in landfills. This system is cheaper, requires minimal manual or mechanical sorting, reduces the burd

193、en on the environment and the stretched waste system. More importantly, this innovative system reduces the occupational health risks for waste pickers who segregate the waste at MRFs.422NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementZERO WASTE TO LANDFILLMandatory segregation

194、at sourceSmall residential, commercial establishments - mixed dry wasteCOLLECTION AND TRANSPORTATION OF WASTE BY THE CORPORATION OF THE CITY OF PANAJILarge residential, commercial establishments -16 way segregated dry wasteTransported to Sorting StationsTransported to MRF16 -Way Dry waste segregatio

195、n (Paper, Plastic, Glass, Metals etc.)MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITYSegregation into 32 fractions. Plastic processing using machine like shredders, extruder.Plastic waste sent to recycling centre in city to create new products like masks, helmets, furnitureRECYCLING CENTREDECENTRALIZED SORTING STATIONSN

196、on plastic fractions sent to registered aggreegators and recyclersNon-recyclables sent to cement factories for co - processingSo far 60 percent (101) BWGs and housing societies have been reached and sensitized on the 16-way model. Forty-two of them have completed or in process of implementing the mo

197、del. The buy-back system has been started in 33 entities.Figure 8 Panajis 16-way waste segregation approach (Left) Source: Panaji Municipal CorporationFigure 9 Implementation process for 16-way segregation (Down) Source: Panaji Municipal Corporation23NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Pla

198、stic Waste ManagementThe Panaji Municipal Corporation (PMC) in collaboration with the recycler, 21 Century Polymers, Mineral Foundation of Goa (organizations) and UNDP has targeted and onboarded 152 BWGs under the programme. Subsidies have been worked out with ULBs to reduce the capital cost of the

199、infrastructure required for 16 bins. A buy-back system of dry waste has been introduced to incentivize those undertaking 16-way segregation. This will help offset implementation costs and generate long-term return on investment. In October 2020, the PMC made 16-way segregation a part of the Solid Wa

200、ste (Management and Handling) bylaws of the city, making it mandatory for all BWGs to follow the model.DIVERTING 52 PERCENT OF PLASTIC WASTE AND SAVING RS 900 MILLION: WOMEN-LED SWACH REMAINS THE BEST EXAMPLE OF THE INFORMAL SECTOR LEADING WASTE MANAGEMENTPune based SWaCH is one of the countrys olde

201、st and first cooperatives owned by a self-employed waste pickers association. With more than 3,000 members, SWaCH has created a robust model that not only negotiates with the government as an equal stakeholder but has also succeeded in securing livelihoods for Punes informal waste workers. It primar

202、ily focuses on providing the best waste collection services in compliance with waste management laws and securing/upgrading the livelihoods of waste workers. SWaCH workers go door-to-door to collect recyclable waste, engage in manual segregation of recyclable waste at the premises of the waste gener

203、ator and then sell these recyclables to small and medium scrap shops, which recycle these into new products. The workers are entitled to a user fee from the waste generators for the waste management services provided by them. The Pune Municipal Corporation also provides these workers with health ins

204、urance and identity cards, a major step in ensuring they have recognition and social protection. SWaCH engages in behavioral communication and education activities with RWAs, and it manages two helplines: one for members of the cooperative and the other for the complaints by residents. Women compris

205、e over 80 percent of the organizational membership, and there is strong representation from the scheduled castes and other backward classes. The recognition provided by SWaCH has empowered cooperative members from these communities and has minimized their exposure to social vulnerabilities like expl

206、oitation and harassment.Started with just 50,000 properties in 2005, SWaCH has served more than 640,000 properties with 3,076 members in Pune until 2018. Today, it collects 30,000 tonnes of plastic waste every year, of which 15,000 tonnes are sorted and sent for recycling.524NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook

207、 on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.1.3 Role of stakeholdersThe below given figure illustrates the role of different stakeholders for completion of Component 1.The Urban Local Bodies will support the model by allocating the land and machinery support.The selected local organization will

208、manage the complete management of plastic waste recycling from collection to recycling. This will act as the main implementing agency for running the various models.The multilateral can act as facilitator of all the activities mentioned in the component. They will provide knowledge and technical sup

209、port for facilitation of the process with focus on sustainability and social inclusion.The brand owners or industries can play a major role by providing the financial investment and support to set up the MRF in selected cities. This can be considered under the EPR of particular industry or company.

210、Waste pickers will provide support in collection and segregation of the waste from generators to MRF. The end recyclers will act as key stakeholder to bring market driven approach and producing products based on market demand. The end recyclers will purchase processed material from MRF for recycling

211、. ULBsOrganization MultilateralWaste PickersEnd RecyclersPrivate PlayersIMPACT OF THE MODEL1. SWaCH diverts 52 percent of plastic waste from landfills and saves 900 million rupees in labour, transportation, and processing costs. This is around 46 percent of the entire capital budget of Punes solid w

212、aste management system. 2. The informal workers working in the cooperative have secured access to waste, a stable flow of income, health insurance support, and identity cards.25NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.1.4 Cross reference with PWM and SWM rules of Gover

213、nment of IndiaRecommendations made under Component 1 are aligned to the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and 2018 and its amendments. Some of the key cross-reference points can be accessed by referring to the following rules, and the page numbers have been mentioned for easy reference. fRule 5. P

214、lastic waste management (page number 5) fRule 6. Responsibility of local body (page number 5-6) fRule 9. Responsibility of producers, importers and brand owners (page number 7) fRule 13. Registration of producers, recyclers and manufacturers (page number 9)26NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable U

215、rban Plastic Waste ManagementFigure 10 Waste logistics and traceability model. Source: UNDPGovernance LogisticsMaterial Recovery FacilityLogistics Recycling partnerMunicipalityMRFOrganization Organization SegregationCollectionOrganization Community engagementCapacity building of waste pickers Second

216、ary sorting WASTE INFLOWRe-aggregationSemi-processing WASTE OUTFLOWOrganization RecyclingVillage panchayat Municipality Waste pickersCitizens2.2 Component 2: MRFs for improved PWM implementationMRFs are integrated waste management facilities required in a city to extract the recyclables from the inf

217、low of MSW. An MRF is powered by advanced machinery and waste pickers to recycle all kinds of plastic waste along the value chain for shipment to manufacturers or recyclers as raw material. The viability of the process at the MRF completely depends on the quantum and market demand of recyclables bec

218、ause it is both labour and energy-intensive. In an ideal waste value chain system, an MRF plays a vital role in incorporating the circular economy approach. Figure 10 represents the ideal logistical route of MSW from the source of generation to an MRF to a recycling facility.MRFs handle all kind of

219、dry waste separated at source and mixed collected by city municipal corporations/nagar nigams/nagar panchayats/BWGs or by waste pickers, aggregators, organizations and others. Recyclable materials received at an MRF are sorted, cleaned, value added and transported to material-specific recyclers. Non

220、-recyclable low-grade plastic material are sent to end-of-life processes. The dry waste generated at the household level or at municipal sources will be collected through a door-to-door collection system and transported to an 27NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management M

221、ATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY MATERIAL FLOWCHART COLLECTION OF WASTEINFLOW OF MATERIALS (MIX DRY WASTE)MUNICIPAL COLLECTION SYSTEMSWASTE PICKERSSWEEPERSITINERANT BUYERS (AGGREGATORS) PRIMARY SORTING OF MATERIALS (INTO 7 CATEGORIES) MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITYMIXED PLASTIC (HARD)MIXED PLASTIC (PANNI)PAPER

222、GLASSMETALOTHER DRY WASTEREJECT WASTESECONDARY SORTING OF MATERIALS (INTO 43 CATEGORIES)KALA FUGAMIXED PLASTIC (HARD)-IWHITE BOTTLEGREEN BOTTLECOLORED BOTTLEBOPPFUGAKADAKSOLEMIXED PLASTIC (HARD)-IIPVC TETRA PAKSILICON SHEETCLEAR KADAK COLOR KODAK CDMIXED PLASTIC (PANNI)HMLDPP WHITE PP COLORBLACK PP

223、1 NO. LDHDLD MIXMLPPAPERCOLOREDWHITE CARD- BOARDTISSUENEWS- PAPERMETALGERMAN ALUMINUM DISH ALUMINUM CAN ELECTRICAL WIRES E-WASTEGLASSBROWN GREEN WHITE SHEET MIX OTHER DRY WASTE & REJECTTHERMOCOLCLOTHTYRE/TUBEWAXREJECT WASTECOLLECTION OF WASTECOLLECTION OF WASTEMUNICIPAL COLLECTION SYSTEMSWASTE PICKE

224、RSSWEEPERSITINERANT BUYERS (AGGREGATORS) Figure 11 MRF material flow chart. Source: CPCB28NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementMRF. The segregated waste is then categorized in a wide range, and which will then be recycled based on the quality of the waste. MRFs have

225、machinery and resources, which require efficient procedures for proper operation, monitoring and evaluations. The manual and digital systems can be used for weighing and recording incoming waste data daily. The waste is unloaded at a designated point, and sorting takes place on a conveyor belt. The

226、materials recovered from the conveyor belt are further processed for value addition and ease of transportation.A. MRF designing criteria MRFs are designed based on two important criteria which define processes and equipment. i. Population to be catered ii. Quantum of waste generated S.No.PopulationP

227、er day capacity of the MRF (max.)Required space1Less than 50,000 15 MTs of dry waste 2,000 sq. ft.250,000 to 150,000 30 MTs of dry waste 3,000 sq. ft3Above 150,000 Centralized processing centre with multiple decentralized dry waste collection centres 5,000 sq. ft and above Table 1 Types and sizes of

228、 MRF based on criteriaThe conceptual layout plan for an MRF is shown in Figure 12 on next page. The layout and design can be modified based on the city, population and the amount of land available to construct the MRF. Cities with smaller populations can opt for one MRF and cities with larger popula

229、tions can build a centralized MRF with multiple decentralized centres.B. Site development, MRF construction and waste flowsFor the site development of the MRF, the following steps need to be undertaken: fSelection and allocation of location and site for the construction of MRF fIdentification of was

230、te logistics in the city and estimation of the quantum of dry waste fCivil work specifications including preparation of design and drawings fSelection of plant and machinery capacity for waste processing 29NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management Campus boundary Shed bo

231、undary Entrance and exit doors Emergency exit Machine layout (indicating machine input/output facing, placement of electric panel) Working space Platforms, working tables/benches, containers, etc. for all machineries as per process requirements Forklift movement area (if required) Electric panel and

232、 layout Office space Clean space for waste pickers (lunch area and crche) Toilets Handwash area Drinking water cooler Incoming waste unloading area and a sorting area Figure 12 Conceptual layout plan of MRF. Source: UNDP 888888886201012Grill Gate-1Drinking Water Filter Cum Cool

233、erIn Stock Storage 3In Stock Storage 2In Stock Storage 1Office SpaceOut Stock Storage 3Out Stock Storage 2Out Stock Storage 1Alternate Grill Gate-2Conveyor BeltPhatka MachineFork Lift Movement AreaCommon Sitting & Resting RoomGatta MachineAglo MachineShredderBailing MachineWash RoomWash RoomNote: Al

234、l dimensions in feet. Machine Area. Truck Loading-Unloading Area MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY110, 679, 19Based on finalized design MRF construction includes:30NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management Stock storage and description of storage Fire extinguisher installation

235、Exhaust fan Weighbridge demarcation and any other machines expected in future Water/cooling provision for gatta (if required) Installation of safety signages for the location Installation of MRF information board Installation of the dos and donts board Once the infrastructure is completed, the estim

236、ation and linkage of waste inflows and outflows need to be conceptualized and established. The waste inflow sources and outflow process is represented in figure 13.C. Waste processing at MRFAt an MRF, the inflow waste carrying vehicle is first weighed at the weighbridge or weighing machine depending

237、 on the quantity of waste. The incoming waste is recorded daily in manual and digital systems. The waste is unloaded at designated points at the MRF and then sorted or segregated on a conveyor belt. The plastic is segregated and separated based on the representation in figure 14. 31NITI Aayog UNDP H

238、andbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management Municipal Collection System Dry Waste Collection Centre Aggregators (Kabadiwala) Independent Waste Pickers Bulk Generators (Companies, Hotels, Markets, Shops) Pre-consumer Waste and Plastic User Industries Religious Places Educational Institutes

239、Commercial Activities Baled PET PET recycler to yarns Shredded HDPE HDPE to Granules Shredded LDPE Road Laying Composite Gatta Material Agri-pipe Making Process Baled MLP, HDPE, IDPE Cement Kilns Co-processing Rejects Safe Disposal to Landfill Other Dry Waste Connect to Appropriate RecyclersMATERIAL

240、 RECOVERY FACILITYFigure 14 Plastic segregation representation. Source: CPCB Guidelines on Plastic Waste ManagementPET01HDPE02Other07PS06LDPE04PP05PVC03BottlesTrash BagsEyeglasses Coffee CupCling WrapYogurt CupsPipes JarsShampoo BottleCD/DVDFood BoxShopping Bags Disposable CupsTote BagMedicine JarSo

241、ap BottleBaby BottlePlastic CutleryFlexible BottleBottle CapsTileRopeHDPE Bucket Frozen Food PackagingTupperwareShoesPLASTICFigure 13 Waste inflow sources and outflow process32NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe sorted/segregated waste is cleaned using an air bl

242、ower (phatka machine) to remove the soil from the plastic. The cleaned plastic films/multi-layered plastics (MLPs) are baled or shredded for value addition and for ease of storage and transportation. The shredded plastic films are glued together and agglomerated to form plastic lumps and then sold t

243、o recyclers as raw material for the manufacture of various products. The baled plastic is stored or sent to cement kilns for co-processing. The pictorial representation of the required equipment and the waste management cycle at the MRF is shown in figure 15. The types and uses of the equipment are

244、given in table 2. Equipment Uses Conveyor BeltA conveyor belt eases the process of segregation and reduces workload for waste pickers.Air BlowerAn air blower is used to dry clean thin plastic/MLPs by removing dust and moisture. Air is blown through a channel to separate the dirty material and remove

245、 dust and moisture from the waste.ShredderDry and dust-free thin plastic is shredded into 24 mm flakes. These shredders tear up the plastic into small pieces/flakes, preparing them for recycling into other products.Agglomeration and ExtrusionThe material is agglomerated with frictional heat within a

246、 fraction of a second, right below the melting point, and this is a process of surface fusing. Valuable lightweight fused plastic particles are produced with minimum heat and thermo- degradable damage. Fused plastic produced from the agglomeration stage is fed through the feed hopper into the barrel

247、 of the extruder. The material is gradually melted by the heaters arranged along the barrel and is pushed forward by a mechanical screw inside the barrel. The molten polymer is collected as a lump, cooled and stored.Bailing MachineA baling machine is used to compress high volumes of plastic waste/PE

248、T bottles into rectangular bales, which helps bind them. Bales are easy and safe to transport.33NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementWaste InflowWeighbridgeConveyor BeltPhatka MachineShredding MachineAglo & Gatta MachineBailing MachineForkliftWeighing MachineResource

249、 Outflow Recycling of Plastic/ Shredded Plastic EnterprisesMaterial Recovery FacilityFigure 15 Waste management cycle at an MRFEquipment Uses Weighing MachineThis is a platform weighing scale with a built-in thermal printer and an auto print facility. This means that this machine will provide a slip

250、 after weighing the waste with the details fed by the operators (e.g., operators name/sellers name/product name along with the details of rate and cost).WeighbridgeA weighbridge, or railroad scale, is a large set of scales, usually mounted permanently on a concrete foundation, used to weigh entire c

251、ollected waste in the vehicle.Table 2 Waste processing equipment and their uses34NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementD. Elements of the MRFFor an MRF to be economically sustainable, it needs to be equipped with processes and protocols which not only address dry wast

252、e management but also create a sustainable ecosystem for resource efficiency, environment compliances, basic amenities, health and safety and a socio-economic support system for key players such as waste pickers and recyclers. The key elements to be considered at MRF are: 1) The processing of waste

253、using the machinery mentioned in table 2 should ensure resource efficiency, reduced manual labour, environment-friendly practices and low rejects going to landfills. 2) Developing an environment, health and safety plan, environment management plan and social management plan with a focus on: Fair wag

254、es, equality and justified working hours for waste pickers. A safe working environment including the provision of drinking water by installing a water purifier unit onsite, clean sanitation facilities for both male and female workers, handwashing point with continuous water supply, common rooms for

255、changing clothes, and rest during breaks. Availability of a first-aid kit. Establishment of a childrens creche and safe play area at the site. 3) Monthly health camps can be organized for connecting waste pickers to various medical schemes such as: Ayushman Bharat Yojana Janani Shishu Suraksha Karya

256、karam Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana4) Developing gender action plan for ensuring Safe workplace for women. Gender-inclusive workplace by involving women in management and leadership roles. Gender-responsive health education, including nutrition, pregnancy prevention and care. Menstrual heal

257、th and hygiene. Prevention from gender-based violence.5) Financial inclusion for the opening of bank account and benefits of saving money on a longer term by engaging in various schemes: Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY) Pradhan Mantri Suraksha B

258、ima Yojana (PMSBY) Atal Pension Yojana (APY) 35NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.2.1 Standard operating procedures and guidelinesThe standard operating procedures (SOPs) listed in this handbook are indicative and it is not mandatory for ULBs to follow the same p

259、attern. Depending upon the local conditions, ULBs may amend and implement the same.SOP for waste management agency (Organization - Responsibility & Working Conditions at MRF)After allocation of the shed space to start an MRF, the organization needs to ensure that the following tasks are completed. O

260、perational:1. Once the MRF area is allotted, a layout plan with the placement of equipment can be finalized. The organization needs to set up the MRF with basic facilities like chairs, tables, etc. as soon as the MRF is handed over for easy day-to-day operations.2. Set up a three-phase electricity c

261、onnection. 3. Set up the basic number of machines as per table 2.4. Undertake regular performance checks and maintenance of the machines at least once a month.5. Appoint appropriate staff such as a project coordinator, MRF supervisor (mukkadam) and five or six waste pickers after following a fair pr

262、ocedure of selection. 6. The project coordinator will be the focal point for all types of communication and establishing the processes of the MRF, including record-keeping and planning and monitoring the overall operations. Setting up all the necessary operations and systems with all production, dis

263、patch and other activities in place is their responsibility.7. Trainings should be organized for all waste pickers at the MRF to help them learn about the processes, machines and operations at the MRF. Training on recognizing the different grades of plastics for better segregation and, in turn, bett

264、er prices and recycling should be provided. The organization should coordinate with respective stakeholders to schedule the training.8. The collection system of the plastic waste should be put in place in parallel. The norms and rates for different grades of plastics collected by the waste pickers s

265、hould be agreed upon.9. A plan to reach out to the various BWGs like schools, colleges, hotels, RWAs, institutes etc. for the collection of dry waste. Organizations should make formal arrangements/letters of exchanges/agreements with these BWGs for the periodic pick-up of dry waste.36NITI Aayog UNDP

266、 Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management10. Organizations should agree and fix on the rates, systems and transportation of the baled plastic waste, gatta (extruded plastic), etc. from the MRFs with the recyclers.11. Contracts should be made with nearby cement plants/waste-to-energy pl

267、ants and municipal corporations to supply shredded plastics for road construction.12. An on-call pickup facility should be created and managed at the organization-level in a city during the collection of waste and other issues.13. The MRF should be registered with district industries centres and the

268、 necessary approvals from the SPCB should be taken.14. Each MRF must have boards displaying dos and donts, safety rules, emergency contacts, information on gender equality, salary, insurance and other factors.15. Other dry waste sorting and linking with markets needs to be done for metal, paper, gla

269、ss, cloth, cardboard, wet waste and other medical waste if it comes. Similarly, recyclers needed to be finalized and rates agreed upon.Occupational and Social:1. All the machines, equipment and staff working on the machines should be insured by the organization.2. The organization must provide suita

270、ble mats for waste pickers to sit on. They should also procure trunks and safes for the storage of documents and rolling money for the ease of operations at the MRF.37NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management3. Childrens play area/creche, should be well ventilated and sa

271、fe with CCTV coverage.4. Indoor air quality and adequate lighting should be maintained for a healthy working environment. During the operation phase at the MRF, dust emissions could be observed during the segregation and cleaning of thin plastic waste. Proper exhaust ventilation needs to be designed

272、 and installed at the MRF (especially near the phatka and gatta machines) to prevent the dispersion of dust, fumes and gases into the air which will cause harmful exposure. Such exhaust systems need to be designed so that dust, fumes or gases are not drawn into the work area.5. The MRFs should have

273、safety features including fire extinguishers, safety electric connection and fixtures, first-aid kits. Emergency contact numbers should be properly displayed.6. Waste pickers should be given proper uniforms, safety equipment and other related materials.7. The onboarding of waste pickers to the proje

274、ct should be facilitated. Their data should be collected and regular meetings should be conducted at least once in 15 days to assess, solve, and report issues faced by them.8. Financial literacy and support events to encourage waste pickers to open bank accounts and register under social security sc

275、hemes should be planned and conducted.9. Necessary insurances for those working in the MRF should be undertaken. Data Monitoring: 1. Registers should be maintained for making various logbooks, daily data entry registers, etc. 2. The revenue generation model is to be established and the system is to

276、be recorded separately in the bookkeeping. All sales and purchase data should be recorded separately.SOP for documents for monitoring and record-keeping at MRFs to be maintained by the organization1. Weighbridge slip: The weighbridge manufacturer (vendor) will provide the software for generating the

277、 weighbridge slip. i. The slip must be issued and records maintained by the weighbridge operator after weighing vehicles. ii. It must contain details like the date, time, vehicle number, type of waste, waste quantity, source/area name from where waste was brought, name of person/waste picker/institu

278、tion that brought the waste to the centre. 38NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementiii. Two copies of the slip should be generated, and both copies are to be signed by the weighbridge operator before handing over the original weighing slip to the waste picker or the p

279、erson bringing in the waste. The second copy should be maintained at the MRF. 2. Register 1 Daily waste incoming/collection register 3. Register 2 Daily sorting of plastics 4. Register 3 Daily processing of plastics 5. Register 4 Daily sale/dispatch 6. Register 5 Daily expenditure 7. Invoice copy fi

280、le: For every sale, a tax invoice should be raised at the time of sale. The tax invoice will be in triplicate with the original given to the buyer, the second copy to the transporter, with the third copy being retained by the MRF for verification. 8. Outward gate pass: A gate pass must be maintained

281、 for the sale and dispatch of processed products to the recyclers/ customers. 9. Attendance register: A separate attendance register must be maintained for the MRF staff and waste pickers. 10. The organizations/directors/officials concerned need to verify all the books being maintained at the MRF ev

282、ery week. 11. Assets register for machinery: A record of the breakdown of machinery and preventive maintenance should be maintained by the organization. This record can be maintained in a simple logbook/off-the-shelf-register onsite. The register shall be maintained by the process in-charge/person c

283、oncerned. 12. Register for accidents: Any accident at the MRF, fire incidences and safe man working hours should be recorded. This record can be maintained in a simple logbook/off-the-shelf register on-site. The register shall be maintained by the process in-charge/person concerned. a. General ledge

284、rs to be maintained for all the expenditures incurred with vouchers numbered in files. b. All types of expenditures made in terms of purchase of plastic waste/daily purchase of consumables/any payment to person/waste pickers or organization/waste aggregator must be recorded as per the format on dail

285、y basis (see Annexure III).13. Register for expenditure: All expenditures should be logged by the organization. a. Payment is encouraged through bank transfers; payments made to scrap dealer/waste collector in cash must be recorded accordingly. b. Income from the sale of any semi-processed, finished

286、 products to recycler/scrap dealers/rejects/services, etc. must be recorded daily. 39NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementc. Income receipts/payment are encouraged through bank transfers from scrap dealers, waste pickers and recyclers. d. Cash payments received must

287、be recorded accordingly. e. Creditors records must be kept separately, and can be maintained separately for different recyclers.14. Register for income formata. A general ledger should be maintained for revolving funds use and the timely recovery/receipt of funds from recyclers so that purchases/sal

288、es are conducted effectively. b. The Sustainability Corpus Fund created in the project remains with the organization in a separate account and is transparently managed. c. Till the project is functioning, the fund remains a part of the project and no expenditure can be taken from it. d. Each organiz

289、ation should have a Goods and Services Tax (GST) number.e. Organizations should pay the GST rates as applicable while purchasing the supply (plastic scrap), and they should pay income tax on accrued incomes on a quarterly basis as per the national IT rules. f. Organizations may register as profit co

290、mpanies, any partnership concerns or proprietorship concerns in the Registrar of Companies (RoC).SOPs for approaching BWGsa. Identify the BWG, the quantum of waste they generate and their current practices to dispose of the waste. b. Upon acceptance, a letter of agreement between the organization an

291、d the BWG should be exchanged and the BWG should be linked to the project. c. Define a customized pickup/waste collection module: how the organization will arrange the collection from the BWG (on a weekly or monthly basis, etc.). d. Define a reporting module for waste collection, processing and reve

292、nue generation (if needed). e. Issue a certificate (of plastic processing) to the BWG (if required).2.2.2 Recommended timelines for completion of Component 2Given below are the recommended timelines for the completion of Component 2. The overall activity should be completed within six months.40NITI

293、Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementActivities Month 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Month 5Month 6Selection and identification of location for setting up MRFProcurement of consent forms and all legal documentationsSite development and construction Procurement of machinery and set

294、ting up systems as per SOP2.2.3 Case studies TRIVANDRUM LEADS THE WAY TO STREAMLINE BULK WASTE GENERATORS An effort to manage solid waste generated by BWGs in Trivandrum was undertaken by the Clean Kerala Company Limited (CKCL), who engaged in multiple discussions 6Organization Quantity of waste man

295、aged (since the date of agreement)Types of materials managedMachinery/ infrastructure installedTrivandrum Central Railway Station127.27 tonnesFood waste, food containers, recyclable plastics, aluminium, foil, paper cups, plastic containers, newspapers, diapers, brown cover, packaging (plastic and pa

296、per), used clothes, glass bottles etc.Plastic shredding machine, baling machine, air blower, biodigester with conveyor belt.Government Secretariat194.7 tonnesPlastics, e-waste, furniture, particle board, metal, glass, thermocol etc.No machinery was installed due to space constraints. Materials are a

297、ggregated regularly, collected, and processed in the district warehouse maintained by CKCL.Table 3 Overview of operations managed by CKCL in Kerala. Source: CKCL 41NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementwith them to understand their challenges in PWM. Following this, t

298、he CKCL set up a fully operational collection, segregation, storage and processing system in 2019. As a pilot, CKCL started servicing three major BWGs in the city: the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, the Trivandrum Central Railway Station and the Government Secretariat. All three institutions generate

299、 large quantities of wet and dry waste, most of which was either dumped in common grounds or burnt in open air. CKCL entered formal partnerships with these organizations and implemented decentralized, on-site waste management systems for them. CKCL entered into agreements with private organizations

300、as part of this model. It manages operations and maintenance of the facility, and the organization bears the finances of the programme (staff wages, stationery, safety equipment for staff, etc.). This arrangement is mutually beneficial and involves sharing profits as well as disposal costs. Workforc

301、e requirements for CKCL initiatives are met by the Kudumbashree Mission, the official poverty eradication mission launched by the Government of Kerala in 1998. CKCLs waste management projects with these three BWGs has provided decent livelihood opportunities for staff, especially women. 42NITI Aayog

302、 UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.2.4 Role of stakeholdersThis figure illustrates the role of different stakeholders in the completion of Component 2ULBs will support the model by allocating land and providing machinery.The local organization will manage the complete mana

303、gement of plastic waste recycling from collection to recycling. This organization will act as the main implementing agency for running the various models. Multilaterals can act as facilitators for all the activities mentioned in the component. They will provide knowledge and technical support for th

304、e facilitation of the process with a focus on sustainability and social inclusion. The brand owners or industries can play a major role by providing financial investment and support to set up a MRF in the selected city. This can be considered under the EPR of particular industry or company. Waste pi

305、ckers will provide support in collection and segregation of the waste from generators to MRF and within MRF.The end recyclers will act as key stakeholder to bring market driven approach and producing products based on market demand. The end recyclers will purchase processed material from MRF for fin

306、al recycling. ULBsOrganizationsMultilateral Private PlayersWaste PickersEnd Recyclers2.2.5 Cross reference with PWM and SWM rules of Government of IndiaThe suggestions made for implementation are cross-referenced with the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and 2018. Some of the key cross-reference

307、points can be accessed by referring to the following rules, and the page numbers have been mentioned for easy reference. f13. Registration of producer, recycler and manufacturer (Pages 9-10) f5. Plastic waste management (Page 5) f6. Responsibility of Local Body (Pages 5-6)2.3 Component 3: Institutio

308、nalization of MRF in governance bodiesInstitutionalization of MRFs and waste pickers is important in order to make the model sustainable. Scalability, sustainability and self-sufficiency are the key pillars contributing to the fulfilment of set targets. Additionally, the mainstreaming of waste picke

309、rs results in improved recognition and socio-economic conditions for them. In India, the responsibility of PWM lies with ULBs at the city level, and 43NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementMRFs and waste pickers need to be institutionalized by ULBs for long-term PWM s

310、ustainability. The next section details the SOPs and guidelines, recommended timelines, roles of different stakeholders and case studies focusing on the institu-tionalization of MRFs and improved socio-economic conditions of waste pickers.Achieving institutionalization of PWM into ULBsAs per the Sol

311、id Waste Management Rules, 2016, waste pickers are defined as persons or groups of persons informally/formally engaged in the “collection of reusable and recyclable solid waste” for sale to recyclers directly or through intermediaries to earn their livelihood. The waste pickers in an informal set-up

312、 face various challenges which can be resolved through their institutionalization. The issues, process of mainstreaming and benefits incurred by waste pickers on their institutionalization is represented in figure 16.Figure 16 Mainstreaming of waste pickersThe complete list of activities to implemen

313、t this component includes: fMainstreaming: Mainstreaming the services of waste pickers by linking them with MRFs. fCapacity building: Conducting capacity building workshops and training for relevant stakeholders on material recognition and best practices for efficient and safe working conditions in

314、waste management. fSocial inclusion: Enabling social inclusion and recognition by providing waste pickers with government ID cards. CHALLENGES Occupational issues Informal employment and low wages Commence profession at early age of 8-10 years Low remuneration and unhygienic work environment Persona

315、l issues Socially and financially exploited Health hazard and low access to medical facility ID Cards Insurance Pension scheme Bank account Trainings SHG formation Childrens crechePOSSIBLE INTERVENTIONS Reduced vulnerability Increased collection and better quality of waste Predictable & increased in

316、come Dignified livelihood Fair price for recyclables Safe work environmentIMPACT44NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management fFinancial inclusion: Creating financial inclusion by supporting waste pickers in opening bank accounts and linking the accounts to various social

317、security schemes as mentioned in previous chapters. fSensitization: Educating and sensitizing waste pickers on the benefits of banking services, savings and access to various microfinancing opportunities. fMedical benefits: Providing waste pickers with health benefits as detailed above. fGender acti

318、on plan: Creating and establishing a gender action as detailed above. fSafety equipment: Providing waste pickers with waste picking gear, gloves, protective and sorting tools to ensure primary safety. fSHGs: Creating SHGs for the waste pickers for financial support to assist members in getting bette

319、r livelihoods. Women SHGs can be formed and trained to be entrepreneurs for market-based items such as toys, rugs, bags, handicrafts, etc. made using plastic and related waste. The formation of SHGs goes through different phases as detailed below.45NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plast

320、ic Waste ManagementPhasesRate/ DurationRECOMMENDED DURATIONRs. 10/kg (as per the standing government order) PREPARATORY PHASE Introducing the concept in the waste pickers community1-2 MonthsGROUP INITIATION Helping groups formation and start meetings and savings2-4 MonthsGROUP STABILIZATION Helping

321、groups manage credit activities using their own savings4-6 MonthsGROUP CONSOLIDATION Providing working capital assistance and strengthening groups (on-going process)6-12 MonthsSHG SELF-DEPENDENCE Preparing groups for functioning on their own1-2 YearsTable 4 Recommendations for implementing various p

322、hases of the SHG creation 2.3.1. SOPs and guidelinesSOP for organizing waste pickers and onboarding fInitiate regular discussions with waste pickers to find out their interest in working with and within the MRF and inform them about the features of the MRF. fIdentify the issues waste pickers are fac

323、ing related to their working conditions and in the locations in which they work, such as landfills and streets. fHold discussions with waste pickers about the process of formalizing them; those working with municipal officials should be provided ID cards. fOrganize mass meetings of the waste pickers

324、 community and educate them about the features of the MRF and the benefits associated with working directly or indirectly (through waste aggregators) with the MRF. fTrain waste pickers regularly on book-keeping, accounting, livelihood-based enterprises, women-related issues and hygiene issues. Addit

325、ionally, expo-sure visits to similar initiatives and projects should be conducted to gain confidence. fMaintain a reward system by choosing the best waste picker every month to boost their confidence and motivation. Meetings can be conducted to share uplifting stories and their experiences. 46NITI A

326、ayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management fOrganize discussions with waste aggregators as many waste pickers work with them. The waste aggregators should be enrolled with the MRF and be provided with safety equipment, social safety schemes and other benefits. fAll waste picker

327、s should be enrolled with the MRF and provided with safety equipment. Their phone numbers should be registered for regular updates on health camps, trainings and meetings. SOP for financial inclusion of waste pickers fThe organization should identify a financial inclusion volunteer/employee who will

328、 periodically focus on achieving the target of financial inclusion for waste pickers. fDevelop a timeline and strategy for financial inclusion for waste pickers in every city. fIdentify an easy to access bank, preferably with core banking facility along with zero balance account. fIdentify a coordin

329、ator among the waste pickers who will, in coordination with the financial inclusion volunteer, address the queries of other waste pickers and help them produce the documents required for Know Your Customer (KYC) processes. For KYC requirements, waste pickers need to furnish a few documents, such as

330、Aadhar card, local address proof, a mobile phone number and two photographs.47NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.3.2 Risk matrix capturing failures and challenges This table represents the risks associated with the institutionalization of MRF, probability of occu

331、rrence, severity of risks and associated consequences.RisksProbabilitySeverityConsequencesNo waste segregation at generation pointHighHighIncreased environmental & health challenges.Waste pickers unwilling to associate with Material Recovery FacilityLowMediumThe collection and segregation of waste b

332、ecomes problematic. Delay in allocation of infrastructure and machineryMediumHighDelay in setting up the Material Recovery Facility and associated activities resulting in various losses. Delay in documentation and institutionalization of waste pickersMediumHighDelay in benefits for waste pickers and

333、 their socio-economic development.Irregular monitoring and compliance of Material Recovery FacilityLowHighWithout regular monitoring and compliance mechanism the functioning of Material Recovery Facility will disrupt and result in various losses. No regular data managementLowHighLack of appropriate

334、data for regular waste management. Recyclers unwilling to associate with Material Recovery FacilityMediumHighRecycling market acceptance is important and without this no model can sustain long-term. Table 5 Matrix mapping risks and opportunities in the project Note: For the detailed risk matrix, see

335、 Annexure II. 2.3.3 Recommended timelines for completion of Component 3The table below represents the recommended timeline for completion of Component 3. The activities should ideally be completed within four months.48NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementActivities M

336、onth 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Identification and mobilizing the waste pickers in each cityDiscussions and training on association with MRF (directly or indirectly)Discussions with waste aggregators on benefits of linking with the MRFDiscussion and institutionalization of waste pickers by the ULBs2.3.4

337、Case studies 7A MODEL DRY WASTE COLLECTION APPROACHUndertaken with guidance from the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP), the Hasiru Dala MRF has proved to be an efficient intervention in improving and streamlining the plastic waste management process in the city of Bengaluru that generates 16

338、0 grams (per capita) of dry waste every day. PhasesRateType of wasteConstitution in the citys total wasteMulti-layered plastic, Tetra Pak, thermocol, highly recyclable material and material with low recycling rates 30%Paper20%Reject14%Glass10%E-waste8%49NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban

339、Plastic Waste ManagementPhasesRateType of wasteConstitution in the citys total wasteCloth7%Metal 1%Table 6 Type of waste and its constitution in the total waste generated in Bengaluru. Source: Hasiru Dala 10 percent* loss is accounted to leaks in the waste value chainMost of the materials listed in

340、table 6 have existing buyers and robust supply chains except plastic which with low recycling rates. Further, tetrapak, multi-layered plastic and thermocol, which constitute 15 percent of the total dry waste, have their recycling or disposal systems in place.The waste pickers have very little incent

341、ive to collect or buy material with low recycling rates. Similarly, waste pickers do not have access to markets that offer fair prices for both low recyclable material and highly recyclable material. There are a few reliable buyers, who would take the material on time. This aspect is especially rele

342、vant during pandemics and lockdowns when most markets are shut.The MRF fills that vacuum as it cross-subsidizes its collection by taking in some high-value material like PET, HDPE, etc., thus, creating a business model which serves as a cushion for waste pickers operating the dry waste collection ce

343、ntres. They can now sell their material at a fairer price, higher than the market, especially when plastic prices dip or markets are closed.“During the second lockdown, I had a lot of difficulties. While all the scrap aggregators were closed, the BBMP collected the MLP, but I had no place to sell th

344、e sorted plastic and paper. At that time, I was able to sell all the recyclables to the MRF. It was beneficial to me as I have 10 people working with me in the center, and I was able to pay their wages on time.” Kumudha, BengaluruSome unique features of MRF 1. MRF employs waste pickers who have been

345、 thoroughly trained by qualified professionals, making the process very efficient.2. It is mandatory to use protective gear while working at an MRF.3. MRF is insured against any future damages. The employees go through fire drills and other emergency preparation regularly.4. At an MRF, waste is weig

346、hed both at the time of its arrival and sale, and all transactions are recorded. The material is sold only to authorized or registered recyclers, who provide receipts whenever required.5. MRF incorporates the essential requirements of any good EPR system: traceability and transparency.50NITI Aayog U

347、NDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementHasiru Dala is also upgrading the system under which the MRF will enable EPR compliance for those producers who require to fulfil EPR targets from the waste collected and processed through the facility. This will trickle down to dry waste col

348、lection centres and other waste-pickers. Hasiru Dala will reach out to other actors in the informal waste supply chains, i.e., aggregators, stockists and re-processors who are currently working on the margins and involve them in upgrading their system so that traceability becomes possible in a wider

349、 ecosystem.8BHUBANESHWAR CITY: A PWM MODEL ENABLING SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR WASTE PICKERSThe Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) and UNDP have joined hands to address PWM in the capital city of Odisha. Setting up an MRF has been the main objective of this partnership, which aims at enhancing susta

350、inable PWM practices through a socio-technical model.IMPACT OF THE MODEL1. Procuring waste from 1721 dry waste collection centres.2. Procuring over 350 MTs of plastic waste and sending it to registered recyclers.3. 200 MTs sent to aggregators and downcyclers every month on an average.4. Procuring an

351、d processinng over 40 MTs of mixed plastic waste.5. Enabling social protection to 20 workers who have been receiving regular wages and have access to a bank account.6. Conducting all transactions with buyers and sellers online to ensure proper traceability.“I have been employed at the MRF for the la

352、st one year. I have a monthly salary now with the benefits of employee state insurance and provident fund. I dont have to pick waste from the streets anymore, which was earlier affecting my health.” Laxmi, sorter at the Hasiru Dala MRF51NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Man

353、agementAs per the BMC, Bhubaneswar generates around 540 MTs of waste daily, and a lack of processing and dumping waste in landfills were the major challenges for the city. A robust waste management mechanism, which would also enable Bhubaneshwar to improve performance in Swachh Survekshan Index, mot

354、ivated the ULB to establish the centre. The capacity of the MRF currently is 5 TPD. To segregate and process plastic waste, the MRF is equipped with state-of-the-art machinery, and the MRF has been tagged with 10 wards for daily collection. Channels for waste collection include door-to-door collecti

355、on by the BMC, waste pickers, BWGs, RWAs and micro-entrepreneurs (kabadiwala). To help in daily collection, 12 high-bulk, low-cargo vehicles have been deployed. The collection takes place using a well-designed route map, which helps in efficient resource allocation and mobilization. The collection v

356、ehicle is designed to keep wet and dry waste separate in two different compartments. After collection, the waste is unloaded at the MRF for primary manual segregation into plastic and non-plastic items via waste pickers. After primary segregation, all the plastic items are brought to the conveyor be

357、lt in the MRF for secondary segregation. Once the segregation process is over, the materials are sent to the baler or shredder or air-blower machine for further IMPACT OF THE MODEL1. Segregated and processed more than 1,300 MTs of dry waste.2. Onboarded more than 400 waste pickers.3. More than 50 fe

358、male waste pickers now work as van drivers, collecting door-to-door waste. 4. Improved source segregation rate at the household level.52NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementprocessing. After this, the processed materials are moved to a dedicated storage space at the

359、MRF. All the reject and inert waste is stored separately and sent to cement factories for co-processing. For traceability, data is recorded at every level daily. The MRF also promotes livelihood opportunities for waste pickers by mainstreaming them, and more than 400 waste pickers have been onboarde

360、d so far. The MRF conducts health camps for waste pickers every quarter and links them with state and central government social protection schemes. For fire safety purposes, fire extinguishers have been installed at the MRF and all the workers have been trained in fire safety protocols. PPE gear and

361、 project ID cards have also been distributed among the workers. 2.3.5 Role of stakeholdersThis figure illustrates the role of different stakeholders in the completion of Component 3. ULBs can provide support by furnishing government ID cards for waste pickers identified through the MRF.The local org

362、anizations will act as the main implementing agency for the transparent functioning of MRF, ensuring institutionalization of waste pickers by social and financial inclusion. Multilaterals can act as facilitators for all the activities mentioned in the component.Waste pickers will provide support in

363、collecting and segregating the waste from generators to the MRF by linking with the models and availing recognitions provided by government.The end recyclers will act as key stakeholders to bring a market-driven approach to the proces and produce products based on market demand. The end recyclers wi

364、ll purchase processed material from MRF for final recycling. ULBsOrganizationsMultilateralWaste PickersEnd Recyclers2.3.6 Cross-reference with PWM and SWM rules of Government of IndiaThe suggestions made for implementation are cross-referenced with the Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016 and 2018. S

365、ome of the key cross-reference points can be accessed by referring to the following rules, and the page numbers have been mentioned for easy reference. fResponsibility of local body. (Pages 5-6) fResponsibility of waste generator. (Page 6)53NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste

366、 Management2.4 Component 4: IEC and digitalization For effective PWM, technology is an important cornerstone that covers traceability, accountability and digital governance. Mobile phone apps can be developed for this purpose and can be used by various stakeholders such as waste pickers, recyclers,

367、ULBs and citizens in order to integrate everyone into one digital cloud. This would enable access of real-time data from the field to track the integrated plastic waste supply chain right from point of collection to the end recycler. It would also help address the PWM-compliance mandated by the CPCB

368、 and SPCBs.Figure 17 : Digital monitoring of data related to wasteCITIZEN/ WASTE GENERATORCitizen app for awareness & incentivization COLLECTION POINTSGeofencing for optimized routeWASTE BANKSQR code system for error-free scanningMRFFacility app will be used for stock mgmt & material salesSEGREATION

369、 & AGGREGATIONLOGISTICS TO AUTHORIZED RECYCLERSTraceability of plastic flow at every stageEND RECYCLINGOverall recycling & impact reportRECYCLED PRODUCTSMIS of entire process accessible to Govt54NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2.4.1 Recommended timelines for the

370、 completion of Component 4The table below shows the recommended timeline for the completion of Component 4. The overall activity should be completed within four months, while the process of knowledge management and exchange could be an on-going one. Activities Month 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Identificat

371、ion of technology platform/technical organizationLinking relevant stakeholders such as BWGs, recyclers and waste pickersDevelopment of protocols for online reporting, monitoring and information exchange2.4.2 Case studies LEVERAGING TECHNOLOGY FOR A TRANSPARENT AND ACCOUNTABLE WASTE VALUE CHAINPartne

372、ring with more than 67 ULBs directly, 100+ partner brands, 150+ recyclers, and above 500+ aggregators, Recykal has successfully channelled and spread awareness on effective waste management. Marketplace, Smart Centre solutions, and EPR Loop are some of their major offerings. By the financial year 20

373、25, they aim to channel more than 3 million MTs of plastic waste.Using the support of ULBs, Recykals ecosystem of digital platforms connects the fragmented waste management in India. Using platforms that bridge waste generators with waste recyclers, they provide transparent, traceable, and efficient

374、 systems. With pan-India operations, Recykal operates across 28 states and 6 Union Territories. Over the last year, they have successfully channelled more than 20,000 MTs of waste every month and aim to channel 30,000 MTs. The five-step implementation process of the organizations products has evolve

375、d over the last couple of years. The following section is a generalized approach used to conceptualise the product targeted towards specific stakeholders. 1. EmpathizeThe initial stage began when the pain points in the waste management industry were identified. One uniform pain point across all sect

376、ors was the lack of transparency and traceability. 955NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management fFor the recyclers and aggregators: The team observed the gap in the demand and supply of recyclable plastic waste in the industry There was a lack of fair prices for sellers

377、There was also a lack of access to quality material on the recyclers end fGovernment authorities and municipalities faced challenges in monitoring the market and waste generation given a majority of the processes were RECYKALS DIGITAL WASTE ECOSYSTEMDrop material at the collection centres recykal EP

378、R platform Manage EPA fulfillment digitally Plan creation Allocation Material Discovery Monitoring Compliance Management Digital records, DocumentationFMCG Brands Electronics BrandsBrandsrecykal Consumer AppEnables material channeluation from consumers to Recykal PointrecykaI Business AppEnables mat

379、erial channellnition front Waste generators to Recykal PointRecykal Smart CentreDigitize record keeping, payments R Settlements and brings complete visibillity In collectors centre operationsIndustrial Waste Bulk Generators Waste GeneratorsConsumersInformal Sector Waste pickers, KabadiwalasRecycling

380、 and recoveryRecydersCoprocessorsWaste to Energy / FuelCollection, Preprocessing Recykal Points DWCCs run by ULBs Aggregators recykal marketplace Enables buying / selling of recyclable: between Aggregators. Recydea. End to end logistics, transaction supportLegendOrder Flaw Material Flow Incentive Fl

381、ow Documentation Flow Recykals Digital InterventionDrop material at the collection centres Figure 18 Digital Waste Ecosystem of Recykal. Source: Recykal56NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementinformally carried out. The fragmented and offline nature of the transaction

382、s led to poor data quality and a lack of monitoring tools. fThe informal sector workers were unrecognized in India. With more than 4 million informal waste collectors in India, they amounted to 90 percent of the total of plastic recycling in the country. There was an urgent need to formalize their l

383、ivelihoods and help improve their income. fThere was also low participation of consumers and brands in recycling post-consumer use waste generated in households, schools and other institutions. 2. DefineThe identified pain points needed to be addressed with ones with the largest impact being given p

384、riority. fIndia generates 3.4 million tonnes of plastic waste every year, of which more than 40 percent goes uncollected. This is a significant number which needed to be addressed on priority. fThe other priority was the need to bridge the gap between the supply and demand of recyclable plastic wast

385、e in the country. With recyclers and waste aggregators distributed across the country, there was a gap in the system along with varying and questionable quality. Deep marketing research and support from the ULBs gave the company an insight into the problems of the industry and a direction to move fo

386、rward to the next stage. fThe introduction of EPR guidelines in India gave producers, importers and brand owners the responsibility of collecting and recycling the post-consumer waste generated in India. 3. Ideate fWith a population of more than 1.3 billion people in India, consumers generate signif

387、icant waste, which remains uncollected. fThere was a need to bridging the gap across the country with quality material at their disposal. fThere was also the need to bring 1,000+ brands in India under an umbrella tool to help them connect with recyclers, aggregators and government authorities. Techn

388、ology was the key. In the age of digital technology, Recykal decided to provide end-to-end solutions for the key stakeholders in the ecosystem. With nearly every Indian using a smartphone, creating a mobile application that is useable by all was the way forward. For brands, a digital platform was co

389、nsidered as an option, and this worked as an extensive database to track, monitor and organize their waste collection efforts. A SaaS-based solution was proposed for the same described above specific to EPR.4. PrototypeThe first product was a consumer product, which catered to everyday consumers, wh

390、o could easily arrange a pick-up for their recyclable products from the comfort of their homes using the mobile application. 57NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementTo address the gap in demand and supply, the Recykal Marketplace was created. This is a digital platfor

391、m where recyclable waste sellers can create a listing of the material they have, which can be booked by recyclers on the other end. EPR Loop took shape as an online solution for producers, importers and brand owners to meet their EPR requirements with the highest level of transparency and traceabili

392、ty. 5. Testing and implementationRight from product ideation to development, there were continuous iterations of the products based on many brainstorming sessions and interviews with various stakeholders. The prototypes were constantly tested and deployed. Post-deployment, the product was reiterated

393、 based on reviews by users and on the problems and challenges they faced. IMPACT AND ADVANTAGES OF THE PRODUCT The advantages of technology have helped address key issues that gripped the waste management industry including: Bridging the demand-supply gap. Ensuring transparency. Enabling source segr

394、egation. Creating material traceability. Collating data and actionable analytics.58NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementIt should be noted that based on market behaviour, the marketplace has taken a new form with specific applications for buyers and sellers. In the w

395、eeks to come, all the applications will be merged into a single application where sellers can list their materials and buyers can directly place their orders. Socio-economic advantages to stakeholders fEmployment generation has increased, and approximately 10 percent of additional income opportuniti

396、es, especially for the informal sector. The organization accepts all types of plastic waste, which enables local waste collectors to gain additional revenue. fThe creation of accessible waste disposal methods led to the optimal use of resources. Recykal has channelled nearly 0.5 million tonnes of pl

397、astic waste so far, which has saved energy, natural resources and created employment opportunities. fRecykals digital database has assisted local municipalities in making informed decisions.INDORE: PROMOTING MASS AWARENESS WITH BEHAVIOUR CHANGE CAMPAIGNS Indore is one of the cleanest cities in the c

398、ountry and has consistently performed well on the Swachh Survekshan Index. Persistent efforts to increase awareness and citizen engagement have enabled the city to achieve its vision of Swachh Bharat. The Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) has worked closely with organizations to create a holistic w

399、aste management framework through a systems approach. With an extensive focus on IEC, the city has performed well on several parameters including segregation and collection. The IMC with the support of Basix introduced a sustainable waste picker enterprise model in 2019 that conducted high-quality d

400、oorstep garbage collection from households in wards and newly established residential colonies every day. Under the model, almost 500 waste pickers were onboarded at the MRF, paper/cloth bag production units and transfer stations as maintenance staff and caretakers at compost units.IMC with the supp

401、ort of a local organization went door-to-door in Indore to motivate residents to participate in public meetings and encourage them to make personal contributions to keeping the city clean and ensuring effective solid 10Key highlights of the project by IMC and Basix:1. More than 250 training programs

402、 organized for field staff of IMC on solid waste management and behaviour change.2. 200,000 small bins and 15,000 big dustbins distributed at marriage halls for source segregation.59NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementwaste management. The team also mapped BWGs in t

403、he city and implemented a separate collection mechanism. The increased levels satisfaction of the residents has been the biggest outcome of the project. Residents of the city have been cooperating with IMC and local organizations to segregate waste at source, educate others and proactively participa

404、te in various IEC initiatives like nukkad nataks, signature drives, rallies, etc. IMPACT OF THE MODEL1. 100 percent of households and commercial establishments are covered under door-to-door collection system. 2. Daily doorstep awareness and monitoring introduced at 450,000 households in Indore. 3.

405、Waste pickers earning up to Rs. 400 -1,000 per day by selling the dry waste, enabling them to buy meals two times for their kids. 4. Waste pickers saving up to Rs. 200 - 300 in their bank accounts, opened as a part of the social protection drive. 5. 500 waste pickers integrated with the project so f

406、ar.60NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management11JAMMU: A HOLISTIC IEC CAMPAIGN TO PROMOTE BEHAVIOURAL CHANGE ON WASTE MANAGEMENT Behavioural change through citizen engagement and action is critical to achieving better management of waste. Jammu has undertaken extensive c

407、itizen engagement initiatives, including clean-up drives, river restoration projects, nukkad nataks, segregation drives, Swachhta Rath (mobile messaging vehicle), etc., as part of its IEC campaign that was launched in 2019.The Jammu Municipal Corporation (JMC) engaged with Regional and Urban Develop

408、ment Agency (RUDA), a consulting firm in Jammu supporting sustainable development, to plan an IEC campaign identifying the threats caused by improper waste disposal like public health and environmental degradation. Additionally, the JMC and RUDA mapped the stakeholders responsible for the waste mana

409、gement process. They also focussed on BWGs while designing the campaign and devised a special strategy to reach out to these institutions.The JMC with the support of RUDA implemented the following IEC initiatives:61NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementIEC initiativeA

410、bout the initiativePlastic Lao Thaila Pao CampaignThis campaign is a part of an ongoing effort to spread awareness of the need for responsible plastic use and its disposal. A mini material recovery stall has been set up in a prominent market location to promote sustainable waste management practices

411、 as part of the campaign. Under the campaign, citizens are encouraged to deposit their household plastic waste at the stall in exchange for reusable & recycled cloth bags (1 kg of plastic waste = 1 cloth bag).Save Tawi CampaignRUDA initiated a massive campaign, Save Tawi at Har Ki Pauri temple, coll

412、aborating with Jammu Municipal Corporation. The purpose of the campaign was to sensitize people who visit the temple to offer reverence in an eco-friendly manner and not throw plastics or other kinds of waste in the Tawi river. Volunteers were deputed to instruct people to follow physical distancing

413、 norms and throw waste, basis the categories. Awareness was created through public announcements and jingles in the temple premises. The campaign collected 1,220 kg of dry waste. Swachhta Rath -Bin It Right CampaignA vehicle, mostly a three-wheeler, is fitted with a speaker playing jingles and runs

414、through the streets of Jammu to sensitize residents for segregation of their household waste and motivating them to put the right waste in the right dustbin.12HYDERABAD: STREAMLINED PROCESSES THROUGH DIGITIZATION AND STRONG DOCUMENTATIONHyderabad generates 9,965 MTSs of waste per day from different

415、sources, and approximately 15 percent is plastic waste.13 In the beginning, the city government required support for more robust documentation with respect to waste management. In 2018, realizing the role that technology and digitization can play in managing waste, the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Co

416、rporation entered into an agreement with the Ramky Foundation to document all waste transactions. The Foundation believes that traceability and data management play a key role in the circular economy. It also provides efficient solutions to ULBs for viable waste collection methods and recovery solut

417、ions.For transparency and traceability, new monitoring systems were introduced to track data along the waste value chain. These monitoring systems included record-keeping, data management and other improved documentation practices. SOPs were implemented to streamline the data at every stage. This en

418、abled the tracking of waste inflow at every stage, including at the MRF. It also helped identify the source of waste and the concerned waste pickers.13 https:/tspcb.cgg.gov.in/CBIPMP/MSWper cent20Annualper cent20reportper cent202017-18.pdf62NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste

419、 ManagementThe monitoring system at the MRF follows a three-step reporting process to ensure the integrity of the entire system:1. Register Data (also known as the Field Monitoring Registers): Inward register: This register captures the inward volumes procured from various sources daily. The transac

420、tions are recorded in the register and supported by the purchase invoices/bills. Outward register: This register captures data, which is processed and further sent to recyclers, aggregators, etc. The data is recorded in the register with supporting sale invoices/bills. Asset register: The details of

421、 the assets are captured in a specific format and updated monthly. Waste picker register: This register records the onboarding of new waste pickers and is updated regularly.IMPACT OF THE MODEL1. 100 percent compliance due to a strong understanding of processes and a committed team.2. Availability of

422、 metrics for inward and outward volumes of material.3. Availability of resin code-based classification of volumes of material. Such data is useful for effective planning of volumes and effective implementation of programmatic activities.4. Excel-based digitization of registered data provides for ana

423、lytics and smart data management, empowering the MRF operations.5. Proper record and documentation of wages paid to waste pickers and other related details. 63NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe ULBs can provide support in implementing a mobile-based cloud syste

424、mThe organizations can act as the main implementing agency for transparent functioning of MRF and ensuring online data management on a daily basis. Multilaterals can act as facilitators for all the activities mentioned in the component. They can provide support in creating tools and platforms for kn

425、owledge exhange and manangement.Waste pickers can provide the quantum of waste collected and segregated on a daily basis and enable daily monitoring of PWM. The end recyclers will also be linked with the mobile app to provide and retrieve the information related to sustainable pricing system. ULBsOr

426、ganizationsMultilateralWaste PickersEnd Recyclers2. Datasheet: The datasheet consists of sub-sheets where daily data is recorded. 3. Reporting formats: Standard monthly, bimonthly, quarterly reports are shared and verified by the field team.Digitizing the volumes of waste can help provide refined an

427、d accurate data for EPR compliance. The data can also be tailored for center-wise waste collection, irrespective of volumes being handled. 2.4.3 Role of stakeholdersThe below given figure illustrates the role of different stakeholders for the completion of Component 4. 2.4.4 Cross-reference with PWM

428、 and SWM rules of Government of IndiaThe suggestions made for implementation are cross-referenced with the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 and 2018. Some of the key cross-reference points can be accessed by referring to the following rules, and the page numbers have been mentioned for easy referen

429、ce. fResponsibility of local body (page number 5-6) 64NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe MRF model or DWCCs for PWM require to be funded and operated in the public-private partnership mode. The private funding can be provided by brand owners, producers, importe

430、rs or CSR activities. The model is initially funded by private players, supported by ULBs and operated by service providers (local organizations/waste management agencies). The chapter will discuss the economic feasibility, ways of achieving break-even point, the models profitability, and self-susta

431、inability. FINANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF A PWM WORKING MODEL33.1 Techno-economic feasibility For the techno-economic feasibility, the model should include the following components: 1) Role of the ULBs at the city level: Acquisition of land and building for setting up the MRF Power and water charges

432、Transportation of plastic (solid) waste from DWCCs2) Cash flows per month including operational revenue and expenditure: Based on the target waste (TPD) every month, the components for opera-tional revenue and expenses are to be considered. OPERATIONALEXPENSES Monthly waste buying amount Manpower co

433、st (gap after funding) Management fee (gap after funding) Back-office support Utilities and consumables Vehicle fuel Vehicle maintenance/repairs Reject waste disposal All other expenses Sales of processed materials Any other source of revenueOPERATIONAL REVENUEVSFigure 19 An overview of operational

434、expenses versus the operational revenue of the project. Source: UNDPs on-ground learnings and analysis With a monthly increase in target incoming waste, operational expenses and operational revenues, the model will start achieving profits from approximately the 12th month of the project. After adjus

435、ting the finances from funding, the gap shall be paid from the profit margins received by deducting operational revenues from expenditures. The consolidated sample sheet for calculating the cash flows is provided in Annexure VII. 3) One-time costs for setting up MRF and IEC: The model requires inves

436、tment for machinery with support from ULBs and behaviour change communication. A break-up of one-time expenses is detailed in the table below. 66NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementMachinery by ULBsIEC Activities Weighing scale Baler Shredder Waste picker mobilizati

437、on SHG formation One-time rolling fund for procurement Formation of RWA Meetings, trainings and workshops Provision of safety gear for waste pickers Awareness campaigns and rallies Insurance for plant and machinery Documentation of best practicesMachinery from Funding SupportOther One-Time Expenses

438、Weighing scale Phatka/air blower machine Baler Aglo machine Gatta/extruder machine Shredder Collection vehicle Office setup Biometric attendance Laptop/computer for office setup Fire extinguisher First-aid kit Uniforms & safety gears Drums, buckets Stationary & signboards Mobile phones Table 7 List

439、of one-time expenses for the project4) Daily or monthly waste transactions: Every day or month, a certain amount of waste is bought in for processing and is later sold based on average buying and selling rates. The waste is processed across these categories: fCategory 1: Soiled PET jars fCategory 4:

440、 LDPE fCategory 2: HDPE fCategory 7: MLP, others fMixed plastic fCategory 3: PVC fCategory 5: PP fCategory 6: PS Different categories of waste are processed in the MRF and after removing rejects the processed waste is further sold for recycling or upcycling to the recycling units. GST as applicable

441、is added to the total sales of the processed waste. 67NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management3.2 Project break-even and profitabilityThe break-even point for any project is defined as the point where the cost of expenses becomes equal to the amount of revenue. A projec

442、t becomes profitable when the revenues become more than the expenses. The model needs to consider various components to reach the break-even point and later achieve profits. The components include: fFinancially viable monthly/daily targets of incoming plastic waste in the MRF fFinancially viable buy

443、ing rates for different waste categories to be processed in the MRF fFinancially viable selling rates for different waste categories for recycling/upcycling fProvision of important sources such as land, building and machinery by ULBs at preferably no cost fLinkage with recycling/upcycling units by s

444、igning contract between recycling units and organizations.68NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe other components to be considered include manpower, market demand and miscellaneous expenses which will depend on the population and size of MRF in the city. 3.3 Self

445、-sustainability of projectThe self-sustainability of the MRF model is a key component for the successful implementation of plastic waste management in a city. The financial availability and profitability of the model play an important role in the success of this model in the long run. For the self-s

446、ustainability of the model, the following components need to be considered: fFunding for an initial period of approximately five to six years, including the cost of setting up the MRF, manpower costs and other one-time expenses. (Note: Financial details under Annexure VII) fAllocation of land, machi

447、nery, initial support for power and water charges and waste transportation from the DWCCs. fInternational agencies such as the UNDP, GIZ, UNIDO and ADB to facilitate linkages with banks for extending payments to waste pickers for PWM fLinkages with recycling units to create a market-driven and profi

448、table model to achieve self-sustainability. A city will achieve financial sustainability in approximately five to six years if a dedicated amount of waste is processed and sold at feasible rates. Additionally, financial and infrastructure support is to be provided for setting up MRFs.69NITI Aayog UN

449、DP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementUNDP defines social protection as “a set of nationally owned policies and instruments that provide income support and facilitate access to goods and services by all households and individuals at least at minimally accepted levels, to protect t

450、hem from deprivation and social exclusion, particularly during periods of insufficient income, incapacity or inability to work.” Fifteen other multilateral agencies, such as the International Labour Organization (ILO), World Bank, United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF), define social protection diff

451、erently. Some focus SOCIAL INCLUSION OF WASTE PICKERS4on the building blocks by defining it as the aggregate of social protection or insurances; others describe it as poverty and vulnerability reduction for individuals and protection along with development. While the approaches and interventions dif

452、fer; the role of social protection in defining the policy framework is to address poverty and vulnerability. In plastic or solid waste management, waste pickers are the most important players. They are also amongst the most vulnerable to health risks and occupational hazards and have a lack of acces

453、s to social protection. In this context, it is important to understand social inclusion in the PWM process and its role in improving access to social protection for waste pickers. To develop a social protection framework, it is essential to understand the levels of existing vulnerabilities of waste

454、pickers in India. 4.1 Existing vulnerabilities of waste pickers According to the Solid Waste Management Rules 2016, waste pickers are a formal or informal group of people engaged in the collection and sorting/segregation of waste to a living. Based on estimates, there are around 4 million waste pick

455、ers making their livelihood from waste management in India. The informal waste pickers in India face different vulnerability levels, and they operate in a hazardous working environment leading to various health risks. The figure below details the vulnerabilities faced by waste pickers. 4.2 Guiding f

456、ramework for social protection of waste pickers The vulnerabilities faced by waste pickers need to be addressed through a comprehensive and justifiable framework focusing on social protection. The guiding framework for the social protection of waste pickers is represented in the figure below. SOCIAL

457、 EXLUSIONOCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISKSNO FIXED INCOMELACK OF BASIC HUMAN RIGHTSNO VOICE IN DEVELOPMENTVULNERABILITIESFigure 20 Vulnerabilities faced by waste pickers71NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementFigure 21 Guiding framework for social protection of waste pickersT

458、his framework can be achieved by taking steps as detailed out under component 2.2 D (Elements of the MRF ), with specific reference to points 4, 5 and 6.4.2.1 Benefits of including social protection for waste pickers The adoption and implementation of a social protection framework can help achieve t

459、he goal of PWM and improve the socio-economic conditions of waste pickers. The benefits include:I. Resilience while facing future risksII. Increase in mitigation capacities to counter vulnerabilitiesIII. Achievement of SDGsIV. Legitimacy through ID cards and the right to work V. Entrepreneurship opp

460、ortunities Provision of Social Inclusion Provision of Basic Human RightsInstitutional-ization of Waste Pickers Provision of Fixed Income and WagesInclusion in DevelopmentProvision of Health Protection and Safe Working EnvironmentGUIDING FRAMEWORK FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION OF WASTE PICKERS72NITI Aayog UN

461、DP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management4.3 Case Studies 1PROJECT UTTHAAN : HELPING WASTE PICKERS RISE WITH RESILIENCE Project Utthaan is a social protection project by UNDP, launched in October 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The project aims to strengthen access to soc

462、ial protection schemes and increase livelihood opportunities for waste pickers. The project conducted a baseline assessment of 9,302 waste pickers across 15 cities. The assessment evaluated the impact of COVID-19 on their livelihoods. The key findings from the survey are as follows: fAround 65 perce

463、nt of respondents reported having no formal education. This percentage is higher among socially disadvantaged groups. fThe average household size was around 4, with the number of family members ranging from 0 to 16. fMore than half of the respondents were employed as itinerant waste pickers, street

464、sweepers and waste pickers at a landfill, which are highly informal employment categories. Further, socially disadvantaged groups and those with no formal education were heavily concentrated in such informal jobs. fOwnership of identification documentation varied across the sample: Around 90 percent

465、 indicated having of an Aadhar card. Around 63 percent reported having a voter card, with more women (as compared to men) owning voter cards. Less than 6 percent reported having a birth certificate. Ownership of other identification documents such as caste and income certificates was even lower, at

466、around 0.5 percent across the sample. fAround 7 in 10 respondents reported having a monthly household income of less than Rs. 10,000. Only 4 per cent of respondents reported earning more than Rs. 20,000 a month. fAround 67 percent individuals reported having a bank account. Three in 10 of these indi

467、viduals reported that their bank accounts were linked with the Jan Dhan scheme. fOne in two individuals indicated the ownership of a beneficiary document such as a ration card. On the other hand, only 4 percent of individuals owned a health card.Through Project Utthaan, UNDP has launched two social

468、protection facilitation centers in Panaji and Bhubaneshwar. The primary functions of the facilitation centres include:73NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementChanging deep ingrained attitiudes, beliefs, and practices of women members. Empowering waste workers at an in

469、dividual and collective level. Ensuring institutional representation and strengthening adovcacy and social change efforts.1. Identifying and recording information for eligible schemes for waste pickers related to:a. Health b. Education c. Financial Inclusiond. Food Security2. Assisting waste pickers

470、 with the documentation required to register for schemes and claim benefits.3. Providing information on and creating awareness of social protection.4. Liasoning with ULBs and relevant departments. FROM FAMILY COUNSELLING CENTRES TO MICRO CREDITING SERVICES: TRANSFORMING THE LIVES OF INFORMAL WORKERS

471、 IN MUMBAI Established in 1975, Stree Mukti Sanghatana (SMS) has become the face of drastic transformation in the lives of informal women waste workers in the maximum city, Mumbai. SMS started organizing women workers, known as Parisar Bhaginis, at the Deonar landfill site, and today serves apartmen

472、ts, government institutes, educational campuses and more. Most importantly, SMS is no more just a waste collection initiative, but a holistic social protection-based institute. SMS has been working hard to provide microcredit, mental health, family counselling, education, and public health support s

473、ervices to Parisar Bhaginis. Improving the standard of living of women members, creating zero waste communities, improving recycling rates and developing new technologies to handle waste are some of the SMS core objectives. The organization believes strongly in decentralized waste management systems

474、 and advocates for the same.SMS follows a three-step model as detailed below:2Figure 22 Three step model of SMS. Source SMS74NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe SMS microcredit system is at the heart of the entire model. SMS created a federation of groups of wom

475、en waste pickers who were saving together in 2005 known as the Parisar Vikas Bhagini Sangh (PVBS). It was also registered as a community development society with the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). Approximately 200 saving groups or bachat gats joined the federation. Every gat compri

476、sed 10 members, and every group had to provide a fixed-time membership fee of Rs. 500 and a monthly charge of Rs. 100. PVBS further charges an interest rate of 1.5 percent of the total loan given to the group and charges 2 percent to members. The federation internally discusses the details of every

477、group before disbursing loans. If a gat has performed well for six consecutive months, a grant of Rs. 1,000 is given to every member of the group, making a total of Rs. 10,000 per gat. This grant is provided under the Swarna Jayanti Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY). This acts as seed capital to set up a

478、 micro-enterprise. Of this Rs. 10,000, two components are created Rs. 5,000 goes to the federation and Rs. 5,000 to bachat gat. This makes groups eligible to get a loan from the federation in case they need it. Having a Below Poverty Line (BPL) card is mandatory to avail benefits of SJSRY. PVBS help

479、s bhaginis to get these BPL cards. Several benefits are also available as part of the PVBS. Motorized vehicles for collecting waste and other necessary equipment are provided. Women members also have secured access to waste, sorting spaces, and recyclers. The federation collects waste from the women

480、 members directly at market rates, removing the role of the middleman in the process. Members are also eligible for a 4 percent bonus (amounting to Rs. 10,000 to 12,000) depending on the value of the waste collected in a year, and this bonus is given out during Diwali. PVBS manages two canteens at t

481、he Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), eight biogas plants and five sheds for sorting waste. They also have a dedicated and specialized system for handling Tetra Pak waste. The federation uses it for station-ery purposes, with tie-ups from companies like L&T, TCS, and Tata Power.All of this ha

482、s resulted in a positive impact on the lives of the bhaginis. The formal training initiatives undertaken by SMS provide members with an opportunity to get new and improved jobs. Due to source segregation and an efficient recycling system, waste reaching the dump sites has also been reduced. SMS rema

483、ins one of the most inspiring and impactful examples of integrating the informal waste sector in the country. 4.4 Financial models towards livelihood enhancement of waste pickers There are different financial models which can be adopted for the economic inclusion and livelihood enhancement of waste

484、pickers. The section focuses on three models based on various existing models and the learnings from them. 75NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementModel 1: Development of entrepreneurial opportunities for waste pickers In this model, organizations working in the livel

485、ihood enhancement of waste pickers play a key role in facilitating and implementing the financial model. Organizations create an entrepreneurial environment for waste pickers, which enables them to create business and employment opportunities. Within this model, the waste pickers act as individual e

486、ntrepreneurs and operate various activities, including door-to-door collection of waste, managing collection points, dry waste sorting centers and implementing app-based collection schemes. The organizations, with guidance from the ULBs, train waste pickers, provide collection vehicles, a collection

487、 route and a standard process to follow. The organization can ensure quality by providing a manager with two or three waste pickers and accessible avenues for clients to share their concerns over the services provided. To successfully run a business, every entrepreneur should employ one driver, two

488、collection workers and sorters as per requirement, and they should ensure the quality of the services provided. The entrepreneurs will collect fees from households and the profits earned from recyclers. After four years, truck ownership can be moved to the entrepreneurs, which will require minimal m

489、aintenance and can be incentivized for their future assets. In this model, entrepreneurs can take up more collection routes when they are ready to expand their businesses. This model improves the livelihoods and financial conditions of waste pickers and brings discipline, professionalism, and social

490、 identity to their work lives as they are required to wear uniforms and safety equipment all the time. This model has been implemented in Mumbai, New Delhi, Bengaluru, etc. Model 2: Development of waste pickers cooperatives to build their own non-profit organizationIn this model, a group of waste pi

491、ckers can register themselves as a cooperative, where their contributions can be divided as salaries at a flat rate or be based on contributions. The model has proved to be more transparent and profitable for waste pickers as they can also act as recyclers. Access to the public provident fund and lo

492、an facilities can be added as advantages in this model. ULBs can help cooperatives with land, infrastructure and the allocation of vehicles to transport and transfer waste. The model works on a profit-sharing basis with fair prices based on real-time market rates. Payments are made in cash without a

493、ny delay, and cash receipts are also provided to the waste pickers. The small cooperatives can also join hands to become a larger entity based on the willingness and feasibility of the model. 76NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementModel 3: Development of a blended wo

494、rkforce combining waste pickers and non-waste pickersOrganizations can engage waste pickers in two ways: as a flexible workforce (on a per diem basis) and as a salaried workforce. The flexible workforce can be engaged in sorting and segregating waste, which can be done on an individual basis and be

495、paid on a performance basis. This will benefit the waste pickers who like to work individually. For roles that require specific knowledge, a regular schedule and salaried workforce can be employed. The dual payment and employment method gives organizations the freedom to carry out waste management a

496、t MRFs without administrative formalities. These are some examples of the existing financial models in India and other countries. For every livelihood enhancement model, it is important to include long-term livelihood sources which can bring about sustainability, feasibility, and reliable transporta

497、tion processes. 77NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management1DA NANG, VIETNAM: A PIONEERING EXAMPLE IN PLASTIC WASTE MANAGEMENTDa Nang is a coastal city in Vietnam, and it is the fifth-largest city in the country with a population of more than 1.2 million. Almost 88 perce

498、nt of the population lives in urban areas, whereas 12 percent reside in rural areas. The city generates more than 1,100 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which 150 tonnes per day is plastic waste (14 to 17 percent).15 The absence of source segregation and holistic waste management systems are the hu

499、rdles in ensuring sustainable management of waste in the city. However, since 2016, the city has been implementing a community plastic waste collection and recycling model. The model keeps women waste pickers at the centre as they are engaged in core activities like household collection, sorting, re

500、cycling and trading. These women waste pickers travel on their bicycles or rickshaws to cater to households and businesses. The model has creatively utilized the force of women waste pickers as specialized communicators on the issue of waste segregation, collection, and recycling. This has transform

501、ed the role of waste pickers, adding more value and respect to their role.15 https:/www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/viet-nam-is-building-its-first-zero-plastic-waste-city-heres-how/INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDIES CAPTURING THE PRACTICES 5These women go from door-to-door and educate households on waste seg

502、regation and handling. They also collect waste from construction and dumpsites. Women waste pickers collect high-value plastics and low-value plastics such as plastic carry bags, straws, plastic cutlery, shampoo sachets, etc. Figure 23 Waste collection, recycling, and trading cycle in Vietnam. Sourc

503、e: UNDP VietnamLEVEL 1Collection Centers (CLCs) Trade with IWWs or businesses directly Typically have infrastructure Family-owned business Seperate waste types and aggregate Sell to consolidatorsLEVEL 2Consolidation Centers (CSCs) Trade with multiple collection centers and often have a truck for col

504、lection -Trading large volumes of waste streams Selling to factories Fewer compared to collection centers Operating businessesInformal waste workers (IWWs) Recover tradeables Households. business and construction waste Sell to CLCs & CSCs Have strong relationships with stakeholdersLEVEL 0Recyclers &

505、 End-buyers Trade with multiple consolidation centers across Vietnam Can be recyclers producing granulate or flakes (plastic) Can be metal or paper factories Typically found in North or South of VietnamLEVEL 3The women waste pickers take their waste to small scrap aggregators, who have a dedicated s

506、pace or a shop to sort and recover the material. The material segre-gation and recovery are based on the potential of the sellability of the materials downstream. Along with market linkages, the model emphasizes the social protection of these women waste pickers. More than 1,000 women waste pickers

507、have been integrated with the Womens Union, a socio-political organization that represents and defends womens legal rights and interests in Vietnam. This has provided them with a livelihood, a stable income and social security benefits like health care access, education for children, etc. Some women

508、 members have reported an almost 10 percent increase in their income post their inclusion in the project. “My income has increased to 5.300.00 VND from 4.700.00 VND thanks to having access to more stable sorted waste resources.” Ms. Nguyen Thi Bay, waste picker in Son Tra district, Da Nang city79NIT

509、I Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management2COMING TOGETHER TO BEAT PLASTIC POLLUTION IN PASIG CITY, PHILIPPINESSituated in Metro Manila, Pasig City is one of the most urbanized and the ninth-most populated city in the country, with a population of around 800,000. The city is

510、 situated on the Pasig River system, which is the worlds eighth-most polluted river globally; around 65 percent of its water is polluted due to household waste. The city generates 345.12 MTs of municipal waste daily, of which approximately 19 percent is plastic.16 After pledging to reduce 20 percent

511、 of waste generation by 2025, the citizens of Pasig have rallied behind the vision and efforts of Mayor Vico Sotto to make it a Green City. The government of Pasig City has collaborated with one of the fast-moving consumer goods company to implement Walastik na Pasig, a plastic collection programme.

512、 16 https:/www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/resourcesquality/wpccasestudy3.pdfIMPACT OF THE MODEL: The model has encouraged 21,000 households, 31 schools, 200 hotels and restaurant owners to commit to source segregation and plastic recycling. The Da Nang model has become a leading example of how

513、gender equity and combating plastic pollution can go hand in hand. 80NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAs a part of the campaign, citizens collect, clean and deposit single-use plastics, like shampoo sachets, carry bags, chocolate wrappers and straws, in designate

514、d junk shops located in their neighbourhood. In return, a cash incentive based on per kilogram of properly deposited waste is provided to the participating households and shop owners. This enables source segregation and community recycling of single-use plastic, diverting it from landfills and water

515、bodies. An extensive, behavioural communication programme will soon follow the campaign. Pasig City is also partnering with multinational corporations and supporting local circular economy start-ups like Sari-cycling and Cloop. Sari-cycling follows a similar model: three separate bins are installed

516、next to sari-sari shops (go-to neighbourhood stores for low-income households providing items in small quantities, mostly sachets, for their daily needs). Citizens segregate waste into three categories plastic, metal, and bottles. A cash incentive is provided to participating households and shop own

517、ers. 81NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementThe waste collected under this initiative is managed by Cloop, a local plastic recycling and upcycling start-up. Cloop uses MRFs to not just sort and recover materials but also for advocacy on PWM. 3ZERO-WASTE CITY: SURABAY

518、A, INDONESIA LEADS THE WAY WITH WASTE BANKS Surabaya is the second-largest city in Indonesia and is situated in the eastern part of Java Island. The city generates 1,512 tonnes of solid waste per day, of which (57 percent) is organic waste, and (16 percent) is plastic waste.17 In 2001, Surabaya peak

519、ed at 2,000 tons of solid waste generation in a day. At the same time, one of the citys landfills Kpeutih was also shut down, leading to massive littering on the streets. This was a turning point in the history of the city. In 2004, the city government prepared itself for the long fight against the

520、menace of solid waste and laid down an action plan. Surabaya launched a 3 Rs (reduce, reuse, and recycle) community-based waste management programme, also known as the Surabaya Green and Clean campaign. The campaign focussed on educating citizens on waste management, planting trees and saving energy

521、.The primary challenge for the city government was to promote source segregation amongst households. The city government collaborated with Japan-based Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association (KITA), who 17 https:/wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence

522、=1&isAllowed=y82NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementworked with the city government to introduce quick, low-tech and inexpensive means of household composting. This pushed households to start segregating the waste at source. By 2009, more than 20,000 households star

523、ted practicing household composting and 21 composting centres were established. The model reduced waste generation by 30 percent. To ensure the sustainability and implementation of the campaign, the Surabaya City government recruited approximately 420 facilitators and 28,000 environmental cadres to

524、manage their community-based waste management initiatives. The campaign also included neighbourhood competitions in which the communities were judged based on cleanliness, tree plantation and waste management efforts. Complementing this was Surabayas other impactful initiative of installing waste ba

525、nks, which started in 2009. The waste banks initiative was launched under the Surabaya Clean and Green campaign to manage dry waste. It functions like a formal bank system, and the savings are not financial but dry waste. The deposited dry waste undergoes a weighing process, and accordingly, payment

526、 is made to the account holder. The waste bank is not just an environmental initiative but is also an economic model. Citizens are paid to sort the waste at source and this ensures their participation in the citys waste management process. The waste collected by the bank is further sold to large agg

527、regators or recyclers, who use it to make other recycled material. The model of the waste bank has ensured an increase in the informal sector income. As of today, the city has maintained sustinability of its models via various innovative strategies. The citys transportation system has been adapted t

528、o reduce plastics. Bus units in Surabaya allows people to pay their fares using plastic bottles.4CUTTING LANDFILL WASTE IN VIETNAM BY 70 PERCENT: A WOMEN-LED WASTE COLLECTION PROGRAMME IN HOI AN CITY:A tourist and a port city, Hoi An in Vietnam witnesses a footfall of 20 million tourists annually, a

529、nd the city generates 27,000 tonnes of solid waste per year.18 Initially, all of it was beng dumped in landfills, waterbodies or streets, and residents and city authorities had a tough time managing the waste. In 2010, the Hoi An Womens Union took charge of waste management in the city. Under the pr

530、oject Socialization of solid waste management in Hoi An, the Womens Union prepared a long-term strategy to manage the waste crisis in the city. Innovation and advocacy were the two central pillars of the project. Implemented in close coordination with the Vietnam Office of Natural Resources and Envi

531、ronment and the Public Works Agency, the project worked to sustainably develop the city while preserving its cultural heritage. Hoi An is famous for its 18 https:/ Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementpagodas, temples, ancient wells and tombs; improper waste management wa

532、s a big threat for the city. Sorting waste at the source was a key idea behind the project. Recyclable, biodegradable and persistent (organic pollutants) were the three categories created for households to segregate their waste. The Womens Union initiated an exhaustive communication and education ca

533、mpaign via community radio, local fairs, door-to-door outreach, etc., to make residents understand the importance of source segregation.The project made biodegradable waste to compost at the household level, which farmers later used in their fields. Recyclables like plastic, metal, glass, etc., were

534、 collected and sold for recycling. The persistent waste was handed over to the city government for disposal. The city authorities provided their full cooperation and streamlined the process by creating waste management plans.The project did not only enable source segregation and channelize the colle

535、ction of the waste, but it also created income support for women members. The project devised a revolving credit scheme to provide loans to them, ensuring that the waste management programme became self-sustainable and viable. The union utilized these funds to purchase necessary infrastructure like

536、trolleys, bicycles, uniforms, etc. The project helped increase the quantity of recovered, recycled waste and the income of women members. Plastic waste has emerged as a threat in IMPACT OF THE MODEL: The efforts by the Hoi An Womens Union resulted in a 70 percent diversion of the waste from the city

537、s landfill. The model is an important example not only for plastic recycling but also for gender equity and the social protection of women waste pickers. The model is now being scaled up at a provincial level. 84NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementWAY FORWARD AND CO

538、NCLUSION6recent years and needs different models for sustainable PWM. The adoption of a circular economy in PWM will support the sustainable utilization of natural resources and boost the economy. In India, the Plastic Waste Management Rules were mandated in 2016, amended in 2018 and 2021, to manage

539、 waste at the city level. There are different categories of plastic waste defined by the CPCB, which should be processed and recycled by recycling units. Single-use and multi-layered plastics can be considered the most difficult to process or recycle. While there have been numerous policy interventi

540、ons to institutionalize PWM, managing solid waste, mainly plastic waste, has been a challenge for ULBs across the country. This handbook will provide a roadmap for a sustainable and inclusive PWM model for the ULBs. The handbook details the MRF model, which the ULB can implement in a public-private

541、partnership mode. The brand owners or producers under EPR or CSR activities can provide financial support to develop the infrastructure and machinery required for the MRFs. Steps and processes to set up, operationalize and make the model self-sustaining by becoming a profitable model have been detai

542、led in this handbook. This model ensures compliance with regulations and improves resource utilization. It not only focuses on managing plastic waste but also on the social inclusion and protection of waste pickers by improving their socio-economic conditions. To successfully implement the model, al

543、l stakeholders need to be integrated and institutionalize the complete process. The handbook details the role of different stakeholders, such as ULBs, recyclers, service providers, brand owners and waste pickers for each of the components. The segregation of waste at generation points and the formal

544、ization of recycling units by registering as per CPCB rules are critical to implementing the MRF model. This handbook will act as an important tool for ULBs in the successful plastic waste management in their respective cities.86NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementA

545、nnexures 1) ANNEXURE I : Baseline format for Municipal Solid (Plastic) Waste Management including comprehensive questionnaire for capturing the information on Solid (Plastic) Waste at the city or town level. 2) ANNEXURE II : Risk Matrix Plastic Waste Management comprises different risk matrix like o

546、perational, occupational, financial, and institutional and recycler linkages. The details captured for each risk include associated risks, degree of risk for MRFs as high/medium/low, impact, and action plans. 3) ANNEXURE III: Suggestive template for reporting & data monitoring comprises of six forma

547、ts for the reporting and data monitoring purposes at MRF. The six formats mentioned in this annexure are Daily Inward Register, Daily Outward/Sale Register, Waste Picker Registration Details, Self-Help Group Details, Infrastructure Fixed Assets Details, and Recycler Details. 4) ANNEXURE IV: Checklis

548、t for recyclers (as per Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016, FORM II) includes the details for recyclers to set up and operate recycling units. The annexure also details the suggestive measures for recyclers while setting up and running their units. 5) ANNEXURE V : Checklist for ULBs (Framework for

549、Entering into a City for Establishing Plastic Waste Management System) includes the details and prerequisites for setting up MRF. It consists of details starting from level 0 (City Review and Scope of Intervention) to level 6 (IEC and Awareness Activities). It is assumed that the PWM system needs to

550、 be established in the city from scratch; Level 0 considered as an initiation point.6) ANNEXURE VI : Checklist for ULBs (Framework for partial establishment of Plastic Waste Management System in a city) includes details on the assumption that PWM system is partially established in the city and divid

551、ed into activities already done and activities that are left to be done for setting up a comprehensive waste management system at the city level. 7) ANNEXURE VII: Templates for cash flows and maintaining financial sustainability.Annexure I Baseline Format for Municipal Solid (Plastic) WasteName of C

552、ity/Town and StatePopulationArea in square kilometresName & address of the local body, contact details (email, phone)Name of officer in-charge dealing with solid/plastic waste managementPhone no./Fax/EmailNumber of households in the city/town Number of non-residential premises in the cityNumber of e

553、lection/administrative wards in the cityTotal quantity of solid (plastic) waste generatedEstimated quantity of waste generated in the local body area per day in metric tonesQuantity of waste collected per dayPer capita waste collected per yearQuantity of waste processedQuantity of waste disposed at

554、dumpsite/landfillStatus of waste management services:Segregation and storage of waste at sourceWhether waste is stored at source in domestic/commercial/institutional bins. If yes,Percentage of households practicing storage of waste at source in domestic binsPercentage of non-residential premises pra

555、cticing storage of waste at source Percentage of household disposing or throwing waste on the streetsPercentage of non-residential premises disposing or throwing solid waste on the streetsWhether waste is stored at source in segregated form. If yes,Percentage of premises segregating the waste at sou

556、rceDoor-to-door collection of solid (plastic) wasteWhether door-to-door collection is being done in the city/town88NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementNumber of wards covered in door-to-door collection of wasteNo. of households coveredNo. of non-residential premises

557、 including commercial establishments, hotels, restaurants, educational institutions/offices etc. coveredPercentage of residential and non-residential premises covered in door-to-door collection through: wMotorized vehicle wContainerized tricycle/handcart wOthersIf not, method of primary collection a

558、dopted wSweeping of streets wLength of roads streets, lanes, bye lanes in the cityTools used :Manual sweeping%Mechanical sweeping%Whether long handle broom used by sanitation workersYes/NoWhether each sanitation worker is givenhandcart/tricycle for collection of wasteYes/NoWhether handcart/tricycle

559、is containerizedWhether the collection tool synchronizes with collection/waste storage containers utilizedSecondary waste storage facilitiesNo. and type of waste storage depots in the city/town wOpen waste storage sites wMasonry bins wCement concrete cylinder bins wDhalaos/covered rooms/space wCover

560、ed metals/plastic containers wBin less cityNo. capacity in mWard wise details of waste storage depots :Frequency of collection of waste from the depotsFrequencyNo. of binsNumber of bins clearedDailyAlternate dayTwice a weekOnce a weekOccasionally89NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plasti

561、c Waste ManagementWhether storage depots have the facility for storage of segregated waste in green, blue and black binsYes/No(if yes, add details)Whether lifting of solid waste from storage depots is manual or mechanical. Give percentage (%) of Manual lifting of solid waste(%) (%) of Mechanical lif

562、ting(%)If mechanical specify the method usedWhether lifted from door to door and transported totreatment plant directly in a segregated formYes/No(If yes, specify)Waste transportation per dayType and number of vehicles used wAnimal cart tractors wNon tipping wTruck wTipping truck wDumper placers wRe

563、fuse wCollectors wOthers wJCB/loaderFrequency of transportation of wasteQuantity of waste transported each dayPercentage of total waste transported dailyWaste treatment technologies usedWhether solid waste processed dailyIf yes, quantity of waste processed daily tpdWhether treatment is done by local

564、 body or throughan agencyProcessing (in Hectares)Land currently utilized for waste processingSolid waste processing facilities in operationSolid waste processing facilities under constructionDistance of processing facilities from City/Town boundary90NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plas

565、tic Waste ManagementDetails of technologies adoptedCompostingQty. raw material processedQty. final product producedQty. soldQty. waste landfilledVermi-compostingQty. raw material processedQty. final product producedQty. sold quantity of waste landfilledBio-methanationQty raw material processedQty. f

566、inal product producedQty. sold quantity of residual waste landfilledRefuse derived fuelQty. raw material processedQty. final product producedQty. sold quantity of residual waste landfilledWaste to energy technology such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis or any other technology (give detail)Qt

567、y. raw material processedQty. final product producedQty. sold quantity of residual waste landfilledCo-processingQty. raw material processedCombustible waste supplied to cement plantCombustible waste supplied to solid waste based power plantsOtherQty.Solid waste disposal facilitiesNo. of dumpsites av

568、ailable with the local bodyNo. of sanitary landfill sites available with the local bodyArea of the site available for waste disposal sitesDistance of the dumpsite/landfill facility from city/townDistance from the nearest habitationDistance from water bodyDistance from state/national highwayDistance

569、from the airportDistance from important religious place or historicalmonuments91NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementWhether it falls in flood prone areaWhether it falls in earthquake fault line areaQuantity of waste landfill each dayWhether landfill site is fencedWh

570、ether landfill facility is available on siteWhether weighbridge facility availableVehicles and equipment used at landfill (specify)Manpower deployed at landfill siteWhether covering is done on daily basisIf not, frequency of covering the waste deposited at landfillCover material usedWhether adequate

571、 covering material is available. Provisions for gas venting provided. Provisions for leachate collection. Whether an action plan has been prepared for improving solid waste management practices ? What separate provisions are made for ? wDairy-related activities wSlaughterhouse waste wC&D waste (cons

572、truction debris) wDetails of post closure planHow many slums are landfill and whether these are provided with waste management facilities:(If yes, attach details)Give details ofLocal bodys own manpower deployed for collection including street sweeping, secondary storage, transportation, processing a

573、nd disposal wasteGive details ofContractor/concessionaires manpower deployed for collection including street sweeping, secondary storage, transportation, processing and disposal of wasteMention briefly, the difficulties being experienced by the local body in compliance with provisions of these rules

574、Mention briefly, if any innovative idea is being implemented to tackle a problem to solid waste, which could be replicated by other local bodies92NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAnnexure II Risk Matrix-Plastic Waste ManagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High

575、/Medium/Low)ImpactAction Plan Operational Risks - Collection System, Material Recovery Facility & Final Disposal/Processing1Identification of land and obtaining permission/approvals with local authoritiesDelays in getting land and necessary approvals for initiating the operationsHighInability to est

576、ablish the PWM system in place. The land is allotted by local authorities for establishing Material Recovery Facility. Obtaining approvals is a prerequisite for initiating the operations and establishing the decentralised system in the city. The local authorities to fast track the approval process a

577、nd designate area for establishing Material Recovery Facility2Establishing robust collection system with daily tonnage/targetThe daily collection system varies from city to city depending on generation and the way it is collected e.g. - door to door, community based etc. If a minimum threshold of co

578、llection target is not met, then the MRF cannot run at its full capacity.MediumInability of meeting the agreed pre-decided timelines in setting the system. The PWM system will operate at reduced capacity.Planning & pre-deciding the route map with local authorities, creating awareness, engaging local

579、 communities, etc. 93NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High/Medium/Low)ImpactAction Plan 3Onboarding/appointment of waste management agency/partner to operate the Material Recovery FacilityAvailability of skilled human resource acro

580、ss cities. With waste management being an unorganized and complex sector in India, it is difficult to find human resources who have the skill sets that match the requirement of the project both in the teams and service providers.HighLong-time taken by project team and service providers in delivering

581、 the activity outputs (results). Transparent tendering process with experience-based selection of the partner agency. Regular capacity building to be undertaken.4Channelization of recyclable plastic waste fraction to recyclers & their linkagesNon-Compliance with guidelines laid by CPCBHighThere is a

582、 lack of registered recyclers in the country and as per CPCB 100% channelization of recyclable plastic waste should happen to be registered recyclers. Encouraging small & large aggregators to register themselves with SPCBs to create enough infrastructure. Engaging with registered recyclers to be emp

583、hasised. 5Unprecedented situations /events outside the control of projectsOutbreak of a pandemics (COVID) and related events, social unrest Riots, civil disobedience movements. Natural disasters, floods etc.High wInability of abiding by the pre-decided timelines and results. wHigh costs for recyclin

584、g challenging the business model approaches. wJobs, income of waste pickers is impacted, and school children are drop-outs.Capacity building & training in case of man-made hazards. In case of natural disasters, a proper contingency plan to be prepared & adopted.94NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustaina

585、ble Urban Plastic Waste ManagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High/Medium/Low)ImpactAction Plan wDistress sale of assets, domestic violence increases, indebtedness increases, greater drudgery for women. Implementation partner runs into losses due to higher operational costs.Occupational Risks at

586、 Material Recovery Facilities 1Physical hazardsThe most common hazards include injury from sharp items, use of hand and power tools, and material handling, slips, and falls, and temperature extremes.HighInjury/loss of life Use of safety gears like gloves, mask, boots and proper clothing will minimiz

587、e the risk and prevent potential accidents at the site. A safety briefing at the project site should be conducted every month as a healthy practice to prevent physical hazards.2Exposure to site contaminants Personnel could contact waste and the typical pathogens contained therein most notably is tet

588、anus.MediumWater/food-borne diseasesSite personnel should be provided with tetanus immunizations before mobilizing to the site. They will also be required towash their hands at the end of work and before handling food. It is also suggested to keep a workplace uniform to maximize the prevention of co

589、ntamination.95NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High/Medium/Low)ImpactAction Plan 3Biological hazardsDuring the operation at the site, there is potential for workers to encounter biological hazards such as animals, insects, and plan

590、ts. Animals such as dogs, cats, rats, mice, and snakes may be encountered.MediumInjuryWorkers shall be well instructed to avoid all contact with animals. If these animals present a problem, efforts will be made to remove these animals from the site by contacting a licensed animal control expert.4Fir

591、e hazardsMaterial recovery facility deals with dry waste there is a potential hazard of ignition of the dry waste trough external agents like flash, electric spark, nearby fire etc.HighInjuryInstallation of fire extinguisher is must at Material Recovery Facility. Recommended to have fire hydrant sys

592、tem installed.Financial Risks1Sustainable investments in monitoring and evaluation systems in projectGovernance and management level issue HighThe rate of change in terms of social benefits, empowerment is compromised.High management costs and operational inefficiencies not addressed. Robust plannin

593、g & scaling up of business model for waste management system.2Higher cost of material & quality of incoming materialNet lossMedium Impact on operational costs of the project.Comparison with multiple vendors and select appropriate vendor.96NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste M

594、anagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High/Medium/Low)ImpactAction Plan 3Shortage of materialDifficulty in meeting target & processing challengesMedium Impact on operational costs of the project.Planning of pickup of material as per the availability of material.4Increase in logistics cost spent p

595、er kg of plastic wasteEffect on gross marginsMedium Impact on operational costs of the project.Sending material to region specific recyclers for reducing logistics cost.Institutional Risks1Policies, delayed, change in frameworks in the implementation of Plastic Waste Management Rules/Solid Waste Man

596、agement RulesFluctuating oil prices making virgin plastics cheap than the recycled plastics. Leads to poor linkages to markets, recyclers resulting in losses in recycling.High wInability of abiding by the pre-decided timelines of the project. wIncome of waste pickers is impacted. wInvestments in the

597、 plastic waste have low rate of returns. wLess interest by the private sector in the systematized investments by the private sector and ULBs.Recycler Linkages1Onboarding recycler/dismantler not listed in CPCB listClient disagreement in approving the onboarded recycler/dismantlerMedium Non-Compliance

598、 with the RulesVerification of recyclers2Onboarding a non-compliant recycler/dismantlerBusiness loss Medium Non-Compliance with the RulesTraining recyclers on documentation compliances97NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementS.No. IssueRisksDegree of risk (High/Medium/

599、Low)ImpactAction Plan Social Risks1Child labour in centers Risk of children working below 18 years. Violation of labour lawsHigh Violation of labour laws, effect on childhood, health and emotional well being.Material Recovery Facility should establish strict policies to address child labour issues.

600、2Fair wages to all working in the centerRisk of not addressing the gender parity and equal wages to all working in Material Recovery Facilities MediumImpact on equal work opportunities to men and women, performance issues.Internal policies/SOPS to adhere to fair wages.3Issuance of ID cards to waste

601、pickersRecognition to waste pickers working at Material Recovery Facilities MediumImpact on recognition to waste pickers, encouraging better collection and dignity.Internal policies/SOPs to issue ID cards.4Inclusion of informal sector/waste pickersRisk of low collections.MediumImpact on collection v

602、olumes, recognition to waste pickersEnsuring waste pickers are integrated in the system and benefitted with various schemes available. 5Migratory risks of waste pickersRisk of inconsistent collection volumes MediumImpact on collection volumes.Ensuring waste pickers are integrated in the system and b

603、enefitted with various schemes available.98NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAnnexure III - Suggestive Template for Reporting & Data Monitoring a) Format for Register I Daily Inward Register - Material Recovery Facility (City Name & Service Provider Name)No.Date d

604、d/mm/yyyyName: Source of incomingType of Source Name of waste picker / SHG / Bulk Generator / ULB / First Point of Sale / OthersWard Name / NoVehicle No / Others (Handcart, Rickshaw, etc.)Incoming waste (Kgs)Type of waste (Code ID)Unit rate paid/ kg to SS / OthersBill No. - by IP/BuyerTotal amount (

605、Rs)Mode of payment (by bank transfer/ cheque or cash) Weigh scale in-charge signature available in registryReceivers signature available in registry12b) Format for Register II Daily Outward/Sale Register - Material Recovery Facility (City Name & Service Provider Name)No.Date dd/mm/yyyyRecycler name/

606、address Vehicle no./others Weighbridge slip no.Net weight in kg Type of product name (Code ID)Invoice no. & dateRate/KgInvoice total Amount (INR)Account incharge signature of service provider1299NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Managementc) Format for Register III Waste Pi

607、cker Registration Details - Material Recovery Facility (City Name & Service Provider Name)No.Name of the SHGFemale waste pickerssMale waste pickersTotal No of membersDate of formationBank nameAccount noAddress12d) Format for Register IV Self Help Group Details - Material Recovery Facility (City Name

608、 & Service Provider Name)No.Name of the SHGFemale waste pickersMale waste pickersTotal no of membersDate of formationBank nameAccount noAddress12e) Format for Register V Infrastructure - Fixed Asset Details - Material Recovery Facility (City Name & Service Provider Name)NoLand area (sq. ft)Shed area

609、 (sq. ft)Owned byAmount of rent paid (if any in INR)Sanctioned power (kW)Facilities (Toilet, office room, dress changing room, etc)Health, safety equipments12100NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementNo.MachineryLocationOwned byOperational since (date)CapacityNumber of

610、 machinesPower (kW)1Weighing scale2Baler3Conveyor belt4Shredder5Phatka6Aglo Gatta machine7Mobile phone8Trolley9Sorting table10Incinerator11Extrusion12Sewing machine13OtherFormat for Register VI Recycler Details - Material Recovery Facility (City Name & Service Provider Name)No.MaterialNameAddressDis

611、tance from MRFRecycler Recycling capacity (tons per month)List of machineriesRecycling processCertificate availableRegistration numberPurchase rate12101NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAnnexure IV Checklist for Recyclers (as per Plastic Waste Management Rules 201

612、6, FORM II)Part I - Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016S. NoItemDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo1Name and address of the unit2Contact person with designation 3Date of commencement 4Number of workers (including contract labour) 5Consent validity i. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974ii.

613、 Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981iii. EIA clearance (optional)iv. Hazardous/explosive item license6Manufacturing process Please attach a flow diagram of the manufacturing process flow diagram for each product 7Products and installed capacity of production (MTA)i. Products ii. Install

614、ed capacity8Waste management:i. Waste generation in processing plastic waste.ii. Waste collection and transportation (attach details).iii. Waste disposal details.iv. Provide details of the disposal facility, whether the facility is authorized by SPCB or CPCB.102NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainabl

615、e Urban Plastic Waste ManagementPart I - Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016S. NoItemDetailAvailability RemarksYesNov. Please attach analysis report characterization of waste generated (including leachate test, if applicable).9Details of plastic waste proposed to be acquired through sale, auction, c

616、ontract or import as the case may be, for the use of raw material.i. Nameii. Quantity required/year 10Occupational safety and health aspectsi. Disaster management plans, mock drills etc.ii. Incident/accident registeriii. EHS policyiv. SOPs and updated manualsv. Fire licensevi. Critical hazard and en

617、vironmental risk mitigation control planvii. Availability of PPEsviii. Area for storage, design approval, etc. 11Pollution control measures i. Whether the unit has adequate pollution control systems or equipments to meet the standards of emissions or effluents.ii. Whether the unit is in compliance w

618、ith conditions laid down in the said rule.iii. Whether conditions exist or are like to exist of the material being handled or processed posing adverse immediate or delayed impacts on the environment.103NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementPart I - Plastic Waste Manag

619、ement Rules 2016S. NoItemDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo11iv. Whether conditions exist or are likely to exist of the material being handled or processed by any means capable of yielding any other material (ex. leachate) which may possess eco-toxicity.12List of enclosures as per rule.13Recycling or p

620、rocessing of plastic waste shall prepare and submit an annual report in Form-IV to the local body concerned under intimation to the concerned SPCB or Pollution Control Committee by the April 30, of every year.14Ensuring that no damage is caused to the environment in recycling the plastic waste.15Det

621、ails of machinery installed & its operating capacity.104NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementPart II - Suggestive measuresS. NoItemDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo1Incoming plastic waste register2E-way bill and other transportation documents3Weighbridge receipts and p

622、ictures of vehicles showing their registration number4Outgoing processed material register from Material Recovery Facility5Transaction details as proof of plastic waste processing 6Certificate of recycling to be obtained/generated7Air/water/noise/soil monitoring reports as per CTO - Air & Water Act8

623、Hazardous residues/waste safe disposal proof such as TSDF certificate9Due diligence report 10ESIC liability insurance 11Legal compliance register, legal notices or any ongoing legal proceedings12List of agreements with transporters, PROs, channel partners etc. 13Business continuity and developmental

624、 plans105NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAnnexure V Checklist for ULBs (Framework for Entering into a City for Establishing Plastic Waste Management System)LevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 01City review and scope of interventionsAEstablishing

625、 Plastic Waste Management in new city for project implementation, an initial survey on inflow and outflow of waste value chain to be undertaken as a baseline.BLocation of Material Recovery FacilityCIdentification of wardsDRoutes for collection of plastic waste & other collection mechanismEAnalysis o

626、f data on dry/plastic waste from primary and secondary sources, including bulk generators like resident welfare associations (RWAs), commercial and religious establishments including schools, hotels, etc.Level 12Urban Local Body (ULB) engagement and approvalAEngagement with Commissioner/Secretariat

627、of the city ULB/ Municipality/(SPCB) to set up the Material Recovery Facility.106NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 1BLetter of approval for space, shed etc.CConduct meetings/workshops with government officials,

628、bulk generators, industrial and hotel associations, waste aggregators, RWAs, etc. for collection/recycling of all plastic/dry waste.Level 23Request for project implementation in the cityAOnboard an implementing/service partner in the city i. Preparation of Terms of Reference for selection of impleme

629、ntation/service partner ii. Floating the Request for Proposal through local tendering processiii. Evaluation & Selection of partner agency with technical & operational experience in waste management domainiv. Engagement of Waste pickers in the city for collection of plastic wastev. Capacity building

630、 of partner agency on procurement, social inclusion and stakeholder engagement best practices.Level 34Set up infrastructure, plant & machinery of Material Recovery FacilityASite preparation for operational and requisite construction with all relevant infrastructure including toilets, electricity etc

631、.107NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3BImplementation process and ensure procurement/installation/ operation/maintenance of machinery from selected vendors. CRequisite safety measures (fire safety, first aid, e

632、tc.) to be ensured in the centreDOperators of machinery and staff in Material Recovery Facility trained and exposure in operations, maintenance, occupational safety and best practices of running Material Recovery FacilityEConsent to establishi. Site Plan/Location Plan Of The Industryii. Detailed pro

633、ject report which includes the details of raw material, product to be manufactured, the capital cost of the unit (land, building, and plant machinery), water-balance, source of water, and its required quantityiii. Land documents such as Registration deed/ Rent deed/Lease deediv. Details of Water Pol

634、lution Control/Air Pollution Control instrumentsi. Water (prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974ii. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981iii. EIA clearance (optional)v. MOA /partnership deedConsent to operatei. Copy of last consent issuedii. Layout plan showing the details of all man

635、ufacturing processes108NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3iii. Latest analysis report of solid waste, effluent, hazardous wastes, and fuel gasesiv. Copy of balance sheet duly attested by CA or CA certificatev. D

636、etail of land in case the effluent is discharged on land for percolationvi. Occupation certificate issued by Town & Country Planning Department, in case of building & construction projects/area development projects.i. Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974ii. Air (Prevention & Control of

637、 Pollution) Act 1981Fvii. MOA /partnership deediii. EIA clearance (optional)GWaste inflow and outflow plan i. Types of materials (bailed PET, shredded HDPE, Ghatta material, rejects etc.)ii. Mapping of the sources (educational institutes, religious places, municipal system, aggregators, etc.) HMachi

638、nery installation and detailsi. Weighbridge ii. Conveyor beltiii. Fatka machine iv. Shredding machinev. Aglo & gatta machinevi. Bailing machine vii. Weighing machine109NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3IList of

639、 processes at the MRFi. Manual separation at the conveyor beltii. Cleaning using air blower methodiii. Shredding of thin plasticiv. Grinding of hard plasticv. Agglomeration of the shredded plastic vi. Extrusion of the agglomerated plasticvii. Bailing of the thin plasticviii. Use of forkliftsJOccupat

640、ional safety and health aspects:i. Clean drinking water facility - RO/UVii. Social management policy/EHS policy iii. Clean sanitation facility iv. Common room for changing clothesv. Children creche and safe play areavi. First aid kitvii. Personal protective equipments5Onboarding waste pickers and In

641、clusion interventionsAIdentify the waste picker communities, and register the waste pickers for the engagementBRegular meetings with waste pickers for the following110NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3Social pr

642、otection measures:i. Issuing occupational identity cards for the waste pickersii. Issuing mandatory identity cards for the waste pickers (like ration cards, Aadhaar card, voter ID etc.)iii. Opening of bank accountsiv. Education and linkage with various government. schemesv. Financial education vi. G

643、ender action planvii. Fair wages policyviii. Monthly health campsix. Appropriate working hoursx. ESIC liability insurancexi. SHG formation xii. Regular capacity buildingKey social protection policies:i. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojanaii. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Beema Yojanaiii. Pradhan Mantri Sur

644、aksha Beema Yojanaiv. Atal Pension Yojanav. Ayushman Bharat Yojanavi. Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojanavii. Mission Indradhanush Gender action plani. Implementing PoSHii. Promoting gender sensitive trainingsiii. Supporting menstrual health and hygieneiv. Preventing and responding to gender-based violenc

645、e Level 46Linkages to bulk generators & recyclersAIdentification of recyclers and bulk generators of plastic waste in the city for collection of segregated/processed waste.111NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 4B

646、Recyclers should be registered and have appropriate approvals and compliances to ensure traceability of the waste collected from Material Recovery Facility (Refer the Annexure - Checklist for Recyclers)CCollection & logistics for the Material Recovery Facility defined with the partners such as ULB/

647、Municipality/ bulk generators/ recyclers.Level 57Compliance system as per PWM Rules, 2016 - collection, reporting, bookkeeping and accountsAIncoming plastic waste registerBE-way bill and other transportation documentsCDharm Kanta receipts and pictures of vehicles showing their registration numberDOu

648、tgoing plastic waste registerETransaction details as proof of plastic waste processing FWaste pickers onboarding detailsLevel 68Awareness and IEC ActivitiesAContinuous campaigns of awareness activities for schools, citizen and stakeholders sensitization to promote plastic waste management best pract

649、ices such as source segregation.112NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 6BEngage with new media such as digital platforms and bloggers/influencers for placement of stories .CInnovative media partnerships with leadi

650、ng channels DWorkshops/webinars/trainingsAssumption:The PWM system needs to be established in the city from scratch; Level 0 to be considered as an initiation point.113NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAnnexure VI Checklist for ULBs (Framework for Partial Establis

651、hment of Plastic Waste Management System in a City)LevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 01City Review and scope of interventionsAEstablishing Plastic Waste Management in New city for project implementation, an initial survey on inflow and outflow of waste value chain to be undertaken

652、 as a baseline.BLocation of Material Recovery FacilityCIdentification of wardsDRoutes for Collection of Plastic Waste & other Collection MechanismEAnalysis of data on dry/plastic waste from primary and secondary sources, including bulk generators like resident welfare associations (RWAs), commercial

653、 and religious establishments including schools, hotels etcLevel 12Urban Local Body (ULB) Engagement and ApprovalAEngagement with Commissioner/Secretariat of the city ULB/ Municipality/State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) to set up the Material Recovery Facility.114NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustai

654、nable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 2BLetter of Approval for space, shed etc.CConduct meetings/workshops with government officials, bulk generators, industrial and hotel associations, waste aggregators, RWAs etc. for collection/recycling of all pl

655、astic/dry waste.3Request for Project Implementation in the cityAOnboard an implementing/service partner in the city i. Preparation of Terms of Reference for selection of Implementation/Service Partner ii. Floating the Request for Proposal through local tendering processiii. Evaluation & Selection of

656、 of Partner Agency with Technical & operational Experience in Waste management domainiv. Engagement of Waste pickers in the city for collection of plastic waste v. Capacity building of Partner agency on procurement, social inclusion and stakeholder engagement best practices.115NITI Aayog UNDP Handbo

657、ok on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 34Set up Infrastructure, Plant & Machinery of Material Recovery FacilityASite preparation for Operational and Requisite Construction with all relevant infrastructure including Toilets, Electricity et

658、c.BImplementation process and ensure procurement/ installation/ operation/ maintenance of machinery from selected vendors. CRequisite safety measures (fire safety, first aid etc.) to be ensured in the centreDOperators of machinery and staff in Material Recovery Facility trained and exposure in opera

659、tions, maintenance, occupational safety and best practices of running Material Recovery FacilityEConsent To Establishi. Site Plan/Location Plan of the industryii. Detailed Project Report which includes the details of raw material, product to be manufactured, the capital cost of the unit (land, build

660、ing, and plant machinery), water-balance, source of water, and its required quantityi. Water (prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974ii. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981iii. EIA clearance (optional)116NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. N

661、oItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3iii. Land documents such as Registration deed/ Rent deed/Lease deediv. Details of Water Pollution Control/Air Pollution Control instrumentsv. MOA /partnership DeedFConsent To Operatei. Copy of last consent issuedii. Layout plan showing the details of all

662、manufacturing processesiii. Latest analysis report of solid waste, effluent, hazardous wastes, and fuel gasesiv. Copy of balance sheet duly attested by CA or CA certificatev. Detail of land in case the effluent is discharged on land for percolationvi. Occupation certificate issued by Town & Country

663、Planning Department, in case of Building & construction projects/area development projects.vii. MOA /partnership Deedi. Water (prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974ii. Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1981iii. EIA clearance (optional)GWaste inflow and outflow plan i. Types of materi

664、als (bailed PET, shredded HDPE, Ghatta material, rejects etc.) ii. Mapping of the sources (educational institutes, religious places, municipal system, aggregators etc.) 117NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 3HMac

665、hinery installation and details i. Weighbridge ii. Conveyor beltiii. Phatka Machine iv. Shredding Machinev. Aglo & Gatta Machinevi. Bailing Machinevii. Weighing MachineIList of processes at the MRF i. Manual separation at the conveyor beltii. Cleaning using air blower methodiii. Shredding of thin pl

666、astic iv. Grinding of hard plastic v. Agglomeration of the shredded plasticvi. Extrusion of the agglomerated plastic vii. Bailing of the thin plastic viii. Use of forkliftsJOccupational safety and health aspects:i. Clean drinking water facility - RO/UVii. Social management policy/EHS policy iii Clea

667、n sanitation facilityiv. Common room for changing clothesv. Children creche and safe play area vi. First aid kitvii. Personal Protective Equipments118NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 35Onboarding Waste pickers

668、and Inclusion interventionsAIdentify the waste picker communities, and register the waste pickers for the engagementbRegular meetings with waste pickers for the following -Social protection measures:i. Issuing occupational identity cards for the waste pickersii. Issuing mandatory identity cards for

669、the waste pickers (like ration cards, Aadhaar card, voter ID etc.)iii. Opening of bank accounts iv. Education and linkage with various govt. schemesv. Financial education vi. Gender action planvii. Fair wages policy viii. Monthly health camps ix. Appropriate working hoursx. ESIC liability insurance

670、xi. SHG formation xii. Regular capacity buildingKey social protection policies:i. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana ii. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Beema Yojanaiii. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Beema Yojanaiv. Atal Pension Yojanav. Ayushman Bharat Yojana vi. Janani Shishu Suraksha Yojanavii. Mission Indradh

671、anush Gender action plani. Implementing PoSH ii. Promoting gender sensitive trainingsiii. Supporting menstrual health and hygieneiv. Preventing and responding to gender-based violenceLevel 46Linkages to Bulk Generators, Recyclers, Co - Processing/Road Laying AIdentification of Recyclers and Bulk Gen

672、erators of plastic waste in the city for collection of segregated/processed waste.119NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo BRecyclers should be registered and have appropriate approvals and compliances to ensure traceabil

673、ity of the waste collected from Material Recovery Facility (Refer the Annexure - Checklist for Recyclers)CCollection & logistics for the Material Recovery Facility defined with the partners such as ULB/ Municipality/ bulk generators/ recyclers.DLinkages with Coprocessing & Road Laying Organizations

674、for final processing of plastic wasteLevel 57Compliance System as per PWM Rules, 2016 - Collection, Reporting, Bookkeeping and AccountsAIncoming plastic waste registerBE-way bill and other transportation documentsCDharm Kanta receipts and pictures of vehicles showing their registration numberDOutgoi

675、ng plastic waste registerETransaction details as proof of plastic waste processing FWaste pickers Onboarding Details120NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementLevelS. NoItemsDetailAvailability RemarksYesNo Level 5GCertificates from Recyclers, Co processing, Road Laying

676、for plastic waste processingLevel 68Awareness and IEC ActivitiesAContinuous campaigns of awareness activities for schools, citizen and stakeholders sensitization to promote plastic waste management best practices such as source segregationBEngage with new media such as digital platforms and bloggers

677、/influencers for placement of stories CInnovative media partnerships with leading channels DWorkshops/Webinars/TrainingAssumption:Represents those certain aspects of the items are already done/establishedRepresents those aspects that needs to be developed and established in the citySupport sought fr

678、om ULB Land and building Power and water charges Transportation of MLP from DWCCsAnnexure VII: Material Recovery Facility Cash FlowTarget Tons Per Day3.23.33.43.53.63.73.84.0Operational ExpensesMonth 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Month 5Month 6Month 7Month 8Monthly waste buying amountManpower cost (gap afte

679、r funding)Management fee (gap after funding)Back office supportUtilities & consumablesVehicle fuelVehicle maintenance/repairsReject waste disposalAll other expenses Total GST per monthTotal costOperational RevenueMonth 1Month 2Month 3Month 4Month 5Month 6Month 7Month 8Sales of processed materialsAny

680、 other source of revenueTotal revenueMonthly Revenue vs Expenditure122NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementTarget Tons Per Day3.23.33.43.53.63.73.84.04.14.24.34.54.64.74.95.05.25.3Month 9Month 10Month 11Month 12Month 13Month 14Month 15Month 16Month 17Month 18Month 9M

681、onth 10Month 11Month 12Month 13Month 14Month 15Month 16Month 17Month 18123NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementAssumptionsCategory of plasticExpected monthly quantity (Kg) Expected daily quantity (Kg)Average buying rate (INR/Kg)Total daily buying amount (INR)Processi

682、ng loss (%)Quantity after processing (Kg)Average selling rates INR)Total daily selling amount (INR)Add GST as applicableProcessingSoiled PET (Pickle Jars, Oil Jars etc) 10,000 400 21 8,400 15% 340 32 10,880 1,958.40 Washed and shred/flakedLDPE 10,000 400 25 10,000 15% 340 40 13,600 2,448.00 Washed,

683、shred and gattaHDPE 10,000 400 18 7,200 15% 340 26 8,840 1,591.20 Washed, shred and gattaMLP 18,000 720 1 720 15% 612 2 1,224 220.32 Shred and baledMix Plastic 12,500 500 18 9,000 15% 425 26 11,050 1,989.00 Bag fillingPVC 5,000 200 3 600 15% 170 4 680 122.40 Bag fillingPP 5,000 200 20 4,000 15% 170

684、29 4,930 887.40 Shred & gattaPS 5,000 200 2 400 15% 170 3 425 76.50 BaledOthers 5,000 200 4 800 15% 170 5 850 153.00 BaledTotal 80,500 3,220 41,120 52,479 9,446Material Recovery Facility Waste TransactionsNumber of Working Days in a Month 25Total rejects: 483 124NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainab

685、le Urban Plastic Waste ManagementManpower cost on Project with Existing Funding and GapMonthly salary per personNo of Staff employed for 5 TPDManpower Cost per monthFunded as applicableGap1Project manager & overall in-charge 25,000 1 25,000 20,000 5,000 2Center In-charge 20,000 1 20,000 15,000 5,000

686、 3Field supervisor 18,000 2 36,000 26,000 10,000 4Site executive 15,000 2 30,000 20,000 10,000 78,000 6 1,11,000 81,000 30,000 As per minimum wages5Drivers 15,000 2 30,000 - 30,000 6Machine operators 12,000 5 60,000 24,000 36,000 7Sorters 12,000 10 1,20,000 - 1,20,000 8Loaders 12,000 3 36,000 - 36,0

687、00 51,000 20 2,46,000 24,000 2,22,000 TotalTotal monthly salary Total number of staff employed for 5 TPDTotal manpower cost per monthAmount funded as applicableActual monthly gap 1,29,000 26 3,57,000 1,05,000 2,52,000 9Back office support 15,000 1 15,000 - 15,000 10Management fee 25,000 1 25,000 22,

688、500 2,500 125NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste ManagementMachinery by ULB / OthersNoMachinery Amount Remarks1Weighing scale - 2Baler 5,00,000 3Shredder 5,00,000 4Aglo machine 2,06,250 Total 12,06,250 Machinery by ProjectNoMachinery Amount 1Weighing scale 1,00,000 2Phatka/Ai

689、r blower machine 2,00,000 3Baler 4,50,000 4Aglo machine 3,50,000 5Ghatta/extruder machiner 7,00,000 6Shredder 2,00,000 7Vehicle 6,00,000 Total 26,00,000 Other one-time expensesNoMachinery Amount 1Office setup 20,000 2Biometric attendance 50,000 3Laptop/computer for office setup 50,000 4Fire extingui

690、sher 10,000 5First-aid kit 5,000 6Uniforms & safety gears 10,000 7Drums, buckets 10,000 8Stationary & signboards 10,000 9Mobile phones 25,000 Total1,90,000 Land & BuildingNoLand & Building Amount Remarks1Total land area - 2Modifications to Existing sheds - 3New building costs - 4Advance/one-time cos

691、t for shed - Total - Material Recovery Facility Assets and Infra126NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management Material Recovery Facility Operational ExpensesMonthly Operational ExpensesNoExpected ExpensesAmount1Reject waste disposal 36,225 2Vehicle fuel 10,000 3Vehicle ma

692、intenance 10,000 4Tools & equipments 2,500 5Utilities & consumables 10,000 6Uniforms 2,500 7Internet 5,000 8Printing & stationery 5,000 9Safety equiments 5,000 10Miscellaneous 15,000 11Adhoc hiring of vehicles 20,000 Total 1,21,225 IEC Expenses One-time cost1Wastepicker mobilization 20,000 2SHG form

693、ation 20,000 3One-time rolling fund for procurement 3,50,000 4Formation of RWA 20,000 5Meetings, trainings & workshops 3,000 6Provision of safety gears to wastpickers - 7Awareness campaigns & rallies - 8Insurance for plant & machinery 20,000 9Documentation of best practices 25,000 Total 4,58,000 10Miscellaneous 15,000 11Adhoc hiring of vehicles 20,000 Total 1,21,225 127NITI Aayog UNDP Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste Management