1、2019 White PaPeron the Business environment in China2019年中国营商环境白皮书The American Chamber of Commerce in South China华南美国商会February 20192019年2月Guangzhou, Peoples Republic of China中国 广州Review Committee 编审委员会Edouard Mac NabVP Finance - Greater China, Mead Johnson Nutrition艾敬元大中华区财务副总裁，美赞臣营养品Thomas Podgurs

2、kiGroup Director, Royal Service Air Conditioning谭保加士基集团董事，皇家空调设备工程（广东）有限公司Thomas J. PohlDirector - Finance & Accounting, Greater China, P>homas J. Pohl大中华区财务总裁，宝洁集团Joe Rocha IIIManaging Director, GreenPro Capital何嘉恒总经理，绿专资本集团Andy RusieVP FP&A, M&A, and Investor Relations, BWAY CorporationAndy Rusi

3、e企业财务计划与分析、企业并购及投资者关系副总裁，BWAY CorporationTim ShaverClub Manager, Harbour Plaza Golf Club Dongguan田星华会所经理，东莞海逸高尔夫球会Hui SunInternational Attorney孙惠律师Tim WenVP & China Rep., Allway Co. Inc.温天伦副总裁兼中国首席代表，美国百通集团Dr. Harley Seyedin (Chairman)President, Allelon Energy Partners哈利.赛亚丁博士（主席）总裁，阿来龙能源(In alphabe

4、tical order of last name 以下按姓氏字母排列)Dr. James Eric (Jay) BlackCo-Chair, Mercer University Department of Journalism and Media StudiesJames Eric (Jay) Black博士新闻与媒介研究系联合主席，美国摩斯大学Dr. David BuxbaumAttorney, Anderson & Anderson L.L.P.包恒博士代理人，美国安与恩事务所Steven Cheng Vice President of Finance, Greater China Reg

5、ion, Amway (China) Co. Limited郑锦清大中华区财务副总裁，安利（中国）日用品有限公司Rachel Chen Communication Manager, AmCham South China陈瑞聪传讯经理，华南美国商会Dr. Joe ChowManaging Director, Duff & Phelps周炳辰博士董事总经理，道衡Robert ChuManaging Director, FedEx China朱泰浩董事总经理，联邦快递（中国）有限公司Dr. David HonCEO, Dahon Technologies韩德玮博士董事长，大行车业（深圳）有限公司Sc

6、ott LiangGM, Apex (Guangzhou) Tools & Orthopedics Co.梁生虎总经理，艾派（广州）医疗器械有限公司 2019 The American Chamber of Commerce in South China版权所有 华南美国商会 2019年Reproduction for commercial use strictly prohibited. This document is available free of charge in electronic form at: www.amcham-southchina.org严禁复制以作商业用途。华南

7、美国商会官方网站提供该出版物电子版免费下载。Last updated: Feb 18, 2019最后更新日期：2019年2月18日The American Chamber of Commerce in South China 华南美国商会Suite 1801, Guangzhou International Sourcing Center, No. 8 East Pazhou Avenue, Haizhu District Guangzhou, Guangdong, PRC 510335中华人民共和国广东省广州市海珠区琶洲大道东路8号广州国际采购中心1801，邮编：510335Tel. 86-

8、20-8335 1476 Fax. 86-20-8332 1642 amchamamcham-southchina.orgwww.amcham-southchina.orgPresidents Message 8Part I Commentary 121.1 US-China Trade 1.2 Retrospect of Chinas Opening and Economic Reform 1.3 China Trade Initiatives 1.4 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) * Courtesy of EY 1.5

9、Development of Chinas Intellectual Property Law in 2017 and 2018 * Courtesy of Anderson&Anderson LLPPart II Industry Overviews 1462.1 Agriculture and Forestry 1482.2 Animals and Related Products 1702.3 Automotive Industry 1822.4 Machinery Industry 1962.5 Construction and Real Estate 212 2.6 Resource

10、s and Industrial Materials 230 2.7 Electricity Generation 2422.8 Logistics 2582.9 Travel and Tourism 2722.10 Merchandising 2842.11 Consumer Goods 2942.12 Food Services 3102.13 Culture, Sports, and Entertainment 318 2.14 Healthcare 3342.15 Education Industry 3502.16 Financial Sector 3682.17 Informati

11、on and Communication 388 Technology Industry List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 410in Part I and Part II Contents目录会长致辞 10第一部分 评论 131.1 美中贸易 151.2 中国改革开放历程回顾 411.3 中国贸易合作倡议 59 1.4 粤港澳大湾区 81 *该节由安永提供1.5 2017年、2018年中国知识 113 产权法发展情况 *该节由安以恩律师事务所提供第二部分 行业概况 1472.1 农业和林业 149 2.2 动物及相关产品 171 2.3 汽车行业 1832

12、.4 机械制造业 1972.5 建筑和房地产 213 2.6 资源及工业原料 231 2.7 电力生产 243 2.8 物流 259 2.9 旅行和旅游业 273 2.10 销售 285 2.11 消费品 2952.12 餐饮服务业 3112.13 文化、体育和娱乐 3192.14 医疗保健行业 3352.15 教育产业 3512.16 金融业 3692.17 信息通讯技术业 389 Part III Regional Overview 412* Courtesy of EY3.1 Economic Conditions in South China 4143.2 Guangdong Prov

13、ince 4203.3 Fujian Province 4383.4 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 4483.5 Hainan Province 4603.6 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 4703.7 Macao Special Administrative Region 476Part IV Results of 2019 State of Business Study 4804.1 Demographics 4824.2 Revenue and Profitability 4894.3 Reinvest

14、ment Trends 4954.4 Business Environment 5084.5 US-China Bilateral Relations 515第三部分 区域概况 413*该部分由安永提供3.1 华南地区经济概况 4153.2 广东省 4213.3 福建省 4393.4 广西壮族自治区 4493.5 海南省 4613.6 香港特别行政区 4713.7 澳门特别行政区 477第四部分 2019年经济情况问卷调查结果 4814.1 受访企业组成 4834.2 收入与利润 4904.3 再投资趋势 4964.4 营商环境 5094.5 美中双边关系 512* 第一

15、部分及第二部分由广州博朗翻译服务有限公司提供翻译892019 White Paper on the Business Environment in ChinaThe American Chamber of Commerce in South ChinaPresidents MessageIn the 2018 White Paper on the Business Environment in China and the 2018 Special Report on the State of Business in South China, as we analyzed the US Chin

16、a trade status, we used terms such as “trade conflict” and “trade differences”. That changed in the 2019 editions. Shortly after last years publication, the Trump administration demanded fundamental changes to Chinas economic model so that US companies could compete on a more level playing field aft

17、er years of steadily rising US trade deficits with China, and the US claims regarding intellectual property and trade secrets. The 2019 American Chamber of Commerce in South China White Paper on the Business Environment in China was difficult to compile in a year filled with rapid changes, escalatin

18、g tariffs, and a lack of progress on both sides. Many of the responding businesses in our Special Report annual survey have similar problems. Our economic partnership deserves better. Chinas January export and import data January 2019 dollar-denominated exports rose 9.1 percent from a year ago, heal

19、thily beating a forecast of a 3.2 percent contraction. Chinas imports fell 1.5 percent over the same period proving far better than the ten-percent predicted decline. Chinas overall trade surplus of US$39.16 billion in January also outperform the estimates.The January figures can easily confirm the

20、findings of the 2019 Special Report, as many companies take advantage of the 90-day truce between the US and China, completing orders for rush delivery from the US and China. Those orders or deals account for 20 to 30 percent of the companies annual numbers.It is because by the time we began our stu

21、dy for the 2019 Special Report on the State of Business in South China some of the dust related to the US-China trade had settled and business executives were better able to predict the future of their businesses. This is clearly reflected in results of the 2019 Special Report. Among many findings,

22、the 2019 Special Report suggests most business executives have sufficient time to assess the present and possible future impact of the trade dispute on their businesses and expanded their 2019 plans for reinvestments in the US and China accordingly. While it is true that Chinas economy has slowed do

23、wn slightly, it is still growing at a rate of over six percent. Companies which postponed their reinvestments in 2018 have increased their budgets for reinvestments in China in 2019 in order to keep up with the customer demand - a need intensified by the postponement of their reinvestments in 2018.

24、However, while the reinvestments in China related to the production for the Chinese market have increased substantially, a few companies have also shifted some export-manufacturing-related reinvestments to other Asian countries.At the time of this writing, President Donald Trump was not only hailing

25、 the progress of the ongoing trade talks with China, but was also contemplating postponing the March 1 deadline for continued negotiations. We believe that the US and China will eventually reach a full agreement and the waves of tariffs that truly do not help anyone will soon subside. That, coupled

26、with the softening of FDI rules and regulations in China, should ease the current question marks over the long-term viability of China-based export manufacturing firms, and buy them some time to adapt to the alternative supply chains. We are both proud and happy for this as our Chamber together with

27、 the US Chamber of Commerce in Washington, DC and other business associations have worked hard through diligent lobbying to bring about a resolution. It is, however, my opinion that any agreement now would simply represent a temporary respite, and the potential for another flare-up will continue unl

28、ess Chinas central government takes the necessary steps to resolve the problems permanently. Foreign investment in China has contributed immensely to the growth and advancement of Chinas economy. A 16-month Hinrich Foundation study of Chinas Ministry of Commerce data conducted by Professor Michael E

29、nright of Enright, Scott & Associates shows that on average 33 percent of Chinas entire GDP and 27 percent of the countrys entire employment are created by foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs). The impact is however much higher on the east and southern coasts of China. For example, the study shows in

30、 Shanghai 67 percent of trade and industrial output, 33 percent of employment and tax revenue, and 90 percent of high-tech output are created by FIEs. The study also shows that investment by FIEs took the computer industry in Chongqing from making zero to a third of the worlds laptop PCs in six year

31、s. It is of significance to note that the US companies contribute to Chinas GDP each year more than 180 times the USFDI inflow.US and other foreign companies provide contributions that have not been quantified to date. These include: benefits to Chinese consumers and customers; high industry standar

32、ds of safety and quality establishment; benefits generated by the sourcing activities; modernization and development of industries; establishment of supplier and distribution networks; technology development; modern business practices and management; sustainability practices; corporate social respon

33、sibility (CSR) initiatives; and, many others.China released some interesting statistics in September 2018 that suggests the US economic cooperation with China has created a large number of business opportunities and significant profits for American businesses. China was one of the top five export ma

34、rkets of goods for 46 states in the US, and on average, every US farmer exported over US$10,000 of agricultural products to China. A total of 3.04 million American passenger vehicles were sold in China, accounting for 12.3 percent of all passenger vehicles sold in China. General Motors alone has ten

35、 joint ventures in in the country. Its output in China accounted for 40 percent of its global output. US multinational companies have sharpened their international competitiveness by combining competitive factors of production in the two countries. The iPhone is a perfect illustration. It is designe

36、d in the US, manufactured and assembled in China, and sold all over the world. By manufacturing in China, US companies are freer to invest more money and resources in innovation and management, focus on high-end manufacturing and modern services, and upgrade its industry with more added-value and hi

37、gh technology.As the President of a Chamber representing more than 2,300 members, it is clear to me that the vast majority of problems foreign companies are facing in China are not related to central government issues. Many of these problems are a direct result of unfair treatment by low-level munic

38、ipal governments and the fact that rarely is there a proper channel or venue where a foreign entity can get a fair hearing and treatment according to the rule of law. Too often the line between a company and the government is not just blurred but totally erased by lower-level municipal judicial syst

39、ems when foreign business entities have legal problems with their joint venture counterparts. Basically, the old saying “you cant fight city hall” becomes the rule of law. Currently, very few channels exist where foreign companies can seek arbitration outside the control and influence of the low-lev

40、el municipal government. These same entities often have financial connections to the domestic party in question. With a free license to kill given to these low-level municipal governmentsand their right as the company executive, judge, jury and enforcercomplaints by foreign companies are not treated

41、 fairly. Under the current process, any issue elevated to a higher-level Chinese government by our companies is sent by the higher-level to the very culprit lower-level government for adjudication. We urge the central government to create a new judicial venue/vehicle where foreign companies can lodg

42、e complaints and where the oversight is designated by the central government just as it is with the IPR Courts. Without concrete steps by the central government, at some point, the pressure cooker lid will explode as it did with the US-China trade tension. Until then, we must brace ourselves for the

43、 next time the pressure builds and another set of disputes arise between other nations and China. The China central government must create greater barriers that separate government-owned and partially-owned businesses from low-level municipal judicial systems. These judicial systems must be free fro

44、m outside influences so that they are able to interpret laws and civil suits objectively and fairly. With best regards,Dr. Harley SeyedinPresident, American Chamber of Commerce in South ChinaWinner of the 2017 Oslo Business for Peace AwardAwarded by the Award Committee of Nobel Laureates in Peace an

45、d EconomicsVisiting Scholar, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PRCPresident, Allelon Energy Partners10112019 White Paper on the Business Environment in ChinaThe American Chamber of Commerce in South China会长致辞我们在2018年中国营商环境白皮书（下简称白皮书）及2018年华南地区经济情况特别报告（下简称特别报告）中分析美中贸易现状时，使用了“贸易冲突”和“贸易差异”等术语。然而，2019年的版本则截然

46、不同。在去年的白皮书及特别报告出版后不久，特朗普政府要求中国政府对中国经济模式进行根本性改革，以便美国企业能够在更公平的环境中展开竞争。多年来，在美国对华贸易逆差一直在稳步上升的同时，美国也一直对在华知识产权保护和商业机密泄漏问题颇有怨言。华南美国商会能在美中关系阴晴不定、两国关税问题纷争不断及双方谈判缺乏进展的一年中将2019年白皮书撰写出来，实属不易。在我们特别报告的年度调查中，许多受访企业均反映类似问题。因此，美中经济伙伴关系理应得到改善。2019年1月中国进出口数据显示，以美元计，中国出口同比增长9.1%，比3.2%的预期降幅要好；进口同比下降1.5%，远比10%的预期降幅要好。当月贸

47、易顺差为391.6亿美元，也超出了市场预期。以上数据印证了2019年特别报告的结论：众多企业利用美中为期90天的“休战期”，交付了两国的紧急订单。此类订单量或交易额在上述企业年度数据中的占比达20%至30%。当我们着手2019年特别报告的研究时，美中贸易的某些事项已尘埃落定，企业高管亦已能对企业的未来发展作出更准确的预测。这一点已在2019年特别报告中得到明确体现。2019年特别报告的许多调查结果也显示，大多数企业高管有足够的时间来评估贸易争端对企业业务的短期冲击及未来的潜在影响，同时相应地扩大2019年在美中两国的再投资计划。虽然中国经济确实略有放缓，但仍以超过6%的速度增长。在2018年推

48、迟再投资的企业增加了2019年在华再投资的预算，以解决去年因此得不到满足而增加的客户需求。然而，尽管面向中国市场的生产再投资大幅增加，但某些企业也将出口制造相关部分的再投资转移至其他亚洲国家。本书撰写之时，美国总统特朗普称赞美中两国贸易协议谈判正在取得进展，还在考虑推迟3月1日的谈判期限，以延长谈判时间。此外，我们相信，美中两国最终将达成全面协议，而无益于任意一方的关税浪潮将很快消退。这一点，再加上中国政府对外国直接投资（FDI）政策的放宽，应可缓解当前外界对中国出口制造企业长期生存能力的疑虑，并为其争取一些时间以适应替代供应链。对此通过万般游说、辛勤工作得来的结果，华南美国商会与总部位于美国

49、华盛顿特区的美国全国商会以及其他商协会均感其来之不易。然而，我认为，目前两国达成的任何协议仅能起到暂时的缓解作用。除非中国中央政府采取必要措施一劳永逸地解决这些问题，否则再次爆发冲突的可能性将继续存在。 外国投资对中国经济的发展和进步作出了巨大贡献。获香港韩礼士基金会赞助，恩莱特司各特咨询公司的米高恩莱特（Michael Enright）教授针对中国商务部数据进行的一项为期16个月的研究，该研究结果显示外资企业对中国整体GDP及就业岗位的平均贡献率为33%和27%。然而，中国东南沿海地区受其影响则大得多。例如，研究显示，上海67%的贸易和工业产出、33%的就业和税收以及90%的高科技产出均由外

50、资企业创造。正是由于外资企业的投资，重庆的计算机产业才得以在六年时间内实现其占全球市场份额从无到有、从有到三分之一的飞跃。值得注意的是，美资企业对中国GDP的年贡献价值是美国直接投资流的180倍以上。美资及其它外资企业所作的贡献迄今尚未被量化，其中包括：给中国消费者和客户带来的利益；制定行业安全质量高标准；采购活动产生的效益；工业现代化和发展；建立供应商和分销网络；技术开发；现代商业实践和管理；可持续性发展；企业社会责任倡议以及其他方面。2018年9月，中国发布的一些统计数据颇有意思，也表明美中两国的经济合作为美国企业创造了大量商机和丰厚利润。中国是美国46个州的五大出口市场之一，平均每位美国