1、December 2015Quality Infrastructure for Renewable EnergyTechnologiesSolar Water HeatersCopyright IRENA 2015Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material featured herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in t

2、his publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation that it is subject to copyright ( IRENA 2015).Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject t

3、o third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use.About IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future an

4、d serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, g

5、eothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity.www.irena.org AcknowledgementsThis report benefited greatly from comments by experts from numerous institutions: Mike Bergey (B

6、ergey Windpower), Alan Bryden (Member of the General Council of Economy of France - CGE), Sandy Butterfield (IECRE), Carlos Caf (Studio Equincio Brazil), Giovanni Castillo (Ministry of Environment and Energy of Costa Rica - DSE), Carlos Cerda (Superintendency of Electricity and Fuels of Chile), Mart

7、in Cordi (National Institute of Industrial Technology of Argentina), Ignacio Cruz (Spanish Research Centre for Energy, Environment and Technology - CIEMAT), Pedro Dias (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation), Muge Ulvinur Dolun (UNIDO), Charlie Dou (China Wind Energy Association), Mark Dracek (

8、UNIDO), Salvador Echeverria (National Metrology Centre of Mexico - CENAM), Christian Gthner (PTB), Stephan Fischer (Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering University of Stuttgart), Tassos Frantzis (Vestas Solar Heaters Ltd.), Peggy Friis (DTU Wind Energy), Wang Geng (China National Inst

9、itute of Standardization), Ken Guthrie (ISO TC 180), Ulf Hillner (PTB), Jim Huggins (Solar Rating & Certification Corp.), Arne Jacobson (Humboldt State University), Balthasar Klimbie (Dutch Small Wind Turbines), Peter Kovacs (SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden), Ashraf Kraidy (League of Arab

10、States), Karin Kritzinger (Stellenbosch University), Daniela Luna (National Metrology Centre of Mexico - CENAM), Alistair Mackinnon (DNV GL), Diego Masera (UNIDO), Hikaru Matsumiya (Hikaru Wind Lab. Ltd.), Alex S. Mboa (Kenya Bureau of Standards), Mulugeta Mehari (Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Ent

11、erprise), Christian Navntoft (SURSOLAR), Jan Erik Nielsen (SolarKey International), Les Nelson (International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials), Georgios Partasides (Ministry of Energy of Cyprus), Nico Peterschmidt (INENSUS GmbH), George Roditis (Applied Energy Laboratory of Cyprus),

12、 Thomas Rogers (University of West Indies), Sven Ruin (TEROC), Mick Sagrillo (Sagrillo Light and Sun), Brent Summerville (Small Wind Certification Council), He Tao (China Academy of Building Research), Mark Thornbloom (Kelelo Engineering Services), Jack Werner (Institute for Sustainable Power), Marc

13、o Yanez (National Polytechnic School of Ecuador - EPN). Dolf Gielen, Roland Roesch, Emanuele Taibi and Linus Mofor at IRENA also provided valuable input.Authors: Trudy Forsyth (Wind Advisors Team), Jay Burch (Analysis of Thermal Energy Systems ATES LLC), Francisco Boshell (IRENA) and Ruth Baranowski

14、 (High Desert Technical Communications)For further information or to provide feedback, please contact IRENA: secretariatirena.orgDisclaimerThis publication and the material featured herein are provided “as is”, for informational purposes. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify

15、 the reliability of the material featured in this publication. Neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers or licensors provides any warranty, including as to the accuracy, completeness, or fitness for a particular purpose or use of such material, or r

16、egarding the non-infringement of third-party rights, and they accept no responsibility or liability with regard to the use of this publication and the material featured therein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of the Members of IRENA, nor is it an endorsemen

17、t of any project, product or service provider. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimi

18、tation of frontiers or boundaries.Solar Water HeatersiCONTENTSLIST OF TABLES IILIST OF FIGURES IIIABBREVIATIONS VABOUT THIS REPORT 1EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 21 INTRODUCTION 42 AN OVERVIEW OF SOLAR WATER HEATING 621 Technology 622 Market status 113 DEVELOPING QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SOLAR WATER HEATERS 1

19、531 International standards and testing for solar water heater equipment 1532 Key equipment required for performance testing 2033 Standards and certification for solar water heating practitioners 224 QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SOLAR WATER HEATERS IN SELECTED COUNTRIES AND REGIONS 2741 Argentina 2742

20、 Australia 2843 Barbados 2944 Brazil 3045 China 3146 Cyprus 3247 United States 3348 Other countries 3549 Regional initiatives 36410 Global certification 39Quality Infrastructure for RETsiiLIST OF TABLESTable 1: Installed solar thermal capacity in selected countries, end-2013 (glazed and unglazed liq

21、uid-based collectors) 14Table 2: Overview of ISO standards for solar thermal products 18Table 3: Key equipment required for solar water heater performance testing 21Table B-I: Quality infrastructure schemes for solar water heaters in selected countries 625 KEY CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELO

22、PING QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING 4051 Cost 4052 Other challenges 416 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE FOR SOLAR WATER HEATING 4361 Suggested quality infrastructure stages for solar water heating 4462 Conclusions 48REFERENCES 51APPENDIX ALow-co

23、st methods for rating solar water heating system performance 55APPENDIX BSummary of national QI schemes for solar water heaters 62Solar Water HeatersiiiLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: IRENA quality infrastructure research summary depicting participating countries 5Figure 2: Two solar water heating systems,

24、 configured as retrofit systems: (a) an active glycol system and (b) a passive thermosiphon system Note the relative simplicity of the passive system7Figure 3: Six solar water heating collector types 8Figure 4: Total capacity in operation and energy produced for renewable energy technologies, end-20

25、14 (including glazed and unglazed units) 11Figure 5: Total installed solar thermal capacity by country, end-2013 (glazed units only; flat plates plus evacuated tubes) 12Figure 6: Installed solar thermal capacity per 1,000 inhabitants (glazed and unglazed units), end-2013 13Figure 7: Schematic of com

26、prehensive quality infrastructure for solar water heating 15Figure 8: Schematic testing of collectors, including performance characterisation under normal operating conditions and durability under extreme conditions 19Figure 9: Solar water heating system 20Figure 10: North American Board of Certifie

27、d Energy Practitioners certified solar heating installer logo for use by certified practitioners 25Figure 11: Possible quality infrastructure stages as a function of the market stage 43Figure A-1: Plot of the loss coefficient (FrUl) vs the optical gain coefficient for all collectors in the SRCC data

28、base as of 2005, showing how the points group according to collector type The symbol “X” indicates a generic conservative value for each class 57Figure A-2: Schematic process for producing solar water heater system ratings based on pre-existing simulation models and estimation of key component param

29、eters 58Quality Infrastructure for RETsivFigure A-3: Component test/system simulation process for deriving solar water heater system ratings under any assumed rating conditions, using measured component parameters 59Figure A-4: The dual-path test/rate system under the US SRCCs Standard 300 61Solar W

30、ater HeatersvABBREVIATIONSANSI American National Standards InstituteASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning EngineersCOPANT Pan American Standards Commission (Comisin Panamericana de Normas Tcnicas)DSIRE Database of State Incentives for Renewables & EfficiencyEN Europ

31、ean standardsENAO Ethiopian National Accreditation OfficeESTIF European Solar Thermal Industry FederationEU European UnionGWth Gigawatts-thermalIAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical OfficialsICS Integral collector storageIEA International Energy AgencyIEA-SHC IEA Solar Heating &

32、 Cooling ProgrammeIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionILAC International Laboratory Accreditation CooperationInmetro National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (Brazil)INTI National Institute of Industry Technology (Argentina)IRAM National Institute for Standardization (Argenti

33、na)IREC Interstate Renewable Energy CouncilIRENA International Renewable Energy AgencyISO International Organization for StandardizationISP Institute for Sustainable PowerISPQ Institute for Sustainable Power QualityJAS-ANZ Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New ZealandMENA Middle East and N

34、orth AfricaMW MegawattsMWth Megawatts-thermalNAB National accreditation bodyNABCEP North American Board of Certified Energy PractitionersO&M Operations and maintenanceQuality Infrastructure for RETsviPROCALSOL Solar Water Heater Promotion Programme (Mexico)PTB German National Metrology Institute (Ph

35、ysikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt)PV PhotovoltaicQA Quality assuranceQI Quality infrastructureR&D Research and developmentRCREEE Regional Center for Renewable Energy and Energy EfficiencySABS South African Bureau of StandardsSANAS South African National Accreditation SystemSDO Standards developing

36、 organisationSHAMCI Solar Heating Arab Mark and Certification InitiativeSRCC Solar Rating & Certification CorporationSWH Solar water heating systemUSD United States DollarSolar Water Heaters1This report is part of a series prepared by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in the field of

37、 quality infrastructure (QI) for small-scale renewable energy technologies To date, the series, Quality Infrastructure for Renewable Energy Technologies, includes:Guidelines for Policy Makers. This publication explains the essential concepts, along with the benefits of developing and implementing QI

38、, and provides guidance on how to incrementally develop QI in support of national renewable energy technology marketsSmall Wind Turbines. This publication analyses the challenges and offers recommendations for developing QI for small wind turbines (SWTs), as well as highlighting the experiences of s

39、everal countries in developing and implementing QI for SWTs The SWT guide concludes by applying guidelines for incrementally developing QI to the particular case of SWT marketsSolar Water Heaters. This publication analyses the challenges and offers recommendations for developing QI for solar water h

40、eaters (SWHs), as well as highlighting the experiences of several countries in developing and implementing QI for SWHs The SWH guide concludes by applying guidelines for incrementally developing QI to the particular case of SWH marketsReaders are invited to select the report that is most relevant to

41、 their needs in the publications section of IRENAs website For queries, please contact us at secretariatirena.org.ABOUT THIS REPORTQuality Infrastructure for RETs2EXECUTIVE SUMMARYQuality Assurance has proven to be indispensable for establishing an enabling environment for a rapid uptake of renewabl

42、e energy technologies Quality Assurance consists of standards which are intended to ensure that products and services perform as expected, as well as the mechanisms to verify that such requirements are fulfilled, e.g. testing and certification QA builds the credibility necessary for the creation of

43、healthy, efficient and rapidly growing technology markets and ensures that expectations from investors and end-users for technol-ogy performance, durability and safety are metEmerging markets need implementing Quality Assurance mechanisms to prevent unsafe, underperforming and failure-prone products

44、 from tarnishing perceptions of the technology and poisoning the market The establishment of QA frameworks requires an institutional infrastructureThis quality infrastructure (QI) encompasses standards, metrology, testing, certification, inspections, accreditation and quality management systems QI c

45、an be defined as the total institutional network (public and private) and the legal framework that: Regulates, formulates, edits and implements standards; and Provides evidence of its fulfilment (i.e. a relevant mixture of measurements, accreditation, tests, certification and inspections)QI benefits

46、 all stakeholders and market actors involved with the technology, and it provides the following benefits for stakeholder groups: Policy makers: nurtures emerging markets, enables sound technology promotion and attracts new businesses and jobs Manufacturers: reduces regional and international trade b

47、arriers, improves product design and improves manufacturing quality Practitioners: improves wages and mobility (for professionals involved in the design, installation, operation and maintenance of renewable energy technologies), and attracts new talent End-users: builds and maintains end-user trust,

48、 enables sound product comparison and increases financial resourcesSolar Water Heaters3This report examines QI as it relates to technology for solar water heaters (SWHs), starting with an overview of SWH technology and markets This is followed by a discussion of established international system and

49、collector testing standards, as well as examples of implementation in selected countries Market barriers are highlighted and recommendations for developing QI for SWHs are given, focusing on developing markets Several steps are crucial to create sufficient QI, and in turn ensure increasingly effecti

50、ve QA, in the renewable energy market Countries seeking to put in place or strengthen their QI are advised to do the following: Base any regional or national standards for SWH testing and certification on existing international standards, including: ISO 9806:2013 “Solar energy Solar thermal collecto