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1、Ml National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in France 2021 PV PS Task 1 Strategic PV Analysis and Outreach Task 1 What is IEA PVPS TCP?The International Energy Agency(IEA),founded in 1974,is an autonomous body within the framework of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(O
2、ECD).The Technology Collaboration Programme(TCP)was created with a belief that the future of energy security and sustainability starts with global collaboration.The programme is made up of 6.000 experts across government,academia,and industry dedicated to advancing common research and the applicatio
3、n of specific energy technologies.The IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme(IEA PVPS)is one of the TCPs within the IEA and was established in 1993.The mission of the programme is to“enhance the international collaborative efforts which facilitate the role of photovoltaic solar energy as a corners
4、tone in the transition to sustainable energy systems.”In order to achieve this,the Programmes participants have undertaken a variety of joint research projects in PV power systems applications.The overall programme is headed by an Executive Committee,comprised of one delegate from each country or or
5、ganisation member,which designates distinct Tasks,that may be research projects or activity areas.The IEA PVPS participating countries are Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,Chile,China,Denmark,Finland,France,Germany,Israel,Italy,Japan,Korea,Malaysia,Mexico,Morocco,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Sout
6、h Africa,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,Thailand,Turkey,and the United States of America.The European Commission,Solar Power Europe,the Smart Electric Power Alliance(SEPA),the Solar Energy Industries Association and the Cop-per Alliance are also members.Visit us at:www.iea-pvps.org What is IEA PVPS Task 1
7、?The objective of Task 1 of the IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme is to promote and facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on the technical,economic,environmental and social aspects of PV power systems.Task 1 activities support the broader PVPS objectives:to contribute to co
8、st reduction of PV power applications,to increase awareness of the potential and value of PV power systems,to foster the removal of both technical and non-technical barriers and to enhance technology co-operation.An important deliverable of Task 1 is the annual“Trends in photovoltaic applications”re
9、port.In parallel,National Survey Reports are produced annually by each Task 1 participant.This document is the country National Survey Report for the year 2021.Information from this document will be used as input to the annual Trends in photovoltaic applications report.Authors Main Content:Melodie D
10、E LEPINE,Damien SALEL Data:ENEDIS,SDES,RTE Analysis:Melodie DE LEPINE,Damien SALEL DISCLAIMER The IEA PVPS TCP is organised under the auspices of the International Energy Agency(IEA)but is functionally and legally autonomous.Views,findings and publications of the IEA PVPS TCP do not necessarily repr
11、esent the views or policies of the IEA Secretariat or its individual member countries COVER PICTURE 36 kW on a municipal building by community solar group EnerCOA at Villefranche de Rouergue credit:EnerCOA Task 1 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.4 REFERENCES.4 1 Installation Data.5 1.1 Applicati
12、ons for Photovoltaics.5 1.2 Total photovoltaic power installed.6 1.3 Key enablers of PV development.12 2 Competitiveness of PV electricity.13 2.1 Module prices.13 2.2 System prices.14 2.3 Cost breakdown of PV installations.17 2.4 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs.19 2.5 Specific i
13、nvestments programs.19 2.6 Additional Country information.22 3 Policy Framework.23 3.1 National targets for PV.24 3.2 Direct support policies for PV installations.24 3.3 Self-consumption measures.27 3.4 Collective self-consumption,community solar and similar measures.30 3.5 Tenders,auctions&similar
14、schemes.31 3.6 Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricultural PV.34 3.7 Retroactive measures applied to PV.34 3.8 Indirect policy issues.34 3.9 Financing and cost of support measures.35 4 Industry.36 4.1 Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry).36 4.
15、2 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CPV).36 4.3 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components.39 5 PV in the Economy.40 5.1 Labour places.40 5.2 Business value.41 Task 1 3 6 Interest From Electricity Stakeholders.42 6.1 Structure of the electricity system.42 6.2 Interes
16、t from electricity utility businesses.42 6.3 Interest from municipalities and local governments.42 7 Highlights and Prospects.43 7.1 Highlights.43 7.2 Perspectives.43 Task 1 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper received valuable contributions from different sources mentioned in the references,and from Paul
17、 KAAIJK SRER ADEME Valbonne.REFERENCES The principal references are cited below;however,a number of additional sources,including web sites,private communications and diverse publications were also used.Tableau de bord photovoltaque,Sttinfo,n 436,February 2022(SDES Service de la donne et des tudes st
18、atistiques,Commissariat au Dveloppement Durable,the Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition);Registre national des installations de production et de stockage dlectricit(National Register of Generators and electricity storage systems);Bilans des Raccordements,Enedis Open Data(distributio
19、n grid manager for 95%of the nation);Bilan lectrique 2021(RTE Electricity Report 2021),RTE,February 2022(Transport grid manager);Baromtre annuel 2021,AVERE;Cots des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration en France Edition 2022 ADEME;Charges de service public de lnergie prvisionnelles au titre de lan
20、ne 2021,CRE;France Territoire Solaire Bilan T4 2021;Baromtre 2021 du crowdfunding EnR,Green Univers;“Baromtre des achats dnergie verte en France T4 2021 Capgemini invent;Le baromtre 2021 des nergies renouvelables lectriques en France,ObservER;Public reports on national Call for Tenders dedicated to
21、solar energy,CRE(Rapport de synthse(version publique),Appel doffres portant sur la ralisation et lexploitation dinstallations de production dlectricit partir de techniques de conversion du rayonnement solaire,Commission de Rgulation de lEnergie)(several publications,2021 and 2022).Task 1 5 1 INSTALL
22、ATION DATA The PV power systems market is defined as the market of all nationally installed(terrestrial)PV applications with a PV capacity of 40 W or more.A PV system consists of modules,inverters,batteries and all installation and control components for modules,inverters and batteries.Other applica
23、tions such as small mobile devices are not considered in this report.For the purposes of this report,PV installations are included in the 2021 statistics if the PV modules were installed and connected to the grid between 1 January and 31 December 2021,although commissioning may have taken place at a
24、 later date.Data collection includes information on storage capacity,and injection type is now collected by Enedis(total or partial self-consumption,full generation sales).Official statistics report the AC power of photovoltaic fields,despite eligibility for Feed-in Tariffs and Tender support mechan
25、isms being indicated in by peak DC power thresholds.It may be useful for the reader to know that the average generation across France is 1 160 kWh/kW,but that systems installed in the southern half of mainland France and in overseas territories will generate more,up to 1 400 kWh/kW.For the purposes
26、of this report,all AC data has been converted to DC power,with a standard ratio of 1.2(AC to DC)unless otherwise specified.In the particular segment of utility scale systems,some data is available on both DC and AC power and the reported DC power has been used.Little data is available on off-grid ap
27、plications as there are few support mechanisms that allow observers to track installation volumes.1.1 Applications for Photovoltaics The principal applications for photovoltaics in France in 2021 are grid connected:Residential(house and multi-apartment)systems.These systems tend to range from one or
28、 two modules with self-consumption through to standard 3 kW,6 kW or 9 kW systems.Much of the current total capacity was installed during the 2009/2011”boom”and is building integrated however,since 2017,new capacity is only building applied PV;Commercial,agricultural or industrial systems on building
29、s(36 kW to 250 kW AC or around 300 kW DC).A small proportion(3%of total new capacity)are systems between 9 kW and 36 kW,generally on public buildings such as town halls,primary schools or technical services buildings;Industrial building mounted or parking canopy systems(250 kW to 10MW);Utility scale
30、 ground mounted systems(over 10 MW).Small but growing segments include agrivoltaics and floating PV.A small amount of off grid systems has been installed in overseas territories(Guiana,etc.)or in mainland mountainous areas.Self-consumption has now become the norm for residential systems,with 95%of n
31、ewly commissioned systems(in cumulative power in the segment),compared to 70%in 2018 for this segment.There was strong growth across all segments,however large industrial and utility systems dominated once again,with 65%of installed power connected to the medium or high voltage grid,and residential
32、systems accounting for less than 10%of installed volumes,despite a more Task 1 6 than doubling of quarterly volumes.Industrial and utility systems grew at a faster rate than other segments with installed capacity in these segments multiplied fourfold as compared to others where a doubling of capacit
33、y was witnessed.1.2 Total photovoltaic power installed With the combined increase in electricity consumption prices and costly grid connection costs for new distribution connection points,self-consumption models are growing across all segments.As such,the previous separation between centralised(no s
34、elf-consumption)and decentralised(on buildings or with self-consumption)systems has become more difficult to define based only on systems power level.As such,the following segments,whilst informative,may be misleading as a growing capacity of self-consumption systems over 250 kVA are connected(50 MW
35、 reported in 2021,although current data collection practices are not adequate to quantify all systems with good accuracy).Centralized:any PV installation which only injects electricity and is not associated with a consumer(no self-consumption)over 250 kW.Decentralized:any PV installation which is em
36、bedded into a customers premises(either with or without self-consumption)under 250 kW.Cumulative PV installed capacity as of the end of 2021 reached 13 990 MW(AC Alternative Current)or roughly 16,5 GW DC.Data collection process Data supplied by all transmission and distribution grid managers is aggr
37、egated and published by the SDES:Service de la Donne et des Etudes Statistiques,Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition.Data is segmented by systems size(3 kW,9 kW,36 kW,100 kW,250 kW 2 475 8 915 Total 569 023 16450 Total Off-grid 30 Capacity of decommissioned PV systems during the year
38、 MW 0(estimated).Capacity of repowered PV systems during the year MW 0 to 10(estimated).Total capacity connected to the low voltage distribution grid MW 566 548 systems for 7 535 MW.Total capacity connected to the medium voltage distribution grid MW 2 386*systems for 7 700 MW DC(6 420 MW DC).Total c
39、apacity connected to the high voltage transmission grid MW 89 systems for 969 MW DC(807 MW AC).Unregistered capacity Analysis of the data from the 3 major sources(SDES,Enedis and the Register)indicates a missing capacity of approximately 500 MW AC in the Register,for systems connected to the medium
40、and high voltage grid.As such,whilst total capacity would seem to be around 16,45 GW,the error margin is plus 0,5 GW/minus 1 GW.Sources:SDES,Registre national des installations de production et de stockage dlectricit(2021),Open data rseaux nergies(ODR)*Hespul extrapolations.Data has been converted f
41、rom reported AC to DC power,with a standard ratio of 1,2(1,15 for systems over 250 kW),and rounded.Task 1 11 Table 6:PV power and the broader national energy market Data Year Total power generation capacities GW Total:139,07 GW of which Nuclear:61,37 GW;Fossil fuel:17,9 GW;RES:59,8 GW(see below)2021
42、 Total renewable power generation capacities(including hydropower)GW PV*:13,1 GW;Hydro:25,7 GW;Wind:18,8 GW;Other RES:2,2 GW 2021 Total electricity demand TWh 468 TWh 2021 New power generation capacities installed GW Total:2,7 GW of which Gas:+0,496 GW;Coal:-1,16 GW;Diesel:0,0 GW;Nuclear:0 GW;PV and
43、 other RES:3,9 GW(see below)2021 New renewable power generation capacities(including hydropower)GW PV*:+2,69 GW;Wind:+1,19 GW;Hydro:+0,00 GW;Other RES:+0,06 GW 2021 Estimated total PV electricity production(including self-consumed PV electricity)in TWh PV:14,809 TWh 2021 Total PV electricity product
44、ion as a%of total electricity consumption 3%2021 Average PV yield in kWh/kW 1160 kWh/kW(30 with system losses(PV GIS)France mainland)Ranges from 900 kWh/kW to 1 550 kWh/kW(30 with system losses(PV GIS)continental France)2021 2021:RTE France Electricity Report 2021.*Data in this table is provided by
45、RTE and provisional PV are AC power only.*Source:SDES,non-energy uses included.Task 1 12 1.3 Key enablers of PV development Table 7:Information on key enablers Description Annual Volume(Number of units)Total Volume Source Decentralized storage systems Systems connected to the low voltage distributio
46、n grid.Does not include data for overseas territories or systems connected to the medium voltage grid 6,66 MW for 830 systems on mainland 31,8 MW for 8 357 systems Enedis Open Data,EDF SEI Residential Heat Pumps Mono and multi-split reversible heat pumps 837 629 5 895 864 www.uniclima.fr Uniclima:Bi
47、lan 2021 et perspectives 2022 du gnie climatique Thermodynamic domestic water heater 150 615 868 386 Electric cars Cars&Lightweight utility vehicles 174 191 512 178 www.avere-france.org AVERE:Bilan 2021 Mobilit lctrique Hybrid rechargeable cars 141 787 274 096 Public charge points 20 931 53 667 www.
48、avere-france.org AVERE:Bilan 2021 Infrastructures de recharge ouvertes au public Task 1 13 2 COMPETITIVENESS OF PV ELECTRICITY The past year was unprecedented for the competitiveness of photovoltaic electricity in France,as in much of Europe.Rising equipment costs due to follow on effects of COVID a
49、nd economic growth(primary materials costs,supply chain disruptions,local and international growth markets)increased the cost of photovoltaic systems,with significant impacts on module and steel costs,amongst others.On the other hand,through 2021 market costs of electricity ballooned as gas prices r
50、ose on the back of strong economic growth and demand,leaving photovoltaic as an increasingly attractive source of electricity despite its concurrent,but lower,increased costs.Data on market prices is published irregularly,based on either surveys or,when published by the Energy Regulation Commission,
51、data provided by tender candidates.2021 data are based on limited market surveys conducted for the purposes of this report,and due to the different factors disrupting the market,can only be used as a guide,with significant cost differences between early and late 2021,and even greater differences bet
52、ween prices quoted in 2021 for future systems,and prices paid in 2021 for systems reaching commissioning.Given the continued market tension in 2022,an indication of indicative costs can only be representative of a short time period,well under a year as such the level of uncertainty on the indicated
53、costs is high.2.1 Module prices A 2019 study by the Energy Regulation Commission(CRE)provides the most recent large-scale survey of price breakdowns in France.The business plans in the CRE study include the module prices that the candidates expect to pay.The lead-time between project submission to t
54、he tender and module acquisition is generally between 16 and 18 months.Module costs reported below are average costs according to the expected commissioning year,and are differentiated according to the system size.This survey is still used as the basis for cost estimations and market reports by publ
55、ic and private organisations in France(including ADEME).Task 1 14 Table 8:Typical module prices(/Wp)for a number of years Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 Typical price of a standard module crystalline silicon 2020 Typical price of a standard module crystalline silicon 2021 Average module price(all technolo
56、gies)for systems in Tenders 0,7/0,35-0,4*0,25 0,4 Average module price(all technologies)for systems in Building Applications PV Tenders Over 90%of modules in the survey were monocrystalline silicon 0,6 0,6 0,45 Average module price(all technologies)for systems in ground based PV Tenders 60%of module
57、s in the survey were monocrystalline silicon,13%polycrystalline silicon and 27%thin film technologies 0,55 0,4 0,4 SOURCE:CRE“Cots et rentabilits du grand photovoltaque en mtropole continentale”,pvXchange and Hespul estimate.2021 data from Hespul limited market survey.2.2 System prices There is a wi
58、de range in turnkey prices,especially in the small to medium size segment.This range of prices is determined by the ease of installation(or the state of repair and complexity of the existing roof),the type of supporting structures needed,the complexity of the grid connection and the development time
59、 associated with these complexities.Through 2021,those companies working on residential and small scale systems generally maintained costs with small negative to small positive changes.Task 1 15 Table 9:Turnkey PV system prices of different typical PV systems Category/Size Typical applications and b
60、rief details Current prices/W Residential BAPV 250 kW Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems installed to produce electricity to grid-connected industrial buildings,warehouses,etc.Grid connection not included.0,8-1,1 Small centralized PV 1-10 MW Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized
61、PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.With few exceptions,financed through competitive tender.0,5-0,9 Medium centralized PV 10-20 MW Grid-connected,ground-
62、mounted,centralized PV systems that work as central power station.The electricity generated in this type of facility is not tied to a specific customer and the purpose is to produce electricity for sale.With few exceptions,financed through competitive tender.0,5-0,9 Parking canopies 5 to 10 MW Grid-
63、connected,distributed PV systems installed over impermeable car parks to produce electricity to grid-connected industrial buildings,warehouses,etc.Financed through competitive tender.0,9 1,1 Floating centralised PV Financed through competitive tender.1 Task 1 16 SOURCE:FiT systems:estimation HESPUL
64、from sources Hespul.Tenders source:CRE“Cots et rentabilits du grand photovoltaque en mtropole continentale”,Etude ADEME“Cots des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration en France”,HESPUL estimations.Table 10:National trends in system prices for different applications Year Residential BAPV Grid-connec
65、ted,roof-mounted,distributed PV system 5-10 kW euro/W Small commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 10-100 kW euro/W Large commercial BAPV Grid-connected,roof-mounted,distributed PV systems 100-250 kW euro/W Centralized PV Grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV syste
66、ms 10-50 MW euro/W 2007 8,4 7,8 6,3 2008 8,2 7,6 6,2 2009 6,9 6,4 5,2 2010 5,9 5,5 4,5 2011 3,9 2,6 2 2012 3,7 2 1,6 2013 2,7 2 1,3 2014 2,6 2 1,3 2015 2,5 1,9 1,2 2016 2,41 1,58 1,1 2017 2,2 1,2 0,9-1,1 2018 2,2 1,2 0,7-0,9 2019 2 1,2 1,2 0,65 0,85 2020 1,9 1,1 0,9 0,65 0,85 2021 1,7 2,5 0,6 1,7 0,
67、7 1,1 0,5 0,9 NOTE The table includes BIPV-IAB systems up to 3 kW until 2012,BIPV-IAB systems up to 9 kW from 2013 to 2016 and BAPV systems up to 9 kW since 2017.SOURCE:Previous IEA NSR-FR reports,limited market surveys by Hespul,VAT not included.*IAB:completely building integrated;*ISB:simplified b
68、uilding integration;BAPV building applied/roof top systems.Task 1 17 2.3 Cost breakdown of PV installations The Renewable Energy Trade Association(Syndicat des Energies Renouvelables,SER)study evaluating the contribution to renewable to the French economy,published in 2020,builds on the 2019 energy
69、Regulation Commissions study on the cost of photovoltaics in France,with results as detailed below.This data is still used in national studies by private and public bodies as they are the most recent,comprehensive,publicly available studies.Limited market surveys have been used to evaluate the cost
70、redistributions in the context of rising upstream costs as professionals responded to these events.Table 11:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected roof-mounted,distributed residential PV system of 5 to 10 kW Cost category Average/W Hardware Module 0,57 Inverter 0,27 Mounting material 0,32 Other electro
71、nics(cables,etc.),including installation 0,33 Subtotal Hardware 1,49 Soft costs Installation work(included in Other Hardware costs)Planning 0,1 Shipping and travel expenses to customer Customer acquisition Permits and commissioning(i.e.cost for electrician,etc.)Project margin Subtotal Soft costs 0,1
72、 Grid connection 0 Total(excluding VAT)1,59 Average VAT 20%SOURCE:“valuation et analyse de la contribution des nergies renouvelables lconomie de la France et de ses territoires”SER/EY June 2021+market surveys(Hespul).For this segment,module and inverter prices are well above that of other segments;i
73、n France both distributors and installers add a margin to module costs.Task 1 18 Table 12:Cost breakdown for a grid-connected,ground-mounted,centralized PV systems of 10 MW Cost category Average/W Hardware Module 0,25 Inverter 0,06 Mounting material 0,16 Other electronics(cables,etc.),including inst
74、allation 0,17 Subtotal Hardware 0,64 Soft costs Installation work(included in Other Hardware costs)Planning 0,13 Shipping and travel expenses to customer Customer acquisition Permits and commissioning(i.e.cost for electrician,etc.)Project margin Subtotal Soft costs 0,13 Grid connection 0,08 Total(ex
75、cluding VAT)0,85 Average VAT 20%SOURCE:“valuation et analyse de la contribution des nergies renouvelables lconomie de la France et de ses territoires”SER/EY June 2021,Estimations by HESPUL Task 1 19 2.4 Financial Parameters and specific financing programs Table 13:PV financing information in 2021 Di
76、fferent market segments Loan rate%Average rate of loans residential installations 4%-7%over 12 years,slight reduction compared to 2020*Average rate of loans commercial installations From 1,1%to 1,5%for 12 to 18 years Average cost of capital industrial and ground-mounted installations 3%over 20 years
77、*SOURCE:ADEME study“Cots des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration en France”2022,CRE“Cots et rentabilits du grand photovoltaque en mtropole continentale”,Statinfo Crdit la Conso and Crdit au SNF,Taux des crdits aux entreprises by Banque de France,estimation Hespul.*Rate of loans for residential ap
78、plications are considered consumer credit which explains their relatively high level,well above home loans.*The ADEME study considers an average cost of capital for 2020 at 3,2%for 80%debt financing,and 3,6%for 70%debt financing,with a relative stability from 2019 to 2020;for the purposes of this re
79、port values from market surveys were included leading to slightly lower values.Interest rates for all sectors remained low and decreasing through 2021,albeit with slight rises in December for residentials.2.5 Specific investments programs Table 14:Summary of existing investment schemes Investment Sc
80、hemes Introduced in France Third party ownership(no investment)Used for commercial and industrial systems(roof and land rental),but also to a lesser extent on new agricultural buildings.Renting A few small-scale operations in self-consumption models where building occupiers rent PV systems.This is a
81、 growth segment with high interest in 2021 as electricity prices rose.Leasing Leasing is a common financing instrument in France for commercial systems.“Sofergie”(Energy Financing Company)provide credit or leasing options for projects developed by municipalities,social housing organisations,commerci
82、al companies and agricultural companies.Financing through utilities Some electric utilities(more often their subsidiaries)develop and invest in PV systems,but they do not offer finance for third parties.Utilities can access all support mechanisms,including FiT and Tenders for systems that they devel
83、op or own.Task 1 20 Investment in PV plants against free electricity(See self-consumption).Crowd funding(investment in PV plants)Crowd-funding generally finances debt through crowd-funding platforms,however some platforms allow for equity financing.Changes to the bonus mechanisms in the new PPE2 Ten
84、ders have resulted in a significant shift from citizen investment and governance to debt crowdfunding.Community solar Yes International organization financing No The main financing organizations are commercial banks(both French and foreign),debt funds(French and foreign insurers)and institutional le
85、nders(European and national).Cleantech investments in France grew again in 2021,and whilst the RES sector was overtaken by the circular economy sector,growth in the RES sector was spectacular with a doubling of investments to nearly 600 million(not including hydrogen).The largest operation in the RE
86、S sector was Neon,with 255 million euro raised with cleantech funds(for a total of 600 million in the operation)towards its investment 2021-2025 program.Portfolio financing Portfolio financing/refinancing and large or utility-scale projects can make use of the European Investment Bank(European long-
87、term investment fundEIB)offers.The EIB supports a number of renewable energy source(RES)investments funds available for photovoltaics projects.The EIB approved a number of credit lines to local financing organisation within different mechanism including the Private Finance for Energy Efficiency(PF4E
88、E)collateral agreement,the CALEF-PAN-EUROPEAN RENEWABLE ENERGY FL and SAAR LB CLIMATE ACTION MBIL II loans(respectively 200 million euros and 150 million euros for small to medium projects).Other major actors include La Banque des Territoires(Caisse des Dpts)and its subsidiary Bpifrance.Project fina
89、ncing Project financing,classically used for infrastructure projects,is based on project cash flows repaying project debt and equity.Project financing for privately owned projects is available through both commercial banks and bpifrance,a public investment bank.Public authorities can access financin
90、g from public long-term investors such as the Caisse des Dpts(Deposits and Consignments Fund).Project financing is also available through Sofergies-financial institutions that provide debt financing or leasing options for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects by Task 1 21 municipalities,so
91、cial housing organisation,commercial companies and agricultural companies.Bpifrance has increased volumes available for project financing as part of its 2021-2024,building on its regional presence to identify local requirements.Community solar(citizen investment)Citizen investment is mobilised throu
92、gh specific citizen RES funds and crowdfunding platformsfinancing both equity and debt.The principal organisations active in channelling citizen investment are crowdfunding platforms(debt and equity investments)and Energie Partage.Energy Partage collected 2,2 million euros in 2021.30 new solar commu
93、nity projects for 22,6 MW were commissioned in 2021,bringing the total since inception up to 76 MW,representing 15 million euros in direct community investment for systems ranging from small 9 kW projects to multi-MW ground-based systems.Crowdfunding Crowdfunding projects once again increased in vol
94、ume in 2021,with,for the first time,more crowdfunding equity than debt for renewable energy projects within the framework of the competitive Tenders.Financing of photovoltaics through crowdfunding:Roof-mounted systems:33 million euros raised for 258 MW across 151 projects;Ground-based systems:68 mil
95、lion euros raised for 1 344 MW across 151 projects;Floating systems:1 million euros raised for 30 MW across 3 projects.Residential project financing Residential systems are financed through different schemes:100%owner capital,home renovation loans or consumer credit loans.Task 1 22 2.6 Additional Co
96、untry information Table 15:Country information Retail electricity prices for a household Time of use contracts available.Eurostat Band DC(2500 kWh consumption 5000 kWh)202,2/MWh all taxes and levies included.Retail electricity prices for a commercial company Time of use contracts available.Eurostat
97、Band IB(20 MWh consumption 500 MWh):130/MWh excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies:154/MWh all taxes and levies included.Eurostat Band IC(500 MWh consumption 2000 MWh):100/MWh excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies:120,7/MWh all taxes and levies included.Retail electricit
98、y prices for an industrial company Time of use,demand response,peak shaving contracts available.Eurostat Band ID(2000 MWh consumption 20000 MWh):88,2/MWh excluding VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies;104,7/MWh all taxes and levies included.Liberalization of the electricity sector Frances elec
99、tricity industry is highly concentrated but not vertically integrated in theory.However,in practice,EDF,(the state holds over 80%of EDF share capital)and its different wholly or partially owned subsidiary companies are the principal generator(over 80%of electricity production),transport grid manager
100、(100%),distribution grid manager(over 95%of grid subscribers)and retailer(over 75%of retail customers).SOURCE:INSEE,CRE,Eurostat nrg_pc_204 and(nrg_pc_205)2021S2.Task 1 23 3 POLICY FRAMEWORK This chapter describes the support policies aiming directly or indirectly to drive the development of PV.Dire
101、ct support policies have a direct influence on PV development by incentivizing or simplifying or defining adequate policies.Indirect support policies change the regulatory environment in a way that can push PV development.Table 16:Summary of PV support measures Category Residential Commercial+Indust
102、rial Centralized Measures in 2021 On-going New On-going New On-going New Feed-in tariffs Yes Yes(changes to Feed in Tariff conditions)Yes,(competitive Tenders)Yes(Open access Feed in Tariffs up to 500 kW)-Feed-in premium(above market price)-Yes,(competitive Tenders)Yes,(competitive Tenders)Capital s
103、ubsidies-Yes,some regions.Terminated in 2021-Green certificates-Renewable portfolio standards(RPS)-Income tax credits-Self-consumption Yes-Yes-Net-metering-Net-billing Yes Yes(Changes to Feed in Tariff conditions)Yes Yes(Feed in Tariffs up to 500 kW)-Task 1 24 Collective self-consumption and virtual
104、 net-metering Yes-Yes-Sustainable building requirements Yes-Yes Yes(changes to conditions for mandatory solar/living roofs,threshold lowered to 500 m2 and new types of buildings under obligation)-BIPV incentives-Yes(cumulative with Feed in Tariffs)-Yes(cumulative with Feed in Tariffs for up to 500 k
105、W)-3.1 National targets for PV The framework for developing photovoltaics policies in France falls within the long term National Low Carbon Strategy(SNBC,2050 horizon)and the 10-year Energy Programme Decree(PPE).The current PPE,published in 2020,targets 3 GW to 5 GW a year new capacity,to reach 20 G
106、W in 2023 and 35 GW to 44 GW in 2028.The PPE authorizes competitive tenders as the preferred mechanism to reach these goals if market forces are insufficient.The government has signalled a real desire to meet the PPE targets,publishing an Action Plan to accelerate the development of photovoltaics in
107、 November.This plan includes a possible feed in tariff for ground-based systems under 500 kW on wasteland,1 000 projects on public land and buildings,a reduction in upfront grid connection costs and simplifications to administrative procedures.The national environmental agency,ADEME,the national Tra
108、nsport network operator and an independent organisation ngaWatt all published possible future energy scenarios in 2050,and all scenarios had a common element of high photovoltaics volumes needed in France by 2050,with volume ranging from 90 GW to nearly 200 GW an indication of the accepted level of
109、investment required from both the public and private sectors.3.2 Direct support policies for PV installations The measures summarized in table 16,and their effectiveness,are described below.Task 1 25 Support measures include,for individual self-consumed electricity from systems under 1 MW,exemption
110、from the tax surcharges,local electricity and grid taxes and VAT(these taxes and levies normally represent approximately 30%of a consumers electricity bill).Property tax exemptions for agricultural and public-sector buildings equipped with photovoltaic systems are also in place,and thermal and envir
111、onmental building regulations that should encourage the use of photovoltaics on new buildings.3.2.1 Open volume feed-in tariffs for BAPV Feed-in tariffs and net-billing tariffs are segmented according to system size and decrease each trimester,with the decrease pegged to grid connection requests for
112、 previous trimesters.For overseas regions,the tariffs are adapted to regional irradiation levels.Tables 17 and 18 detail 4th quarter 2021 tariff levels.A new framework from October 2021 for feed in tariffs for systems up to 500 kW(up from 100 kW)on buildings,greenhouses and parking canopies on mainl
113、and France includes differentiated tariffs depending on system size,and lump sums for smaller self-consumption systems(with net-billing)as well as specific building integrated products.Systems may now participate in collective self-consumption projects,and changes have improved access to tariffs for
114、 systems on publicly owned buildings.Mandatory 550 kg CO2/kW maximum carbon footprint for modules in systems between 100 kW and 500 kW.Table 17 Feed-in Tariff and Tender remuneration levels Mainland France Tariff category Power of PV installation Tariff Q4 2021*(EUR/MWh)Continental France building a
115、pplied PV Ta(no self-consumption)3 kW 178,9 Ta(no self-consumption)3 kW to 9 kW 152,1 Tb(no self-consumption)9 kW to 36 kW 108,9 Tb(no self-consumption)36 kW to 100 kW 94,7 Tc(with or without self-consumption)100 kW to 500 kW 98,0*For projects that will be built in 2022 or first semester 2023.Task 1
116、 26 Table 18:Feed-in Tariff and Tender remuneration levelsOverseas France Tariff category Power of PV installation Tariff Q4 2021(EUR/MWh)Tariff base 8,12 Sample system in Guadeloupe 2 kW 186,5 Sample system in Corsica 8 kW 146,3 Sample system in Runion 50 kW 130,0 Power factor 3 kW 3 kW to 9 kW 9 k
117、W to 36 kW 36 kW to 100 kW 1,35 1,2 1,1 1 0=8,12 x 1,35 x location factor=8,12 x 1,2 x location factor=8,12 x 1,1 x location factor=8,12 x 1x location factor=0 Location factor Guadeloupe&Martinique Corsica Runion French Guiana Mayotte 17 15 16 18 19=8,12 x 17 x power factor=8,12 x 15 x power factor=
118、8,12 x 16 x power factor=8,12 x 18 x power factor=8,12 x 19 x power factor Note:To calculate overseas tariffs,multiply the trimestral tariff base by the power factor and a location factorfor exact tariffs,refer to CRE publications.Note:there is also a time-based compensation for grid manager command
119、ed disconnections.3.2.2 Feed-in tariffs and Feed-in premiums in competitive tenders Volume capped periodic competitive tenders for systems from 500 kW to 30 MW(no size limit for ground-based systems on waste land)are segmented according to size and application(building applications,ground based etc.
120、).Eight competitive tenders were held in 2021 in mainland France,whilst the target volume was over 2,3 GW,only 2,02 GW of projects were awarded:656 MW for building applied,1,34 GW for ground-based systems,and 25 MW self-consumption systems.3.2.3 BIPV development measures The new feed in tariff frame
121、work published in October 2021 included an investment bonus for systems up to 500 kW using one of 4 approved,certified BIPV products.To be paid in 5 yearly instalments,the investment bonus is available for a maximum of 145 MW of projects over 2 years(30 MW in 2022,115 MW in 2023)on a first come firs
122、t served basis.The bonus can by combined with the partial self-consumption bonus and feed in tariffs/net billing.Task 1 27 Table 19 Feed-in Tariff BIPV bonus Mainland France System size Bonus for grid connection request in the first period from 09/10/2021 au 08/10/2022,capped at 30 MW Bonus for grid
123、 connection request in the second period from 09/10/2022 au 08/10/2023,capped at 115 MW 100 kW 0,238 EUR per W installed 0,133 EUR per W installed 100 kW to 250 kW 0,235 EUR per W installed 0,128 EUR per W installed 250 kW to 500kW 0,233 EUR per W installed 0,125 EUR per W installed A number of indi
124、rect measures included reducing the threshold for mandatory solar or living roofs for commercial and industrial buildings or covered car parks to those occupying 500 m2 of ground surface(down from 1 000 m2)and including new types of buildings.Actual thermal regulations,and incentive high-performance
125、 building labels encourage photovoltaics and self-consumption as electricity consumed and exported from the building can be integrated in building performance calculations.In particular,the“Btiments Energie Positive et Rduction Carbone(E+/C-)”label currently prefigures future building thermal regula
126、tion that will come into force in 2022.The future regulation includes a new set of criteria on energy and carbon,also applied to photovoltaics equipment.3.3 Self-consumption measures Table 20:Summary of self-consumption regulations for small private PV systems in 2021 PV self-consumption 1 Right to
127、self-consume Individual self-consumption:the PV generator can be the consumer or a third-party owner.Participation in a collective self-consumption operation is limited to 3 use cases(see below):Virtual net-metering(virtual battery storage):the consumer must be the PV generator.2 Revenues from self-
128、consumed PV Lump-sum for partial self-consumption systems in association with net-billing FiT.Winning candidates in the Self-Consumption Tender(systems from 500 kW to 10 MW)will receive a bonus on self-consumption at the tendered rate.Self-consumed electricity is not subject to tax for individual se
129、lf-consumption.However,collective self-consumption is subject to tax.For individual self-consumption and in case of partial self-consumption,installed capacity is subject to capacity taxes,such as grid taxes.Task 1 28 3 Charges to finance Transmission,Distribution grids&Renewable Levies Systems with
130、 total self-consumption pay no connection or annual grid access costs.Systems in collective self-consumption systems pay grid connection costs and annual access fees.Excess PV electricity 4 Revenues from excess PV electricity injected into the grid Net-billing set by FiT(6,9,8 or 10 c/kWh depending
131、on system size),or by Tender specifications(FiT or wholesale market+premium)or by PPA(Power Purchase Agreement).This does not apply to collective self-consumption.5 Maximum timeframe for compensation of fluxes 30 minutes.6 Geographical compensation(virtual self-consumption or metering)Called“collect
132、ive self-consumption”in France.Participation in a collective self-consumption operation is limited to 3 use cases:Default case:PV installations and consumers located in the same building.This opens the possibility for the participation of medium voltage connected PV installations;Extended case:PV in
133、stallations and consumers connected to the low voltage grid within a distance of 2 km of each other;Exceptional case:PV installations and consumers within a distance of 20 km,where the low population and building density requires an exceptionally large perimeter;In all case,generators(s)and consumer
134、s(s)must be linked through a common legal entity.Compensation on a 30 minute time-step.Other characteristics 7 Regulatory scheme duration 20 years for surplus(net-billing)sold in FiT,10 years in Self-Consumption Tender.8 Third party ownership accepted Third party ownership is allowed.9 Grid codes an
135、d/or additional Grid connection fees for systems over 36 kVA.Task 1 29 taxes/fees impacting the revenues of the prosumer No grid access fees for total self-consumption systems.Reduced grid access fees for partial self-consumption systems(with net-billing).Energy taxes will apply in the case of colle
136、ctive self-consumption but not for individual self-consumption,even if the PV system is owned by a third-party.10 Regulations on enablers of self-consumption(storage,DSM)Electricity storage is considered as both a consumer and a generator when integrated into collective self-consumption.11 PV system
137、 size limitations Automatic grid connection limited to systems 36 kVA with no surplus injections and no grid feesother systems require approval.Systems size limited on buildings for access to net-billing(500 kW)and lump-sum(100 kW)within FiT framework.Systems must be between 500 kW to 10 MW to be el
138、igible for the new 2021-2026 competitive tenders.In the case of“extended”collective self-consumption projects,the total PV volume is limited to 3 MW mainland and to 0,5 MW(power is expressed in peak DC power)in non-interconnected territories.12 Electricity system limitations Mainland,no limits.In ov
139、erseas territories(ZNI),self-consumption systems must respect the same capacity and disconnect limits as feed-in systems(i.e.active capacity must not go over 30%(or as specified in the regional energy planning decree)of consumption(with the objective of raising this threshold to 45%by 2023),grid man
140、ager disconnects on a first installed-last disconnected priority order).13 Additional features Markets sales of surplus in the framework of Tenders require access to an Aggregator/Balancing Responsible Party.Collective self-consumption systems may now access FiT for excess production sales(changed i
141、n October 2021).Several virtual battery storage offers are available.Task 1 30 3.3.1 Net-billing feed-in tariff and lump sum for BAPV systems under 100 kW Table 21:Net billing Feed-in Tariffs for BAPV systems Tariff category Power of PV installation Net-billing tariff(+lump sum)Q4 2021(EUR/MWh)Conti
142、nental France building applied PV Pa(net-billing)3 kW 100(+0,38 EUR/W installed)Pa(net-billing)3 kW to 9 kW 100(+0,29 EUR/W installed)Pb(net-billing)9 kW to 36 kW 60(+0,16 EUR/W installed)Pb(net-billing)36 kW to 100 kW 60(+0,08 EUR/W installed)Tc(net-billing)100 kW to 500 kW 98(no lump sum)3.3.2 Net
143、-billing with feed-in premium Winning candidates in the new 2021-2026 framework for Self-Consumption Tender(systems from 500 kW to 10 MW from November 2021,up from the 100 kW to 1 MW range in the previous tenders)receive a bonus on self-consumption at the tendered rate plus net-billing set by tender
144、 specifications(wholesale market+premium).3.4 Collective self-consumption,community solar and similar measures 3.4.1 Collective self-consumption(PV systems for several apartments in the same building)The legal framework surrounding collective self-consumption in France is that of virtual self-consum
145、ption within a building,a 2 km,or exceptionally,a 20 km geographical perimeter.Where generators and consumers are in the same building,the PV installation can be connected to the medium voltage grid.In other cases,installations are connected to the low voltage grid and are limited to a total of 3 MW
146、.Virtual metering is implemented by the grid manager and requires smart meters on all generation and consumption sites.Each operation must have a legal entity,whose primary role is to supply the grid manager with algorithms or rules defining the distribution of the PV power,and an updated list of re
147、gistered members of the operation.By the end of 2021,with a total of 3,8 MW across 77 projects,849 consumers and 128 generators were involved.Economic models for self-consumption systems are uncertain,as the competitivity of the self-consumed electricity is very dependent on consumer electricity cos
148、ts.In other words,grid parity is reached in certain sectors,and not in others.In October 2021 the new rules for access to feed in tariffs and net billing tariffs included changes that allow systems to access the feed in tariffs/net billing tariffs for excess production from collective self-consumpti
149、on systems.However,in this case the system may not benefit Task 1 31 from any other form of public subsidy which were necessary to compensate the organisational and administrative over costs of collective self-consumption systems.3.4.2 Solar Community Solar communities(or citizen investment)continue
150、 to grow,with a specialised fund and regional and national networks supporting the inception and development of projects.The national government included the development of community solar as a priority in its renewable energy plan launching an awareness raising campaign including a dedicated sectio
151、n hosted on the Ministry for Ecological Transitions website,whilst it continues to maintain support,through ADEME,for the not-for-profit organisation Energie Partage that coordinates and disseminates information and tools.Work is on-going for the creation of the legal framework for citizen and renew
152、able energy communities in France.3.5 Tenders,auctions&similar schemes Competitive tenders are the chosen tool for the French government to encourage the development of photovoltaic systems,although projects are increasingly developed outside of the framework in PPAs considering the ballooning marke
153、t cost of electricity.The Minister of Ecological Transition establishes the Tender specifications,the CRE(Energy Regulator)manages the Tenders and transmits a list and analysis of the highest-ranking candidates to the Minister,who then determines and publishes the winning candidates.Since 2016,the w
154、inners of the calls for tenders are no longer supported by a feed-in-tariff but by a contract for difference mechanism(CfD).With the CfD,the generators of photovoltaic electricity sell their production on the market,and when the reference market costs are under the tendered costs,they receive additi
155、onal remuneration from the state which compensates for the difference between the market price and the tendered cost.Conversely,when the reference market costs are above the tendered costs,operators are required to pay the difference back to the state.With the unprecedented rise in market costs in l
156、ate 2021,the prices on the electricity market have become much higher than the tendered prices.As a result,whilst the generators concerned have seen their revenues increase from their sales on the market,a significant portion of this revenues is paid to the state under the CfD mechanism.Not only doe
157、s the French state not subsidise these contracts for those months,but it also receives a portion of the revenues generated by photovoltaics.The CRE publishes a summary analysis after tenders are awarded,making available aggregated and comparative information on the provenance of materials,average bi
158、ds,etc.A new Tenders framework was initially planned for 2020 but was pushed back to late 2021,with several tenders being held under the previous framework in 2021.By October and the publication of feed in tariffs for systems up to 500 kW,the new Tender framework(called PPE2)was ready for deployment
159、,with a first round of tenders for building applied systems in October,self-consumption systems in November,and for ground-based systems in December.Tender selection criteria are on a lowest price basis for commercial and self-consumption systems,but price weighted with additional environmental or l
160、and use criteria(low module carbon footprints and degraded urbanised sites are benefited),or even innovation levels,for larger systems.The conditions for the PPE2 tenders were a continuation of the revised conditions for the last PPE1 Tenders.Task 1 32 The Energy Minister establishes the Tender spec
161、ifications,the CRE(Energy Regulator)manages the tenders and transmits a list and analysis of the highest-ranking candidates to the Minister,who then determines and publishes the winning candidates.Remuneration(through Feed-in PPA,Feed-in premiums,bonuses etc.)is paid to operators by EDF(or,in certai
162、n areas,local public distribution grid managers,or other authorised organisations).The CRE publishes a summary analysis after tenders are awarded,making available aggregated and comparative information on the provenance of materials,average bids,etc.There were 8 national call for tenders in mainland
163、 France over 2021,including the innovation tender,and no tenders in the overseas territories.The 2021 mainland tenders were nearly all under-subscribed,with the exception of those for ground-based systems and the first building applied tender of the year,with a particularly low under 25%for the last
164、 self-consumption tender.Two factors contributed to this-the sharp rise in electricity prices,meaning no subsidy is needed in most cases,and a change in the specification requiring a unicity of the legal entities of the consumer and the generator,with significant impacts on the fiscalism of the self
165、-consumed electricity when third party investors are involved.Table 22:Results for the last rounds of the 2017-2021 competitive tenders System type and size Building mounted systems,greenhouses and parking canopies Building mounted systems Ground-based systems and parking canopies Building mounted s
166、ystems for self-consumption Individual system size limits 100 kW to 500 kW 500 kW to 8 MW Ground:500 kW to 30 MW Canopies:500 kW to 10 MW 100 kW to 1 MW Volume 1 175 MW in 11 calls of 75 MW to 150 MW 1 200 MW in 11 calls of 75 MW to 150 MW 5,78 GW in 9 calls of 330 MW to 850 MW 450 MW in 12 calls of
167、 20 to 50 MW Remuneration type PPA*CfD*CfD*Self-consumption+bonus on self-consumption+CfD Number of Bids 12 and 13th calls:238 MW selected for 507 MW of bids 12 and 13th calls:188 MW selected for 260 MW of bids 10th call:637 MW selected for 1 014 MW of bids 10th call:17 MW selected for 25 MW of bids
168、 Average tendered price(or bonus for self-consumption)13th call:86,02 EUR/MWh 13th call:76,66 EUR/MWh 10th call:56,64 EUR/MWh 10th call:10,45 EUR/MWh*PPA=Power Purchase Agreement at tendered rate.Contract with an obligated purchaser,the PPA being guaranteed by the French government.*CfD=Contract for
169、 Difference=Market sales+Additional Remuneration;Contract at tendered rate.Task 1 33 Table 23:PPE2(2021-2026)competitive tender volumes and results System type and size Building mounted systems,greenhouses and parking canopies Ground-based systems and parking canopies Building mounted systems for se
170、lf-consumption Innovative solar systems Technology neutral Individual system size limits From 0,5 MW No upper limit 0,5 MW to 30 MW No upper limit on degraded sites 0,5 MW to 10 MW 100 kW 3 MW (Building mounted)500 kW 3 MW (Ground based)Volume 4,2 GW to 5,6 GW in 14 calls of 300 MW to 400 MW 9.25 GW
171、 in 10 calls of 925 MW 0,7 GW in 14 calls of 50 MW 0,4 GW in 5 calls of 80 MW(Building mounted)0,3 GW in 5 calls of 60 MW(Ground based)2,5 GW in 5 calls of 500 MW Number of Bids 1st call:157 MW selected for 268 MW of bids 1st call:705 MW selected for 845 MW of bids 1st call:7 MW selected for 11 MW o
172、f bids First results not available First results not available Average tendered price(or bonus for self-consumption)1st call:86,53 EUR/MWh 1st call:58,84 EUR/MWh 1st call:12,85 EUR/MWh-All systems are remunerated through CfD=Contract for difference=Market sales+Additional Remuneration;Contract at te
173、ndered rate.Task 1 34 3.6 Other utility-scale measures including floating and agricultural PV These systems are financed through competitive tenders,generally in a specific call for innovative systems.The national Agency for Ecological Transition(ADEME)commissioned a study to define agrivoltaics(or
174、agriphotovoltaics),with a wide participation across the industry and the agricultural sectors.Whilst the study and recommendation were completed in September 2021,it was not published until mid-2022 after extensive high-level discussion.Agrivoltaic and floating systems were developed and commissione
175、d in 2021,financed through the Innovation competitive tenders.3.7 Retroactive measures applied to PV 3.7.1 Renegotiation of tariffs for systems above 250 kW with tariffs from 2006 and 2010 Following on from the 2020 announcement,contractual negotiations were held through 2021 to revise support level
176、s,by negotiating,on an individual basis,the level of remuneration for systems over 250 kW.Benefitting from 2006 and 2010 feed in tariffs.Full data on the number of contracts re-negotiated has not yet been made public.3.8 Indirect policy issues 3.8.1 Rural electrification measures Rural electrificati
177、on in France is primarily concentrated in overseas territories and isolated alpine areas.Overseas territories include remote or difficult to access zones with small villages with either no mini-grid or fossil fuel powered mini-grids,particularly in French Guiana and the island of Reunion.The nationa
178、l budget includes a line dedicated to off grid production in rural areas,with a 1 M budget in 2021,equivalent to the 2020 budget.In parallel,budgets are available for indirect measures such as electric vehicle charging points,partially financing grid connection in weak networks for renewable energie
179、s,storage and other innovations.3.8.2 Support for electricity storage and demand response measures There are no universal support mechanisms for electricity storage in France.However,public demand has seen a slow development in both the residential and commercial sectors,despite the low economic ret
180、urns.Large scale storage In mainland France,by the end of 2021 about 115 storage facilities are connected to the medium-voltage grid with a capacity of 145 MW.60%of the cumulated installed capacity was commissioned in 2021.According to the National Registry for Generators and Storage,only three of t
181、hese storage facilities are listed as being associated with photovoltaic systems connected to the medium voltage grid.Four projects for 23 MW total were commissioned in 2021 in overseas territories.Task 1 35 Individual/small scale storage Conditions are not favourable for the development of small-sc
182、ale storage in France(no subsidies,previously relatively low electricity consumption costs and winter peak consumption profiles on mainland France).There were about 11 000 storage facilities in France(8 200 on the mainland)on residential or small-scale installations.After a peak of 2 500 new install
183、ations per year in 2018 and 2019,the rate of installation continued to decrease through 2020 and down to 830 on mainland France in 2021.Demand Response Measures Time-of-use electricity rates are offered to consumers in France,with a particular emphasis on displacing winter peak consumption to late n
184、ight/early morning.France has very high winter evening peak demand,reflecting the high penetration of resistive electric heating.Demand response mechanisms(flexibility)include both reduction and increases in consumption to respond to specific conditions either through equipment shutdown or storage;g
185、iven the habitual consumption profile and nuclear generation capacity in France,most is for reducing demand.Projects offering less than 1 MW of flexibility must be aggregated with other projects,but projects offering over 1 MW can be certified individually.In November 2020 the government announced t
186、he results of the competitive tenders for demand response measures to provide primary reserve production capacity for 2021.These Tenders are an explicit support measure for the development of demand response capacity.In 2021,there were 50 successful projects for 1,5 GW of capacity,doubling the 2020
187、volumes.3.9 Financing and cost of support measures Operator remuneration(through feed-in tariffs,Additional remuneration market premium,bonuses etc.)is paid to operators by a designated Co-contractor(EDF,other authorised organisations or,in certain areas,local public distribution grid managers).The
188、Co-contractor is compensated for over-costs from a dedicated account in the national Budget(Energy Transition).This account is financed by a tax on petrol and its derivatives when used as an energy source for transport or heating.Over-costs are calculated based on a typical production curve weightin
189、g of monthly average day time spot prices on the national electricity market.The estimated total cost of compensation for 2021 for photovoltaic contracts(feed-in tariffs and premiums)for continental France is 2 706,2 M EUR(source annual finance law 2022,national government).Much of this cost finance
190、s contracts signed in 2009 and 2010.With the increase in market costs for electricity,over costs have reduced and led to twice-revised estimates for the 2021 cost of support measures.With market costs expected to remain high(roughly 4 times their 2019 level),the cost of support measures for new phot
191、ovoltaics is increasingly marginal and recent and new contract for systems within competitive tenders may just reimburse a large part of previous costs over the coming years.Task 1 36 4 INDUSTRY 4.1 Production of feedstocks,ingots and wafers(crystalline silicon industry)Table 24:Silicon feedstock,in
192、got and wafer producers production information for 2021.Manufacturers Process&technology Estimated Total Production Photowatt EDF ENR PWT mc-Si wafers MW 75 MW Photowatt EDF ENR PWT is a vertically integrated manufacturer,manufacturing its own cells,wafers and modules.Its processes produce monocryst
193、alline bricks(Crystal Advanced Process).Its subsidiary,Photowatt Crystal Advanced(in partnership with CSI and ECM Greentech),is specialised in low carbon production of advanced technology silicon ingots and wafers.The COVID crisis in 2020-2021 has impacted the strategic position of EDF with regards
194、to Photowatt,and is likely to result in ownership or operational changes in 2022.Irysolar,part of the ECM Greentech group,focuses on supplying photovoltaic equipment manufacturing for the end-to-end value chain,from ingots to cells.4.2 Production of photovoltaic cells and modules(including TF and CP
195、V)Module manufacturing is defined as the industry where the process of the production of PV modules(the encapsulation)is done.A company may also be involved in the production of ingots,wafers or the processing of cells,in addition to fabricating the modules with frames,junction boxes etc.The manufac
196、turing of modules may only be counted to a country if the encapsulation takes place in that country.Task 1 37 Table 25:PV cell and module production and production capacity information for 2021 Cell/Module manufacturer Technology(sc-Si,mc-Si,a-Si,CdTe,CIGS)Production and/or capacity(MW/year)Cell Mod
197、ule Wafer-based PV manufactures EDF ENR PWT(Photowatt)sc-Si 2 2 Reden Solar sc-Si 90 Recom Sillia sc-Si 300 Stile sc-Si 15 Systovi sc-Si 80 Sunpower(Total)sc-Si 80 VMH Energies sc-Si 60 Voltec Solar sc-Si 200 Thin film manufacturers ARMOR OPV 40 40 Dracula Technologies OPV/Totals Approximately 850 M
198、W Sources:Le photovoltaque:choix technologiques,enjeux matires et opportunits industrielles,French Ministry of Energy and Environment;interviews with manufacturers and Hespul treatment.The national industry is relatively small,with several manufacturers targeting specific niche markets,often related
199、 to building integration products(PV tiles,faade elements),PV/thermal hybrid modules(Dualsun,Systovi)or small-scale production runs and pre-industrial research(Photowatt,Irysolar).This industry operates with strong public R&D/industry links.In the past years,several manufacturers have increased thei
200、r production capacity based on the favourable market visibility given by the national competitive tenders.However,this situation tends now to become less favourable as observed in the heavy decrease of French modules share in the results of 2019 and 2021 competitive tenders.Small-scale producers of
201、modules dedicated to the national or western market:Recom Sillias Lannion site production has a 300 MW/year capacity;Sunpower(Total Group subsidiary)has two factories in France:Tenesol Technologies in Toulouse and SunPower Manufacturing de Vernejoul,Moselle,and manufactures modules from PV laminates
202、.The modules use single-crystal silicon back-contact cells manufactured by overseas Sunpower factories,with industry high Task 1 38 performances of up to 24%.The two factories have a production capability around 40 MW each.The manufacturer announced at the end of 2021 the conversion of the Vernejoul
203、 line to the production of Maxeon air modules with the objective of producing 100 MW/year by 2023.The silicon modules should be much lighter than conventional modules,with the possibility of being glued directly to the waterproofing of roofs whose structure is too weak for conventional systems;Volte
204、c Solar assembles modules on their Alsace site,its production capacity is 200 MW/year,with the objective of doubling this capacity and producing heterojunction modules.The company has launched the Belenos project with Systovi,which aims to reach a cumulative capacity of 1 GW/year for both manufactur
205、ers;Reden Solar manufactures modules,but also develops and operates photovoltaic power plants.Its semi-automated and automated production lines manufacture modules but also PV powered streetlamps,street furniture and solar thermal equipment;VMH Energies production site is located in Chtellerault nea
206、r Poitiers.Its production capacity is 60 MW per year.Integrated cells and modules manufacturers:Photowatt/EDF ENR PWTs Bourgoin Jailleu site,has an R&D cells and modules production site with a capacity of 2 MW per year.Photowatt/EDF ENR PWT now concentrates on research and development to“foster the
207、emergence of new technological solutions”and test them in pre-industrial conditions.Other markets:Photovoltaic tiled roofs,photovoltaic thin films and aero-voltaic modules:Systovi assembles monocrystalline modules.It mainly manufactures PV/thermal hybrid modules(hot air).Its manufacturing facilities
208、 are located at Carquefou,close to Nantes.The company,owned by the Cetih group,invested in a new production line with a capacity of 65 MW/year.It is also considering expansion to 200 MW/year with the possibility of using heterojunction technology.The company has launched the Belenos project with Vol
209、tec,which aims to reach a cumulative capacity of 1 GW/year for both manufacturers;STile develops a 15 MW pilot line where their proprietary“i-Cells”are assembled into modules since early 2017.The company develops a line of modules from 25 W to 200 W with customised formats for BIPV or off grid appli
210、cations,such as integration into streetlights.They have a small range of standardised modules targeting high end building integration clients;ARMOR develops proprietary organic“ASCA”films,targeting the market for connected devices,wearable photovoltaics as well as building integration applications(s
211、emi-transparent glazing),with a manufacturing capacity of 1 million m2/year.The company invested 10 million euros a year in R&D and its production capacity;Dracula Technologies is a start-up developing printed organic photovoltaic cells(trademarked LAYER technology)aimed at the connected device mark
212、et.Its pilot line was inaugurated in September 2019;Solems SA manufactures thin-film elements and modules up to 30 cm x 30 cm for connected devices and self-powered automates and building elements;SolarCloth develops flexible solar on different supports for integration onto canvas(tourism and agricu
213、ltural uses)and vehicle roofs(with Renault Trucks).Task 1 39 Other operators such as Edilians,manufactures PV tiles(size 45 cm 31 cm and 136 cm 50 cm respectively),while DualSun develops and markets photovoltaic-thermal hybrid modules(PV-T).The Norwegian manufacturer REC was planning to build a hete
214、rojunction module factory in France with a capacity of 2 GW/year(in 2022)then 4 GW/year(in 2025).This production site,planned in Moselle,could produce the equivalent of Frances needs to meet the Energy Programme Decree,however the project seems to have stalled in 2021 without any official announceme
215、nts.4.3 Manufacturers and suppliers of other components Balance of system component manufacture and supply is an important part of the PV system value chain.There are a number of French companies with an international presence providing a full range of electrical solutions for connection,conversion
216、and management of photovoltaic systems.The France solar industry initiative is designed to showcase French know how across all solar technologies,and members are present from upstream(research and machine tools)all the way through the value chain from industry to support,installation and O&M.PV inve
217、rters(for grid-connection and stand-alone systems)Only a small handful of inverter manufacturers are French a large multinational with a complete offer(string and centralised inverters),and other manufacturers with a small range of products targeting specific markets with(off grid,on grid,storage).S
218、torage batteries Market penetration remains very low for residential systems,although offers are present,and whilst national industry has international players(SAFT,EDF),deployment of large-scale storage is limited mostly to overseas territories,although some projects on the mainland are supplying f
219、lexibility measures.Supporting structures A number of local manufactures of supporting structures exist;products range from PV tiles(Edilians,SunStyle),roof integration supports(IRFTS,bought by Edilians in early 2022 and GSE),pergolas(Mitjavila,Adiwatt)and residential car ports(IRFTS,Adiwatt,Carport
220、 Solaire).Solar parking supports are designed and manufactured by a number of companies present,with a range of materials used(wood,steel,aluminium).Manufacturers of on-roof systems for industrial metallic roofs and bituminous or polymer roofs are also present,including Dome Solar,Solapro,Arcelor or
221、 Soprasolar.A number of manufacturers of solar support buildings(agricultural hangars,greenhouses)are also present(Mecosun)although rising and fluctuating steel costs have led to much uncertainty over 2021.With a unique lead on the international market,Ciel&Terre is a leading designer and manufactur
222、er of floating photovoltaic supports and systems.Task 1 40 5 PV IN THE ECONOMY This chapter aims to provide information on the benefits of PV for the economy.5.1 Labour places Table 26:Estimated PV-related full-time labour places in 2021 Market category Number of full-time labour places Research and
223、 development(not including companies)500 Manufacturing of products throughout the PV value chain from feedstock to systems,including company R&D 700 Distributors of PV products and installations 5 100*Other 3 300*Total 9600 Sources:Etude ADEME“Marchs et emplois concourant la transition nergtique dan
224、s le secteur des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration”(2021),valuation et analyse de la contribution des EnR lconomie de la France et des territoires 2020,SER and Hespul estimates(*).While jobs related to the manufacture of photovoltaic equipment,R&D or the installation of photovoltaic systems are
225、 stagnating,those dedicated to project development,studies and operations are growing rapidly due to the almost threefold increase in installed capacity compared to previous years.The rapid growth of the sector,and the lack of qualified manpower,has led to tensions in recruitment.Conversely,material
226、 shortages at the end of the year led some companies to significantly reduce their activity,even putting some employees on reduced hours.The most recent Renewable Energy Market and Employment Study was published in 2021 and covers 2019 direct employment data.This data has been completed and updated
227、based on market evolutions in 2021.Other studies indicate a total of 17 000 direct and indirect jobs without providing a breakdown between the different market segments.Task 1 41 5.2 Business value In 2021,the installed capacity has tripled compared to previous years.This boom in the French market i
228、s also reflected in the estimated value of the PV business,which has also increased almost threefold,with little change in the unit costs of the PV systems compared to previous years.Investments and turnover are studied by ADEME every two years in the study“Marchs et emplois lis lefficacit nergtique
229、 et aux nergies renouvelables“.The market value for 2021(below)has been estimated based on 2021 trending prices and extrapolated official 2021 grid connection volumes.Data accuracy may be compromised by the use of trends costs(these costs are from a reduced sample across France and may not accuratel
230、y reflect real costs)and the volume estimate spread across segments for Industrial systems with power above 250 kW and ground-mounted systems.An EY study commissioned by the French Renewable Energy Trade Association estimates the added value of the sector at 1,4 billion euros in 2021,but does not gi
231、ve a breakdown of the wealth created by power segment.EYs estimate is the result of macro-economic modelling,based on an input-output table(IOT)considering imports and exports for each segment of the value chain.Their estimate is likely to be more accurate than the one presented below,however the on
232、e below remains relevant as a first approach and is sufficient to compare with other PVPS countries.The following table represents the value of investments in PV systems.Table 27:Rough estimation of the value of the PV business in 2021(VAT is excluded)Sub-market Capacity installed in 2021 MW Average
233、 price/W Estimated value M EUR Off-grid Residential 3 kW 85 2,4 200 Residential 9 kW 151 2,1 320 Commercial 100 kW 699 1,15 800 Commercial 250 kW 904 0,95 860 Grid-connected distributed 2 036 1,16 2 360 Grid-connected centralized 1 315 0,7 920 Estimated Value of PV investments in 2021 3 000 to 3 500
234、*SOURCE:SDES,ObservER Baromtre lectrique 2021,France Terre Solaire Bilan 2021*estimate HESPUL,Etude ADEME“Marchs et emplois concourant la transition nergtique dans le secteur des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration”(2021),valuation et analyse de la contribution des EnR lconomie de la France et de
235、s territoires 2020 SER,Cots des nergies renouvelables et de rcupration 2019 ADEME.*A range is published due to the approximate nature of data.Task 1 42 6 INTEREST FROM ELECTRICITY STAKEHOLDERS 6.1 Structure of the electricity system With a highly concentrated electricity EDF,(the state holds over 80
236、%of EDF share capital)and its different wholly or partially owned subsidiary companies are the principal generator,transport grid manager,distribution grid manager and retailer.In response to the open market European Directives,the different entities are legally separate,with grid management mission
237、s run as“delegated public services”.The EDF group has an extensive portfolio of nuclear and renewable energy sites.Secondary operators include the generator Engie(the state holds over 20%of the share capital)and municipal DSOs(they cover about 5%of the population).The National Energy Regulator,Commi
238、ssion de rgulation de lnergie(CRE)is an independent administrative authority and supervises market regulations,grid access conditions and manages competitive tender processes based on rules established by the government.They also judge grid access conflicts and are a mandatory consultative body for
239、changes to the legislative and regulatory energy framework.6.2 Interest from electricity utility businesses In France the only private electricity utility is EDF(the state is the majority owner with over 80%of share capital),that covers 95%of the population-all other utilities are(generally very sma
240、ll)public entities a legacy of the post-war nationalisation of private electricity companies.EDF and its subsidiary companies are major players in photovoltaics,with branches dedicated to different market segments present in France and across the world.EDF Renouvelables(EDF Renewable for the interna
241、tional branch centralised photovoltaics),EDF Renouvelables Services(O&M services in Europe),EDF Energie Nouvelles Rparties(EDF ENR-residential and small commercial systems),Sunzil(operating in the Caribbean and other isolated/off grid areas)are all active in France.EDF Store&Forecast provides softwa
242、re solutions for piloting renewables and storage.EDF EN Photowatt is a photovoltaics manufacturer.EDF is also active in R&D activities through both EDF internal research departments,research partnerships with public research organisations and Photowatt.Through its different subsidiaries,EDF has a wo
243、rldwide portfolio of 43,6 GW of solar projects in early and late stage development,compared to 8 GW in construction and 6 GW already installed(total or partial ownership)of which there is nearly 400 MW in France(proportional to ownership).ENGIE is a gas utility also present in the development and ge
244、neration of electricity capacity-and has the biggest solar portfolio in France at around 1 GW(3 GW worldwide).6.3 Interest from municipalities and local governments Almost all local authorities have climate energy plans that are generally ambitious in terms of photovoltaic development.This is one of
245、 the reasons why municipalities and local governments continue to be active participants in the growth of photovoltaics in France,both investing in projects,experimenting innovative projects(particularly collective self-consumption),and facilitating citizen investment and grid integration.Many have
246、created public-private development and investment companies to both facilitate project development without the constraints of public procurement,but also serve as a vehicle for their projects.Task 1 43 7 HIGHLIGHTS AND PROSPECTS 7.1 Highlights With the publication of future development scenarios,new
247、 frameworks for feed in tariffs,building integrated photovoltaics and competitive tenders,more new buildings falling under mandatory solar roofs requirements,new targets for solar on public buildings and an awareness raising campaign for community solar,and record new capacity,2021 was a busy year f
248、or solar in France.The national energy Programme Decree(PPE)for photovoltaics targets 20,6 GW of photovoltaics in 2023 and a 2028 target of 35,6 GW to 44,5 GW.Long term scenarios were established by both the national transport system owner(RTE)and environmental agency(ADEME),highlighting the need fo
249、r at least 70 GW and up to 200 GW in 2050 if carbon neutrality is to be achieved by then.In 2021,national photovoltaic capacity grew by a nearly unprecedented 3,3 GW DC,(triple the 2020 volume,up from 1 GW),for a cumulative capacity of nearly 17 GW DC for grid connected installations.More than 2/3 o
250、f new capacity is industrial and utility scale systems.Approximately 10%of the new capacity is with some form of self-consumption and although self-consumption models remain marginal for industrial systems,over 90%of capacity for new residential and small(under 100 kW)commercial systems have self-co
251、nsumption,generally associated with feed in tariffs for net billing.In France projects progress from gaining urban planning approval(permitting)to entering the grid connection queue to commissioning.Over 4 GW DC of new projects entered the grid connection queue in 2021,bringing the queue to around 1
252、0 GW DC of projects,including nearly 3 GW with DSO contracts.The new framework for feed in tariffs led to an explosion in the number of grid connection requests in the newly accessible 100 kW to 500 kW segment,with the previous quarterly volumes of between 30 MW and 80 MW ballooning to 700 MW in the
253、 4th quarter,after the new framework came into effect.With longer lead times than smaller projects,and time to prepare,grid managers have been mostly able to treat the requests in a timely manner.7.2 Perspectives Worldwide tension in the solar supply markets will impact new capacity in 2022,with str
254、ong demand from the local market as electricity costs soar exacerbating long delivery times for inverters and continued rising module costs.Project developers have either put off projects as the new materials costs outstrip any possibility of a profit margin,or on the contrary sped up projects where
255、 possible to beat future rising costs,leaving the market hard to predict.The newly opened segment of systems 100 kW to 500 kW will likely drive the market in late 2022,with around 600 MW that should be ready for commissioning late 2022 or early 2023 if installers can access modules and inverters,but many industry actors consider that 2022 installed capacity is likely to fall far short of 2021s over 3 GW,because of rising costs and supply chain issues.Task 1 1