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1、siemens-Hydrogen infrastructure the pillar of energy transitionThe practical conversion of long-distance gas networks to hydrogen operationPage03Executive Summary04Foreword051.Hydrogen:overview 1.1.Green hydrogen as the energy source of the future072.Generation083.Transmission 3.1.Intrinsic value of
2、 the existing gas infrastructure 3.2.Pipeline capacity in the transition to hydrogen 3.3.Suitability of the pipelines for hydrogen operation 3.4.Compression requirements for transport144.Storage 4.1.Existing gas storage capacities 4.2.H2 readiness of German gas storage facilities165.Hydrogen industr
3、y in operation 5.1.System start-up and first model projects 5.2.Integration into the German and international gas market236 Economics 6.1.Investment and production costs 6.2.Legal framework247.Summary/outlookAuthorsPeter Adam Siemens Energy,GermanyFrank Heunemann Nowega GmbH,GermanyChristoph von dem
4、 Bussche Gascade Gastransport GmbH,GermanyStefan Engelshove Siemens Energy,GermanyThomas Thiemann Siemens Energy,Germany 2Executive SummaryWithin the framework of energy sector integration and together with the expansion of the electricity grids,a needs-based hydrogen infrastructure is a central bui
5、lding block for the reliable supply to industrial,public and private customers of CO2-free energy:Hydrogen can be produced by electrolysis with energy from renewable sources in large quantities and com-pletely CO2-free,stored,transported and made available via gas networks,and integrated into the in
6、ternational gas markets.Pure hydrogen,as an energy source in pipelines,has an almost comparable transport energy density as natural gas.It can therefore provide the market with the re-quired capacities for climate-neutral energy.The highly integrated German and European natural gas transmission netw
7、orks represent an economically advan-tageous way to distribute large quantities of energy as required.The pipeline networks are available,socially accepted,and can be gradually converted to hydrogen operation with an investment of an estimated 10-15%of the cost of new construction(calculations are b
8、ased on general obersations and consumptions).The generation of hydrogen based on renewable energy sources is subject to strong fluctuations.Concrete model calculations show that the needs-based supply of customers via existing gas storage temporarily can be supplemented with blue hydrogen.To increa
9、se the proportion of green hydrogen,a consequent expansion of renewable electricity generation is required.The technologies for converting the gas infrastructure to hydrogen operation are already largely available;the large-scale application at a high level of technical stan-dardization will foresee
10、ably lead to economically sensible solutions.To establish a hydrogen industry in line with the market,uniform and appropriate framework conditions are needed to ensure the competitiveness of climate-neutral hydrogen on the energy market.In parallel,the regulatory framework for the network must be ad
11、apted to enable hydrogen transport using the publicly-accessible gas network.Various regional model projects for the establishment of hydrogen economies with industrial customers are already being planned.An expansion of these model projects can form the basis for a Germany and Europe-wide hydrogen
12、industry by 2030.“Indevelopinganddeployingacleanhydrogenvaluechain,Europewillbecomeaglobalfront-runnerandretainitsleadershipincleantech”Frans Timmermans,First Vice President of the European Commission,08.07.20201)3ForewordEnergy transition presents all nations with major economic and logistical chal
13、lenges.A central question when converting to renewable energy sources is:how can the energy be effectively stored and made available?As regenerative energy production is subject to strong natural fluctuations,powerful and needs-based storage and transport solutions are required to compensate for the
14、 inevitable energy-market differences.In contrast to the existing gas and electricity infrastructure,new construction of the necessary infrastructure is subject to elaborate and complex planning and approval procedures.The establishment of a hydrogen industry creates compara-tively cheap solutions t
15、o the above-mentioned challenges that can be implemented in the short term.Numerous countries,including those in the EU,have already identified hydrogen as the energy source of the future in addition to expanding power grids to promote industrial decar-bonization,enable sector integration,and achiev
16、e climate goals.Hydrogen as a source of energy per se is a storage medium.Like natural gas,it can be stored in large underground storage facilities,transported to the end-user by pipeline,and even achieves a similarly high transport energy density due to its material properties.Frank Heunemann Manag
17、ing Director Nowega GmbHThorbjoern Fors Executive Vice President Industrial Applications,Siemens EnergyChristoph von dem Bussche Managing Director Gascade Gastransport GmbHCountries like Germany also have extremely well-developed natural gas transmission networks that are well integrated with the in
18、ternational market.As current studies and prac-tice cases show,the existing networks can be converted to hydrogen operation step by step and in a needs-oriented way with comparatively little effort notably without the complex procedural steps of new construction.Based on real practice cases and from
19、 the perspective of technology companies and network operators,this paper examines what a German and European hydrogen infra-structure could look like in practice based on the existing natural gas systems,what opportunities it offers,and what challenges must be overcome for a successful changeover.4
20、1.Hydrogen:OverviewHydrogen is the most common element in the universe and,with molecular weight 2(0.09 kg/Nm3),the lightest of all gases.Its melting point is 259.14 C.On earth,it occurs in a bonded form,mostly as water(H2O).Hydrogen is not toxic,not corrosive,not self-igniting,and burns to water va
21、por without the emission of CO2.Hydrogen has a low energy density(3 kWh/Nm3)due to its extremely low weight(compared to methane:10 kWh/Nm3),but its calorific value is significantly higher at around 33 kWh/kg(methane:14 kWh/kg).Compression allows the energy density to be increased to a level comparab
22、le to that of natural gas2).As a gas,hydrogen can be transported in large quantities in pipelines and stored in gas storage facilities.As an energy source,hydrogen can be used in industry and by end users in fuel cells for mobility and heating applications or it can be used to generate electricity i
23、n turbines.At the same time,it serves as a raw material and resource for numerous industrial applications.Hydrogen can be generated in different ways from gray,CO2-intensively obtained,via CO2-neutral blue,to CO2-free green hydrogen from renewable energy sources.In public discussion,types of hydroge
24、n are often simply given colors that refer to the CO2 balance of their production.In the context of the present analysis,according to this color theory(in addition to other forms of production),green,gray and blue hydrogen are particularly relevant:Green Hydrogen is produced by water electrolysis:wa
25、ter is split into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current and with the help of an electrolyte.If the electricity required for electrolysis comes exclusively from renewable,CO2-free sources,the entire pro-duction process is completely CO2-free.Blue Hydrogen is generated CO2-neutral from fossil fue
26、ls.The CO2 is separated and stored or reused(Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS)or Carbon Capture Usage(CCU).Gray Hydrogen is obtained from fossil fuels.For example,natural gas is converted under heat into hydrogen and CO2(steam reforming).Approximately nine tons of CO2 are generated to produce one ton
27、of hydrogen from methane.Hydrogen:categorized according to the CO2 balanceVeribus dolorpro|Rubrik,Artikel 51.1 Green hydrogen as the energy source of the futureWith its completely CO2-free production,green hydrogen offers the potential for permanent decarbonization of the energy landscape and compli
28、ance with climate goals.This potential is still largely undeveloped today:Around 75 million tons of hydrogen are generated annually worldwide3).Around 95%of the production takes place in refineries,in fertilizer production,and in petrochemical plants as a raw material for further processing in vario
29、us branches of industry4).Apart from specialized industries,however,hydrogen is so far unused on a larger scale as an energy source.Approximately 95%of the hydrogen is obtained gray and blue by steam reforming from methane,oil,or coal;for a ton of hydrogen,an average of about nine tons of CO2 are ge
30、nerated5).So far,however,energy from renewable sources is largely unused.To make renewable energies universally usable with the help of green hydrogen,in addition to sufficient capacity for green electricity and hydrogen generation,a storage and transport network infrastructure is required that can
31、effectively and reliably serve the needs of business and consumers.Figure 1:Core elements generation compression transmission/storageElectrolyserCompressorPipelineStorage 62.GenerationFigure 2:Modern PEM electrolyzer for large-scale applications-stock/Siemens Energy Silyzer 300Figure 2 shows an exam
32、ple of a modern PEM electrolyzer for large-scale applications with a power consumption of 17.5 MW and a production of approx.335 kg hydrogen per hour.The system efficiency(depending on the mode of operation)is approx.75,5%.Oxygen and low-tempera-ture heat are generated as by-products,which can also
33、be used via connected applications.The industrial production of green hydrogen takes place by means of water electrolysis using exclusively regenerative energy.In large-scale production,the usual demineralized water is split by an electrical current into oxygen and hydrogen in an electrolyzer.When u
34、sing desalinated sea water,an additional approx 5 MWh of energy per ton of hydrogen is required for the electrolysis.In contrast to the conventional method of steam reforming,e.g.from natural gas(gray or blue),this type of production is completely CO2-free.Around 55 MWh of electrical energy is requi
35、red to generate one ton of hydrogen.Commercially available water electrolysis systems for indus-trial use today usually utilize alkaline electrolysis with a potassium hydroxide electrolyte,or a Proton Exchange Membrane(PEM)electrolysis with a proton-permeable polymer membrane.Alkaline water electrol
36、ysis is a technology that has been established on the market for many years and does not require the use of precious metals.The still relatively new PEM electrolysis,on the other hand,achieves a significantly higher power density and extremely high power versatility.It is therefore also suitable for
37、 grid stabilization and for fluctuating electricity feed-in from wind power and photovoltaic systems.As this technology was first scaled into the megawatt range in recent years,significant cost reductions can still be expected for large-scale applications.73.TransmissionRegardless of how the hydroge
38、n is generated,if it is not produced directly at the point of use it must be transported.There are various technical processes for this:for example as a gas in high-pressure containers,as liquefied gas in thermally-insulated containers,further processed into methanol or ammonia in liquid form,or che
39、mically dissolved in a carrier medium using the so-called Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier(LOHC)6).Transport via pipelines is particularly economical.Due to the high calorific value and the compressibility of the hydrogen,an extraordinarily high energy density can be achieved.In comparison to a 380 k
40、V double system over-head line with 1.5 GW,a gas line(PN 80,DN 1000)can transmit up to ten times the power in natural gas and hydrogen operation at around a fourteenth of the specific costs7).Pipeline systems at a length of several hundred kilometers each are already in use in pure hydrogen operatio
41、n world-wide.3.1.Intrinsic value of the existing gas infrastructureThe German gas network is highly developed with approx.40,000 km of transmission lines and more than 470,000 km of distribution networks8).Germany also has the largest gas storage facilities in the EU with a working gas volume of app
42、rox.24.3 billion m.As an important transit country for gas supply,Germany is also extremely well connected to the European gas market.The German gas infrastructure is therefore predestined as a central building block for sector integration and the maintenance of security of supply within the framewo
43、rk of an ecologically sustainable power-to-gas strategy.The existing pipeline routes represent an extremely valu-able element of the transmission system and offer the opportunity to build a climate-neutral hydrogen industry in a manageable time and with little investment.As measuring devices,compres
44、sors and fittings can be exchanged relatively easily,replacing or building new pipelines would be very expensive.In addition to the tech-nical costs,the necessary spatial planning and planning approval procedures are extremely time-and cost-intensive.In the best-case scenario,the process takes five
45、to seven years from initial planning to commissioning.The gas networks pipeline routes,including their rights of way and use,are however available and accepted by the population.3.2.Pipeline capacity when switching to hydrogenContrary to popular belief,the transport energy density of hydrogen is onl
46、y slightly lower than that of natural gas.Therefore,the switch from natural gas to hydrogen has little impact on the capacity of a pipeline to transport energy.The upper calorific value of natural gas at around 11 kWh/Nm3 is about three times higher than that of hydrogen at 3.5 kWh/Nm3,so that at th
47、e same pressure,around three times the volume of hydrogen is required to keep the energy content constant.When comparing the energy flow of two gases through a pipeline,it is not only the volume that is important,but above all the parameters of density,flow velocity,and pressure.As hydrogen has a de
48、nsity nine times lower and three times the flow rate of natural gas,almost three times the volume of hydrogen can be transported in the pipeline at the same pressure,and during the same time.The energy density is only slightly reduced,as the following model calculation shows.8From equations(1)to(4),
49、the pressure curve for a pipeline 100 km long and 1,000 mm in diameter results as follows:As the following pressure loss calculation shows,the lower calorific value of hydrogen during transport in pipelines can be largely compensated for:Figure 3:Pressure curve when transporting methane and hydrogen
50、 with the same energy content in a 100 km long high-pressure pipeline with a diameter of 1,000 mmIf the pressure loss is to be kept the same over the distance,in this case the energy flow of the hydrogen is 83%.Figure 3 shows the ratio of the energy flows when the mean pressure changes.Figure 4:Ener
51、gy flows with the same pressure loss clearly shows that the hydrogen/methane ratio tends toward one when the pressure is reduced(0.997 at normal pressure).The higher the pressure,the greater the influ-ence of the different compressibility numbers of methane and hydrogen.This reduces the inherently g
52、ood flow prop-erties of hydrogen compared to methane.This negative effect on the energy flow of the lower calorific value is largely compensated by the higher flow rate.This effect also occurs in transmission line networks,and particularly at high pressures,so that the energy flow hardly decreases i
53、n comparison to natural gas operation.with Pressure lossPipe friction coefficientKm is calculated for methane up to a pressure of 70 bar(simplified)as follows:As the pressure changes during transport,an average pressure pm is used to calculate an average compress-ibility number KmA pressure of up to
54、 300 bar can be used for hydrogen:As the compressibility numbers Km of hydrogen and natural gas are different,the pressure loss can be calcu-lated as follows:Gas pressureGas densityPipe lengthPipe diameterFlow velocityCompressibility numberComparison of energy flow and pipeline capacity:natural gas(
55、methane)and hydrogen80hbarkmgHydrogenMethane2040608010,50,752000h Hydrogen/methane ratioMedium pressure barg 93.3.Suitability of the pipelines for hydrogen operationRelevant studies and previous practical knowledge indicate that it is possible to convert the existing steel pipe
56、lines from natural gas to hydrogen operation to the extent required for the ramp-up of a hydrogen industry9).A significant reduction in the service life of high-pressure lines due to the influence of hydrogen does not seem likely.Nevertheless,further examination is needed on whether the operating pa
57、rameters must be adjusted for certain types of steel and operating conditions.In the case of fittings and control valves,the suitability for hydrogen of the membranes and seals used must also be determined.In the case of safety shut-off valves and pressure regulators,it must be clarified if the cont
58、rol and regulating functions must be adapted for the flow properties of hydrogen.Specific conditions of the existing infrastructure would need to be inspected and assessed and the relevant codes and regulations consulted prior to determining if the pipe-lines are suitable.3.4.Compaction requirements
59、 for transportTo be fed into the transmission system,the hydrogen must be compressed to the operating pressure of the network.Compressor stations at certain intervals along the line ensure that the pressure is maintained despite loss of flow in the pipeline.To enable optimal utilization with high tr
60、ansport energy density in hydrogen operation,more and higher-power compressors are required than in natural gas operation.For the planned pipeline projects with the short and medi-um-term expected amounts of hydrogen,the necessary compressor technologies are available in the form of tried and tested
61、 piston compressors.In the long-term,where a nationwide switch to hydrogen with a transport require-ment in the gigawatt range,the turbo-compressor concepts currently used will be optimized for hydrogen.It can be assumed that these will be available in a few years if the market demands them10).Mater
62、ial testing in the GET H2 Nucleus model projectThe transmission system operator Nowega and TV Nord are currently testing the GET H2 Nucleus model project near Lingen in Emsland,regarding the conversion of a first line for the transport of hydrogen(material:STE360.7,length:approx.11 km,DN 250,built i
63、n 1996).Based on the existing line documentation and technical regulations,the project participants and examiners assume that they are fundamentally suitable.Coordina-tion is currently underway as to which additional measures(including strength and fracture mechanical analysis)will be taken as part
64、of this model test to demonstrate the pipelines suitability for hydrogen at the maximum operating pressure and the expected change in operating load.Subsequently,three further lines in the project are to be tested using the same procedure.The corresponding guidelines from the German Gas and Water As
65、sociation(DVGW)for the conversion of gas transmission lines were approved in September 202011).Figure 5:This existing natural gas pipeline near Lingen in Emsland/Germany converted to hydrogen operation in the GET H2 Nucleus project 10H2 readiness of the German gas infrastructureThe physical H2 readi
66、ness of the German natural gas system essentially depends on the possible influence of hydrogen on the materials used.Especially for pipeline pipes and fittings made of steel,a reduction in material toughness can be measured under the influence of hydrogen(hydrogen embrittlement).Depending on the st
67、eel grade and the operating conditions of the pipeline,this reduction in toughness can lead to the growth of existing crack-like defects.In these cases,the service life of the line is therefore reduced.According to current knowledge,the following factors are essential:Existing crack-like defects,esp
68、ecially on the inside of the pipeline Hydrogen in atomic form Strong dynamic line pressure changesHowever,these factors are unlikely to coincide,as usually:Crack-like defects are uncommon No major pressure load changes occur during regular operation No atomic hydrogen is produced during transportFig
69、ure 6 shows the crack growth in dependence on load changes and change in fracture toughness under the given operating conditions.The influence on the material properties of the pipeline steel is recognizable,however,this effect does not lead to a significant decrease in the service life.Nevertheless
70、,it cannot be ruled out that the binding energy of the H2 molecule is broken up by various effects during transport and that atomic hydrogen is generated on the inner wall of the tube.This can diffuse into the steel and,among other things,reduce its fracture tough-ness.A comprehensive and continuous
71、 integrity management of the systems is therefore recommended to counteract any risks from hydrogen embrittlement at an early stage.The observation and analysis of the material conditions is carried out by physical internal and external inspec-tion devices and monitoring systems,as well as tests of
72、the pipeline.Special technologies and inspection devices exist that can detect various changes in the pipeline during operation.An essential means of deter-mining the condition and maintenance of natural gas pipelines today is the so-called pigging technique.Depending on the test technology used,thi
73、s pigging allows the pipe wall to be checked repeatedly for any anomalies that may already exist.The existing maintenance concepts and tools can be adapted to the requirements of hydrogen transport with minor adjustments that ensure the safe and reliable long-term operation of the hydrogen transport
74、 lines.In 2017 and 2019,for example,a hydrogen transport line built in 1996 with correspondingly designed pigs was inspected in the USA.The required tool components have been adjusted to ensure resistance to uneven wear.At a pressure of 20 bar and a flow of 13,000 Nm3/h,the tool was able to move saf
75、ely and without damage,and the inspection was completed with a 100%sensor cover12).Figure 6:Schematic representation of the growth of a crack with the initial depth a0 depending on the number of load changes N.The critical crack depth is determined here by the fracture toughness KIC.Service life of
76、the lineNumber of load changes N gCrack growth curveda/dNhCrack depth aFracture toughness KIC H2Security against pressure load changesFracturetoughnessKIC CH4 11a)Extensive maintenance and conversionof the compressor infrastructure Germanys natural gas infrastructure mainly uses turbo-compressors wi
77、th one or two impellers.These compressors are operated with gas turbines or motors with a drive power of up to 30 MW.Depending on the hydrogen content in the pipeline,this infrastructure can be maintained or adapted accordingly:Up to approx.10%H2,the compressor can generally continue to be used with
78、out major changes.The compressor housing can be maintained up to ap-prox.40%H2,impellers and feedback stages as well as gears must be adjusted.From approx.40%H2 the compressor must be replaced.Due to the intensive development work in this area,it can be assumed that by 2030 the standard compressor d
79、rive turbines can be operated with up to 100%hydrogen or can be converted accordingly.Compliance with the applicable NOx can be limited with Dry Low Emission(DLE)tech-nology.b)Maximizing the pipeline hydrogentransport capacity In the pure hydrogen operation of a pipeline,an energy flow of 80-90%of t
80、he natural gas capacity can be achieved by roughly tripling the amount of gas extracted(depending on the operating parameters).This increase can also be achieved in the existing pipeline network due to the higher flow rate of the hydrogen.However,this requires a higher drive power than is reserved f
81、or the transportation of natural gas.To maximize the hydrogen capacity of the gas network,approximately three times the drive power and therefore a correspondingly higher number of turbines and compressors are required than in natural gas operation.For transport capacities of up to 750,000 Nm3/h,cur
82、rent state-of-the-art piston compressors are the most economical solution.For transport capacities above 750,000 Nm/h,however,turbo-compressors are required.These should be available within a few years13).Figure 7:Natural gas compressor station in Lippe,Germany(Photo:stock/Gascade Gastransport GmbH)
83、12Adaptation requirements for compressor drivesComparison of compressor technologiesCompressors that are driven by gas turbines draw their drive energy directly from the line and must be adapted accordingly to the hydrogen admixture.Most common gas turbines for pipelines can already burn a significa
84、nt amount of H2 in the fuel:Figure 8 shows an example of the H2 compatibility for relevant gas turbines from Siemens Energy.If the compressors are electric driven,no major changes are required for the motors.At most,the speed must be adjusted and safety in hydrogen operation checked.Figure 8:Siemens
85、 Energy gas turbines are suitable for hydrogen in the new system portfolio14)Piston compressorIn the piston compressor,the gas is compressed with high effi-ciency in the cylinders.By increasing the number of cylinders and drive power as well as a parallel arrangement of compressors,an economically v
86、iable transport capacity of up to 750,000 Nm3/h can be achieved.Figure 9:Piston compressor for hydrogen (Inlet pressure 24 bar,outlet pressure 52-75 bar with 3 MW motor-drive power-stock/Siemens Energy)Figure 10:Turbo compressor for hydrogen-stock/Siemens Energy)Turbo-compressorIn the downstream and
87、 petrochemical sector,turbo-compressors for hydrogen-rich synthesis gases have been used for many decades.The technology is already available,but its efficiency is currently lower than that of piston compressors.As a result,many impellers are required to achieve an acceptable compres-sion ratio.Ther
88、efore,there remains a need for optimization for future large-scale hydrogen applications.Studies recommend increasing the peripheral speeds of the impellers to over 700 m/s due to the low molar weight of hydrogen to achieve a compression ratio of approximately 1.3-to-1 per impeller.This corresponds
89、approximately to a tripling of the circumferential speed that is common today.This requires new hydrogen-resistant impeller materials that can withstand high centrifugal forces.The necessary developments have already been initiated so that appropriate wheels should become available in the coming yea
90、rs21).SGT5-9000HL 593 MWSGT5-8000H 450 MWSGT5-4000F 329 MWSGT5-2000E 187 MWSGT6-9000HL 440 MWSGT6-8000H 310 MWSGT6-5000F 215 to 260 MWSGT6-2000E 117 MWSGT-800 48 to 62 MWSGT-750 40/34 to 41 MWSGT-700 33/34 MWSGT-A35 27 to 37/28 to 38 MWSGT-600 24/25 MWSGT-400 10 to 14/11 to 15 MWSGT-300 8/8 to 9 MWS
91、GT-100 5/6 MWSGT-A05 4 to 6 MW23%11%11%11%23%11%11%11%47%17%47%5/100%47%3/36%11%11/36%11%H2 capabilities in vol.%compared with 100%natural gas operationCO2 Reduction50Hz60Hz50Hz&60HzDLE burnerWLE burnerDiffusin burner with unabated NOx emissions 134.StorageThe generation of energy from renewable sou
92、rces,such as wind power and photovoltaics is subject to strong natural fluctuations.To be able to use the energy efficiently and as required,large and flexible storage options are required that can compensate for these fluctuations.Electricity cannot provide the necessary large industrial capacities
93、(especially via grid buffers and battery storage)for the foreseeable future at economically viable terms.Alternatively,hydrogen is well suited as an energy source due to its compressibility and storage capacity in storage facilities and can supplement the electricity grid based on the gas storage fa
94、cilities in Germany at short notice and at low cost.4.1.Existing gas storage capacitiesIn addition to its gas pipeline network,Germany has massive underground gas storage facilities(UGS),which are mainly located in Northern Germany.Total capacity,including cushion gas,accounts for:Pore storage:9,1 b
95、illion m3 Cavern storage:17,6 billion m3 15)This corresponds to approximately 24%of the European storage capacity.With these existing UGS,all of Germany can be supplied with natural gas over a period of about three months16).With their low specific costs,these gas system storage capacities are an ec
96、onomically attractive option for the large-scale storage of energy from renewable sources.The large UGS therefore open the possibility of both,compensating for short-term discrepancies between fluctu-ating generation and the needs of customers,as well as bridging lengthy dark periods to ensure secur
97、ity of supply in the energy transition.4.2.H2 readiness of German gas storage facilitiesThe operating regime of storage facilities in a gas infra-structure geared towards renewable energies differs funda-mentally from previous natural gas operations.While natural gas storage primarily serves long-te
98、rm security of supply,in hydrogen operation they primarily compensate for the short-term fluctuations in green generation.Therefore,cavern storage facilities are particularly suitable for storing hydrogen,as their flexible storage and retrieval options make them ideal for the fluctuating availabilit
99、y of renewable energy sources.In addition,its geographical position in Northern Germany offers the strategic advan-tage of storage close to the producer and the associated relief of the electricity grids.Moreover,numerous cavern storage facilities in the liberalized and European integrated energy ma
100、rket are no longer fully used.Some of them are already available for new uses17).To check the hydrogen capability of the storage in indi-vidual cases,technical and geological investigations,as well as corresponding adjustments of certain components and materials are necessary(see information box).In
101、 practice,UGS hydrogen capability was successfully tested years ago in two large caverns near Houston,USA and a smaller cavern in Teesside,United Kingdom18).A pilot project H2 Research Cavern for green hydrogen is also being planned in Bad Lauchstdt in Germany19).In addition,since 2016,a storage fac
102、ility in Epe,North Rhine-Westphalia,has been actively and reliably operating a cavern filled with helium(with comparable requirements for tightness of the salt dome and purity when the gas is stored).20)14Comparison of H2 storage options in GermanyH2 readiness of the storage systemFigure 11a:Pore st
103、orage Gas is pressed into porous rock like a sponge Mainly extracted natural gas or oil reservoirsAdvantage:Receives large volumesDisadvantages:High pressure required Time-consuming storage process Saline water in combination with hydrogen attacks rock,steel,and cement Bacterial methanation in exist
104、ing storesIn Germany,there are two types of UGS for storing natural gas:pore storage and cavern storage.Corrosion and diffusion resistance of the materials used Thermodynamic properties under operating conditions Permeability,long-term stability,and barrier effective-ness of casing,cement,and storag
105、e rock Microbial activities(e.g.methanation processes)Qualification of materials for the use of components such as fittings,compressors,piping,containers,etc.An examination of the technical and geological integrity is necessary to check the hydrogen capability of the storage facilities21):Evaluation
106、 of compression ability using compressors in the injection and withdrawal area with a working pres-sure depending on the filling level at approx.200 bar.Definition of the materials and the required speed for the compression.Figure 11b:Cavern storage Cavities in underground salt domes Found predomina
107、ntly in northern GermanyAdvantage:Injection and withdrawal process in the cavity possible at short notice Volume control through brine pendulum cavern (reduction of cushion gas)Short link to the above ground facilityDisadvantages:Saline water in combination with hydrogen attacks rock,steel,and cemen
108、t Mixing with remaining stocks of methane in used storage facilities 155.Hydrogen industry in operationThe success of energy transition crucially depends on ensuring that the energy supply is tailored to current needs.In particular,customers must be able to trust that their needs can always be met.T
109、o ensure security of supply reliably and permanently,two components are required:the build-up of the necessary generation,storage,and transport capacities as a resilient basis for a functioning hydrogen industry;and its integration into the German and international gas market enabling trading and cr
110、eating additional redundancies.5.1.System start-up and first model projectsThe first customers in the start-up phase of a climate-neutral hydrogen industry are particularly large industrial consumers with extensive on-site production quantities that can be replaced in the short term by green hydroge
111、n.A successful start-up phase with this target group is a central building block for establishing the system as a confidence-building signal for the overall industry.The same applies to the area of mobility,with its high level of public visibility.The needs of large industrial consumers and mobility
112、 applications are subject to only slight fluctuations.With a supply that is designed for renewable energy sources,there is a steady decrease in the fluctuating gener-ation.As customer processes are based on the extremely high availability of the existing electricity and gas systems,this discrepancy
113、between generation and demand must be reliably balanced from the start of operation to win the customers over to the purchase of green hydrogen.In the start-up phase,supply can be achieved via existing hydrogen generation plants and the purchase of green electricity for the operation of the electrol
114、ysis.If required,a rapidly increasing demand can be met by blue,as well as green hydrogen from new plants.Steam reformation of gray hydrogen from methane analogous to the substi-tution of fossil generated electricity with green electricity will be gradually replaced via the expansion of green genera
115、tion capacities.The additional integration of cavern storage facilities with their flexible storage and retrieval options means that the hydrogen system can be permanently stabilized in line with demand and security of supply can be guaranteed22).At the same time,large-scale storage creates the cond
116、itions for a quick and complete decarbonization of the electricity sector by converting CO2-free hydrogen back into electricity in gas power plants during prolonged dark periods.Putting this in perspective,the first parts of the existing gas networks in regional model projects can be converted to hy
117、drogen operation with comparatively little effort.As intermediate steps on the way to a German and Euro-pean hydrogen industry,these systems can be gradually established to progressively expand generation capacities to supply networks covering the whole area.16Hydrogen industry in the GET H2 Nucleus
118、 model projectBetween Lingen and Gelsenkirchen,the companies BP,Evonik,Nowega,OGE,and RWE Generation are currently developing the first publicly-accessible hydrogen infrastruc-ture over a length of 130 kilometers in the GET H2 Nucleus project.The project depicts the entire process chain for a reliab
119、le,sustainable hydrogen industry in Germany:from the production of clean hydrogen on an industrial scale,to transport using existing gas infrastructure,and continuous industrial acceptance in Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia.The system is scheduled to start at the end of 2022 and then start p
120、roducing clean hydrogen to supply customers:Figure 12:Hydrogen infrastructure in the GET H2 Nucleus project23)Gas pipelines run by OGE,Evonik,Nowega-converted to H22-transportPublic gas grid enables quick connection of other Hproducers and consumers ElectrolysisProduction of clean hydrogenOutline of
121、 a nationwide H2-infrastructure(source:FN B Gas e.V.)with GET H Nukleus as the first stepRWEPower Station,LingenEvonikChemical Park,MarlBP Refinery,Lingen Lower SaxonyNorth Rhine-Westphalia BPRuhr Oel Refiniery,Gelsenkirchen2 The clean hydrogen is to be generated at the RWE power plant site in Linge
122、n in an electrolysis plant delivering an output of more than 100 MW from wind power.Existing gas lines from Evonik,Nowega,and OGE will be completely converted to hydrogen transport and supple-mented by smaller new buildings.This network transports hydrogen to chemical parks and refineries in Lingen,
123、Marl,and Gelsenkirchen,where it reduces CO2 emissions.In the next step,the connection of an existing cavern storage facility,as well as further H2 generation and customers will take place.17Projections for a needs-based hydrogen industry in a practical test modelInitial scenario:H2 supply with 100%o
124、nshore wind powerBased on the key data of the GET H2-Nucleus project,a realistic hydrogen management system can be modeled.The following scenario exemplifies the requirements,critical factors,and stabilizing elements of a regional hydrogen industry geared to customer requirements.The following custo
125、mer groups,which are particularly relevant for system start-up and sector integration,were accounted for as follows:Industry:Three industrial customers with peak loads typical of refineries or chemical parks of up to 50,000 m3 H2/h eachThe following decrease curve in Figure 13 shows an extra-polatio
126、n of the needs of the customers compared to the potentially available energy for hydrogen production from regional onshore wind power.This model calculation leads to enormous discrepancies between demand and the available energy.To produce the required annual amount of hydrogen and use the peak load
127、s of energy generation,it would therefore be necessary Model of a hydrogen energy systemDecrease from industry,mobility and heating market,generation from wind energyFigure 13:While the hydrogen demand of customers is comparatively stable,renewable energy for production is subject to strong fluctuat
128、ions25)800700600500400300200100JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec0 Mobility:Continuous provision of approx.25,000 Nm3 H2/h,for example for the supply of approx.50%of the public transport bus fleet in NRW24)Heat:Supply of a municipal gas distribution network with a peak load of 50,000 Nm3 H2/h and
129、approx.3,000 full-load hours.This here shown assumption applies equally to 100%converted to H2 as well as to distribution networks operated with the addition of H2 Reverse power generation:Supply of a gas turbine (60 MWel)for use in the generation valleys(residual load)of wind power generation(appro
130、x.500 operating hours)to have generation capacities that exceed the average demand by four times.Such a system would also require disproportionately large capacities to store the hydrogen produced during peak times to compensate for the high volatility or would have to fall back on hydrogen,for exam
131、ple from existing capacities for gray steam reformation.An ecologically and economically sensible scaling does not appear realistic under these conditions.8004006002000JanDecAugNovJulAprOctJunMarSepMayFebOffshore productionh T Nm3/hH2 consumption18Extended scenario:H2 supply from predominantly renew
132、able generationUsing a mix of onshore and offshore wind in the concrete example for hydrogen production and adding a fully flex-ible storage element(e.g.cavern storage),this leads to a significant steady state of production and approximation to the acceptance curve.In addition,it can be assumed that
133、 in the systems start-up phase,not all the capacities required to generate clean hydrogen will be available from the start.In this phase,bottlenecks can be temporarily compensated by existing steam reforming capacities and gradually replaced by electrolysis as renewable energies expand.Figure 15:Req
134、uirements for injection/withdrawal capacities of the gas storage in the model system The expected peak loads of 390,000 Nm3/h when loading and 190,000 Nm/h during withdrawal can in principle be handled with existing cavern storage facilities28)-200-150-100-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Model o
135、f a hydrogen energy systemDecrease from industry,mobility and heating market,generation from wind energy backup using existing steam reformersFigure 14:Realistic start-up phase of the market ramp-up in a hydrogen system with predominantly renewable generationResulting requirements for a memory modul
136、eDecrease from industry,mobility and heating market,generation from wind energyIn the hydrogen system considered here,an intermediate level of only 13%gray hydrogen would have been reached during the start-up phase(Figure 14)26).The remaining discrepancies between generation and demand can be covere
137、d by integrating existing storage capacities.Cavern reservoirs are particularly suitable for the short-term compensation of the natural fluctuations in clean hydrogen production27).5003000-250JanDecAugNovJulAprOctJunMarSepMayFebJanDecAugNovJulAprOctJunMarSepMayFebh T Nm3/hh T Nm3/hStor
138、age max.390 T Nm3 gf Withdrawal max.190 T Nm3Gray hydrogen productionOnshore productionOffshore productionH2 consumption 195.2.Integration into the German and international gas marketAs things stand today,the integration of hydrogen into the German and European gas systems will take place gradually.
139、It is now time to set the right framework and create the first application markets in Europe to provide an efficient hydrogen infrastructure across the board from 2030.To ensure security of supply during this transition phase,hydrogen transport capacities can initially be built up in parallel and cu
140、mulatively with existing natural gas systems.In many places,existing infrastructures in the form of parallel natural gas lines can also be used for this.For example,climate-neutral hydrogen can initially supple-ment natural gas as an energy source and gradually replace it by converting further lines
141、 as needed.A parallel hydrogen and natural gas infrastructure at the long-distance gas level also offers the possibility of adapting the composition of the gas and so the degree of decarbonization of the energy supply to the local boundary conditions via mixing stations and ensuring a secure transit
142、ion at all levels(Figure 16).Figure 17 shows a possible hydrogen network based on existing gas infrastructures as a starting point for a hydrogen industry in Germany.More than 100 locations could be connected to this network,which make up approximately 90%of todays total hydrogen requirements in Ger
143、many and are located within a narrow corridor along the routes shown.According to initial estimates,the current demand in Germany of around 1.5 million tons of hydrogen per year could be transported via this infrastructure.HydrogengenerationBiomethaneHydrogenstorageImport stationImport stationUnderg
144、roundstorageTransmissionnetwork Transmissionnetwork HydrogenNatural gas,biomethaneExportsHydrogenNatural gas,biomethaneImportsMixing stationHydrogengenerationDistributionnetworkConsumerDistributionConsumerNatural gas,biomethane100%HydrogenIndiv.mixtureTSO networkVNB networknetworkIndustrialconsumers
145、Figure 16:Possible hydrogen integration in the German gas market 20Disclaimer:The map is a schematic representation,which makes no claim to completeness with regard to the storage and customers shown.Potential cavern storageSteel industryRefineryCologneMunichChemicalsPossible new areas for pipelines
146、 pipelines after potential conversion of existing natural gas lines2HH2 Figure 17:Vision for a German H2 network(stock/Association of Gas Transmission Systems Operators)The outlined pipeline system therefore appears to be sufficiently dimensioned for a rapid start-up phase and equipped for future en
147、ergy supply.In the future,this hydrogen demand in Northern Germany could be met from regenerative energies and imports to support the profitable expansion of offshore wind turbines and,at the same time,to relieve the power grids in a targeted way.The integration into the German gas networks also off
148、ers the possibility of connecting and significantly helping to shape a future international hydrogen market.The pan-Eu-ropean gas market,which is highly developed in interna-tional comparison,offers very good conditions for entry into a global hydrogen industry.21Paris Madrid Brussels Amsterdam Berl
149、in Hamburg Munich Cologne Prague Lyon Bordeaux Marseille Valencia Rome Palermo Milan Gteborg Stockholm Copenhagen Stuttgart Frankfurt Barcelona Venice Hannover Leipzig TarifaAlmeraBilbaoHuelvaPuertollanoZaragozaCoruaGijn H pipelines by conversion of existing natural gas pipelinesNewly constructed H
150、pipelinesPossible additional routesCountries within scope of studyCountries beyond scope of studPotential H storage:existing/new salt cavernPotential H storagAquiferPotential H storagDepleted fieldIndustrial clusterCity,for orientation purposes (if not indicated as cluster already)ye:e:supported by
151、GuidehouseEuropean Hydrogen Backbone initiative 2020,AmsterdamCologneFrankfurtHannoverHamburgDunkerqueMature European Hydrogen Backbone can be created by 2040.Figure 18 shows a possible hydrogen network for Europe.Here too,the existing gas infrastructure is the starting point for a perspective view
152、of an international hydrogen market.The marked pipeline routes show potential trans-port routes within Europe as well as docking stations for global import and export by land and sea.Figure 18:Vision for a European H2 network(stock/Association of Gas Transmission Systems Operators)By connecting term
153、inals to the North and Baltic Seas,the Mediterranean and international pipeline systems,hydrogen can be imported even from distant producing countries,such as Morocco or Argentina,and imported and exported from neighboring countries via the existing pipe-line network.In combination with the storage
154、systems,the network can react flexibly to the respective requirements of producers and customers.Such a market could therefore both guarantee provide security of supply with hydrogen and efficiently control the degree of decarbonization of energy supply in Germany and Europe.226.EconomicsThe success
155、 of a green hydrogen economy essentially depends on whether hydrogen can meet the needs of customers in a competitive way under future market condi-tions.In addition to technological developments for the efficient production of green hydrogen on an industrial scale,above all this requires uniform an
156、d appropriate framework conditions for the hydrogen market.6.1.System startup and first model projects The costs for hydrogen production and infrastructure are low compared to the costs of the entire value chain.Investment and production costs for green hydrogen obtained by electrolysis will in futu
157、re decrease further due to large-scale applications,better production processes and new technologies,as well as cheaper materials.Due to the existing gas infrastructure,the transporta-tion,storage,and distribution of hydrogen can also be carried out beyond Germany at short notice and with little inv
158、estment.There are still challenges with the efficient compression of hydrogen.However,the technologies and materials required for this are already in development.6.2.Legal framework29)So far,hydrogen has not been sufficiently accounted for in numerous regulations especially the Energy Industry Act(E
159、nWG)and the Renewable Energy Sources Act(EEG).Given this and the uncertainty regarding how hydrogen may be regulated with future legal requirements,it is therefore economically disadvantaged compared to other energy sources.To achieve at least economic equality,the current framework conditions regar
160、ding the gas infrastruc-ture require,among other things,the following adjust-ments30):Creation of legal options for the conversion of existing natural gas infrastructures to hydrogen operation(EnWG)Enabling the operation of pure hydrogen networks(EnWG)Generation-independent regulations for the trans
161、port and storage of hydrogen(EnWG)Regulation of the hydrogen feed into natural gas and hydrogen networks(EnWG)Cancellation of the final consumer status for the energy conversion from electricity to hydrogen(EEG)Compensation for lost feed-in tariffs when generating green hydrogen(EEG)Short-term econo
162、mic opportunities also offer a quick and targeted implementation of the European RED II requirements into national laws.Targeted incentives for the use of green hydrogen can be created for refineries in particular31).Integration into a future international hydrogen market and renewable energy certif
163、icate(REC)trading also offers further economic opportunities.This would require uniform European regulations for reliable proof of origin and a transparent differentiation,especially between green,blue,and gray hydrogen.According to current estimates,the establishment of a hydrogen infrastructure is
164、 possible with limited economic effort.In particular,the use of existing pipeline routes eliminates lengthy and time-consuming planning and approval procedures.The development of new technologies and materials also faces few fundamental challenges and has already been initiated in many areas.Against
165、 this backdrop,the costs for retrofitting the lines including decommissioning,water pressure tests,replace-ment of fittings and blowers and dismantling of connec-tions,etc.can be estimated at around 10-15%of a new construction according to current estimates by transmis-sion system operators(cost est
166、imate Gascade Gastrans-port GmbH and Nowega GmbH,2020).Converting the compressor infrastructure to maximize the flow of energy in hydrogen operation requires approximately three times the compression performance compared to natural gas operation(cost estimate(cost estimate Gascade Gastransport GmbH
167、and Nowega GmbH,2020).Accordingly,the compression equipment of a hydrogen pipeline,including the drives,would be about three times the cost of a natural gas pipeline.Cost estimate for the conversion of the gas infrastructure 237.OutlookThe conversion of existing gas infrastructures to hydrogen opera
168、tion has the potential to achieve a breakthrough for the hydrogen industry.Using existing storage and transport capacities,hydrogen,as the main pillar of energy transition,can reliably ensure security of supply during the change to renewable energy sources.In this way,energy transition and sector in
169、tegra-tion specifically can be promoted comparatively quickly and inexpensively along with the expansion of the power grids.At the same time,the long-distance gas networks open up the prospect of a European and global hydrogen market and therefore the opportunity to consider the expansion of the reg
170、enerative energies increasingly globally:linking generation capacities in countries that are rich in renewable energy sources with markets and customers in different regions of the world,reliably and on competitive terms.The technical challenges of hydrogen technology can largely already be addresse
171、d today.The anticipated prog-ress and the use of digital solutions will lead to continuous improvements of the overall system.The utilization and interactions of gas and electricity grids can increasingly and more effectively be controlled to compensate for discrepan-cies between the generation of r
172、enewable energy and individual needs in national and international operations.Politics,industry,and the energy industry are widely committed to hydrogen as one of the central energy sources of energy transition.Two things must now follow:the consistent expansion of capacities for renewable elec-tric
173、ity generation;and the appropriate regulatory frame-work showing the route to an efficient German,European,and global hydrogen economy.24Source-list:1)Frans Timmermans 2020,Powering a climate-neutral economy:Commission sets out plans for the energy system of the future and clean hydrogen in https:/e
174、c.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_12592)Green Hydrogen Market Size,Share&Trends Analysis Report By Technology 2020 in https:/ Hydrogen Market Size,Share&Trends Analysis Report By Technology 2020 in https:/ Bode 2019,Methane Pyrolysis a potential new process forhydrogen production wi
175、thout CO2 emission in https:/www.efzn.de/fileadmin/documents/Niedersaechsische_Energietage/Vortr%C3%A4ge/2019/NET2019_FF1_04_Bode_Rev1.pdf5)Christoph Stefan Krieger 2019,Verfahrenstechnische Betrachtung und Optimierung der Freisetzung von Wasserstoff aus organischen Trgermaterialien(LOHC)in https:/d
176、-nb.info/1191994031/346)Prof.Dr.-Ing.Andreas Jess,Prof.Dr.Peter Wasserscheid 2020,Chemical Technology:From Principles to Products,page 4457)BMWI 2020,The National Hydrogen Strategy in https:/www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/Energie/the-national-hydro-gen-strategy.html8)Dries Haseldonckx 2009,C
177、oncrete transition issues towards a fully fledged use of hyrogen as an energy carrier in https:/www.academia.edu/17527707/Concrete_transition_issues_towards_a_fully_fledged_use_of_hydrogen_as_an_energy_carrier_Method-ology_and_modelling9)ASME Community,Global Gas Turbine News,Baron Wezel 2019,Europe
178、 with renewable gas ready turbines in https:/community.asme.org/international_gas_turbine_institute_igti/m/mediagal-lery/11375/download.aspx10)Concepts NERC,Francis A.Di Bella 2015,Development of a centrif-ugal hydrogen pipeline gas compressor in https:/www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/122719511)Conversio
179、n of High Pressure Gas Steel Pipelines for a Design Pressure of more than 16 bar for Transportation of Hydrogen in https:/shop.wvgw.de/var/assets/leseprobe/510811_lp_G_409_2020_09.pdf12)Pipeline Technology Conference 2020,Rosen Group 2020,Hydrogen getting into focus in https:/ NERC,Francis A.Di Bell
180、a 2015,Development of a centrif-ugal hydrogen pipeline gas compressor in https:/www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/122719514)Siemens Energy 2020,Hydrogen Power with Siemens Energy Gas Turbines in https:/www.siemens- fr Wirtschaft und Industrie 2019,Jahresbericht Energiepartnerschaften und Energiedialoge in
181、https:/www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Publikationen/Energie/jahresbericht-energiepart-nerschaften-2019.html16)IPAA,Annual Report 2012 in https:/www.ipaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2012-2013OPI.pdf17)Landesamt fr Bergbau,Energie und Geologie(LBEG)2019,Erdl und Erdgas in der Bundesrepublik in https:/www
182、.lbeg.nieder-sachsen.de/erdoel-erdgas-jahresbericht/jahresbericht-er-doel-und-erdgas-in-der-bundesrepublik-deutschland-936.html18)Patrick T.Mosely,Jurgen Garche 2015,Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing,page 134,18719)Energate Messenger,Thorsten Czeckanowsky 2019-0
183、8-09,Bad Lauchstdt Energy Park turns the salt cavern into a wind power storage facility;2015-10-06,Hydrogen ends up in the pore storage;Artjom Aksimenko 2019-04-30,VGS and ONTRAS are researching hydrogen caverns in https:/www.energate-messenger.de/20)Air Liquid 2021,Weltpremiere:Air Liquide betreibt
184、 die erste Speicheranlage fr reines Helium in https:/ Europe 2020,How to transport and store hydrogen in https:/www.gie.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/3429/entsog_gie_he_QandA_hydrogen_transport_and_storage_210521.pdf22)ENTSOG,GIE,Hydrogen Europe 2020,How to transport and store hydrogen in https:/www.gi
185、e.eu/wp-content/uploads/filr/3429/entsog_gie_he_QandA_hydrogen_transport_and_storage_210521.pdf23)GETH2 2020,Mit Wasserstoff bringen wir gemeinsam die Ener-giewende voran in https:/www.get-h2.de/wp-content/uploads/geth2_infobroschuere_4seiter_200311.pdf24)Forschungszentrum Jlich,Institute for Energy
186、 and Climate Research 2020,Techno-Economic Systems Analysis(IEK-3)in https:/www.fz-juelich.de/iek/iek-3/EN/Research/HydrogenInfrastruc-ture/_node.html25)Nowega GmbH 2020,Model calculation:Supply of industrial customers with hydrogen based on onshore wind turbines,Basis:Concrete generation profiles,s
187、cales to the required annual purchase quantity26)Nowega GmbH 2020,Model calculation,For comparison:According to the current status,95%of the hydrogen is generated gray or blue,chapter 4,page 627)Nowega GmbH 2020,Model calculation,For comparison:According to the current status,95%of the hydrogen is g
188、enerated gray or blue,chapter 4C,page 1828)Nowega GmbH 2020,Model calculation,The sustainability of the storage must be checked in individual cases,chapter 4C,page 1929)These figures are based on general observations and assumptions;the specific conditions of a particular pipeline installation would
189、 need to be inspected and assessed prior to calculating specific details regarding cost of conversion per the applicable codes and requirements of such particular installation.30)See further:Legal framework for an H2 subnet:nucleus of a nationwide,public Hydrogen Infrastructure,legal study,IKEM Inst
190、itute for Climate Protection,Energy and Mobility e.V.,September 2019;Toward a competitive hydrogen market-Joint proposal for an association to adapt the legal framework for hydrogen networks,position paper by FNB Gas,BDI,bdewm,VIK and DIHK,April 2020;Hydrogen-energy source for a climate-neutral econ
191、omy?Opportunities and challenges for hydrogen markets in Germany,white paper KPMG AG Wirtschaftsprfungs-gesellschaft,2020.31)BMWi 2020,The National Hydrogen Strategy 2020 in https:/www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/Energie/the-national-hydro-gen-strategy.html 25Published bySiemens Energy 2021Si
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194、ding only when they are expressly agreed upon in the concluded contract.siemens- document contains information of a general nature and does not address the circumstances of any particular individual,entity,or project installation,nor does it constitute a comprehensive or complete statement of the ma
195、tters discussed or the laws relating thereto.It is provided for informational purposes only and you should not construe any information contained herein as legal,tax,investment,financial,or other professional advice.This document also contains general information about Siemens Energy products and se
196、rvices and is subject to change without notice.Any general descriptions of products,services and expected capabilities or benefits may not apply in specific applications or be realized in all cases.Nothing in this document shall be deemed or construed to be a warranty or guarantee of the information,product(s),service(s)or component(s)described herein.