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1、C-V2X:THE PATH TOWARDS AUTOMOTIVE 5G CONTENTSEXECUTIVE SUMMARYC-V2X TECHNOLOGY EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION C-V2X NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 469DAY 2+USE CASES:REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES 10CONCLUSION 12EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe steady evolution of the automotive industry towards autonomous and connected vehicles h
2、olds highly promising prospects for the future of vehicles.This evolution is supported by robust technological progress in the industry,particularly Cellular V2X(Vehicle to Everything)technology.A key contributor to the expansion of vehicle automation,C-V2X,as shown in Figure 1 establishes lines of
3、communication between vehicles,roadside units,and pedestrians,making the vehicle more aware of its surroundings and exchanging time-sensitive and safety-critical information.C-V2X circumvents autonomous driving capabilities and complements existing Line of Sight(LOS)sensors(LiDaR,radar&camera)abilit
4、ies by offering non-line-of-sight 360 awareness.This expands the vehicles vision to greater distances,including even blind turns and low-visibility weather conditions.The industry should leverage this technology to deliver smart mobility solutions of the future.This whitepaper is intended for develo
5、pers of V2X-based systems including Auto Tier 1/OEMs,Communication Service Providers,and smartphone and smart device manufacturers.It covers the evolution of C-V2X to support advanced use cases,the associated challenges,and the solutions Capgemini offers.An overview of use cases and the requirements
6、 to support these use cases is discussed.Figure 1:V-2-X ecosystem(Source:5GAA)54The Biodrug Revolution C-V2X TECHNOLOGY EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION Todays car systems use Advanced Driver Assistance Systems(ADAS)to enhance safety in vehicles.ADAS technology leverages vision/camera systems,sensor technolo
7、gy,and car data networks to provide a safer driving experience.With the advent of newer technologies,these systems are improving rapidly,but they are still limited by the range of their sensors and can be degraded by inclement weather or obstacles like buildings.Vehicle-to-vehicle(V2V),vehicle-to-in
8、frastructure(V2I),and vehicle-to-pedestrian(V2P)technology,collectively known as V2X,overcome the limitations faced by todays ADAS systems and will serve as the foundation for intelligent transport systems(ITS).V2X technology has evolved from 802.11p-based DSRC(Dedicated Short-Range Communications)t
9、o C-V2X,which is based on 3GPP standards,an evolution intended to address the needs of advanced use cases as shown in Figure 2.C-V2X is an umbrella term for 3GPP-defined V2X technologies(Release 14 onwards),providing device-to-device PC5 communications(see figure 3)based on unlicensed ITS 5.9GHz ban
10、d and leveraging existing cellular infrastructure based on 4G/5G technologies.C-V2X communication is possible over PC5 or Cellular Network Infrastructure as shown in Figure 3.5G connectivity also enables Ultra Low Latency(URLLC)applications.The convergence with 5G is referred as 5G C-V2X.Figure 2:Ad
11、vanced safety use cases(source:Qualcomm)Todays V2X applications are focused on Day 1 applications based on static and dynamic vehicle states.Static information refers to the physical aspects of a vehicle such as its length and breadth,while dynamic state refers to changing parameters like speed and
12、acceleration.Most of these applications require sending periodic messages in the range of 1-10Hz frequency and end-end latency of 50-100ms.To cater to the needs of advanced use cases,Day 1 use cases like collision avoidance will evolve towards Day 2+use cases,such as cooperative automated driving ap
13、plications that share information on detected objects or perform cooperative maneuvering,with high reliability,low latency and high throughput requirements as shown in Figures 4a&4b.Figure 3:Communication interfaces(source:Qualcomm)Figure 4:Day 1 and Day 2 use cases(source:A)76The Biodrug Revolution
14、 C-V2X is the key technology for telematics and ADAS systems,and comprises network elements including onboard units(OBU)and roadside units(RSU),and associated 4G/5G cellular network infrastructure,which needs to support QoS requirements(data rate,latency,and reliability)for various use cases.The dev
15、ice-based and network-based edge computing platforms enable multiple automotive applications,with V2V and V2I,for example,becoming fast-growing use cases for edge computing and 5G technology.The largest bottlenecks so far have been the transmission of data from vehicles to external servers and cloud
16、 platforms.One vehicle can produce up to 100GB of data over a period of one month,which requires both high bandwidth communications and storage/compute capacity.To enable V2X protocols,companies therefore need edge-based devices installed across the car ecosystem.A device-based edge computing platfo
17、rm,also known as an e-cockpit platform,can make decisions based on processing local data received in real-time from different sensors,cameras and wireless networks enabled by the in-car network.This capability improves the overall driving experience for passengers and enhances safety by avoiding acc
18、idents,reducing traffic congestion,and aiding stranded drivers.A network-based mobile edge computing(MEC)is an integral part of a 5G network and enables low latency V2X applications,where the 5G spectrum operates in the range of 3-300 GHz,at a data rate of up to 20 Gbps,a spectral efficiency of 30 b
19、ps/Hz,mobility of up to 500 km/h,a U-plane latency of 0.5 ms,and a C-plane latency of 10 ms.It covers various vehicle applications that comprise of voice,data,video calls,OTT(UHD Videos),video chat,and V2X.Network-based MEC provides real-time driving services by utilizing high-definition real-time m
20、aps,real-time traffic monitoring and alerts,as well as offering a richer passenger experience.MEC applications can run on MEC servers deployed at a 5G/LTE base station.These provide roadside functionality,to support the ability of vehicles to drive cooperatively,to be aware of road hazards,and to pr
21、ovide a better user experience and greater trust among drivers and passengers.C-V2X NETWORK ARCHITECTURE The following are the key components of C-V2X architecture as illustrated in Figure 5:1.V2X Things:Devices with V2X/V2N capabilities,such as vehicles,pedestrians,traffic lights etc.C-V2X supports
22、 PC5 for V2V/V2I/V2P applications and Uu/NR interfaces for V2N applications.2.Service Provider Network components are hosted in the access and core network of cellular infrastructure as illustrated in Figure 5:C-V2X RSU:A V2X device either located on cellular infrastructure as a standalone device or
23、 co-located on MEC.Supports both PC5 and Uu/NR interfaces MEC:An edge computing platform with CPU and GPU capabilities hosting multiple applications like RSU,computer vision,and 4G/5G RAN applications for low latency applications V2X Control Function:Provisions V2X devices and related services V2X A
24、pplication Server:A gateway to push data to V2X devices.Could be located on MEC for applications like HD map updates to reduce network latency 3.Third Party Service Providers enable a rich set of applications to be developed:OEM data center:Stores vehicle data for analytics and insights.It is hosted
25、 either on a public or private cloud platform Infrastructure services:Provide services related to infrastructure applications like traffic management centers(TMC)or emergency response(ER)Cloud platform:Public or private cloud platforms to store and process vehicle data SCMS server:PKI services for V
26、2X security Third party applications:These include maps,fleet management,and others,and are hosted on cloud platforms Figure 5:C-V2X Network Architecture(source:Capgemini Engineering)One vehicle can produce up to 100GB of data over a period of one month,which requires both high bandwidth communicati
27、ons and storage/compute capacity.98The Biodrug Revolution 3GPP Release 15/16 defines enhanced V2X service requirements to support the following V2X Day 2+use cases:Vehicle Platooning:This enables vehicles to dynamically form a group travelling together.All the vehicles in a platoon receive periodic
28、data from the leading vehicle,to maintain platoon operations.This information allows a significant reduction in the distance between vehicles,where the size of the gap translated to time can be as low as sub seconds.Platooning applications may allow the vehicles following the lead to be driven auton
29、omously.Advanced Driving:This enables semi-automated or fully automated driving.A longer distance between vehicles is assumed.Each vehicle and/or RSU shares data obtained from its local sensors with vehicles in its proximity,thus allowing those vehicles to coordinate their trajectories or maneuvers.
30、In addition,each vehicle shares its driving intention with vehicles in its proximity.The benefits of this use case group are safer travelling,collision avoidance,and improved traffic efficiency.Extended Sensors:These enable the exchange of raw or processed data gathered through local sensors or live
31、 video data among vehicles,RSUs,pedestrian devices,and V2X application servers.They enhance the perception of a vehicles environment beyond what its own sensors can detect and provide a more holistic view of the local situation.Remote Driving:This enables a remote driver or a V2X application to oper
32、ate a remote vehicle for those passengers who cannot drive themselves or are located in a dangerous environment.In such cases where variation is limited and routes are predictable like public transportation,driving based on cloud computing can be used.In addition,access to a cloud-based back-end ser
33、vice platform can be considered for this use case group.The table 1 below summarizes latency and reliability requirements of Day 2+applicationsDAY 2+USE CASES:REQUIREMENTS AND CHALLENGES The benefits of this use case group are safer travelling,collision avoidance,and improved traffic efficiency.Figu
34、re 6:Day 1 and Day 2+use cases(source:C2CC)Table 1:Source(3GPP Release 15/Release 16)1110The Biodrug Revolution As shown in Figure 7,a layered architecture is required to realize these use cases.Access layer:C-V2X PC5 will evolve towards New Radio(NR)PC5 as defined in 3GPP Rel16.NR PC5 builds on top
35、 of 5G NR which was standardized in 3GPP Rel15.NR PC5 will provide options for direct communication within Gnb coverage and out-of-coverage scenarios.It will support unicast,groupcast and broadcast communication mechanisms Facility layer:Enhance current standards to support collective perception rat
36、her than cooperative awareness.Information will be broadcast on a vehicles current environment rather than on its current state Extend existing message sets to support specific use cases like long term road works warnings(LWW),and cooperative adaptive cruise control(CACC),etc.Enhance congestion cont
37、rol management Security layer:Evolve towards security reflex function(SRF)-based architecture as defined by 3GPP(under definition)Figure 7:Layered Architecture(source:Capgemini)Challenges:1.C-V2X and NR V2X are not backward compatible.Vehicles should therefore be equipped with C-V2X and NR V2X radio
38、s with effective coexistence mechanisms 2.The backward compatibility of V2X services supporting Day 1&Day 2 use cases 3.V2X stack enhancements and performance tuning are required to support the latency and reliability of Day 2+use cases Capgemini C-V2X Solution Overview Capgemini C-V2X software fram
39、ework enables faster time-to-market and rapid development of automotive and telecom applications.The software stack can reside on OBU/RSU/pedestrian devices or edge computing nodes to develop innovative V2X applications.The stack is compliant with regional standards,is interoperable,and pre-ported o
40、n industry-leading platforms based on C-V2X technologies.Our intelligent RSU architecture,based on Capgeminis edge compute platform ENSCONCE,combines C-V2X,computer vision,and 5G capabilities for smart city/smart intersection applications.Extended sensor use cases which can be realized using ENSCONC
41、E include intersection movement assist(IMA),vulnerable road user(VRU),HD map sensor sharing,and many more.1312The Biodrug Revolution Conclusion Capgemini offers end-to-end OBU/RSU/VRU and edge platform solutions for the C-V2X market.This combined solutions capabilities are unmatched in the market an
42、d a key differentiator compared to other solutions available.Auto Tier 1s,OEMs,and smart device manufacturers use a V2X stack to realize V2V/V2I/V2P applications.The auto grade stack is optimized for performance and reliability on industry leading platforms and will support Day 2+applications as the
43、 standards evolve towards 5G C-V2X as illustrated in Figure 8.Intelligent RSU offers an integrated 5G RAN,computer vision and V2X RSU solution on the ENSCONCE edge computing platform for communication service providers,smart city developers,and infrastructure providers.This provides a path for indus
44、try to develop innovative and feature-rich edge solutions for the market.Capgemini has more than 25 years of experience in the cellular communications domain,from legacy 3G to current generation 4G/5G solutions.The C-V2X and edge computing capabilities complement these capabilities as the industry e
45、volves toward automotive 5G C-V2X.These ready-to-use solutions offer a significant reduction in the cost of ownership and time-to-market,along with a global delivery model for optimized cost and timely delivery.Author Raghuraman BHEEMA RAOProduct Line Manager Automotive Software Framework Solutions
46、Raghuraman BHEEMA RAO,is Product Line Manager for Automotive Software Framework Solutions.He has 20+Years of industry experience,with last 17+years in Capgemini His responsibilities include V2X product activities,roadmaps,pre-sales,offerings development and partnerships.Experience in V2X include DSR
47、C/C-V2X technologies,V2V/V2I/V2P use cases,Protocol layers and Silicon platforms.He has good understanding of market trends,ecosystem and key players in the V2X market across geographies.1514The Biodrug Revolution About Capgemini EngineeringWorld leader in engineering and R&D services,Capgemini Engi
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