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1、OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 1 Open Data Maturity Report 2022 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 2 This study has been prepared as part of data.europa.eu.Data.europa.eu is an initiative of the European Commission.The Publications Office of the European Union is responsible for contract management of d
2、ata.europa.eu.For more information about this paper,please contact the following.European Commission Directorate-General for Communications Networks,Content and Technology Unit G.1 Data Policy and Innovation Email:CNECT-G1ec.europa.eu data.europa.eu Email:infodata.europa.eu Authors:Giulia Carsaniga
3、Eline N.Lincklaen Arrins Jochem Dogger Mariska van Assen Gianfranco Cecconi Last update:December 2022 https:/data.europa.eu/DISCLAIMER The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission.The Commission
4、does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study.Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commissions behalf may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained therein.Luxembourg:Publications Office of the European Union,2022 European Union
5、,2022 The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented by Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents(OJ L 330,14.12.2011,p.39).Unless otherwise noted,the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Intern
6、ational(CC-BY 4.0)licence(https:/creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/).This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.ISBN 978-92-78-43386-4 ISSN2600-0512 doi:10.2830/70973 OA-BE-22-001-EN-N OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 3 Table of Contents Execu
7、tive Summary.6 Introduction.11 Measuring Open Data Maturity.12 Chapter 1:Open Data Policy in the EU27.15 1.1 Policy framework.15 1.1.1 Open data policies.17 1.1.2 Open data strategies.18 1.1.3 Action plans.19 1.1.4 Access to and discoverability of real-time,geospatial,and citizen-generated data.21 1
8、.1.5 Supporting the reuse of open data.22 1.1.6 Priorities.25 1.2 Governance of open data.26 1.2.1 Governance structures.26 1.2.2 Network of open data officers and reusers.27 1.3 Open data implementation.29 1.3.1 Implementation plans and monitoring processes.29 1.3.2 Activities to support the public
9、ation process.31 1.3.3 Data literacy training and events.32 1.4 Overall performance.33 Chapter 2:Open Data Impact in the EU27.35 2.1 Strategic awareness.36 2.1.1 Open data reuse:Definition and processes.36 2.1.2 Open data impact:Definition and methodologies.37 2.2 Measuring reuse.39 2.2.1 The reuse
10、of datasets and reusers needs.39 2.2.2 Gathering and classifying reuse cases.40 2.3 Created impact.41 2.3.1 Governmental impact.41 2.3.2 Social impact.43 2.3.3 Environmental impact.46 2.3.4 Economic impact.48 2.4 Overall performance.50 Chapter 3:Open Data Portal in the EU27.52 3.1 Portal features.52
11、 3.1.1 Searching for datasets.53 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 4 3.1.2 Requesting datasets.54 3.1.3 Providing transparency.55 3.1.4 Enabling interaction.56 3.1.5 Providing examples of open data reuse.57 3.2 Portal usage.57 3.2.1 User analytics.58 3.2.2 Portal visitors.58 3.2.3 Most popular data dom
12、ains.60 3.2.4 Application Programming Interface(API).61 3.3 Data provision.62 3.3.1 Data publishers.63 3.3.2 Challenges and support regarding data provision.64 3.3.3 Access to real-time and dynamic data.64 3.4 Portal sustainability.65 3.4.1 Enhancing visibility.65 3.4.2 User satisfaction.66 3.4.3 Mo
13、nitoring performance.68 3.5 Overall performance.69 Chapter 4:Open Data Quality in the EU27.71 4.1(Meta)data currency and completeness.71 4.1.1 Up-to-date metadata.72 4.1.2 Up-to-date datasets.74 4.2 Monitoring and measures.75 4.2.1 Monitoring the quality of metadata.75 4.2.2 Licences.75 4.3 DCAT-AP
14、compliance.77 4.3.1 Assisting data providers to be DCAT-AP compliant.77 4.3.2 Investigating causes for a lack of DCAT-AP compliance.78 4.3.3 Compliance with DCAT-AP mandatory,recommended,and optional classes.78 4.4 Deployment quality and linked data.79 4.4.1 Deployment quality models.79 4.4.2 Deploy
15、ment quality.80 4.5 Overall performance.82 Chapter 5:Open Data Maturity in the EFTA and Other Countries.85 5.1 Open data policy.85 5.1.1 EFTA countries.85 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 5 5.1.2 Candidate countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina.88 5.2 Open data impact.91 5.2.1 EFTA countries.92 5.2.2 Ca
16、ndidate countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina.95 5.3 Open data portal.99 5.3.1 EFTA countries.99 5.3.2 Candidate countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina.101 5.4 Open data quality.102 5.4.1 EFTA countries.102 5.4.2 Candidate countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina.103 5.5 Overall performance.105 5.5.1 EFTA
17、countries.105 5.5.2 Candidate countries and Bosnia and Herzegovina.106 Chapter 6:Clustering the Countries.107 6.1 Clustering profiles.107 6.2 The 2022 clustering.108 6.3 Differences between clusters.110 Chapter 7:Recommendations for the Countries.111 7.1 Trend-setters.111 7.2 Fast-trackers.112 7.3 F
18、ollowers.113 7.4 Beginners.115 Conclusions.117 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 6 Executive SummaryExecutive Summary The Open Data Maturity assessment 2022 benchmarks the development of European countries in the field of open data.In this eighth consecutive annual report by data.europa.eu1(formerly Eu
19、ropean Data Portal),35 countries participate,including the 27 EU Member States,3 European Free Trade Association(EFTA)countries(Iceland,Norway,Switzerland),4 candidate countries(Albania,Montenegro,Serbia,Ukraine)and Bosnia and Herzegovina.This report aims to help participating countries to better un
20、derstand their level of maturity,to capture their progress over time,to find areas for improvement and benchmark their maturity against other countries.Additionally,the study provides an overview of best practices implemented across Europe that could be transferred to other national and local contex
21、ts.The assessment measures maturity against four open data dimensions:Policy:focusing on countries open data policies and strategies;Impact:looking into the activities to monitor and measure open data reuse and its impact;Portal:assessing portal functions and features that enable users to access ope
22、n data via the national portal and support interaction within the open data community;Quality:focusing on mechanisms that ensure the quality of the(meta)data.In 2022,the Open Data Maturity report methodology underwent a revision:all four dimensions were streamlined,with the indicators for the impact
23、 dimension being completely restructured.The methodological updates allowed for the better inclusion of policy changes related to the Open Data Directive and the implementation of high-value datasets2,and to further integrate aspects such as the distinction between reuse and impact creation through
24、this reuse.This new methodology aims to stimulate EU Member States and other countries to improve and grow beyond previous assessments and to ensure consistency and comparability of the results.This years Open Data Maturity assessment is characterised by three trends,as described below:a good level
25、of preparedness of EU Member States with respect to the upcoming obligations relating to high-value datasets;measuring open data impact as being a priority but also still a major challenge across Europe;and some common new and old difficulties emerging post-pandemic.After detailing these three trend
26、s,this report summarises the overall ranking,country clustering,and developments per dimension.Trends and findings of the Open Data Maturity assessment 2022 1.EU Member States are preparing for the high-value datasets implementing regulation The Open Data Directive(Directive(EU)2019/1024)3,which the
27、 Member States were obliged to transpose by July 2021,forms the basis for the reuse of data from the public sector and aims to overcome the barriers that still prevent the full reuse of public sector information.To achieve this,the Directive encourages EU Member States to facilitate the reuse of pub
28、lic sector data with a specific focus on publishing datasets that have a high potential economic and societal impact(the so-called 1 Data.europa.eu is the official portal for European open data.The portal was launched in the spring of 2021,integrating the pre-existing European Data Portal and Europe
29、an Union Open Data Portal into a single,coherent core component of the public sector data infrastructure that has been set up by the European Union,its institutions and Member States.2 High-value datasets are datasets with a high potential economic and societal impact.The Open Data Directive encoura
30、ges EU Member States to facilitate the reuse of public sector data with a specific focus on publishing the following categories of datasets:geospatial,earth observation and environment,meteorological,statistics,companies and company ownership,and mobility.3 https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/
31、TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L1024 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 7 high-value datasets).This encouragement should take the form of an implementing regulation that is expected to be adopted in late 2022 or early 2023 and begin to apply 16 months later.Although the regulation has not yet been adopted,this y
32、ears assessment provides an overview of the level of preparedness of EU Member States in complying with the requirements across the four dimensions of open data maturity.96%of EU Member States are working on identifying high-value data domains to be prioritised for publication,especially statistics,
33、geospatial,earth observation and environment,and meteorological data categories.85%of the EU27 are already preparing to monitor and measure the level of reuse of high-value datasets and all of them aim to promote or are already promoting high-value datasets on their portal.Finally,63%of EU countries
34、 are preparing to ensure the interoperability of high-value datasets alongside available datasets from other countries.2.Measuring open data impact is a priority for EU Member States but also a big challenge This year,the impact dimension experienced the largest decrease compared to the other dimens
35、ions,going from 78%in 2021 to 71%in 2022.This seven percentage points drop is in line with the methodological restructuring of the dimension,which also makes it difficult to perfectly compare the indicators of 2022 with the ones of previous years.Moreover,this lower result should not so much be seen
36、 as a decrease in the maturity level of EU countries.The fact that countries are still scoring high in the strategic awareness indicator which was also used in the 2021 assessment proves that the EU27 are still very much interested in understanding and capturing open data reuse and value creation,as
37、 pointed out in the trends of last years assessment.Rather,the decrease in the impact dimension provides a more accurate picture of the difficulty of EU countries to distinguish and assess reuse of open data and the impact resulting from it.While in monitoring and measuring reuse they continue to be
38、 quite advanced(EU average is 75%,similarly to last year),collecting data on the impact created,especially from an economic perspective,seems to be more difficult for countries.Figure 1:The Open Data Maturity scores of the EU27(EU28 until 2022)0%20%40%60%80%100%2000212022Policy
39、ImpactPortalQualityEU27 AverageOPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 8 3.In a post-pandemic world,European countries face new and old common challenges From year to year,EU Member States have been recovering from the pandemic,for example by leveraging open data for the development of statistics,dashboards
40、and warning apps.This year,the Russian aggression to Ukraine and the consequences of this conflict for the European economy and energy market set the scene for new socioeconomic challenges at European level.Ukraine has reported that the war has had a significant impact on their work on open data,esp
41、ecially as Ukrainian internet resources(particularly state-owned ones)have been temporarily unavailable.Nevertheless,they have managed to continue improving their open data maturity level and excel in the policy dimension.The potential of open data was also leveraged by other countries in Europe to
42、respond to the consequences of the war in Ukraine.For example,some countries have reported to rely on open data to monitor the level of energy use or to facilitate the integration of Ukrainian refugees in their labour market.Besides the war in Ukraine,further challenges are highlighted by participat
43、ing countries:-Human resources and skills:Several countries stress the lack of human resources allocated to open data and the absence of adequate data skills and literacy among civil servants;-Availability of financial resources:This challenge pertains,for example,to finding recurring budget for spe
44、cific datasets(e.g.,high-value datasets),as well as to not having a planned budget in place;-Coordination issues:The EU27 often report difficulties in allowing a smooth data management governance across levels of government;-Engagement with the open data topic:Incentivising different players to prov
45、ide and use open data is a challenge widely spread across the EU;-Various aspects of publishing open data:More support,in legal,technical,and financial terms,is needed when it comes to the publication of high-quality open data.The oThe overall Open Data Maturity scores in 202verall Open Data Maturit
46、y scores in 2022 2 Figure 2 illustrates the overall open data maturity scores of all 35 participating European countries in 2022.European countries are investing resources to increase their maturity across the board.In this years landscaping exercise,several of the dimensions were updated to reflect
47、 the current open data setting and to more accurately reflect countries progress since last year.This is reflected in the slight decrease of the overall EU27 and EU27+average.In 2022,the average open data maturity score of the EU27 countries is 79%,a decrease of 2 percentage points compared to 2021.
48、OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 9 Figure 2:The overall Open Data Maturity scores of the 2022 assessment The clustering of the countries iThe clustering of the countries in 202n 2022 2 The Open Data Maturity clusters are presented in Figure 3.The 2022 clustering exercise categorises countries from low
49、 performing to high performing as beginners,followers,fast-trackers,and trend-setters.The figure shows that:The maturity of European countries is concentrated in the higher end of the spectrum(above 65%).The trend-setters cluster consists of the eight top performing countries:France,Ukraine,Poland,I
50、reland,Cyprus,Estonia,Spain and Italy.The five countries included in the fast-trackers cluster show highly similar scores,as the cluster is concentrated on a range of 3%(88 to 91 percentage points).Figure 3:Clustering of the 2022 maturity scores of the participating European countries Open Data Matu
51、rity scores on the four dimensions in 202Open Data Maturity scores on the four dimensions in 2022 2 Figure 4 shows the average maturity level of the EU27 on each of the four dimensions and compares it with last years score.The figure shows that:All figures show a slight decrease or the same score as
52、 last year.The dimensions with a lower score than 2021 are policy and impact,which underwent several changes to the methodology.Similar to 2021 and 2020,policy is the most mature dimension with a score of 86%.The impact dimension shows a seven percentage point decrease,which reflects the updated met
53、hodology and questions targeted to more accurately gauge the different countries progress.The portal dimension stays stable since last year and is the second most mature dimension.OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 10 The quality dimension shows limited improvement and is the third most mature dimension
54、.Figure 4:The 2022 maturity scores of the EU27 per dimension compared to last year OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 11 IntroductionIntroduction Data.europa.eu is the main point of access for European open data and was born out of the consolidation in 2021 of the European Data Portal(focused on open da
55、ta from national open data portals)and the EU Open Data Portal(focused on open data from EU Institutions and projects).Data.europa.eu aims to improve access to open data,foster high-quality open data publication at all levels,and create impact through open data reuse.The Publications Office of the E
56、uropean Union and the DirectorateGeneral for Communications Networks,Content and Technology have conducted an annual benchmarking exercise on open data since 2015.The objective of the study is to support the development of open data practices and enable them to learn from one another.This report pro
57、vides an extensive assessment of the Open Data Maturity(ODM)benchmarking exercise for 2022,focusing on the maturity level of European countries for open data and documents their year-on-year progress.The ODM report presents some best practices implemented across Europe that could inspire other publi
58、c administrations,international organisations and further interested parties.Complementary to this report,the data gathered this year as well as in previous editions is publicly available on the Open Data Maturity Dashboard on data.europa.eu4.In addition,country-specific factsheets are displayed to
59、provide a more detailed overview and showcase the results on the four open data dimensions,namely policy,impact,portal,and quality.The reader benefits from an easy-to-read comparison of the Member States average and the results from previous years.To promote cross-learning and ensure transparency,th
60、is years questionnaires filled by participating countries are made available on the portal.These include final scoring and textual information(except for personal data)to provide the reader with more insights into the methodology behind the results.Countries participating in the Open Data Maturity C
61、ountries participating in the Open Data Maturity report 2022report 2022 This year,35 European countries responded to the Open Data Maturity self-assessment.These countries can be divided in four main groups:The EU27:Austria,Belgium,Bulgaria,Croatia,Republic of Cyprus,Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,F
62、inland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Netherlands,Poland,Portugal,Romania,Slovakia,Slovenia,Spain and Sweden;The European Free Trade Association(EFTA)countries:Iceland,Norway,Switzerland;Candidate countries to join the EU:Albania,Montenegro,Serbia,Ukrai
63、ne;Bosnia and Herzegovina,potential candidate country.The The structure of the structure of the Open Data Maturity report 202Open Data Maturity report 2022 2 The report is clustered into several sections,namely an introduction,seven chapters on the ODM assessment,and a summary of the conclusions dra
64、wn,as follows:Introduction on Measuring open data maturity summarises how open data maturity is measured within the assessment following the methodology update conducted in March 2022.Chapters 1-4 provide a detailed assessment of the four open data dimensions in the 27 EU Member States,namely policy
65、,impact,portal,and quality.Chapter 5 offers an overview of open data maturity in countries outside the EU27 that participated in the 2022 edition of the assessment.4 https:/data.europa.eu/en/impact-studies/open-data-maturity OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 12 Chapter 6 presents the clustering of the
66、countries into four categories according to their performance,ranging from beginner to followers,fast-trackers and trend-setters,and includes key insights into each grouping.Chapter 7 outlines a set of recommendations for the countries depending on the cluster with which they are associated,with an
67、indicative guidance for policymakers,portal owners,and other stakeholders to bring their agenda on open data forward.Finally,the conclusions underline the main takeaways and reflections from the 2022 landscaping exercise.Measuring Measuring O Open pen D Data ata MMaturityaturity This is the eighth e
68、dition of the annual open data maturity assessment.In the period 2015-2017 the ODM measurement was built on two key indicators:readiness and maturity,covering national policy developments and the corresponding level of sophistication for national open data portals.A first update to the methodology w
69、as carried out in 2018 to better reflect the open data developments taking place across Europe.The 2018 methodology became more ambitious and comprehensive and set a stronger focus on the quality of open data as well as on the reuse and impact derived from open data.The scope of the assessment has s
70、ince been broadened to comprise four dimensions:policy,impact,portal,and quality.Every year,the data is collected through a questionnaire sent to the national open data representatives working in collaboration with the European Commission and the Public Sector Information(PSI)Expert Group.While the
71、assessment was born as an exercise focused on EU Member States,over the years it has expanded to include countries in Europe that are not part of the EU,such as EFTA countries and candidate countries.The questionnaire sent to participating countries is structured along the four open data dimensions
72、and includes detailed metrics for each dimension to assess the level of maturity.Dimensions and metrics have been maintained since 2018 to improve clarity or address ambiguities in response to the open data representatives feedback.This year,a revision of the methodology was conducted.The goal was t
73、o further challenge European countries in their open data maturity level and keep pace with policy changes in the field.To this aim,all four dimensions and related questions were reviewed.For policy,portal,and quality,no major restructuring took place,but questions were streamlined to better include
74、 regional and local realities and specific types of open data.In this latter respect,an important update of this years methodology is a stronger focus on countries level of preparedness for the European Commissions upcoming implementing regulation on high-value datasets.In line with this,questions r
75、egarding high-value datasets were added to all four dimensions:policy,impact,portal,and quality.These questions explicitly ask about preparatory measures that countries might have initiated in advance of the implementing regulation and the actions taken to date.The second major change to the 2022 me
76、thodology consists of the re-structuring of the open data impact dimension.The goal of this re-structuring is to better acknowledge the challenge countries face with assessing open data impact and to better distinguish between measuring the reuse of open data and the impact created through this reus
77、e.In fact,as rightfully pointed out by many countries in their feedback,having a reuse case does not equal having an impact.Therefore,the new open data impact dimension is now made up of three indicators:1.Strategic awareness,which,as in previous assessments,investigates how important it is for coun
78、tries to understand the level of reuse and the impact of open data on their territory;OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 13 2.Measuring reuse,a new indicator that analyses if and how countries,based on the above-scrutinised level of strategic awareness,measure the reuse of open data in their territory;3
79、.Creates impact,which looks at the impact created by open data reuse on the four impact areas used in previous studies:governmental(previously called political),social,environmental,and economic impact.The definitions of the four open data dimensions,including a more detailed description of the new
80、impact dimension,are outlined below.The detailed metrics per dimension are presented in the table.Open Data Policy focuses on the open data policies and strategies in place in the participating European countries.It analyses the national governance models and the measures,also at regional and local
81、level,applied to implement those policies and strategies.To achieve this,the dimension is based on the same three indicators used for last years assessment,namely policy framework,governance of open data,and open data implementation5.In line with the methodology update conducted in 2022,however,some
82、 additional questions were brought in for each indicator.The aim is to better consider federal and regional realities in Europe as well as to focus on the promotion of specific types of data,such as geospatial data,citizen-generated data,and high-value datasets.In addition,the objective of the conte
83、nt and order update of this dimensions questions is to investigate further the alignment of European policies and strategies with the priorities of the European Commission for 2019-20246.Overarching objectives and challenges of the countries are also considered.Open Data Impact analyses the willingn
84、ess,preparedness and ability of European countries to measure both the reuse and the impact of open data.Firstly,the dimension investigates how prepared countries are to measure the level of reuse and the impact of open data within their territory.This reflects the first indicator,strategic awarenes
85、s,which was also used in previous editions of the study.Secondly,the focus is placed on if and how countries measure the reuse of open data and with which methods.This is done through the newly added indicator measuring reuse.Finally,the dimension concentrates on gathering data on the impact created
86、 within the four impact areas that have been considered in previous Open Data Maturity assessments,namely the governmental(previously political),societal,environmental,and economic impact areas.This is achieved through the third indicator,created impact.Open Data Portal focuses on the analysis of th
87、e national open data portal.It undertakes an in-depth analysis on the features and advanced functions,providing a successful user experience.Additionally,the dimension assesses the extent to which portal managers use web analytics tools to better understand their users needs and behaviour and update
88、 a portals features in line with the insights gained from these analyses.The dimension examines the open data coverage across different domains,as well as the approach and measures in place to ensure the portals sustainability.Open Data Quality focuses on the measures adopted by portal managers to e
89、nsure the systematic harvesting of metadata from sources across the country,as well as the currency of the available metadata and,where possible,the actual data.The dimension also monitors the compliance with the DCAT-AP metadata standard,as well as the quality of deployment of the published data.Th
90、e fourth dimension provides all-round quality impulses for portal managers and policymakers:using open data 5 For further details on the sub-indicators,please refer to the methodological papers section on Detailed dimensions and metrics.6 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024_en OPE
91、N DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 14 formats and licenses,that data is machine-readable and of high-quality,and suitable to a linked data approach.Dimension Metrics Open Data Policy Policy framework Governance of open data Open data implementation Open Data Impact Strategic awareness Measuring reuse Creat
92、ed impact Open Data Portal Portal features Portal usage Data provision Portal sustainability Open Data Quality Currency Monitoring and measures DCAT-AP compliance Deployment quality and linked data OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 15 Chapter 1:Open Data PolicyChapter 1:Open Data Policy in the EUin the
93、 EU2727 This dimension focuses on the open data policies and strategies in place in the EU countries,the national governance models to manage open data and the measures applied to implement those policies and strategies.To do so,the dimension is based on the same three indicators used for last years
94、 assessment,namely policy framework,governance of open data,and open data implementation.In line with the methodology update conducted in 2022,some additional questions were brought in for each indicator.The aim is to better consider regional and local realities in the EU as well as to focus on the
95、promotion of specific types of data,such as geospatial data,citizen-generated data and more high-value datasets in general.In addition,the update to the content and order of this dimensions questions is designed to investigate further the alignment of EU Member States open data policies and strategi
96、es with the priorities of the European Commission for 2019-20247.Overarching objectives and challenges are also considered.The table below summarises the indicators of the open data policy dimension:Metric Key elements Policy framework An open data policy and strategy are in place at national level
97、to provide a long-term strategic vision and action plan for open data.The strategies incentivise open data reuse in both the public and private sectors,as well as access to real-time,geospatial and citizen-generated data.Preparatory activities regarding high-value datasets are in place and the polic
98、ies and strategies align with the European Commissions priorities for 2019-2024.Governance of open data Governance models and regular coordination activities across public sector bodies are in place to ensure the publication of open data at all government levels and support local and regional open d
99、ata initiatives.A regular exchange between open data providers and reusers from academia,business and other non-governmental organisations is also foreseen.Open data implementation Data publication plans and implementing processes exist.The number of public bodies that charge above marginal costs fo
100、r open data is also monitored.Training activities for civil servants working with data are organised,along with society-wide open data literacy initiatives.1.11.1 Policy frameworkPolicy framework The first indicator policy framework analyses the open data policies,strategies,and action plans in the
101、EU27 from a national and sub-national perspective.In particular,this indicator explores the measures in the mentioned plans and investigates whether actions exist to support access to and discoverability of specific types of data,such as real-time data,geospatial data and citizen-generated data.Furt
102、hermore,the first indicator looks into measures that are in place to incentivise the reuse of open data by both private organisations and public sector bodies,including,for example,data inventories to facilitate such reuse.7 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024_en OPEN DATA MATURIT
103、Y REPORT 2022 16 In contrast to last years edition,the policy framework indicator also provides an overview of whether EU Member States align the objectives of their policies with the six overarching European Commissions priorities for 2019-20248,namely:-A European Green Deal9 Transforming the EU in
104、to a modern,resource-efficient and competitive economy,while preserving Europes natural environment,tackling climate change and making Europe carbon-neutral and resource-efficient by 2050.-A Europe fit for the digital age10 Embracing digital transformation by investing in businesses,research and inn
105、ovation,reforming data protection,empowering people with the skills necessary for a new generation of technologies and designing rules to match.-An economy that works for people11 Strengthening the EU economy while securing jobs and reducing inequalities,supporting businesses,deepening the economic
106、and monetary union and completing the banking and capital markets union.-A stronger Europe in the world12 Strengthening the EUs voice on the world stage by improving its standing as a champion of strong,open and fair trade,multilateralism and a rules-based global order.Boosting relations with neighb
107、ouring countries and partners as well as strengthening the EUs ability to manage crises based on civilian and military capabilities.-Promoting our European way of life13 Upholding fundamental rights and the rule of law as a bastion of equality,tolerance and social fairness.Addressing security risks,
108、protecting and empowering consumers,as well as developing a system for legal and safe migration while effectively managing the EUs external borders,modernising the EUs asylum system and cooperating closely with partner countries.-A new push for European democracy14 Strengthening Europes democratic p
109、rocesses by deepening relations with the European Parliament and national parliaments,protecting EU democracy from external interference,ensuring transparency and integrity throughout the legislative process,as well as engaging more widely with Europeans in shaping the EUs future.In addition,the ind
110、icator throws light on the implementation challenges met and the measures to address them by each country.Finally,the policy framework indicator considers whether the EU27 have been taking any preparatory steps in view of the soon to be adopted implementing regulation on high-value datasets.This reg
111、ulation provides a list of datasets whose reuse can have major benefits for society and the economy.It is based on the principal EU legislation regulating open data and the reuse of public sector information(PSI),also known as Open Data Directive(Directive(EU)2019/1024)15.The Directive,which the Mem
112、ber States were obliged to transpose into their national legislation by July 2021,forms the basis for the reuse of data from the public sector and is the result of a significant EU policy effort that started in 200316.The Open Data Directive aims to overcome the barriers that still prevent the full
113、reuse of public sector information by encouraging Member States to facilitate the reuse of public 8 See above 9 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024_en 10 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age_en 11 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/prioritie
114、s-2019-2024/economy-works-people_en 12 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/stronger-europe-world_en 13 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/promoting-our-european-way-life_en 14 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/new-push-european-democracy_en
115、 15 https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L1024 16 https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0098 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 17 sector data with a specific focus on publishing datasets that have a high potential economic and societal impact(the so
116、-called high-value datasets).17 The adoption of the implementing regulation on high-value datasets is still an ongoing process.After adoption by the European Commission,a public consultation was open between May and June 2022.Following this,the draft was submitted for opinion to the Open Data Commit
117、tee,which is composed of Member States representatives.The implementing regulation will be adopted in late 2022 or early 2023 and begin to apply 16 months later.In sum,this indicator provides a first glimpse of the approach that Member States will use to implement the upcoming regulation,although no
118、t yet publicly available.The following sub-paragraphs will discuss open data policies,open data strategies,action plans in the EU27,access and discoverability,plans to support the reuse of open data,and national priorities.1.1.11.1.1 Open data policiesOpen data policies While all EU27 countries have
119、 an open data policy framework in place,approaches vary.Some Member States have laws transposing the Open Data Directive and previous EU Directives as the main element of their open policy framework.In Denmark,the Act Amending the Law on the Reuse of Public Sector Information18 of 10 May 2021(PSI-lo
120、ven)implements the Open Data Directive 2019/1024 of 20 June 2019.In Ireland,the Open Data Directive was transposed into Irish Law on 22 July 2021 through Statutory Instrument 376/2021,the European Union(Open Data and Reuse of Public Sector Information)Regulations 2021.Moreover,an official government
121、 circular19 was issued in December 2021,providing instructions and guidance for all public service organisations on implementing the Open Data Directive.In Portugal,a law was published in August 2021(Law No.68/202120)to transpose the Open Data Directive 1024/2019.Among several topics,this law focuse
122、s on catalogues and inventories of documents and data available for reuse,including dynamic data and real-time data,with special attention paid to high-value datasets.Other countries rely on extensive policy frameworks dedicated to open data,including task forces and green papers on data publishing.
123、In Poland,the Chancellery of the Prime Minister(CPM)pursues open data policy through the Open Data Programme and Open Data Act21.It also relies on open data projects,open data standards22 and its Repository for Science and Culture Resources23projects.In Austria,a Task Force on Public Sector Informat
124、ion and Open Data24 has been set up within the Federal Ministry for Digital and Economic Affairs with regard to implementing the Open Data and Public Sector Information Directive 2019/1024 and determining high-value datasets,as well as for promoting an open data policy.17 https:/digital-strategy.ec.
125、europa.eu/en/policies/psi-open-data 18 https:/www.retsinformation.dk/eli/accn/A20210176429 19 https:/www.gov.ie/en/circular/523a7-circular-202021-open-data-directive/20 https:/dre.pt/dre/detalhe/lei/68- 21 https:/dane.gov.pl/pl/knowledgebase/useful-materials/program-otwierania-danych-n
126、a-lata-2021-2027 22 https:/dane.gov.pl/pl/knowledgebase/useful-materials/standardy-otwartosci-danych 23 https:/www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/kronik-krajowe-repozytorium-obiektow-nauki-i-kultury ;https:/kronika.gov.pl/;https:/konferencjakronika.pl/24 https:/www.bmdw.gv.at/Themen/Europa/OesterreichinderEU
127、/Open-Data-und-PSI.html OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 18 In Estonia,in addition to the Public Information Act(PIA)25 regulating data publishing in Estonia,including regulations regarding open data publishing,reuse of open data,and high-value datasets,there is also a green paper on machine-readable
128、open government data26,which gives guidelines on open data publishing.Furthermore,Member States also include open data policies in broader strategic plans on data and digital government.In Slovenia,the open data policy is included in a larger legislative framework.This is made up of provisions27 to
129、the Access to Public Information Act that implements the EU Reuse Directive and the Integrity and Prevention of Corruption Act28,as well a strategic set-up,which includes the Strategy of the development of the Public Administration29 and the Open Data of the Public Sector the Strategic Working Plan
130、for .In Bulgaria,the open data principles are embedded in the National Updated eGovernment Strategy ,which provides for the implementation of a Registry reform,decreasing the use of unstructured data and setting obligatory compliance with the open data principle(data generated
131、by the public sector shall be in an open-machine-readable format,allowing for its reuse).1.1.21.1.2 Open data strategies Open data strategies Similar to last year,96%of respondents have adopted an open data strategy or an equivalent.Most countries have developed a dedicated strategy exclusively focu
132、sing on open data or have the open data aspect embedded into broader digital strategies.In Belgium,the Projet de note stratgique pour une stratgie fdrale open data32 focuses,among others,on the concept of open by default,economic aspects of open data,and the interaction with the community.To impleme
133、nt these concepts,14 principles are put forward,among which are simple licencing models,five-stars-quality datasets,a task force of open data champions,etc.In Luxembourg,the open data strategy33 foresees the following points:-public sector institutions are invited to make their data available as muc
134、h as possible,and to profit from existing open data;-availability of complete and normalised metadata is an important factor in the open data project;-datasets are to be made available online by the data producers,either at their own websites or at the level of the national open data portal,where al
135、l existing data should be registered.Links and APIs are to be used to avoid double storage of data and versioning differences and to permit access to live data;-quality and precision of the tags assigned to the datasets allow for a focused search.25 https:/www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/ee/5/
136、consolide/current 26 https:/www.riha.ee/api/v1/systems/eaatv/files/cdbfa8bd-2594-8ad3-6022-ff3d3dbf6781 27 http:/pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=ZAKO3336 28 http:/www.pisrs.si/Pis.web/pregledPredpisa?id=URED6941#29 https:/nio.gov.si/nio/asset/strategija+razvoja+javne+uprave+2015+2020 30 https:/p
137、odatki.gov.si/sites/default/files/reports/Open%20Data_Strates%CC%8Cki%20delovni%20plan_julij2020.pdf 31 https:/bit.ly/3A0tCoR 32 https:/data.gov.be/sites/default/files/public/content/compressed_fr-strategisch-dossier.pdf 33 https:/data.public.lu/fr/strategy/OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 19 In Cypru
138、s,the National Strategy is based on four main pillars:-providing the required legal framework that promotes and encourages the supply of high quality and Public Sector Information for reuse(free or marginal cost,simple licences,dispute mechanism,etc);-providing the necessary infrastructu
139、re for the dissemination of Public Sector Information in the form of a National Open Data Portal that is modern and fit for purpose;-maintaining,expanding and supporting(through the provision of training,etc.)the already existing network of Public Sector Information Liaison Officers;-promoting Publi
140、c Sector Information in both private and public sectors through joint events and facilitating constant dialogue between suppliers and users.Similar to last year,74%of Member States have updated either their strategy or their main open data policy within the past 24 months.In Finland,the new governme
141、nt resolution35 on the opening up and use of public data was drafted during 2021 and published in early 2022.The Ministry of Finances Opening Up and Using Public Data36 is facilitating processes and creating strategic documents and recommendations.The project promotes wider and more effective use of
142、 public data throughout society,while strengthening and making concrete these information policy and strategy goals.In Germany,the Federal Governments Open Data Strategy37,adopted on 6 July 2021,provides a framework for action to improve the Federal Open Data Ecosystem.Over a five-year period,the Op
143、en Data Strategy covers three areas of action,with a total of 68 implementation measures taken by different federal ministries and authorities.It enhances the use and share of public data with information packages,webinars and other activities in order to support the data holders and publishers as w
144、ell as the large number of other stakeholders.The three strands of action are:improving the provision of data and developing data infrastructures;increasing public interest and responsible use of data;and promoting data literacy and a data culture to increase the quality and usability of data provid
145、ed.In Sweden,the government proposed a new law38 on making data from the public sector available.The amendments to the law entered into force on 1 August 2022.Besides the national provisions,in 70%of the EU Member States local and regional public entities defined an open data policy or strategy.In L
146、ithuania,the national open data policy is mandatory,but at the same time authorities at local level are allowed to have their own strategies implementing national policy and national strategy.For instance,the Vilnius municipality has its own agenda on open data and its open data webpage39.1.1.31.1.3
147、 Action plansAction plans Compared to 2021,one more EU country indicated that it had an action plan to support the delivery of the policies and goals contained in the previously reported open data strategies.This means 26 out 34 https:/bit.ly/3rqdWGL 35 https:/julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi/bitstream/h
148、andle/10024/164023/VN_2022_33.pdf 36 https:/vm.fi/en/opening-up-and-using-public-data ;https:/ 37 https:/www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/publikationen/themen/moderne-verwaltung/open-data-strategie-der-bundesregierung.html 38 https:/www.regeringen.se/rattsliga-dokument/proposition/2022/04/pro
149、p.-202122225/39 https:/api.vilnius.lt/OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 20 of 27 Member States have a list of criteria and measures to be implemented in the open data field.For example:In Slovakia,the National Strategy of the Informatisation of the Public Administration 202140 defines the following mea
150、sures in the area of open data:-to transpose into legislative framework PSI Directive 2019;-to ensure that public bodies will publish information primarily as open data,in open formats and register them at data.gov.sk;-to publish high-value datasets via API;-to provide methodological,technical,educa
151、tional support to public bodies and make available reusable technical solutions that will help publish data;-to support accessibility of research data by FAIR(findability,accessibility,interoperability,and reusability)principles41 incorporated into national measures;-to implement measuring methodolo
152、gies,tools,standards,and principles.Slovakia is currently working on the actualisation of this action plan with a detailed description of goals,milestones and measures.Additionally,a working paper on the strategic priority management of data is ongoing.In France,in a circular42 in April 2021,the Pri
153、me Minister underlined that the national data policy must be a strategic priority for the state and its relations with local authorities and private actors.The circular mandates that:-all ministries,as well as all regional state authorities(prfets),have to nominate a Chief Data Officer(CDO)in order
154、to ensure open data governance at the highest hierarchical level;-the Interministerial Director for Digital Affairs,acting as General Data Administrator,will coordinate the network of CDOs;-an ombudsman for general interest data will be nominated to negotiate with private actors that have data deeme
155、d to be of general interest;-the Ministry of Research will set up a charter to speed up the processing of requests from researchers wishing to access data;-each ministry will need to animate the ecosystems of data and source code reusers in order to identify high value-added datasets,define possible
156、 standards and encourage sharing,with a focus on the Open Government Partnership forum as an arena for such exchanges;-each ministry will have to set up a roadmap for data,algorithms and source code strategy,with actions and deadlines.The roadmap will also list the skills in those fields within the
157、personnel of the ministries;-open data will be referenced in the national portal data.gouv.fr.Moreover,the French Government made a commitment to open more high-impact key datasets,APIs,and source codes in the near future43.40 https:/www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Narodna-koncepcia-info
158、rmatizacie-verejnej-spravy-2021.pdf 41 https:/www.go-fair.org/fair-principles/42 https:/www.legifrance.gouv.fr/circulaire/id/45162 43 https:/www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/tableau-de-suivi-des-ouvertures-de-donnees-codes-sources-et-api-publics-avril-2021/OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 21 In Hungary,mo
159、re than 30 actions related to open data were proposed in the white paper on national data policy,which the government is currently deciding on.Furthermore,the adopted AI strategy has dedicated actions of data policy and data economy44.1.1.41.1.4 Access to and discoverability of realAccess to and dis
160、coverability of real-time,geospatial,and citizentime,geospatial,and citizen-generated datagenerated data Real-time and geospatial Real-time data is information that changes and needs updating at very frequent intervals,in most cases several times a minute.This data can be either dynamic(e.g.,a varia
161、ble indicating current location)or static(e.g.,a fresh log entry indicating location at a specific time).Access to real-time and dynamic data is most commonly provided via an application programming interface(API).Examples of real-time and dynamic data could be a weather system,which automatically r
162、etrieves real-time data from weather stations to continuously improve and update its forecast,or a public transport app that informs passengers not just of the timetables,but of the actual position of the bus they are waiting for and the estimated time of arrival.Geospatial data is data that contain
163、s information on properties that are linked to a position,a specific address,on earth.Geospatial data can,but does not need to be,real-time.Examples of geospatial data include satellite imagery,and cell phone data based on GPS location coordinates,but also census data tied to specific geographic are
164、as.Both geospatial and real-time/dynamic data are a key topic in the Open Data Directive45.It is therefore not surprising that 89%of EU Member States state that their national strategies and policies outline measures incentivising the publication of and access to real-time or dynamic data.This is 4
165、percentage points more than last year.Similarly,81%of the EU27 affirm the same when it comes to geospatial data.In Malta,the national data strategy under consultation and the previous one46 require APIs to facilitate integration with the National Data Portal.At the same time,Malta is working on an o
166、fficial APIs Guidelines and Standards document to facilitate interoperability.On the other hand,real-time or dynamic data update frequency schedules are the responsibility of the register owners.In Romania,the law transposing the Open Data Directive47 includes provisions on the obligation to publish
167、 real-time data,as well as geospatial data,with the requirement to provide geo-location to all published data,where available.In Denmark,the implementation of the Open Data Directive48 requires that dynamic data,when made available,is done so through API access and,if relevant,mass download.Moreover
168、,the federal strategy for digitisation49 launched in May 2022 includes a national plan for mobility data(action 18)and a test of intelligent transport systems(action 40).These will increase the access to and usability of real-time traffic data.In France,in the Ministry of Ecological Transitions data
169、,algorithms and source codes policy roadmap50,the latter explicitly commits to build the Goplateforme,a public geospatial data space in the form of an open and mutualised geographical data platform with shared governance.In the roadmap of the 44 https:/ai- 45 https:/eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/E
170、N/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019L1024 46 https:/mita.gov.mt/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Data-Driven-Public-Administration-Malta.pdf 47 https:/legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/256414 48 https:/www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2021/176 49 https:/fm.dk/media/25845/danmarks-digitaliseringsstrategi-sammen-
171、om-den-digitale-udvikling_web.pdf 50 https:/www.numerique.gouv.fr/uploads/feuillederoute_mte_mer.pdf OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 22 Ministry of Territorial Cohesion51,action 1 is centred around geospatial data with the objective to provide territories with a tool for observing and steering territ
172、orial dynamics.The territorial information system must gather different sources of data(GIS,business data,data on the management of public policies,etc.)to have a 360 vision of the whole territory.In the Czech Republic,the amendment of the Free Access to Information Act No.106/1999 Sb52empowers publ
173、ic bodies to publish geospatial data as open data(free of charge,machine readable,via API)in accordance with the Open Data Directive.Moreover,the objective of the Information Conception fosters the development and operation of information systems managing geospatial data with the further development
174、 of geospatial information as open data.Citizen-generated data Citizen-generated data is the data that people,or their organisations,produce to directly monitor,demand or drive change on issues that affect them.In other words,citizen-generated data is data produced by people for people.Among the con
175、crete use cases are open street maps,which allow citizens to annotate maps with data on physical features like buildings and infrastructure,as well as data on incidents or violations.Only 33%of EU Member States report to have measures that incentivise the publication of and access to citizen-generat
176、ed data in their national policies or strategies.This is in line with the results of the data.europa.eu publication Data.europa.eu and Citizen generated Data53,which states these types of data sources are not widely represented in open data portals as,by design,they have been mainly focused on data
177、directly generated and managed by public administrations.In Austria,the Open Science Policy Austria54 adopted in 2022 is geared towards enhancing the contribution of citizen science and citizen-generated data.In Cyprus,it is possible to publish on the national open data portal citizen-generated data
178、 that was initially based on government open data in the form of related content.An example is provided by the declarations of assets of Certain Publicly Exposed Persons and Certain Officials of the Republic of Cyprus,based on the legislation on Pothen Esches55.In Estonia,one item of the Digital Age
179、nda 203056 is achieving human-centric digital government.Therefore,Estonia plans to educate people on data-related topics(e.g.,data publishing)through different events like open data forums.In addition,Estonia is working on making the national data portal even more user-friendly to allow open data p
180、ublication to become even easier.20 out of the EU27 respondents also affirm that their policies and strategies foster the discoverability of the aforementioned types of data from their country on data.europa.eu.1.1.51.1.5 Supporting the reuse of open dataSupporting the reuse of open data Key for the
181、 Open Data Directive is stimulating open data reuse,which is visible in the national open data instruments of the Member States.As in 2021,89%of the EU Member States report in 2022 that their open data policies and strategies outline measures to support the reuse of open data by the 51 https:/www.nu
182、merique.gouv.fr/uploads/feuillederoute_mctrct.pdf 52 https:/www.mvcr.cz/soubor/act-on-free-access-to-information-1999-pdf.aspx 53 https:/data.europa.eu/sites/default/files/report/data.europa.eu_Report_Citizen-generateddataondata_europa_eu.pdf 54 https:/www.bmbwf.gv.at/Themen/HS-Uni/Hochschulgovernan
183、ce/Leitthemen/Digitalisierung/Open-Science/Open-Science-Policy-Austria.html 55 https:/bit.ly/3NZdnNe 56 https:/www.mkm.ee/media/6970/download OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 23 public sector.85%state that these measures are expected to foster reuse of open data by the private sector.For example:In th
184、e Netherlands,several measures are present in the national data strategy57 to support open data and data-driven policymaking.For example,governmental organisations working with data can receive technical,ethical and legal advice on how to use and reuse data in their projects in a responsible manner.
185、Furthermore,the government is working on a Data Manifest that aims to collect the most important principles surrounding data-driven work from civil servants and citizens.In Greece,the General Secretariat for Digital Governance and Process Simplification organises an annual competition for the Digita
186、l Governance Awards58.The purpose of the competition is to reward civil servants and officials whose actions and ideas have contributed to the digital transformation of the Greek Public Administration,including through reuse of open data.In Ireland,theme 4 of the Open Data Strategy specifies the sup
187、ports to be put in place to encourage businesses in the reuse of open data.These supporting initiatives include to:-develop business strategies to exploit open data and develop products and services to improve quality of life and create jobs;-identify data domains to be released where potential econ
188、omic benefits may be delivered;-build analytics and usage capacity;-consider ways to support SMEs and start-ups to use open data.In Croatia,the reuse of open data by the private sector is mostly incentivised through the organisation of public events for different target groups and by providing onlin
189、e education(e.g.,webinars)about the reuse of open data.Similar to last year,to facilitate open data reuse,93%of EU countries have open data strategies that make the carrying out and maintaining of a data inventory by public bodies mandatory,whether this is at national or local level.Within this grou
190、p of respondents,88%indicate that these data inventories also include the data collected by public bodies that cannot be published as open data.Prioritising highPrioritising high-value datasetsvalue datasets As previously mentioned,the European Commission is in the process of developing an EU regula
191、tion concerning a list of high-value datasets held by the public sector,i.e.,datasets with a high potential economic and societal impact.This year,96%of EU Member States affirm that they are working on identifying high-value data domains to be prioritised for publication.In particular,as shown in Fi
192、gure 5:High-value dataset categories most prioritised by the EU27,all EU27 countries are prioritising statistics.Specific data categories that Member States are prioritising are geospatial(96%),earth observation and environment(92%),and meteorological data(88%).57 https:/www.digitaleoverheid.nl/docu
193、ment/interbestuurlijke-datastrategie-2021/58 https:/www.secdigital.gov.gr/diagonismos-vraveion-psifiakis-diaky/OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 24 Figure 5:High-value dataset categories most prioritised by the EU27 96%of Member States also report to have measures in place to assist other stakeholders
194、involvement in this prioritisation process.In 81%of the cases,these measures take the form of regular consultations.15%of respondents also indicate other measures.For example:In Lithuania,besides regular consultations,the Open Data Board59 was established by the Ministry of Economy and Innovations t
195、o reflect and understand users needs.It brings together representatives from public sector bodies,business,academia,and society.One of the Open Data Board meetings was dedicated to the evaluation of prioritized open datasets.In Luxembourg,a strategic collaboration with statistic administration STATE
196、C is in place to define the dataset structure and options for metadata harvesting,as well as script creation to harvest the entire contents of the countrys national statistics.Finally,93%of EU countries confirm that they are preparing for public bodies holding high-value datasets to denote those dat
197、asets in their metadata following the publication of the related EU implementing regulation.In Italy,the guidelines60 for implementation of the Legislative Decree No.36/2006(amended by the Legislative Decree No.200/2021 transposing the Open Data Directive),which are currently under public consultati
198、on,also underline that the national metadata profile guidance(for both spatial and open data)will be updated in order to provide specific requirements and recommendations for denoting the high-value datasets as such in their metadata,also following common indications given at EU level(such as in the
199、 INSPIRE context geospatial category).In Poland,the Chancellery of the Prime Minister started a consultation with all Polish ministries,subordinate units,and Statistics Poland on the draft implementing regulation on high-value datasets.A constant exchange of information with key stakeholders and the
200、 network of Open Data Officers is also ensured.Moreover,high-value datasets can already be marked on the national open data portal.59 https:/sirex.lt/posts/2021/atviru-duomenu-poreikis/60 https:/docs.italia.it/AgID/documenti-in-consultazione/lg-opendata-docs/it/bozza/principi-generali/serie-di-dati-
201、di-elevato-valore.html 0%20%40%60%80%100%Companies and company ownershipMobilityMeteorologicalEarth observation and environmentGeospatialStatisticsOPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 25 1.1.61.1.6 Priorities Priorities 25 out of 27 EU Member States indicate that the objectives and actions of their nation
202、al open data policies or strategies align with one or more of the European Commission priorities for (Figure 6).Unsurprisingly,A Europe fit for the digital age is the priority that most closely aligns with the policy approach of the respondents(84%).This is followed by An economy that wor
203、ks for people(80%),a result that fits well into the recovery phase in which European economies find themselves post COVID-19.The priority A new push for European democracy seems also to be a common point(76%),as proved by the fact that several Member States have transparency,anti-corruption,or citiz
204、ens as key words for their overarching policy priorities.More than half of respondents(60%)report policies and strategies aligning with the European Commissions priority for A European Green Deal.In France,the actions in the ministerial roadmaps include the digitalisation of public services(e.g.,50
205、actions in the roadmap of the Ministry of Civil Service and Public Transformation,including actions on the once-only principle,opening data on the efficacy of public services through Services Publics+).Among all the actions,68 focus on training civil servants.In Germany,the main idea behind the amen
206、dment of Section 12a of the EGovG(2nd open data Act)and the data use Act in 2021 was to improve the provision of open data for a broad user field,quoted in the explanatory memorandum:Open machine-readable data,especially in real time,offer great potential for innovative business models for the priva
207、te sector,especially for small and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)and start-ups.At the same time,open data means that administrative processes become more effective,transparent and comprehensible.Open data has a positive impact focus on civic participation and civil society,fosters trust in governanc
208、e and forms the basis for value creation and innovation.Science and research also benefit from the improved provision and use of public sector data.In Portugal,the CTIC Strategy 2021-2026 focuses,among others,on increasing the transparency of the main services and essential areas of the state throug
209、h the provision of dashboards from the reuse of open data available on the national open data portal.Moreover,the Strategy for Innovation and Modernization of the State and Public Administration 2020-2023 mentions as its strategic objective 10 the intention to manage the data ecosystem with security
210、 and transparency.In fact,using data to improve analytics,including ethically supported by artificial intelligence,is essential for informed decision making.For this,it is crucial to promote trust when developing secure systems at each stage of the digital transformation.This takes into account the
211、maximum requirement of information assurance,meaning the permanent verification of the properties of integrity,availability,authenticity,non-repudiation and confidentiality.61 See above OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 26 Figure 6:EU27 alignment with one or more of the European Commission priorities f
212、or 2019-2024 1.21.2 Governance of open dataGovernance of open data The second indicator governance of open data considers both the governance structure and availability in place for the publication of open data at governmental levels(including regional and local ones).In addition,the indicator consi
213、ders the appointment of official roles in civil service that are dedicated to open data.It also looks at the regular exchange of knowledge and experiences within the public sector,meaning between the national open data team and the wider network of open data officers,as well as between public bodies
214、 as open data providers and academia,businesses,and citizens as open data reusers.The following sub-paragraphs will discuss governance structures and the network of open data officers and reusers.1.2.11.2.1 Governance structuresGovernance structures All 27 EU Member States indicate that they have a
215、governance structure in place to enable the participation and inclusion of various open data stakeholders.This means that actors are engaged at different public body and government level(national,local,regional)and private and third sector actors active in the open data field are involved.The govern
216、ance structure can follow different models.For example,there could be a strong central coordination(top-down approach)or a more decentralised structure in which initiatives are developed and pursued from the bottom-up,i.e.,starting with the local level and with little central guidance.A mix of these
217、 approaches is also possible.The majority(70%)of Member States use a hybrid model for governing open data in their countries.Among these countries,count federal states,like Austria,Belgium and Germany.The remaining 30%of EU27 countries implement a top-down approach.For example,this is the case in le
218、ss populated countries,such as Malta,Estonia,and Slovenia.Like last year,none of the Member States follow exclusively a bottom-up governance structure.Whether hybrid or top-down,the open data governance structure of 25 out of 27 EU Member States ensures that local and regional open data initiatives
219、are facilitated and supported at the national level.0%20%40%60%80%100%A stronger Europe in the worldPromoting our European way of lifeA European Green DealA new push for European democracyAn economy that works for peopleA Europe fit for the digital ageOPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 27 48%of countrie
220、s report that this is done for all open data initiatives,while 22%affirm this includes most or some initiatives.In almost all Member States,at least some local and regional public bodies conduct open data initiatives.With respect to last year,a slight decrease can be seen in Figure 7,which shows tha
221、t two fewer EU countries report approximately half of the public bodies at regional or local level initiate open data activities.We also see that there has been an increase of two Member States who indicate few local or regional public bodies doing this.Figure 7:The amount of local or regional publi
222、c bodies that conduct open data initiatives compared to 2021 70%of EU Member States report that both the governance structure and their operating model,including the people and the team responsible for open data activities,are published online and accessible to the public.For 78%of countries in the
223、EU,a document describing the responsibilities and working approach of the national,and eventually regional and/or local,open data team exists and is retrievable online.1.2.21.2.2 Network of open data officers and reusersNetwork of open data officers and reusers To promote and encourage open data pub
224、lication by the different public bodies in a country and across the different levels of governance,it may be beneficial to have a network of open data officers acting as contact points for all matters related to open data.Similar to last year,23 out of 27 Member States foresee such roles in their go
225、vernance structures.In Cyprus,these figures are called Open Data Liaison Officers and their duties include:-support and advise public sector bodies on open data and Public Sector Information issues(e.g.,legislation,licensing,formats,etc);-identify,collect and upload public sector bodies new datasets
226、 to www.data.gov.cy;-be responsible for updating datasets of public sector bodies;-handle data requests;-promote an open data culture in their organisation.OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 28 In Luxembourg,the freedom of information law mandates every public sector body to name responsible people for
227、the publication of documents(agents chargs de la communication de documents).They are also responsible for the publication of these documents on the national open data portal as the central access point for open data,in line with the Prime Ministers circular letter from 2018.In Ireland,a network of
228、Open Data Liaison Officers62 has been established within public service organisations who act as a point of contact for open data.Their function is to promote the publication of open data and promote the availability of open data training,etc.within their respective organisations.More than 90 such o
229、fficers are now in place,actively promoting open data and the publication of open data within their organisation.In Slovakia,the Resolution of the Government of the Slovak republic no.346/2017 defines the obligation for the ministries to appoint the position of data steward(curator)within their orga
230、nisations63.The resolution also provides a recommended job description for data stewards and more precise definitions of the role and obligations are currently being drafted.In general,data stewards meet on a regular basis within dedicated working groups and are in touch with the open data team to r
231、esolve ad hoc issues.They keep track of goals and obligations in the area of open data and steer their achievement.Besides ensuring an active dialogue amongst open data officers,open data governance also means nurturing a regular exchange with all the open data stakeholders:the national team for ope
232、n data policy,the team dedicated to the open data portal,and the open data reusers from academia,business,and other non-governmental organisations.In this regard,96%of the EU27 report a regular exchange of knowledge and experiences between the national open data team and the team maintaining the nat
233、ional portal,as it is often the case that this is the same team.Similarly,96%of Member States also indicate that the national open data(portal)team and the wider network of open data officers regularly meet,discuss,and align.In Spain,the team leading the national open data initiative has established
234、 mechanisms to facilitate two-way communication of news items.The permanent mechanisms open for communicating news from the national team to the open data community(known as RISP)managers include:-monthly relevant information campaigns aimed specifically at the network of open data managers;-fortnig
235、htly newsletter with news in the field of open data a newsletter to which many of these managers are subscribed;-monthly meeting of the General State Administration Data Group,which discusses new issues regarding open data,among other topics;-sectoral meetings with those responsible for open data fr
236、om the regional governments.The communication channels for those responsible for RISP with the national team are a mailbox specifically for collecting new items these managers want to report,as well as for any type of feedback;a mailbox in which RISP managers can post technical and methodological qu
237、eries,as well as communication channels open to any type of suggestion.In addition to these communication channels,work meetings are held to exchange open data practices between the RISP managers of certain public bodies and the national team.In Hungary,the National Data Asset Management Agency resp
238、onsible for the national data portal regularly exchanges knowledge and experiences with various public bodies dealing and managing with 62 https:/data.gov.ie/uploads/page_images/2018-05-23-105914.556125Role-of-Open-Data-Liaison-Officer-final.pdf 63 https:/data.gov.sk/dataset/datovi-kuratori-2022-05-
239、26 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 29 public data.In light of this,the Agency has several cooperation agreements with significant Hungarian organisations,e.g.,Hungarian Central Statistical Office,Educational Authority,Hungarian State Treasury,etc.A regular exchange between public sector bodies(i.e.,t
240、he data providers)and open data reusers(e.g.,academia,citizens,businesses)is also ensured by Member States,as proved by the examples below.In Finland,the Digital and Population Data Services Agency,with its open data team and national open data portal,conducts active information exchange with player
241、s and data owners in the field.At regional level,further networks and groups share information and experiences,such as the Regional Council of Southwest Finlands facilitated regional Open Data Network64.In Latvia,the national open data portal offers a form for each dataset where users can ask questi
242、ons and give recommendations to data publishers.Events and discussion organised by NGOs in the field of open data are also often supported by the experts from the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Regional Development(MEPRD)and other public institutions.The wider society is involved in policy
243、 planning and MEPRD consults stakeholders when deciding on open data policies and reports.In Sweden,this exchange takes place in several venues,such as within Hack for Sweden,through multiple events and meetups for knowledge sharing within the open data and innovation field.Another example is the NS
244、D project(National scale open data),which is open for all municipalities as a two-year-programme for open data,including knowledge exchange,education,and toolkits.1.31.3 Open data implementationOpen data implementation The third indicator open data implementation considers the level of implementatio
245、n of the open data policies and strategies undertaken by the EU27.It also assesses whether implementation plans and monitoring measures are in place to enable open data initiatives at the national,regional and local level.In this respect,challenges encountered by the EU Member States in the implemen
246、tation process are also analysed,along with the mitigating measures.In terms of implementation,the indicator further investigates planned activities to support data holders in their publication process.Finally,some perspective is given on training activities expected to enhance the data skills of ci
247、vil servants dealing with open data,as well as on multi-scale events promoting open data and open data literacy for the broader public.The following sub-paragraphs will discuss the implementation plans and monitoring processes of the EU27,activities to support the publication process,and available d
248、ata literacy trainings and events.1.3.11.3.1 Implementation plans and monitoring processesImplementation plans and monitoring processes Data publication plans and related monitoring mechanisms are needed to oversee progress across national and local public administrations and to plan interventions i
249、n the event of barriers.Most EU countries(23)provide evidence of the existence of such plans at central and/or individual public body level.In the Czech Republic65,one of the main tasks of the public body open data coordinators is to prepare an open data publication list(plan)with selected datasets
250、with identified risks and benefits,along with a time framework for publication.64 https:/kumppanuusfoorumi.fi/foorumi/avoimen-tiedon-verkosto/;https:/kumppanuusfoorumi.fi/posts/tervetuloa-aluetietofoorumiin-25-3-2021/;https:/kumppanuusfoorumi.fi/posts/tervetuloa-avoimen-tiedon-verkoston-etatapaamise
251、en/65 https:/opendata.gov.cz/standardy:vytvoreni-publikacniho-planu OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 30 In Poland,two types of plans currently exist:-Opening Data Schedules66 Open Data Officers monitor the timely publication of public data on the dane.gov.pl portal according to a defined roadmap and q
252、uality of data.Schedules are published on dane.gov.pl;-APIs development plan67 Open Data Programme 2021-2027 has an APIs development plan with datasets,data providers and deadlines.In the Netherlands,there are standard publication plans at both national and local level provided by the national data
253、portal and biggest cities.These plans also implement the DCAT standardised value list for mandatory fields to fill during publication.Further,there is a staged publication process,with the biggest data owning organisations first publishing data in internal catalogues,before it is published in the pu
254、blic and national data portals.In addition,78%of EU countries have processes in place at the national level to ensure that the open data strategy and actions are implemented,for example in the form of monitoring mechanisms.Among these processes,74%of the EU27 implement ways often via national laws a
255、nd ad-hoc authorities to assess if public bodies are charging above marginal cost for the data they provide.Most Member States(76%),however,underline that the majority of datasets provided by public sector bodies are free of charge.In France,data,algorithms and source codes policy is coordinated at
256、the interministerial level by the Interministerial Directorate for Digital Affairs(Direction interministrielle du numrique,DINUM).The director of the DINUM is the Chief Data,Algorithms and Source Codes Officer(Administrateur gnral des donnes,algorithmes et codes sources,AGDAC).In order to coordinate
257、 this policy,a series of dedicated committees have been established and are led by the Etalab department.In Bulgaria,annual reports68 are prepared to track progress of data publication against the implementation plans.Each administration fulfils an online form for its progress which is verified by t
258、he national open data team.The following elements are monitored:-the administration has published new datasets in open machine-readable format for the relevant year;-datasets are included in annual priority lists or are published proactively by the administrations;-datasets are included in an approv
259、ed schedule for publishing;-datasets are published within the deadline,with delay,or are not published at all.In 2021-2022,the focus was on identification of a high-value datasets list based on the categories prioritised at EU level.In Denmark,for the implementation of the Open Data Directive,the Ag
260、ency for Digital Government69 maintains a list of the public sector bodies that have made use of the exclusion clause and are allowed to charge beyond marginal costs for data.In Cyprus,according to the national open data legislation,public sector bodies that wish to charge must gain prior approval f
261、rom the Charging Body,a technical committee responsible for overviewing charging issues and approving any charges.In those cases where charges existed prior to 2015,if a 66 https:/dane.gov.pl/pl/knowledgebase/useful-materials/harmonogramy-udostepniania-danych 67 https:/dane.gov.pl/pl/knowledgebase/u
262、seful-materials/program-otwierania-danych-na-lata-2021-2027 68 https:/e-gov.bg/wps/portal/agency/home/data/opendata/opendata-activities/opendata-report 69 https:/digst.dk/data/videreanvendelse-af-offentlige-data/betaling-for-data/OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 31 public sector body charges above mar
263、ginal cost,the open data team can take the issue to the Charging Body,which shall issue a decision for the removal of charges.Overall,56%of respondents in the EU indicate the status of implementation as satisfactory,37%as neutral,and the remaining 7%as unsatisfactory.Similar to last year,countries r
264、ecognise what has been achieved so far,but are also aware of the challenges ahead.A few categories of common challenges can be identified:-Human resources and skills:Several countries stress the lack of human resources allocated to open data and the absence of adequate data skills and literacy among
265、 civil servants;-Availability of financial resources:This challenge pertains,for example,to finding recurring budget for specific datasets(e.g.,high-value datasets),as well as to not having a planned budget in place;-Coordination issues:The EU27 often report difficulties in allowing a smooth data ma
266、nagement governance across levels of government;-Engagement with the open data topic:Incentivising different players to provide and use open data is a challenge widely spread across the EU;-Various aspects of publishing open data:More support,in legal,technical,and financial terms,is needed when it
267、comes to the publication of high-quality open data.1.3.21.3.2 Activities to support the puActivities to support the publication processblication process All EU countries have activities in place to assist data providers with their open data publication process.89%and 85%,respectively,show processes
268、to support real-time and/or dynamic data and geospatial data holders in publishing their data.In Italy,the new release of the national open data portal allows dynamic data to be denoted as such through keywords that are monitored in relation to the provisions of the 2021-2023 Three-Year Plan where t
269、here is a specific action.Further activities to support dynamic and real-time data holders are:regular contact and support from the agency for digital Italy(Agenzia per lItalie Digitale),a webinar series,and a FAQs page70 with issues on dynamic data addressed;and a set of documentation with specific
270、 arrangements(requirements and recommendations)on dynamic and real-time data71.In Germany,the Spatial Data Infrastructure Germany(SDI Germany)is a joint project by the Federal Government,the states(Lnder)and municipalities to provide their spatial data via the internet in a standardised and simple w
271、ay.In May 2022,they carried out a hackathon on open spatial data72.In Greece,the Ministry of Digital Governances department of Open Government and Transparency provides a specific helpdesk to offer support with data publishing issues.In Lithuania,tools73 are provided to inspect databases and recogni
272、se geospatial data.Data holders are also asked to properly describe metadata using specialised geometry type instead of x,y coordinates74.Finally,publishing via an API service is available75,where geospatial data is naturally supported.70 https:/dati.gov.it/faq 71 https:/docs.italia.it/AgID/document
273、i-in-consultazione/lg-opendata-docs/it/bozza/principi-generali/dati-dinamici.html;https:/trasparenza.agid.gov.it/moduli/downloadFile.php?file=oggetto_allegati/2O_OLinee+Guida+interoperabilit%26%23224%3B+tecnica+PA.pdf 72 https:/www.gdi-de.org/hack4GDI_DESDI 73 https:/atviriduomenys.readth
274、edocs.io/spinta.html 74 https:/atviriduomenys.readthedocs.io/dsa/duomenu-tipai.html#erdviniai-duomenys 75 https:/get.data.gov.lt/datasets/gov/lhmt/hidrologija/VandensMatavimoStotis OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 32 Similar to the results of the policy framework indicator,supportive activities for ci
275、tizen-generated data are the least represented,with only 17 out 27 Member States reporting them.In Ireland,the Open Data Engagement Fund has been developed in conjunction with the Open Data Governance Board(ODGB).This is a competitive fund designed to provide support towards promoting the use of ope
276、n data.The fund is open to all and has assisted the publication of citizen-generated data.The 2021/2022 Fund supported citizen projects such as Unlocking Galway Graveyards Heritage Data.1.3.31.3.3 Data literacy training and eventsData literacy training and events As in 2021,26 of the 27 Member State
277、s in 2022 affirm that they have set up training activities to refine the data skills of civil servants working with open data.Out of this group,as in in the previous two editions,19 countries indicate that these training activities also offer a formally recognised certification.In Cyprus,a programme
278、 is available only for Public Sector Liaison Officers and is delivered by the Open Data Team in collaboration with the Open University of Cyprus.The programme includes modules on data audits and selection of data for publication,preparing data for publication(formats),licensing,data and metadata qua
279、lity,publication processes,releasing data APIs.Participants in the Open Data training programmes offered by the Open Data Team receive a formal certification,which can then be submitted to the Public Service Commission.In Portugal,as part of programme INCoDe.2030(national digital competencies progra
280、mme)76,the Portuguese government has launched an initiative for the digital qualification of public servants to promote coherent execution of digital and open data policies.For instance,there are short term courses on several ICT domains,including open data,provided by the national institute for com
281、petencies in public administration.To raise awareness about open data and increase data literacy beyond public sector bodies,events,such as hackathons and conferences,focused on open data are held annually at national,regional or local level across the EU.Just over half of EU Member States(52%)organ
282、ise more than 9 events every year.In many cases(74%),the event offer is a joint product of different open data stakeholders,from national public bodies to local and regional entities,non-governmental organisations,and the private sector.In Sweden,more than 9 events per year are organised.There are e
283、vents arranged by the Agency for Digital Government,for example concerning information about the new data law77 and events arranged by the Network Open Source and Data78.Slovenia also organises more than 9 annual events.Among these are:the OPSI HUB workshop79 Harnessing the power of open data;and th
284、e Green Hack80 with open data to a green future.In Belgium,6 to 9 events are organized a year.Examples include OpenBelgium81,OpenSummerOfCode82 and the BootCamp Open Cultural Data83.76 https:/www.ina.pt/index.php/centro-de-formacao-oferta-formativa 77 https:/www.dataportal.se/sv/nyheter/15/digg-bjud
285、er-in-till-informationstraffar-om-den-foreslagna-datalagen 78 https:/nosad.se/79 https:/dih.um.si/oglejte-si-posnetek-delavnice-opsi-hub-izkoristimo-moc-odprtih-podatkov/80 https:/www.tp-lj.si/en/events/events-list/greenhack-with-open-data-to-a-green-future-2021-10-18 81 https:/2022.openbelgium.be 8
286、2 https:/osoc.be/editions/2021 83 https:/meemoo.be/nl/vormingen-en-events/bootcamp-open-culturele-data-2022-5de-editie OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 33 In Luxembourg,collaborative hackathons in the Governments GovTecLab84 were organised concerning the use and reuse of housing data and other relevan
287、t data.In Croatia,the Open Data Day85 is an annual event that has been held since 2014.This year,after the conference,an online weekend hackathon was organized by Gong86 and the group of civil hackers Code for Croatia87.In September 2021,the National Open Data Conference NODC202188 also took place i
288、n hybrid format.1.41.4 Overall performanceOverall performance In this final section,the overall performance of the 27 Member States is evaluated based on the indicators of the policy dimension highlighted in this chapter.Similar to previous years,the policy dimension is the most mature measurement o
289、f the assessment.In 2022,the overall maturity in the policy dimension of the Member States is 86%,which is in line with the results of the previous two years(see Figure 8).Figure 8:Development in maturity of the EU27 in the policy dimension over recent years Figure 9 shows the average scores on each
290、 of the policy indicators compared to last year.Interestingly,the most mature indicator is again the governance of open data,together with policy framework.While the latter stayed the same as last year in terms of scoring,the slight drop in the governance of open data and the open data implementatio
291、n indicator can be easily explained in light of the methodology update and the change of content or scope of some questions.For example,for the implementation indicator,compared to last year,more attention was given to support mechanisms for data publishing,with specific questions on geospatial,real
292、-time/dynamic,and citizen-generated data.Also,implementation challenges and countermeasures were more closely analysed with respect to last year.84 https:/govtechlab.public.lu/en/agenda/2022/hackathon-opendata1.html 85 https:/codeforcroatia.org/t/open-data-day-hrvatska-2022/890 86 https:/gong.hr/en/
293、87 https:/codeforcroatia.org/88 https:/todo-project.eu/en/news/national-open-data-conference-nodc2021-successfully-completed 82%74%85%87%86%50%60%70%80%90%100%200212022PolicyPortalImpactQualityOPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 34 Moreover,the decrease in the indicator for governance of open
294、data seems in line with the common challenge previously reported for Member States,namely enabling a coherent governance across various governmental levels.Figure 9:Maturity score per policy indicator compared to 2021 Finally,Figure 10 shows the EU27 country ranking for the policy dimension.16 Membe
295、r States score above the EU27 average of 86%,while only 11 countries score below.Cyprus,Spain,Ireland,Poland,Italy,France,Slovenia and Estonia all score above 95%,indicating their maturity when it comes to open data policy.Belgium and Slovakia showed most progress,with improvements of 19%and 14%resp
296、ectively.Both countries are taking rapid steps towards the European average.Figure 10:Country ranking for the policy dimension OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 35 Chapter 2:Open Data ImpactChapter 2:Open Data Impact in the EU27in the EU27 Within the framework of the methodology update of this years Op
297、en Data Maturity assessment,the second dimension of open data impact has undergone an important restructuring.This was dictated by a twofold need.Firstly,it was necessary to better acknowledge that assessing open data impact still represents a challenge in the EU as proved,for example,by the absence
298、 of a single standard methodology used across the EU Member States.Secondly,a clearer distinction between measuring reuse and assessing the impact created through it was needed.As a matter of fact,and as mentioned in the previous chapter,the Open Data Directive89 encourages EU countries to facilitat
299、e the reuse of public sector data and to publish datasets that have a high potential to create economic and social impact the so-called high-value datasets90.It is therefore essential for countries to track and foster reuse.Yet,it is also crucial to investigate how this reuse be it in the form of mo
300、bile applications or data-driven reuse cases is transformed into value for citizens,businesses,and society,such as efficiency gains through time or cost savings or any environmental benefit.In light of this,the 2022 open data impact dimension analyses the willingness,preparedness,and ability of EU c
301、ountries to measure both the reuse and the impact created through this reuse.1)In a first step,the dimension investigates how aware and prepared countries are to understand the level of reuse and the impact of open data within their territory.This reflects the first indicator,strategic awareness,whi
302、ch was also used in previous editions of the study.2)In a second step,the focus is placed on if and how countries measure the reuse of open data and with which methods.This is done through the newly added indicator measuring reuse.3)Finally,this years open data impact dimension concentrates on gathe
303、ring data on the impact created within the four impact areas that have been considered in previous Open Data Maturity assessments,namely the governmental(previously political),societal,environmental,and economic impact areas.This is achieved through the third indicator,created impact.The table below
304、 reports the key elements of the open data impact dimension and the above-described indicators.Metric Key elements Strategic awareness Monitoring mechanisms are in place at national,regional,or local level to monitor open data reuse and foster it,including with respect to high-value datasets.A metho
305、dology exists to measure either the impact that can be derived from reusing open data or whether first steps in this direction have been taken.Measuring reuse Tools are in place to understand which and how datasets are reused.Activities are in place to better understand reusers needs.89 https:/eur-l
306、ex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32019L1024 90 https:/ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/have-your-say/initiatives/12111-Open-data-availability-of-public-datasets_en OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 36 Created impact Governmental impact Social impact Environmental impact Economic im
307、pact Data on the impact created by open data on impact areas specific challenges is available.Various reuse examples exist that showcase the impact of open data in the field.2.12.1 Strategic awarenessStrategic awareness The first indicator,strategic awareness,underlines the importance of a structure
308、d approach to monitoring and measuring open data reuse and its impact.The indicator investigates the extent to which EU countries define reuse and are prepared to measure it,for example by encouraging public bodies to implement monitoring mechanisms.The indicator also aims to understand whether EU M
309、ember States know how to define open data impact and have a methodology in place to assess it.Finally,in line with the second major methodology update for the 2022 Open Data Maturity study i.e.,attesting countries level of preparedness with respect to the upcoming high-value datasets implementing re
310、gulation the strategic awareness indicator asks about potential steps already taken by EU countries to prepare for the monitoring and measuring of high-value datasets in their country.The following sub-paragraphs will discuss the definition and processes of open data reuse,including for high-value d
311、atasets,as well as the definition and methodologies of open data impact.2.1.1 2.1.1 Open data reuse:Definition and processesOpen data reuse:Definition and processes All EU Member States are aware of the term open data reuse.Yet,the approaches towards defining it differs:Some countries have explicit
312、definitions of reuse included in laws(e.g.,Spain91),while others derive it from strategic documents defining open data and related activities(e.g.,Slovakia92).However,some common elements can be recognised:Reuse means any use of public sector information by natural or legal persons,for commercial or
313、 non-commercial reasons,that differ from the original purpose for which the information was created.This includes the copying,dissemination,modification,adaptation,extraction,or the exploitation of this data,for example for the development of new data-driven applications and services.Beyond their aw
314、areness,93%of EU Member States responded that they have an interest in observing the national level of reuse of open data,whether this is a stronger in the case of 67%of the respondents or a more limited focus,as for 30%of the respondents.Furthermore,22 out of the 27 EU Member States responded that
315、they have processes in place to monitor the level of reuse of their open data.Cyprus uses a combination of web analytics of traffic on the national portal,catalogues of applications that use their open data and surveys,as well as community gatherings and events to further engage the national ecosyst
316、em of open data stakeholders.93 91 https:/www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2007-19814 92 https:/www.mirri.gov.sk/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SP_Otvorene_udaje_schvalena-2.pdf 93 https:/bit.ly/2TjEk7f;https:/www.data.gov.cy/application-showcases;https:/www.data.gov.cy/Studies-Publications_EL;OPEN DA
317、TA MATURITY REPORT 2022 37 Similarly,while creating a national data portal through which the metrics of reuse can be easily tracked and visualised and reuse cases promoted,France affirms that they also rely on the animation of communities to measure the reuse.These animation activities,which include
318、 sharing of best practices and the organisation of ad-hoc events,are carried out at the level of an administration or with an interdepartmental scope and generally revolve around a data theme.For 18 out of the 27 EU countries,the monitoring of open data reuse is also fostered through mandatory or vo
319、luntary encouragements towards public sector bodies.In Poland,open data officers94 in each national ministry have monitoring obligations regarding the data their institutions provide,including the quality and usefulness of the reuse.These officers report annually to the Chancellery of the Prime Mini
320、ster.In Ireland,a number of tools are in place to support and incentivise public bodies in measuring the reuse of their own datasets and those of other public bodies.One of these tools is the KPI tool95 that has been developed to allow data publishers to monitor their datasets,show when the data is
321、uploaded,what was deleted,and the currency of their data.The KPI tool allows public bodies to compare the quality of their data with each other and monitor their own progress over time.Open data reuse and high-value datasets Although the high-value datasets implementing regulation is not yet publish
322、ed,85%of EU Member States are already preparing to monitor and measure the level of reuse of high-value datasets.Here,several countries have stated that they intend to integrate specific functionalities in their national open data portals to track the reuse of high-value datasets.The Czech Republic
323、will enable individual datasets including those labelled as high-value datasets to be directly linked to the list of reuse examples on their national open data portal(which will also be in open data format).For that reason,when reading the metadata for datasets that will be labelled as high-value da
324、tasets,it will be possible to see examples of their practical reuse.Some other EU Member States plan to focus on the reuse of high-value datasets through ad-hoc studies.In Romania,there will be a yearly impact study to identify the extent to which the reuse of public sector documents has increased,p
325、articularly by small-and medium-sized enterprises(SMEs)and in connection to high-value datasets.In Croatia,the central state office has developed a methodology for the evaluation of high-value dataset before and after their implementation96.For some EU Member States,preparing for the monitoring of h
326、igh-value datasets reuse also means remaining in close contact with all important stakeholders that can be affected by these datasets and the implementing regulation.2.1.2 2.1.2 Open data impact:Definition and methodologiesOpen data impact:Definition and methodologies Most EU Member States(74%)have
327、a definition of open data impact.Some countries,such as Lithuania,define open data impact in a broader way as any added value of open data initiatives to the 94 https:/www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/pelnomocnicy-ds-otwartosci-danych 95 https:/data.gov.ie/kpi-report;https:/data.gov.ie/qa-report 96 https:/
328、rdd.gov.hr/projekti-i-eu-projekti/eu-projekti/prilagodba-informacijskih-sustava-tijela-javnog-sektora-portalu-otvorenih-podataka-open-data/provedba-projekta/1445 OPEN DATA MATURITY REPORT 2022 38 countrys economic,social and political environment97.Other EU countries provide definitions that are mor
329、e focused on listing the specific positive effects of making public sector data available.In Slovenia,98 open data has an impact on transparency of the work of public institutions(anti-corruption;political impact),innovation of the digital economy,environment-related problems,and efficiency and deci
330、sion-making of public institutions.In Sweden99,the impact of open data is all the positive effects driven by data that strengthen the welfare of society,research and the private sector.A one-size-fits-all approach does not seem possible when it comes to defining a methodology for assessing open data
331、 impact.Among the 20 EU Member States that reported they had a methodology in place to measure the impact of open data,the approaches vary from more extensive and general,to more country-or data-specific.An example is the Portuguese project Dados Abertos-Definio de modelo de avaliao de impacto(i.e.,
332、open data impact assessment model definition).This methodology includes several steps,such as the creation of a benchmark of international methodologies,use cases and best practices,the definition of metrics for impact assessment and monitoring,and the development of dashboard metrics.In France,the
333、methodology adopts a staged approach.Firstly,the data.gouv.fr team estimates the impact through the analysis of metrics(e.g.,datasets published,downloaded,etc.).Secondly,they calculate the number of direct reuses and(thirdly)indirect reuses.Finally,the team considers externalities of these uses on society.In Germany,the open data portal team applies different methodologies according to the level o