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1、Pocket Guide to Transportation2023Free Copy-Not Meant for Salehttps:/www.bts.gov/pocketguide For additional copies of this guide or information about the Bureau of Transportation Statistics and its products and services,contact:https:/doi.org/10.21949/1527467 Product OrdersInternet:www.bts.govMail:P
2、roduct Orders Bureau of Transportation Statistics ATTN:Product Orders 1200 New Jersey Avenue,SE,Room E34-457 Washington,DC 20590 Information ServicePhone:202-366-DATAEmail:btsdot.govJanuary 2023Free Copy-Not Meant for SalePocket Guide to Transportation2023Free Copy-Not Meant for SaleAcknowledgmentsU
3、.S.Department of TransportationRobert C.Hampshire,PhDDeputy Assistant Secretary for Research and TechnologyBureau of Transportation StatisticsPatricia HuDirectorRolf SchmittDeputy DirectorProduced under the direction of:Ramond Robinson Director,Office of Transportation AnalysisSean JahanmirProject M
4、anagerAlpha WingfieldVisual Information SpecialistMajor Contributors:Daniel Palumbo*Hoa Thai*Spatial FrontAbout the Pocket Guide to TransportationThe BTS Pocket Guide to Transportation is a quick reference guide that provides transportation statistics at your fingertips.It provides key information a
5、nd highlights major trends on the U.S.transportation system.Intended as a compact reference,the Pocket Guide supports the BTS mission to create,manage,and share transportation statistical knowledge.Many of the tables and figures within this publication are derived from National Transportation Statis
6、tics available at www.bts.gov.The Pocket Guide is also available online at https:/www.bts.gov/pocketguide.ContentsMajor Trends.ivInfrastructure.1Moving People.7Moving Goods.19 Safety.27Performance.35Economy.41Environment.49Glossary.58Major Trends Moving People:January 2000July 2022NOTES:Graph scales
7、 are not comparable.Seasonally-adjusted data measure the real differences in data trends by adjusting for seasonal factors,such as the change in the number of days,weekends,holidays,or other seasonal activity in a month such as vacation travel.SOURCE:Seasonally-adjusted transportation dataU.S.Depart
8、ment of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,available at www.bts.gov as of October 2022.ivvMajor TrendsMoving Freight:January 2000August 2022NOTES:Graph scales are not comparable.Rail freight intermodalRail inter-modal traffic includes shipping containers and truck trailers moved on r
9、ail cars.U.S.waterways freightIncludes tonnage carried on internal U.S.waterways.SOURCE:Seasonally-adjusted transportation dataU.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,available at www.bts.gov as October 2022.1Infrastructure1 InfrastructureThe U.S.transportation system co
10、nsists of a network of roads,bridges,airports,railroads,transit systems,ports,waterways,and pipelines,connecting the nation to the rest of the world.1-1 Transportation Network Length milesMode20102020Highway Public roads4,067,0774,172,562 Public road lanesa8,582,2618,790,746Pipeline Gas distribution
11、 1,229,9461,328,885 Gas transmission and gathering324,458319,224Rail Class I freight railroad95,70091,773 Amtrak21,17820,787Transit Commuter railb7,6307,930 Heavy railb1,6171,663 Light railb,c1,4972,096Water Navigable waterwaysd25,00025,000aMeasured in lane-miles.bMeasured in directional route-miles
12、.cLight Rail was revised beginning in 2011 and includes light rail,street car rail,and hybrid rail.dEstimated length of domestic waterways.SOURCES:Highway,Pipeline,Rail,Transit,WaterAs cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,ta
13、bles 1-1,1-6,and 1-10,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.2Pocket Guide to Transportation1-2 Transportation Facilities numberMode20102020Air Certificated airportsa551519 General aviation airports19,25119,395Highway Bridges604,493618,456Pipeline LNG facilities122165Rail Amtrak stat
14、ions512526 Transit rail Commuter rail stations1,2251,311 Heavy rail stations1,0411,057 Light rail stationsb8481,287Water Portsc178192 Cargo handling docks8,0608,334 Lock chambers239237aCertificated airports serve air carrier operations with aircrafts seating more than nine passengers.bLight Rail was
15、 revised beginning in 2011 and includes light rail,street car rail,and hybrid rail.cPorts handling over 250,000 short tons.KEY:LNG=liquified natural gasSOURCES:Air,Highway,RailAs cited in U.S.Department of Trans-portation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,tables
16、1-3,1-7,and 1-28,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of August 2022.PipelineU.S.Department of Transportation,Pipe-line and Hazardous Materials Administration,available at https:/www.phmsa.dot.gov as of August 2022.TransitU.S.Department of Trans-portation,National Transit Database,available at htt
17、ps:/www.transit.dot.gov/ntd/as of August 2022.WaterU.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Navigation Data Center,Transportation Facts and Information,available at http:/www.navigationdatacenter.us/as of August 2022.3Infrastructure1-3 Transportation Vehicles numberMode20102020Air Air carrier aircraft7,1855,882
18、General aviation aircraft223,370204,980Highway Light-duty vehiclea230,444,440253,121,228 Truck10,770,05413,479,382 Motorcycle8,009,5038,317,363Rail Class I freight locomotive23,89323,544 Class I freight car397,730252,400 Amtrak locomotive282384 Amtrak car1,2741,313Transit rail Commuter railb6,7687,5
19、24 Heavy railb11,51011,064 Light railb2,0962,799Water Nonself-propelled vessel31,90634,168 Self-propelled vessel10,77510,333 Oceangoing vessel221180 Recreational boat12,438,92611,838,188aIncludes passenger cars,light trucks,vans,and sport utility vehicles.bIncludes revenue vehicles available for max
20、imum service.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-11,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of January 2022.4Pocket Guide to Transportation1-5 National Highway System Pavement Condition percent of NHS faci
21、lity milesNOTES:Pavement condition is measured by the International Roughness Index(IRI)which takes a longitudinal profile of pavement roughness based on one-way facility centerline miles.A lower IRI indicates smoother highway conditions and a higher IRI indicates rougher highway conditions.SOURCE:U
22、.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics,table HM-47,available at https:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyin-formation/statistics.cfm as of November 2022.1-4 Airport Runway Pavement Condition percent of NPIAS runwaysNOTE:National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems(NPIA
23、S)airports include commercial service airports,reliever airports,and selected general aviation airports.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-25,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.5Infras
24、tructure1-6 Bridge Condition by Deck Area:20122022NOTE:The deck area calculation was changed as of 2018 in accordance with 23 CFR 490.409.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,National Bridge Inventory,available at https:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi.cfm as of October
25、 2022.1-7 Condition of Highway Bridges by State:2022SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,National Bridge Inventory,available at https:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi.cfm as of October 2022.7Moving People2 Moving PeopleThe U.S.transportation system makes personal mobili
26、ty possible.Every day people use the transportation system to get to and from work,school,and shopping.2-1 Vehicle-Miles Traveled millionsMode20102020Air U.S.air carrier,domestica5,9764,214Highway Light-duty vehicleb2,648,4562,568,745 Motorcycle18,51317,632 Truck286,527302,141 Bus13,77015,104Passeng
27、er rail Amtrakc295185 Commuter railc342314 Heavy railc666663 Light rail c,d93120aMeasured in revenue aircraft-miles.bIncludes passenger cars,light trucks,vans,and sport utility vehicles.cMeasured in passenger car-miles.dLight rail was revised beginning in 2011 and includes light rail,street car rail
28、,and hybrid rail.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-35,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.8Pocket Guide to Transportation2-2 Highway Travel:19702020NOTE:Data for 2007 and later years m
29、ay not be comparable to previous years due to changes in methodology.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics,available at https:/www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of October 2022.9Moving People2-3 Passenger-Miles Traveled millionsM
30、ode20102020Air U.S.air carrier,domestic554,711304,253Highway Light-duty vehiclea4,431,4514,304,298 Motorcycle21,48321,237 Truck286,527302,141 Bus270,344306,843Passenger rail Amtrakb6,4203,450 Commuter rail10,7746,021 Heavy rail16,4078,947 Light railc2,1731,834aIncludes passenger cars,light trucks,va
31、ns,and sport utility vehicles.bMeasured in revenue passenger-miles.cLight rail was revised beginning in 2011 and includes light rail,street car rail,and hybrid rail.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Trans-portation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-40,
32、available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.10Pocket Guide to Transportation2-4 Transit Ridership:19702021NOTE:Includes bus,commuter rail,demand response,heavy rail,light rail,trolley bus,ferry boat,aerial tramway,automated guideway,cable car,inclined plane,monorail,and other.SOURCES:1970
33、-1989American Public Transportation Association,Public Trans-portation Fact Book,Appendix,available at https:/ of March 2020.1990-2021American Public Transportation Association,Ridership Report,available at https:/ of October 2022.11Moving People2-5 Daily Passenger Travel200120092017aTravel per pers
34、on Daily person trips 4.13.83.4 Daily person-miles 36.936.136.1Travel per driver Daily vehicle trips3.43.02.7 Daily vehicle-miles of travel32.729.025.8Average commute Length in miles12.111.811.5 Travel time in minutes23.323.926.6Percent of work trips by usual mode Private vehicles90.889.487.5 Public
35、 transit b5.15.16.9 Walk2.82.82.9 Other c1.32.72.7aThe 2017 National Household Travel Survey includes a different methodology compared to previous years,such as an address-based sample including more urban and cell phone only households.bPublic transit includes local bus,com-muter bus,commuter train
36、,subway,trolley,and streetcar.cOther includes travel modes not specifically cited,such as motorcycle,taxi,bike,truck,and other.NOTE:The usual mode is defined as the means of transportation usually used to go to work in the week prior to the travel day.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal
37、Highway Administration,2017 National Household Travel Survey,Summary of Travel Trends,available at https:/nhts.ornl.gov/as of October 2022.12Pocket Guide to Transportation2-6 Commute to Work Mode Share:2021 percent of workers age 16 and oldera Includes motorcycle,taxi,and other means.NOTES:Percents
38、may not add to 100 due to rounding.The American Commu-nity Survey asks for the mode usually used by the respondent to get to work.For more than one mode of transportation,respondents select the mode used for most of the distance traveled.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of
39、Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-41,available at www.bts.gov as of October 2022.13Moving People2-7 Amtrak Ridership:FY2000FY2021SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Railroad Administra-tion,available at http:/safetydata.fra.dot.gov/officeofsafety/defau
40、lt.aspx/as of October 2022.2-8 Top 10 Amtrak Stations:FY2021 by passengersNOTE:Includes passenger boardings and alightings.SOURCE:Amtrak,National Fact Sheet and State Fact Sheet,available at as of October 2022.14Pocket Guide to Transportation2-9 U.S.Air Carrier Passenger Traffic:20032021NOTE:Include
41、s passenger enplanements on scheduled services only(domestic and international flights).SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statis-tics,Office of Airline Information,T-100 Market data,available at www.bts.gov as of September 2022.2-10 Top 10 U.S.Airports:2021 by enplaned
42、 passengersNOTE:Includes passenger enplanements on U.S.carrier scheduled domestic and international service and foreign carrier scheduled international service to and from the United States.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportati
43、on Statistics,table 1-44,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.15Moving People2-11 Top 10 World Airports:2021 by enplaned,deplaned,and in-transit passengersNOTE:Preliminary data for passengers enplaned,deplaned,and passengers in transit.SOURCE:Airports Council International,availabl
44、e at https:/www.aci.aero/as of October 2022.16Pocket Guide to Transportation2-12 Incoming Land Border Person Crossings:19962021NOTE:Excludes drivers and passengers in commercial trucks.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Sta-tistics,Border Crossing Entry Data,available a
45、t https:/www.bts.gov/content/border-crossingentry-data/as of September 2022.17Moving People2-13 Top 5 Land Ports of Entry:2021 by incoming person crossingsNOTE:Excludes drivers and passengers in commercial trucks.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Sta-tistics,Border Cro
46、ssing Entry Data,available at https:/www.bts.gov/content/border-crossingentry-data/as of September 2022.19Moving Goods3 Moving GoodsThe freight transportation network links natural resources,manufacturing facilities,labor markets,and customers across the nation and with international trading partner
47、s.3-1 Freight Shipments Within the U.S.by ModeValue of shipments(billions of constant 2017 dollars)Mode201720202050Truck13,69013,14826,023Rail5535371,026Water293242439Air and truck-air6545991,345Pipeline9469981,279Multiple modesa2,6582,4896,050Otherb451292Total18,83918,02436,254Weight of shipments(m
48、illions of tons)Mode201720202050Truck12,81012,59519,310Rail1,6241,4281,916Water9188581,240Air and truck-air6613Pipeline3,4513,5235,102Multiple modesa6896841,190Otherb311208133Total19,80919,30328,904Ton miles of shipments(billions of ton miles)Mode201720202050Truck2,3972,3583,931Rail1,0959461,230Wate
49、r448424538Air and truck-air7714Pipeline8839261,357Multiple modesa5815751,022Otherb131418Total5,4285,2518,110aIncludes mail.bIncludes other,unknown,and imported crude oil with no domestic mode.NOTES:Details may not add to totals due to rounding.Includes domestic trade and the domestic portion of impo
50、rts and exports.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics and Federal Highway Administration,Freight Analysis Framework,Version 5.4,available at www.bts.gov/faf as of October 2022.20Pocket Guide to Transportation3-2 U.S.Trade by Coasts and Borders:20032021NOTE:Inclu
51、des U.S.international merchandise trade only.SOURCES:ValueU.S.Department of Commerce,Census Bureau,Foreign Trade Division,HS Port-Level Data(Washington,DC:annual issues)as of Octo-ber 2022.Implicit GDP DeflatorOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development,GDP Implicit Price Deflator in Unit
52、ed States USAGDPDE-FAISMEI,retrieved from FRED,Federal Reserve Bank of St.Louis;available at https:/fred.stlouisfed.org/series/USAGDPDEFAISMEI,available at www.bea.gov as of October 2022.21Moving Goods3-3 U.S.Trade with Canada and Mexico by Mode:2021a Export weights for land modes are estimated by t
53、he Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics using value-to-weight ratios derived from import data.bIncludes mail,other,unknown,and shipments through Foreign Trade Zones.NOTE:Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statis-tics,North Ame
54、rican Transborder Freight Data,special tabulation,available at https:/www.bts.gov/transborder as of March 2022.22Pocket Guide to Transportation3-4 Incoming Truck Border Crossings:19962021SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statis-tics,Border Crossing Entry Data,available
55、 at https:/data.transportation.gov/as of March 2022.23Moving Goods3-5 Top 5 Truck Ports of Entry:2021 by incoming truck crossingsNOTE:Customs and Border Patrol CBP separated the Ysleta Port of Entry from the El Paso Port of Entry beginning on March 1,2020.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bure
56、au of Transportation Statis-tics,Border Crossing Entry Data,available at https:/data.transportation.gov/as of September 2022.24Pocket Guide to Transportation3-6 Top 10 U.S.Water Ports:2020 by short tonsKEY:TEU=twenty-foot equivalent unit.NOTE:Includes domestic and foreign waterborne trade.Excludes f
57、oreign empty TEUs.SOURCE:U.S.Army Corps of Engineers,Waterborne Commerce Statistics Center,personal communication as of November 2022.by container TEUs(2019)25Moving Goods3-7 Top 10 World Container Ports:2021 TEUs,including full and empty containersKEY:TEU=twenty-foot equivalent unit.SOURCE:Lloyds L
58、ist,One Hundred Ports 2022,available at https:/ as of October 2022.26Pocket Guide to Transportation3-8 Top 10 U.S.International Trade Gateways:2020 by value of shipmentsKEY:=airport,=land port,=water port.NOTES:Air gateways include a low level(generally less than 3%of the total value)of freight ship
59、ped through small user-fee airports located in the same area as the gateways listed.Air gateways not identified by airport name(e.g.,Chicago,IL)include major airport(s)in the area and small regional airports.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Nati
60、onal Transportation Statistics,table 1-51,available at https:/www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.27Safety4 SafetyTransportation safety is the top priority of the U.S.Department of Transportation.4-1 Transportation Fatalities by ModeMode201020202021Air477349U U.S.air carrier20U Commuter carrier05U On
61、-demand air taxi1721U General aviation458332UHighway32,99938,824U Passenger car occupants12,49113,472U Motorcyclists4,5185,579U Light-truck occupants9,78210,352U Heavy-truck occupants530831U Bus occupants4416U Pedestrians4,3026,516U Pedalcyclists623938U Other7091,120UPipeline221513Rail735743890 Trai
62、n Accidents868 Highway-rail grade crossinga261195236 Trespassers441518614 Other252432Transitb224289322Water821838696 Freight vessel and Industrial/Other625627 Passenger vessel and Recreational boating759782669aIndividual modes dont add up to totals due to double counting in highway,rail,and transit
63、grade crossings.bIncludes transit employee,contract worker,passenger,peo-ple waiting or leaving(revenue facility occupant),and other fatalities for all modes reported to the National Transit Database.Excludes commuter rail(reporting under FRA jurisdiction).Other transit fatalities are assumed to be
64、counted under Highway or Rail categories.KEY:U=data are not available.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 2-1,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.28Pocket Guide to Transportation4-2 Transportatio
65、n Injuries by ModeMode201020202021Air278202U U.S.air carrier178U Commuter carrier20U On-demand air taxi39U General aviation256187UHighway a2,247,9882,282,015U Passenger car occupantsa1,256,1011,221,335U Motorcyclistsa82,30082,528U Light-truck occupantsa737,152813,509U Heavy-truck occupantsa19,93744,
66、934U Bus occupantsa17,5866,620U Pedestriansa70,26754,769U Pedalcyclistsa51,68838,886U Othera12,95619,435UPipeline1083932Rail8,3795,5515,817 Train Accidents 11072118 Highway-rail grade crossingb888697670 Trespassers390561522 Other 6,9914,2214,507Transitc23,10715,42116,549Water3,7703,5403,025 Freight
67、vessel and Industrial/Other 407208232 Passenger vessel and Recreational boating 3,3633,3322,793a2020 and 2021 Crash Reporting Sampling System(CRSS)estimates for injuries are not comparable with 2010 and earlier NASS GES estimates because of different sampling designs.bExcludes injuries involving mot
68、or vehicles at public highway-rail grade cross-ings,which are assumed to be counted under Highway categories.cIncludes transit employee,contract worker,passenger,people waiting or leaving(revenue facility occupant),and other injuries for all modes reported to the National Transit Database.Excludes c
69、ommuter rail(reporting under FRA jurisdiction).Other transit injuries are assumed to be counted under Highway or Rail categories.KEY:U=data are not available.NOTES:Highway numbers are estimates rather than actual counts.The estimates are calculated from data obtained from a nationally representative
70、 sample of crashes.NHTSA redesigned the nationally representative sample of police-reported traffic crashes,which estimates the number of police-reported injury and property-damage-only crashes in the US.The new system,CRSS,replaced the NASS GES in 2016 and has a different sample design.Thus,the 202
71、0 and 2021 persons injured estimates are not comparable to earlier estimates.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 2-2,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of November 2022.29Safety4-3 Fatality Rates by Modecontinu
72、ed on next page30Pocket Guide to Transportation4-3 Fatality Rates by Mode(continued)continued on next page31Safety4-3 Fatality Rates by Mode(continued)SOURCES:Highway,Passenger car and light-truck occupants,Highway-nonoccupants,Large-truck occupants,U.S.air carriers,General aviation,and Recreational
73、 boatingas cited in or calculated from U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,tables 2-9,2-14,2-17,2-19,2-21,2-23,2-47,and 3-10 available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.TransitU.S.Department of Transporta-tion,Federal Transit Ad
74、ministration,NTD Safety&Security Time Series Data,available at https:/www.transit.dot.gov/ntd as of October 2022.RailU.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Railroad Administration,table 1.12,available at https:/safetydata.fra.dot.gov/as of October 2022.32Pocket Guide to Transportation4-4 Alcohol-I
75、mpaired Driving Fatalities:19902020NOTE:Includes fatalities occurring in any crash involving a driver with a blood alcohol concentration(BAC)of 0.08 grams per deciliter or higher.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts:2019 Fatal Mo
76、tor Vehicle Crashes:Overview as of October 2022.4-5 Pedestrian and Bicyclist Fatalities:19902020NOTE:Includes pedestrians and riders of nonmotorized bicycles and other pedal-powered vehicles.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportat
77、ion Statistics,table 2-1,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.33Safety4-6 Distracted Driving Fatalities and Injuries:20052020aDistracted driving fatality data for 2010 and on are not comparable with previous years due to changes in methodology.bCrash Reporting Sampling System(CRSS)estimat
78、es for injuries are not comparable with 2015 and earlier National Automotive Sampling System(NASS)General Estimates System(GES)estimates because of different sampling designs.NOTE:Distracted driving involves any activity that could divert a persons attention away from the primary task of driving,suc
79、h as texting,using a cell phone,eating and drinking,grooming,using a navigation system,adjusting a radio,etc.SOURCE:FatalitiesU.S.Department of Transportation,National Center for Statistics and Analysis,Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool(FIRST),available at www.cdan.dot.gov;Injuries-U.S.Depar
80、tment of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,Traffic Safety Facts,Research Note,Distracted Driving 2020,available at www.crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov,as of October 2022.35Performance5 PerformanceThe physical capacity of the U.S.transportation system has not kept pace with growt
81、h in travel and commerce.The resulting congestion and delays have significant impacts on passengers and freight shippers.5-1 Road Congestion:19852020NOTES:Annual hours of delay per car commuterThe extra time spent during the year traveling at congested speeds rather than free-flow speeds by private
82、vehicle drivers and passengers who typically travel in the peak periods.The methodology to calculate congestion performance measures was updated to reflect more comprehensive data collection using INRIX data for each of the 494 U.S.urban areas.The congestion estimates for all study years are recal-c
83、ulated every time the methodology is altered to provide a consistent data trend.For a detailed explanation of the updated methodology,see the Urban Mobility Report at http:/mobility.tamu.edu/ums/report/.SOURCE:Texas A&M Transportation Institute,Urban Mobility Report,available at https:/mobility.tamu
84、.edu/umr/report/as of October 2022.36Pocket Guide to Transportation5-3 U.S.Airline On-time Performance:19952021NOTE:Flights arriving at the gate within 15 minutes of scheduled arrival time are on time.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Airline On-Time Perform
85、ance,available at www.bts.gov as of March 2022.5-2 Top 10 Metropolitan Area Congestion Rankings:2020 by calendar year,average minutes of congestionKEY:MSA=Metropolitan Statistical AreaNOTES:Minutes of congestionthe amount of time when freeways operate less than 90 percent of free-flow freeway speeds
86、.Calculated by calendar year for an average duration of daily congestion.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Federal Highway Administration,Urban Congestion Report,personal communication,as of October 2022.37Performance5-4 U.S.Major Airport Delays by Cause:2021 percent of delayed timeaIncludes w
87、eather events that prevent flying.Other weather delays that slow operations are included under other categories.bDelay resulting from a previ-ous flight with the same aircraft arriving late.KEY:NAS=Delays attributable to the national aviation system(NAS)that refer to a broad set of conditions,such a
88、s non-extreme weather,airport operations,heavy traffic volume,and air traffic control.NOTE:Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Airline On-Time Performance,available at transtats.bts.gov as of October 2022.5-5 U.S.Maj
89、or Airport Performance Rankings:2021 by percent of on-time arrivalsNOTE:Flights arriving at the gate within 15 minutes of scheduled arrival time are on time.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,Airline On-Time Performance,available at transtats.bts.gov as of Oc
90、tober 2022.38Pocket Guide to Transportation5-6 Amtrak On-time Performance:FY1990FY2021NOTE:On-time performance is a percentage measure of train performance.A train is considered on-time if it arrives at the final destination,or end-point,within an allowed number of minutes,or tolerance,of its schedu
91、led arrival time.Trains are allowed a certain tolerance at the end-point based on the number of miles traveled.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-73,available at transtats.bts.gov as of October 2022.Trip
92、 lengthTrain arrives at endpoint within0-250 miles10 minutes251-350 miles15 minutes351-450 miles20 minutes451-550 miles25 minutes551 miles30 minutes39Performance5-7 Amtrak Delays by Cause:FY2021 percent of delayed timeaDelays not attributable to Amtrak or other host railroads,such as customs and imm
93、igration,law enforcement action,weather,or waiting for scheduled departure time.NOTE:Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 1-73,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of O
94、ctober 2022.41Economy6 EconomyTransportation is a major sector of the U.S.economy.The transportation system moves people and goods,employs millions of workers,and consumes resources and services provided by other sectors.6-1 U.S.GDP by Spending Category:2021 percent of GDPaIncludes all other categor
95、ies(e.g.,entertainment,personal care products and services,and payments to pension plans).KEY:GDP=gross domestic product.NOTE:Percents may not add to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 3
96、-9,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.42Pocket Guide to Transportation6-2 U.S.Transportation Spending:19952021KEY:GDP=gross domestic product.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 3-9,available at
97、www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.43Economy6-3 Transportation-Related Final Demand billions of chained 2012 dollarsCategory20112021Personal consumption of transportation1,1051,414 Motor vehicles and parts370614 Motor vehicle fuels,lubricants,and fluids400405 Transportation services335395Gross priva
98、te domestic investment192235 Transportation structures1012 Transportation equipment182223Government transportation-related purchases317326 Federal purchases4143 State and local purchases252271 Defense-related purchases2513Exports(+)303269Imports(-)396482Total transportation-related GDP1,5241,717U.S.
99、GDP15,89219,610KEY:GDP=gross domestic productNOTES:Data may not add to totals due to rounding.Transportation-related final demand measures the size of transportation functions in relation to the Gross Domestic Product(GDP).It includes the transportation portion of the four components of the GDP:pers
100、onal consumption,gross private domestic investment,government purchases,and net exports of goods and services.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 3-4,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.44Pocket
101、 Guide to Transportation6-4 Household Expenses by Category:2021 percent of average annual household expensesa Includes alcoholic beverages,cash contributions,education,entertainment,personal care products and services,reading,tobacco products and smoking supplies,and other miscellaneous items.NOTE:P
102、ercents may not add to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics,Consumer Expenditure Survey,available at www.bls.gov/cex as of October 2022.6-5 Household Transportation Expenses:19852021SOURCE:U.S.Department of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics,Consumer Expenditur
103、e Survey,available at www.bls.gov/cex as of October 2022.45Economy6-6 Transportation Services Index(TSI):January 2000July 2022 chain-type index:2000=100,seasonally adjustedNOTES:TSI Combinedthe TSI,created by the U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,is a measure of th
104、e month-to-month changes in the output of services provided by the for-hire transportation industries.TSI data change monthly due to the use of concur-rent seasonal analysis,which results in seasonal analysis factors changing as each months data are added.TSI Freightincludes freight railroad service
105、s(including rail-based intermodal shipments,such as containers on flat cars),inland waterway traffic,pipeline movements(including principally petroleum and petroleum products and natural gas),and air freight.TSI Passengerthe passenger transportation services index consists of local mass transit,inte
106、rcity passenger rail,and passenger air transportation.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statis-tics,available at www.bts.gov as of October 2022.46Pocket Guide to Transportation6-7 Employment in Transportation-Related Industries thousandsCategory20112021For-hire transpo
107、rtation and warehousing4,2896,092 Air457475 Rail193146 Water6156 Truck1,3011,514 Transit and ground passenger447375 Pipeline4350 Scenic and sightseeing2823 Support activities573722 Couriers and messengers5291,082 Warehousing and storage6581,648Transportation-related manufacturinga1,6851,934Other tra
108、nsportation-related industries4,8115,377Postal service631606Government employmentb854851Total transportation-related labor force12,27014,859U.S.labor force131,914146,124aIncludes transportation equipment;petroleum products;tires;rubber;plastics;search,detection,navigation,guidance,aeronautical,and n
109、autical systems;and instrument manufacturing.bFiscal year data for federal,state,and local personnel.NOTES:Annual averages based on NAICS data.Details may not add to totals due to rounding.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transporta-tion Statistics,National Transportatio
110、n Statistics,table 3-23,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of September 2022.47Economy6-8 Motor Vehicle Fuel Prices:April 1994September 2022NOTES:Retail Gasoline Prices include average nominal monthly prices of U.S.Regular All Formations retail gasoline.Diesel Retail Prices include average nominal mont
111、hly prices of U.S.No.2 Diesel Retail Prices.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Energy,Energy Information Administration,avail-able at https:/www.eia.gov/as of October 2022.49Environment7 EnvironmentThe U.S.transportation system is a major consumer of energy and has consequences for the environment.7-1 Energy
112、Consumption by Sector:19602021KEY:Btu=British thermal unit.NOTE:Includes primary energy consumption,electricity retail sales,and electri-cal system energy losses.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Energy,U.S.Energy Information Administration,Monthly Energy Review,available at www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/mont
113、hly,Table 2.1a as of October 2022.50Pocket Guide to Transportation7-2 Transportation Energy Consumption by Source:2021 percent of Btu consumed KEY:Btu=British thermal unit.NOTES:Includes primary energy consumed.Excludes electricity retail sales and electrical system energy losses.Percents may not ad
114、d to 100 due to rounding.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Energy,U.S.Energy Information Administration,Monthly Energy Review,available at www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly,Table 2.5,as of October 2022.51Environment7-3 Petroleum Consumption by Sector:19602021SOURCE:U.S.Department of Energy,U.S.Energy Info
115、rmation Administration,Monthly Energy Review,available at www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly,Tables 3.7-3.8,as of October 2022.52Pocket Guide to Transportation7-4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector:19902020KEY:Tg CO2 Eq.=teragrams of carbon dioxide equivalent.Teragram=1 million metric tons.NOTES:E
116、lectric power sector emissions are distributed across sectors.Emissions include carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide,hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorochemicals,and sulfur hexafluoride.SOURCE:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Inventory of U.S.Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:Report Tables,https:/cfpub
117、.epa.gov/ghgdata/inventoryexplorer/#transportation/entiresector/allgas/category/all,as of October 2022.53Environment7-5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Transportation Mode:2020 Percent of Tg CO2 Eq.KEY:Tg CO2 Eq.=teragrams of carbon dioxide equivalent.Teragram=1 million metric tons.NOTES:Percents may no
118、t add to 100 due to rounding.Does not include international bunker fuels.SOURCES:U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Inventory of U.S.Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:19902020 Report Tables,available at https:/www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-facts-transportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions,Fast Facts:
119、U.S.Transportation Sector GHG Emissions,as of May 2022.54Pocket Guide to Transportation7-6 Highway Vehicle Air Pollutant Emissions:20022021KEY:PM=particulate matters;PM-10=airborne particulates of less than 10 microns;PM-2.5=airborne particulates of less than 2.5 microns.NOTES:Indices are calculated
120、 using data on highway vehicle emissions only.Par-ticulate matters is without condensibles.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Transportation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,tables 4-45 through 4-50,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.55Environment
121、7-7 Fuel Economy of Light-Duty Vehicles:19902020KEY:CAFE=Corporate Average Fuel Economy;EPA=Environmental Protection Agency.NOTES:New fleet data and CAFE standards are for vehicle model years.On-road fleet data include passenger cars and light trucks and are estimated using average miles traveled pe
122、r gallon of fuel consumed for each calendar year.SOURCE:As cited in U.S.Department of Transportation,Bureau of Trans-portation Statistics,National Transportation Statistics,table 4-23,available at www.bts.gov/nts as of October 2022.56Pocket Guide to Transportation7-8 Sales of Hybrid,Plug-in Hybrid,a
123、nd Battery Electric Vehicles:20002021KEY:BEV=Battery electric-only vehicles,HEV=Hybrid electric vehicle,PHEV=Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.SOURCE:Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Transportation Energy Data Book,Annual Issues,available at tedb.ornl.gov as of May 2022.57Environment7-9 Alternative Fuel
124、Vehicles by Fuel Type,Large Trucks and Buses:20002017NOTES:aIncludes compressed natural gas(CNG)and liquified natural gas(LNG).Includes the total number of heavy duty vehicles that were manufac-tured or converted by vehicle suppliers(companies or organizations)in the associated calendar year.bFlex f
125、uel/ethanol vehicles are capable of running on E85,unblended gasoline,or any ethanol-gasoline blends in between.cExcludes gasoline-electric and diesel-electric hybrids.SOURCE:U.S.Department of Energy,Energy Information Administration,Alternative Fuel Vehicle Data,Supplier Database,available at www.e
126、ia.gov/renewable/afv/as of October 2022.58Pocket Guide to TransportationGlossaryAir carrier:Certificated provider of scheduled and nonscheduled services.Alternative fueled vehicle:A vehicle designed to operate on an alternative fuel(e.g.,compressed natural gas,propane,electricity).The vehicle can be
127、 either a dedicated vehicle designed to operate exclusively on alternative fuel or a non-dedicated vehicle designed to operate on alternative fuel and/or traditional fuel.Chained dollars:A method of adjusting to real dollar amounts to account for both changes in price-levels and the composition of o
128、utput over time.This is completed by using a chain-weighted type index,or average weights in successive time periods,to get a comparable time series of data.Class I railroad:Railroads earning adjusted annual operating revenues for three consecutive years of$250,000,000 or more,based on 1991 dollars
129、with an adjustment factor applied to subsequent years.Commuter rail:Urban/suburban passenger train service for short-distance travel between a central city and adjacent suburbs run on tracks of a traditional railroad system.Does not include heavy or light rail transit service.Demand response transit
130、:A nonfixed-route,nonfixed-schedule form of transportation that operates in response to calls from passengers or their agents to the transit operator or dispatcher.Directional route-miles:The sum of the mileage in each direction over which transit vehicles travel while in revenue service.Enplanement
131、s:Total number of revenue passengers boarding aircraft.For-hire:Refers to a vehicle operated on behalf of or by a company that provides services to external customers for a fee.It is distinguished from private transportation services,in which a firm transports its own freight and does not offer its
132、transportation services to other shippers.General aviation:Civil aviation operations other than those air carriers holding a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity.Types of aircraft used in general aviation range from corporate,multiengine jets piloted by a professional crew to amateur-buil
133、t,single-engine,piston-driven,acrobatic planes.Gross domestic product:The total value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States.As long as the labor and property are located in the United States,the suppliers may be either U.S.residents or residents of foreign
134、 countries.59GlossaryHeavy-rail transit:High-speed transit rail operated on rights-of-way that exclude all other vehicles and pedestrians.Hybrid electric vehicle:Hybrid electric vehicles combine features of internal combustion engines and electric motors.Unlike 100%electric vehicles,hybrid vehicles
135、do not need to be plugged into an external source of electricity to be recharged.Most hybrid vehicles operate on gasoline.International Roughness Index(IRI):A scale for pavement roughness based on the simulated response of a generic motor vehicle to the roughness in a single wheel path of the road s
136、urface.Lane-miles:One mile of one lane of road.Light-duty vehicle:Includes passenger cars,light trucks,vans,pickup trucks,and sport/utility vehicles regardless of wheelbase.Light-rail transit:Urban transit rail operated on a reserved right-of-way that may be crossed by roads used by motor vehicles a
137、nd pedestrians.Nominal dollars:A market value that does not take inflation into account and reflects prices and quantities that were current during the period being measured.Nonself-propelled vessels:Includes dry cargo,tank barges,and railroad car floats that operate in U.S.ports and waterways.Ocean
138、going vessels:Includes U.S.flag,privately owned merchant fleet of oceangoing,self-propelled,cargo-carrying vessels of 1,000 gross tons or greater.Particulates:Carbon particles formed by partial oxidation and reduction of hydrocarbon fuel.Also included are trace quantities of metal oxides and nitride
139、s originating from engine wear,component degradation,and inorganic fuel additives.Passenger-mile:One passenger transported one mile.For example,1 vehicle traveling 3 miles carrying 5 passengers generates 15 passenger-miles.Personal communication:Involves contacting the source for data if not publicl
140、y available.Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles:Plug-in hybrids use the electric battery as the primary energy source by relying on battery power for propulsion for a limited range(1540 miles)before switching to internal combustion propulsion(thus reducing gasoline consumption).Reliever airports:Airpor
141、ts designated by the Federal Aviation Administration to relieve congestion at commercial service airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community.60Pocket Guide to TransportationSeasonally adjusted:Measures the real differences in data trends by adjusting for seasona
142、l factors,such as the change in the number of days,weekends,holidays,or other seasonal activity in a month,such as vacation travel.Self-propelled vessels:Includes dry cargo vessels,tankers,and offshore supply vessels,tugboats,pushboats,and passenger vessels,such as excursion/sightseeing boats,combin
143、ation passenger and dry cargo vessels,and ferries.Short ton:A unit of weight equal to 2,000 pounds.Structurally deficient:Structural deficiencies are characterized by deteriorated conditions of significant bridge elements and reduced load-carrying capacity.Real dollars:A method of adjusting nominal
144、dollars to account for price level changes over time.It reflects purchasing power in a given period.Tg CO2 Eq.:Teragrams of carbon dioxide equivalent,a metric measure used to compare the emissions from various greenhouse gases based on their global warming potential.Ton-mile:A unit of measure equal
145、to movement of 1 ton over 1 mile.Transportation Services Index:BTS monthly measure indicating the relative change in the volume of services over time performed by the for-hire transportation sector.Change is shown relative to a base year,which is given a value of 100.The TSI covers the activities of
146、 for-hire freight carriers,for-hire passenger carriers,and a combination of the two.See www.bts.gov for a detailed explanation.Transportation Services Index Combined:The combined Transportation Services Index(TSI)includes available data on freight traffic,as well as passenger travel,that have been w
147、eighted to yield a monthly measure of transportation services output.Transportation Services Index Freight:The freight TSI measures the output of the for-hire freight transportation industry and consists of data from for-hire trucking,rail,inland waterways,pipelines,and air freight.Transportation Se
148、rvices Index Passenger:The passenger TSI includes local transit,intercity passenger rail,and passenger air transportation,which have been weighted to yield a monthly measure of transportation services output.Unlinked passenger trip:The number of passengers who board public transportation vehicles.Pa
149、ssengers are counted each time they board vehicles no matter how many vehicles they use to travel from their origin to their destination.Vehicle-mile:One vehicle traveling 1 mile.Statistics published in this Pocket Guide to Transportation come from many different sources.Some statistics are based on
150、 samples and are subject to sampling variability.Statistics may also be subject to omissions and errors in reporting,recording,and processing.Photos provided by Adobe and BTS Stock PhotosPrinted on paper containing recycled post consumer waste paper.INFRASTRUCTUREMOVING PEOPLEMOVING GOODSSAFETYPERFORMANCEECONOMYENVIRONMENTGLOSSARYMAJOR TRENDS